OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Dear Reader:

The livestock and poultry sector is correlated with the

feed industry. Thus, problems of high feed cost or
insufficient supply of good quality feedstuff greatly affect
livestock growers, particularly the small and medium
livestock producers that also depend on big integrators as
their sources of feeds.
Although the use of locally available feed ingredients is
encouraged, growers are left with the dilemma of how to
come up with the proper feed mixture that will satisfy the
needs of their livestock toward optimum growth
performance and yield.
PCARRD published this volume, The Philippines
Recommends for Livestock Feed Formulation to provide
information on nutrient requirements of animals, sources
of nutrients, and formulation procedure of a balanced
ration using various feed ingredients.
We hope that you will find this publication of great
use.

Very truly yours,

PATRICIO S. FAYLON
Executive Director
The Philippines
Recommends
for Livestock
Feed Formulation

Philippines Recommends Series No. 64-A

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY

AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Department of Science and Technology

Los Baños, Laguna

2000
First Printing 1987
Second Printing 2000 (Revised Edition)

ISSN 0115-7833
ISBN 971-20-0475-9

Bibliographic Citation:

The 1999 Livestock Feed Formulation

Committee. The Philippines
recommends for livestock feed
formulation. Los Baños, Laguna:
PCARRD-DOST, 2000. 208p. -
(Philippines Recommends Series No.
64-A).

ii
Foreword

The importance of feeds and the feed industry can be

derived from the fact that feeds constitute more than 80%
of the total cost of livestock production, particularly for
swine and poultry. It is imperative therefore that much
attention be given to feeds. Problems besetting the feed
industry involve, among others, dependence on imported
ingredients and chronic shortages of good quality feed
ingredients.
The task, therefore, of combining good quality available
ingredients to supply the needed nutrients of the animals,
thus, providing optimum production efficiency, has been
paramount.
PCARRD published this volume with the hope of
providing small livestock and poultry raisers the
background information they need on feed formulation. The
nutrient requirements of animals, sources of nutrients,
formulation of a balanced diet and the process of mixing the
ingredients into finished feeds are dealt within this
publication. This volume also provides practical guides in
ration formulation to small feed millers, researchers and
students as well.

PATRICIO S. FAYLON
Executive Director

iii
Acknowledgment

PCARRD gratefully acknowledges the following:

 the technical committee members of the first edition

of the Philippines Recommends for Livestock Feed
Formulation;
 the technical committee members of this revised
edition for their assistance and cooperation;
 the agencies/organizations that allowed us to
take pictures in their respective laboratories/
plant:
- the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the
University of the Philippines Los Baños-
Institute of Animal Science (UPLB-IAS);
- Lipa Quality Control Center-Analytical
Laboratory; and
- the Armor Feed Mill Plant;
 the Bureau of Animal Industry for the feed
industry data;
 the staff of the Livestock Research Division,
particularly Mr. Ricardo Mulimbayan and Ms.
Jasmin Malabanan for their assistance
rendered; and
 the Applied Communication Division headed by
Dr. Norma V. Llemit, particularly the ACD
Publication Program staff, namely, Dr. Tricia
R. Javier as program manager, Ms. Marina T. de
Ramos, Ms. Carmelita B. Alamban and Mr. Simeon
R. Manahan, Jr. for facilitating and managing the
publication of this volume.

The publication of this edition of the Philippines

Recommends would not have been possible without the
innumerable contribution of the people and organizations
mentioned above.

iv
Contents

Foreword iii
Acknowledgment iv
The 1999 Livestock Feed Formulation Committee ix

The Feed Milling Industry 1

Introduction 1
Present Status 2
Industry Insights 6

Commercially Available Feedstuff

9 Common
Feed Ingredients 9 Feed
Supplements 16
Feed Additives 19

Evaluation of Feed Quality 24

Visual Examination 24
Microscopic Evaluation 25
Chemical Analysis 27
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation 33
Specialized Methods of Analysis 33

Feed Formulation 36
Factors to Consider 36
Steps to Follow 37
Various Techniques in Feed Formulation 64
Feed Substitution 80
Preparation of Vitamin and Mineral Premixes 81

Feed Processing and Manufacturing 86

Feed Processing Flow 86
Guides to Feed Mixing 87
Feed Forms 90
Basic Feed Milling Equipment and Machinery 92

v
Handling and Storage of Feeds 97

Socioeconomic Considerations 100

Mixing Feeds for Own Farm 100
Mixing Feeds for Commercial Purposes 101

References 103

Appendices

1 Feed Laws and Control 105

- Livestock and Poultry Feed Regulations 105
- Rules and Regulations Governing Quality
Standards of Commercial Feed Ingredients 122
- Nutrient Standards of Commercial Mixed Feeds
139
2 BAI Application Form for Registration of Feed
Manufacturers, Dealers, Importers, Suppliers and
Distributors 144
3 Directory of BAI Accredited Analytical Laboratories
150
4 Directory of Associations Related to Livestock and
Feed Milling 158
5 Directory of Feed Ingredient Manufacturers 160
6 Directory of Non-Commercial Feed Manufacturers
167
7 Directory of Commercial Feed Manufacturers 183
8 1987 Livestock Feed Formulation Committee 208

List of Tables
1 Geographical Distribution of Commercial Feed
Millers, 1999 3
2 Size of Commