Feed Formulation

Odutola Yisa Abiodun Dtm. 2018

Feed Formulation
© December 2018, ODUTOLA YISA ABIODUN Dtm.

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Odutola Yisa Abiodun Dtm. 2018

Feed Formulation

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Feed sizes

Chapter 3 Types of processing machine and feed

Chapter 4 Feed sizes to fish at different stages

Chapter 5 Feed frequency

Chapter 6 Step to achieve great success

Chapter 7 Crude protein(CP) materials alternation

Chapter 8 Types of Nutrients

Chapter 9 Ways to alternate for cheaper material

Chapter 10 How to process potato leaf

Chapter 11 How to process feather meal

Chapter 12 Materials crude protein (CP)

Chapter 13 Recommended crude protein for catfish at different

stages

Chapter 14 Feed formulation, how to calculate crude protein

manually and How to Alternate for a cheaper

formulation

BONUS

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Chapter 15 Pre harvest formulation

Chapter 16 Different types of fish supplementary feed

Chapter 17 Words of advice

Chapter 18 Thanks and contact

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This e-book is written for those that don't know how important is feed

formulation and concentration vis to catfish farming. One of the most

important factors in catfish farming is feed; it takes over 70% of our day

to day running cost. In catfish farming once you get your feed right, with

the recommended crude protein (CP) and you have a good water

management. That means you have already taking care of 80% of your

way to success.

Most farmers don't take catfish farming as a serious business but prefer

try and error. I wonder when a farmer could invest well over #500,000 in

catfish farming and can’t use just 20k to learn the best practice. I bet you

if anybody promise you any sweet mouth you are going to pay for it

during harvest.

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Feed Formulation
CHAPTER 2

FEED SIZES

Fish business is not a joke I can count over 100 businesses that you can

invest #500,000 on, that you will make a good profit at the end of the day.

Why wasting your money, try to learn and have good understanding about

the business. They are different stages of catfish growth. It runs from

fingerlings to table size and they are also different stages of fish feed; fish

feed are often denoted in mm, those denotation from fingerlings stage are

called:-

1. 1.5mm feed

2. 1.8mm feed

3. 2mm feed

4. 4mm feed

5. 6mm feed

6. 8/9mm feed

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CHAPTER 3

TYPES OF PROCESSING MACHINE AND FEED

In catfish feed majorly, we have the extruded (or floating) feed, which are

those that presently dominate the market like coppens, to mention just a

few. Floating feed are most prepare understand high density of hit and

flakes non oily ingredients to make it float, some floating feed can last 20

hours on water if well prepared through a machine call the extruder and

we have the non-extruded (or sinking) feed, which I will be talking about

in this e-book. Local (sinking) feed is prepare with our local materials,

when well prepared with less oily ingredient and well powdered material

it will semi float ( float for a little time). We have lot of local floating feed

around now e.g top feed, eco float, blue crown; vital feed etc. the process

is it very expensive. Not every local farmer can avoid it. Advantage of

this sinking feed is that if you can preparing it yourself, you will be sure

of the crude protein (CP) and then you can alternate your ingredients to

cheap materials to get better nutritional value for your fish at a cheaper

price.

If you are not a professional catfish farmer, I will advise you to switch

from floating feed to local feed after 2 months when your fish are already

picking 4.5 mm of sinking feed. Catfish’s are mostly bottom feeders, so

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Feed Formulation
by their very nature they can feed on floating feed no matter their age.

Giving them floating feed at their very tender age is because of their

fragility

One of the advantage of Floating feed is to allow you see if your fish are

thoroughly feeding. This will save you from overfeeding especially if

you are a newbie with no technical knowledge. Overfeeding will congest

your water and by the end kill your fish. Leading to high mortality, deter

your fish from growing and many more other effect set in.

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CHAPTER 4

FEED SIZES TO FISH AT DIFFENT STAGES

Knowing your feed at any recommend stages is very important. For

example feeding juvenile fish with 1.5mm size of feed is wrong...

Note that sinking feed is bigger than floating feed is size.

Table 1:1

Recommended feed size at different stages

No fish Size (grams) Feed

size(mm)

1 Fingerlings 3-4 1.5

2 Post fingerling 4–6 1.8

3 Juvenile 6 - 10 2

4 Post juvenile 10 - 50 3

I will elaborate more, just to mention a few, the feed size giving is for

floating feed, and as I rightly said the bigger the fish, the bigger the

feed consume.

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Table 1:2

Recommended feed for bigger sizes

No Fish Size (grams) Feed size(mm) Feed size(mm)

floating local

1 Fish range 50 – 150 3

2 Fish range 150 - 400 4

3 Fish range 200 - 300 4 2 local

4 Fish range 300 - 600 4 4.5

5 Fish range 600 + 6/8 6/9

*Note if you are a novice who want to make better profit by cutting your

cost of feeding you can start feeding 200 – 300 grams with 2mm

(local) feed.*

From 300 to 600 grams your fish should be picking 4mm of floating feed

and 4.5mm of local feed.

From 600 grams and above you can be giving them 6mm to 8mm of

floating feed, and 6 to 9 mm of local feed.

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CHAPTER 5

FEEDING FREQUANCY

Table 1:3

My personal recommended feeding frequency (FF)

This is form my personal experience so far, what works for farm A meant

not work for farm B, just because we have different techniques of

managing our farms.

No Fish size Numbers of time to feed per

day

1 Fingerlings 2

2 Post fingerlings 2

3 Juvenile 2

4 Post juvenile 2

5 Mélange + 1

From mélange I will feed (1) ONE times a daily, and I will give

supplementary feed. With this and proper water management I am good

to go.

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CHAPTER 6

STEP TO ACHIEVE GREAT SUCCESS

Before you want to achieve huge success in catfish farming you must

be:

1. creative

2. proactive

3. courageous

4. dedicated

5. Ask questions

6 . Be ready to learn and share

7. Accept challenges

8. Be ready to spend to get good knowledge

But my question is: are you ready to be a successful farmer? A successful

farmer is by mentorship and skill; you need to open your brain for

creativity and challenges. Catfish business is not a retail business that you

buy and sell products e.g if you buy a shoe for #500 and sell for #800,

knowing you just made a profit of #300. Catfish business need knowledge,

technicalities and principles, can you get this in just a harvest? ..NO......

How many years can you get this? It depends on your years of

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challenges via experiencing.

**but you can achieve this at your first try when you order for our

e-book; (the secret of a successful catfish business) this e-book will

reveal all the recommend guide that will guide you to success **

After getting good seed from a trusted breeder, those are the things you

most take care of before achieving your goals.

1. Your water parameters

2. Carriage capacity / stocking density

3. Dissolved oxygen

4. Temperature and weather condition

5. Ammonia control

6. Disease outbreak and control

7. Pond preparation and Sorting

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8. Feeding frequency/ overfeeding and underfeeding

Let me quickly speak my mind, am not an advocate of any feed but I

believe in what works for me. What works for me meant not work for

you, but may guide you. Over the years I have realized that catfish farmer

can make more profitable if he produces his feed himself...

Please don't get me wrong here am not saying you cannot make profit by

using floating feed, but am saying you can make more profit by

producing your feed. When producing your feed yourself, you will be

sure of your concentration and you can alternate your ingredients to

reduce your cost of production.

Let me elaborate further

For example: you start with floating feed cost #700/kg for juvenile

feeding on 2 to 3mm size, and later reduce the cost to #550 of

6mm,which takes you to the point of sale.. For (local) feed you can

reduce your cost from 2mm at #500/kg to 6mm to #250/kg. By the time

you calculate the difference, you will understand why making feed your

self is very important. So if you learn how to make your own feed, though,

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you will save a lot of money, and this will have more positive impact on

your fishes since you can easily control what they are feeding on.

In catfish farming, (FEED) is the most expensive part of the business, but

I believe it’s the simplest aspect, if we get it right. Getting it right is when

you know all you need to know about the concentration /materials

identification, palliating and many more

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Feed Formulation
CHAPTER 7

CRUDE PROTEIN (CP) AND MATERIAL ALTERNATION

Moreover crude Protein (CP) is one of the most important nutrients in

animal feed. It is the basis of body structure. It helps in productions of

hormones and chemical reactions in the body, and it can also be

converted into sugar and fat to compensate for deficiency in other classes

of nutrition, we will be talking more on this and it implementation. .This

word protein works like a magic in feed nutrients without protein, other

feed’s nutrients cannot be used by the body.

** Protein in fish feed is regarded as crude protein CP. **

Crude protein (CP) is the measurement and value of protein both from

protein and non-protein sources in fish feed. Catfishes need between 35

and 48% of crude protein in their feed to grow well. The bigger the

catfish, the lower the crude protein needed in their feed

In feed formulation materials Identification and administration is very

key

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Catfish require a balance diet which are majorly starch or carbohydrates ,

proteins .vitamins , minerals , fats and oil, these ingredients are readily

available all around us , but we seems not to see it . And use them why

because we don't want to stress or avoiding fake materials.

local formulation/concentration defers base on location for example if

you stays from Kano and maize is sold for #100, you can’t compare the

cost with a person that stays Lagos that will buy for #200 you cannot get

the same cost, but you can only adjust base on the same material in Lagos

that does the same works. You most open your brain to learning and

understanding, if you are not careful, you may end up formulating feed

that is more expensive than the costlier foreign feed. Another one is if you

don't know anything about the formulation you may end up using same

nutrient at same time in same feed formula. .If you visit some feed mill

you will see some outrageous formulas, they are unnecessarily expensive

and waste of money.

1. How can you have cassava flour and wheat flour in same feed

formula, when they are both starch.

2. How can you have maize and indomie in same feed formula

when they are both starch.

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3. And again how will you have palm kernel cake (PKC) and

vegetable oil in same feed when they are both source of oil.

If you are one of them that visit any feed mill and ask them to formulate a

feed of certain level of CP, you should be very careful, because they will

want to use any available material at their disposal to get a concentrate

for you.

For those that believe in branded feed.... What about if the concentrate

writing on feed bag (label) is not true? What about if the product is not

readily available at your location? What is the feed is adulterated? Why

is it expired and re bag? What will you do?

Do you know that with just 5 materials you can compose a good

formulation with premix/vitamins, additives, and others?

Having good knowledge of your ingredients and nutritional value of

various ingredients, join with the nutritional requirement of your feed at

various stages, will assist you formulate a quality feed.

They are 2 ways of combining materials:-

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1. manually

2. Computer imputation

This eBook will guide you on how to calculate your feed manually,

because not everybody as access to a computer.

Some ingredients are better not used if not well prepared for example:

- soya and GNC.

Soya beans grain must be well processed to remove some anti-nutritional

elements in them. GNC is not a major concern for fish but for birds

because it encourage the growth of Aflatoxin, I encourage you get a well

dried feed for your stock, preferably passing through the hitter. If you are

using maize make sure it well grinded because if the maize is not well

grind, the digestibility becomes low.

A good feed formulator most know that fish feed most have good smell

and good taste so it advisable you pick ingredients with good smell and

taste for example GNC as good smell when well dried and taste rather

than soya . Fish meal as good smell and taste more than blood meal, so

pick wisely.

Most you produce a very expensive formation while you can get an

alternative or replacement at some certain age for example:- 72% fish

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meal is very expensive in the market, so you can replace some % with

65% fish meal and feather meal just to mention a few.

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CHAPTER 8

TPYES OF NUTRIENTS

For your fish to grow they need just 4 nutrients namely;

1. Protein

2. Energy /carbohydrates

3. Fat

4. Vitamin and minerals

1. Protein is use in building body tissue and replacement of

damaged tissue. It contains physiological molecules such as

hormones and enzymes. We have 2 class of protein for fish.

Namely; plants and animals protein.

ANIMAL PROTEIN: Fish meal, chicken intestine or offal, blood meal,

feather meal, poultry hatchery waste, baby pigs, milk waste or beverages

waste, bone meal etc

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PLANT PROTEIN: soya bean meal or cake, groundnut cake, cotton

seedcake, any tuber crop leaves, cassava leaves, potatoes leaves, duck

weed, algae etc

2. Energy/ carbohydrates also called starch... Those are the

provision that produces energy for your catfish for example;

cassava flour , cassava roots , koko garri, corn , potatoes leaves ,

brewers waste, wheat flour , rice bran, wheat bran , molasses

etc.

3. Fat and oil those are the provision for vital fatty acids and also

enhances energy delivery in our fish example are...Palm kernel

cake P:K:C: , groundnut oil , cotton seed oil, vegetable oil etc

4. Vitamins and minerals provides for fish growth and health, and

how their body process are controlled, the formation of the fish

e.g. organic and inorganic chemical , premix, bone meal, dcp,

lysine etc

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Some example of live food for smaller catfish are; maggot , tilapia fries ,

brine shrimp fries, Daphna , zooplanktons , termites , all types of ants ,

deform livestock babies etc.

Note that most live feed are used for smaller fishes , like fingerlings and

juveniles , but for bigger fishes live food are used as supplementary feed

or used to mix feed ingredients to compound a concentrate.

In feed formulation there are many ingredients that form a concentrate,

however the most important one is fish meal it constant. Blood meal is

fine but it can't be use to replace fish meal, but they can both included in

feed formulation in proportion. The problem with blood meal is that it

can easily infect your fish with disease. Most blood meal is process

unhygienic catfish are easily prone to disease. It is also very difficult to

control the disease when outbreak. Duo we still have 2 classes of blood

meal the imported one, which are well grinded (process), smooth and

well powdered form. And the local blood meal. Another problem with

using blood meal is that it pollutes the water fast. you must be a

professional farmer to handle it.

Another good source of animal protein is Bone meal it is one of the

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material needed in feed formulation. The problem we have with it most

times is that it not well processed and treated locally. It not well crush,

fish find it difficult to digest on time which lead to mortality or reduce

their eating habit. I prefer alternating Bone meal with Dicalcium

Phosphate (DCP) regardless of the high cost.

Catfish is a carnivorous and omnivorous animal they feed on Plant and

animal most especially themselves. So it is important to know the

nutritional value of catfish feed to attain proper growth. All that nutrients

contain in catfish feed are important to build up their growth in different

stages. At the earlier stage the CP increases and decrease as they are

getting bigger. Crude protein (CP) is to build the fish tissue for growth

while carbohydrates are to give weight.

(CATFISH FARMING = FEEDING = CRUDE PROTEIN) the most

important factor is How to reduce the cost of our fish meal which is that

major ingredient use to source for high protein in fish feed.

When your cost of production is lower than your cost of sell that will

equal to profit..... Equated as CP <CS = PROFIT

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CHAPTER 9

WAYS ALTERNATING FOR CHEAPER MATERIALS

Sweet potato leaf and feather meal have some level of protein (%) to

subtitles for fish meal. Sweet potato leaf have a CP ranges from 20 to

29% and so other plaint leafs, fish meal have 72%, 65%, 62%

respectively. The cost of fish meal is very expensive, while you can get

potato leafs for FREE. Potato leaf is waste to potato farmer, but a good

source of protein to catfish farmer. You can use those alternative materials

to reduce the cost of fish meal in your feed formulation.

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CHAPTER 10

HOW TO PROCESS POTATO LEAF

Work in to any potato farmer and ask for the leafs, he will be happy you

came, why because you just save him from the cost of disposing the

waste leaf. After getting as much as possible sun dry it make sure it dry

properly, take it to any feed mill around to crush (powder) it. Mix with

other materials and pellet.

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CHAPTER 11

HOW TO PROCESS FEATHER MEAL

Get your feather meals from those market women selling chicken, abokis

or chicken processor. After taking it home ,get a pot and parboil, this

process will allow you kill all micro organism or microbes, then sun dry

it, after well dry, take them to your feed mill in preparation of your

formulation, make sure it was crushed to powder form and mix the

quantity you need with your formulation. Note that we have lot of

materials that should be well processed before using for our feed. For

example maize for those of us who have free or cheaper access to it

depending on your location.

Before you go for your feed formulation make sure you know the right

materials around you and no how many percent (%) of CP those materials

have.

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CHAPTER 12

MATERIALS CRUDE PROTEIN(CP)

Table 1:4

Animal protein material crude protein

No Materials Crude protein

(ranges) %

1 Poulty meal 60 – 64

2 silkworm pupae meal 70 - 75

3 bone meal 40-45

4 blood meal 85 - 90

This is animal protein source. Some of these materials may be free to

some farmer here. Just to mention a few.

Table 1:5

Plant protein material crude protein

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No Materials Crude protein

(ranges) %

1 Cereal 14 - 17

2 Pulse/groundnut and all beans and cake 42 - 45

3 Soya bean/meal/ cake 45 - 48

4 Sunflower 45 - 47

Knowing your catfish CP (Crude protein) will allow them grow at a

required (kg) in a shortest time. It will also help you in getting a lower

FCR. (Feed conversion ratio). That are what will determine your profit

after sale. Once you don't take this seriously that means you are not

taking your fish business very serious.

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CHAPTER 13

RECOMMENDED CRUDE PROTEIN FOR CATFISH AT

DIFFENT STAGE

Table 1:6

Recommended crude protein table for catfish growth

No Catfish Name Fish size Feed size Crude

(grams) (mm) protein (%)

1 Newly hatched fries 0.1 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.5 65 - 50

2 Fingerlings 0.5 – 0.8 55 - 45

3 Post Fingerlings 0.8 – 1.5 50 - 45

4 Juvenile 2 45 - 40

5 Post juvenile 3 45 - 38

6 Post juvenile/jumbo 4 45 - 35

7 Mélange 6 42 - 32

8 Grow out/table size 6/9 42 - 30

9 Breeder/Brood stock 9 45 - 38

The CP for the brood stock is to get you a good egg and sperm

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Using costly feed ,and rationing your fish feed intake per day because of

high cost of feed will only lead to excess high cost of running and you

may eventually loose part of your fishes to cannibalism. Knowing how to

concentrate a highly nutritional formulation will help you solve all your

FEEDING problems and the problem of under feeding will stop. You can

also control your fish from early prevention from diseases and make them

disease free by adding some level of medication as additive and mix in

the formulated feed. Once you notice any symptoms in your fish it easier

to get a medicated formulation to suit the challenges. Either your fish is

sick or not, feeding with a proportional level of antibiotics and

multivitamins will take care of those problems.

If you have chicken processor/ poultry plant talk to them and get your

chicken offal at wholesale and cheap amount, process; by parboiling and

feed to your fish. Chicken offal and ruminate has over 60% Crude

protein.

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CHAPTER 14

FEED FORMULATION, HOW TO CALCULATION CRUDE

PROTEIN AND HOW TO ALTERNATE FOR A CHEAPER
FEED FORMULATION

FEED FORMULATION

This feed formulation will explain how to calculate you crude protein

manually .The formulation will be from started feed, (2mm size to

grow out stage.)

**Note that 2mm local feed can be picked from post juvenile stage**

This calculation will let you understand how effective and how nutritional

local feed formulation is good to your fish.

**Note; the cost of materials provided below are just for simple. We are

in different location and prices are not the same (uniform)**

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Table 1:7

No Materials Feed (kg) Materials Price(#)

CP (%)

1 Fish meal 50 72 1000

2 Full fat soya 20 46 200

meal(ffsm)

3 Groundnut 20 60 200

cake(GNC)

4 Flour Waste 10 9 120

5 Premix 1 1000

6 Dcp 1 450

7 Vit c 0.1 350

This feed formulation is for 2mm size

How to calculate Crude protein ( CP) in a formulation

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I will be starting from the fish meal

Note that from that formulation we have 50kg of fish meal with CP of

72%

The crude protein off a major ingredient (which is 72%) divided by total

kilogram of the feed (100kg ) multiply by the quality used in (kg)

divided by 1

Calculating the CP for the formulation;

Equation

(C/100*Q/1)=CP

C :- % of crude protein of the major ingredient

Q:- quantity used in 100kg of feed

Table 1:8

Reference; to table 1:7 CP calculation

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No Name % of Cp in ingredent

1 Fish meal 72/100*50/1= 36%

2 Full fat soya( FFSM) 46/100*20/1= 9.2%

3 GNC 60/100*20/1= 12%

4 Flour waste meal 9/100*10/1= 1%

TOTAL CP 58.2%

*Approx 58%*

Refer: CP table 1:6 ……. 58% of nutritional diet is meant for newly

hatched fish

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Table 1:9

Cost of production; formulating 2mm size for 1 month fish

No Ingredients nane Cost (#) Quantity Total (#)

(%)

1 Fish meal 1000 50 50,000

2 Ffsm 200 20 4000

3 Gnc 200 20 4000

4 Flour waste/wheat 120 10 1200

5 Additive (ref: table 1:4) 1800

Cost of palliating etc 30 100 3000

Total 64,000

Cost per 640

kg(total/quantity)

Cost per 15kg bag 640 x 15 9,600

Is this expensive (yes or no) looking at the nutritional value at this stage

(table 1:6), the cost of branded feed ranges from #2,300 to #1,200 per

kilo (o.2 – o.5mm) with this formulation, you have just saved lot of cost,

feeding your fish with this super nutritional feed that will boost their

growth even more than the branded feed at that stage

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Table 1:10

Alternating for cheaper materials and cost for (table 1:9) for 2mm

size for 1 month fish

N Ingredients name CP Cost Quantit Total

o (%) (#) y (%) (#)

1 Local Fish meal 65 550 20 11,000

2 Blood meal 90 300 10 3,000

3 Feather meal 82 200 15 3,000

4 Soya meal 46 200 15 12,000

5 Gnc 60 200 20 4,000

6 Indomie/biscuit/maize/wheat/r 13 120 20 2,400

ice/brewery

waste/rice/sorghum

7 Additive (ref: table 1:4) 1800

Cost of pelleting etc 30 100 3000

Total 40,200

Cost per kg(total/quantity) 402

Cost per 15kg bag 402 x 6,030

15

Alternating formulation for cheaper materials most of this materials

can be process yourself

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Table 1:11

Calculating % of CP for table 1:10

No Name % of Cp in ingredient

1 Fish meal(local) 65/100*20/1= 13%

2 Blood meal 90/100*10/1= 9%

3 Feather meal 82/100*15/1= 12.3%

4 Soya meal 46/100*15/1= 6.9%

5 GNC 60/100*20/1= 12%

6 Indomie 13/100*20/1= 2.6%

TOTAL CP 55.8%

*Approx 56%*

Refer to table 1:6 the CP fall in between newly hatched

recommendation (%), which means the concentrate for the 2mm

alternate feed is very high at a cheaper prize (refer table 1:10) of #402

per kg

Total cost of production #40,200. The cost per kilo #402 (total cost divide

by quantiy—40,200/100)

**In feed formation the cost of materials are not equal, because of

the location barrier, the source of materials in different location will

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help achieve more cheaper cost.try to source for good and cheaper

material to alternate for the best concentrate**. Farmer in the

northern side of the country can get cheaper materials then those in

Lagos.

Table 1:12

Feed formulation for 4.5mm size (cost and crude protein level) for 2

month fish

No Ingredients nane CP (%) Cost (#) Quantity Total (#)

(%)

1 Fish meal 72 1000 40 40,000

2 Ffsm 46 200 20 4,000

3 Gnc 60 200 20 4,000

4 Flour waste/wheat 9 120 20 2,400

5 Additive (ref: table 1,800

1:4)

Cost of palliating 30 100 3,000

etc

Total 55,200

Cost per 552

kg(total/quantity)

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The cost of the 4.5mm formulation for 2 month is #55,200 and cost per

kilo is #552.

Table 1:13

Reference to table 1:12 CP calculation

No Name % of Cp in ingredent

1 Fish meal 72/100*40/1= 28.8%

2 Full fat soya( FFSM) 46/100*20/1= 9.2%

3 GNC 60/100*20/1= 12%

4 Flour waste meal 9/100*20/1= 1.8%

TOTAL CP 51.8%

*Approx 52%*

Reference: CP table 1:6 ……. 52% of nutritional diet is meant for

fingerlings

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Table 1:14

Alternating for cheaper materials and cost for table 1:12 for 4.5mm

size for 2 month fish

N Ingredients name CP Cost Quantit Toal

o (%) (#) y (%) (#)

1 Local Fish meal 65 550 20 11,000

2 Blood meal 90 300 5 1,500

3 Feather meal 82 200 15 3,000

4 Soya meal 46 200 15 12,000

5 Gnc 60 200 20 4000

6 Indomie/biscuit/maize/wheat/r 13 120 25 3000

ice/brewery

waste/rice/sorghum

7 Additive (ref: table 1:4) 1800

Cost of palliating etc 30 100 3000

Total 39,300

Cost per kg(total/quantity) 393

Alternating formulation for cheaper materials most of this materials

can be process yourself

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:15

Calculating % of CP for table 1:14

No Name % of Cp in ingredient

1 Fish meal(local) 65/100*20/1= 13%

2 Blood meal 90/100*5/1= 4.5%

3 Feather meal 82/100*15/1= 12.3%

4 Soya meal 46/100*15/1= 6.9%

5 GNC 60/100*20/1= 12%

6 Indomie 13/100*25/1= 3.25%

TOTAL CP 51.95%

*Approx 52%*

Refer to table 1:6 the CP fall in between fingerlings recommendation

(%), which means the concentrate for the 4.5mm alternate feed is very

high at a cheaper prize (refer table 1:14) of #393per kg

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Table 1:16

Feed formulation for 6mm size (cost and crude protein level) for 3 to

4 month fish

No Ingredients name CP (%0 Cost (#) Quantity Total (#)

(%)

1 Fish meal 72 1000 20 20,000

2 Fish meal local 65 800 10 8,000

3 Ffsm 46 200 25 5,000

4 Gnc 60 200 25 5,000

5 Flour waste/wheat 9 120 20 2,400

6 Additive (ref: table 1,800

1:4)

Cost of palliating 30 100 3,000

etc

Total 45,200

Cost per 452

kg(total/quantity)

The cost of the 6mm formulation for 3 to 4 month is #45,200 and cost

per kilo is #452.

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:17

Reference to table 1:16 CP calculation

No Name % of Cp in ingredent

1 Fish meal 72/100*20/1= 14.4%

2 Fish meal local 65/100*10/1= 6.5%

3 Full fat soya( FFSM) 46/100*25/1= 11.5%

4 GNC 60/100*25/1= 15%

5 Flour waste meal/yellow 9/100*20/1= 1.8%

maize

TOTAL CP 49.2%

*Approx 49%*

Reference: CP table 1:6 ……. 49% of nutritional diet is meant for post

fingerlings

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Table 1:18

Alternating for cheaper materials and cost for table 1:16 for 6mm

size for 3 to 4 month fish

N Ingredients name CP Cost Quatity Toal

o (%) (#) (%) (#)

1 Local Fish meal (local) 65 800 15 12,000

2 Bone meal 88 150 5 750

3 Feather meal 82 200 10 2,000

4 Soya meal 46 200 10 2,000

5 Gnc 60 200 20 4000

6 Indomie/biscuit/maize/wheat/r 13 120 40 4,800

ice/brewery

waste/rice/sorghum

7 Additive (ref: table 1:4) 1800

Cost of palliating etc 30 100 3000

Total 30,350

Cost per kg(total/quantity) 303.5

Alternating formulation for cheaper materials most of this materials

can be process yourself

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:19

Calculating % of CP for table 1:18

No Name % of Cp in ingredient

1 Fish meal(local) 65/100*15/1= 9.75%

2 Bone meal 88/100*5/1= 4.4%

3 Feather meal 82/100*10/1= 8.2%

2 Soya meal 46/100*10/1= 4.6%

3 GNC 60/100*20/1= 12%

4 Indomie etc 13/100*40/1= 5.2%

TOTAL CP 44.15%

*Approx 44%*

Refer to table 1:6 the CP fall in between juvenile recommendation (%),

which means the concentrate for the 6mm alternate feed is very high at

a cheaper prize (refer table 1:18) of #303.5 per kg

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:20

Feed formulation for 9mm size (cost and crude protein level) for 5 to

6 month fish

No Ingredients name Cost (#) Quantity Total (#)

(%)

1 Fish meal 1000 5 5,000

2 Fish meal local 800 10 8,000

3 Ffsm 200 25 5,000

4 Gnc 200 25 5,000

5 Flour waste/wheat 120 35 4,200

6 Additive (ref: table 1:4) 1,800

Cost of palliating etc 30 100 3,000

Total 32,000

Cost per 320

kg(total/quantity)

The cost of the 9mm formulation for 5 to 6 month is #32,000 and cost

per kilo is #320.

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:21

Reference to table 1:20 CP calculation

No Name % of Cp in ingredent

1 Fish meal 72/100*5/1= 3.6%

2 Fish meal local 65/100*10/1= 6.5%

3 Full fat soya( FFSM) 46/100*25/1= 11.5%

4 GNC 60/100*25/1= 15%

5 Flour waste meal/yellow 9/100*35/1= 3.15%

maize

TOTAL CP 39.75%

*Approx 40%*

Reference: CP table 1:6 ……. 40% of nutritional diet between mélange

and grow out

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:22

Alternating for cheaper materials and cost for table 1:20 for 9mm

size for 5 to 6 month fish

N Ingredients name CP Cost Quantit Total

o (%) (#) y (%) (#)

1 Local Fish meal (local) 65 800 5 4,000

2 Bone meal 88 150 5 750

3 Feather meal 82 200 10 2,000

4 Soya meal 46 200 15 3,000

3 Gnc 60 200 20 4000

4 Indomie/biscuit/maize/wheat/r 13 120 45 5,400

ice/brewery

waste/rice/sorghum

5 Additive (ref: table 1:4) 1800

Cost of palliating etc 30 100 3000

Total 23,950

Cost per kg(total/quantity) 239.5

Alternating formulation for cheaper materials most of this materials

can be process yourself

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:23

Calculating % of CP for table 1:22

No Name % of Cp in ingredient

1 Fish meal(local) 65/100*5/1= 3.25%

2 Bone meal 88/100*5/1= 4.4%

3 Feather meal 82/100*10/1= 8.2%

4 Soya meal 46/100*15/1= 6.9%

5 GNC 60/100*20/1= 12%

6 Indomie etc 13/100*45/1= 5.85%

TOTAL CP 40.6%

*Approx 41%*

Refer to table 1:6 the CP fall in between juvenile recommendation (%),

which means the concentrate for the 9mm alternate feed is very high at

a cheaper prize (refer table 1:22) of #239.5 per kg

The purpose of local feed formulation is not only to reduce cost but to get

better concentration to boost your fish. Getting a cheaper formulation

depends on the material you choose for the formulation

From table 1: 9 cost of formulating 2mm is high and in table 1: 10, I

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Feed Formulation
alternation for a more cheaper formulation of the same range of crude

protein. The purpose of this e-book is to know how to do it yourself.

You can also alternate those materials yourself even to get a cheaper

formulation. Those formulations above are to guide you and still remain

one of the best feed formulations to grow your fish faster. You can also

add some level of medications to our formulation, to prevent the fish.

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Feed Formulation
CHAPTER 15

PRE HARVEST FORMULATION

BONUS

PRE HARVEST FEED FORMULATION.

This formulation is only meant for pre harvest.2days before selling your

fish. The purpose of this formulation is to allow your fish retain weight

before sale. As we all know that you cannot feed a day before harvest...

reason because the fish will be stressed and vomit, this may lead to high

level of mortality .this formulation cannot be digest so easily and the fish

will still maintain their weight.

The buyer will not buy any newly fed fish, because they know it will add

to the weight and may die on the way. They will want to cheat you

because they know the fish will reduce more weight at the short period of

not feeding.

Note: Don't use it for your fish if you are not ready to sell

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The formulation comes with just 3 ingredients and you can also alternate

it to the ingredient available to you. I will be using the ingredient close to

me.

Table 1:24

Ingredients

No Ingredient

1 Palm kernel cake (PKC)

2 Yellow maize

3 Fish oil

Why am picking those ingredients is because .PKC is high in fiber and

will not digest easily

Pkc comes with cp of 20% and crude fiber of 23%

Yellow maize... Is needed for starch and for weight, with Cp of 13%

Your formulation quantity will depend on the number of your fish and

how many kg they will feed per day . I will use 10kg for my

illustration;

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Feed Formulation
Table 1:24

No Materials CP (%) Quantity( kg) Cost (#) Total (#)

1 Palm kernel cake 20 7 100 700

(PKC)

2 Yellow Maize 13 3 120 360

3 Fish oil 100 100

Total 1,130

Note you can process your fish oil yourself through dry fish oil, cow etc

heat the fat and extract the oil. You will need a quarter (1/4) quantity

of fish oil to mix with the 10kg. Total cost is #1,130

Table 1:25

Calculating % of CP for table 1:24

No Name % of Cp in ingredient

1 Palm karnel cake (PKC) 20/10*7/1= 14%

2 Yellow maize 13/10*3/1= 3.9%

TOTAL CP 17.9%

*Approx 18%*

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Feed Formulation
CHAPTER 16

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CATFISH SUPLEMENTARY FEED

Waste and ruminate you can process and add to feed formulation or

give directly to fish to enhance their growth

1. Dead domestic animals

2. Cow ruminate

3. Meat and bone waste

4. Infertile chicken from hatchery

5. Un hatched eggs

6. Day old mortality

7. Poultry offal’s

8. Poultry mortality

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9. Maggot

10.Cracked egg

11.Poultry waste

They are crude protein ranges from 60 to 70% CP

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Feed Formulation
CHAPTER 17

WORD OF ADVICE

Your overall goal in the fish farming business should be to supply fish to

the market at competitive prices that still allow you to make a good profit.

However, most small-scale catfish farmers make a poor return on their

investments because of the presence of several intermediaries and

middlemen who tend to offer very low prices for your fish.

A good way to increase the profit potential of this business is to sell

directly to consumers. Using this strategy, you can sell your fish at the

general retail market price (which is usually much higher than what the

middlemen offer), and keep all the profits that the middlemen would have

taken off you. The downside to this strategy is that you will only sell a

smaller volume of fish at a time compared to the high volumes the

middlemen buy.

Should you successfully get a consistent customer base for your fish, this

strategy will prove to be very profitable and the scale and cost of running

your business will be much smaller. Households, hoteliers, restaurants

and catering service businesses are good niche targets and are very likely

to become loyal customers as long as your supply is steady and reliable.

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Feed Formulation

In addition, your prices must be competitive and the quality (size) of your

fish should dwarf your competitions. Most entrepreneurs can make a

decent living from this business if they focus less on selling volumes and

aim for quality (large sizes) which command higher retail prices.

Another good strategy is to improve the value of the fish through

processing. A common form of fish processing is drying (smoking).

Smoked fish commands much higher prices in the market than its fresh

forms and has a longer shelf life (will not spoil easily). Smoked fish has

become a popular export commodity due to rising demand from Africans

living in the Diaspora.

Before you decide to invest your time and money in fish farming, you

must first be sure that you have a target market that allows you to achieve

profitability.

YOU ARE FREE TO QUESTION AND ANSWER ON THIS EBOOK .

IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION KINDLY ADD ME UP ON MY

WHAZAPP 234-80- 304-0136

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Feed Formulation
CHAPTER 18

THANKS AND CONTACT

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS

I STILL REMAIN MR SOLUTION

TEACHER/COACH

CATFISH SOLUTION PLACE

CALL FOR YOU CONSULTANCY AND TRAINING

08050399625

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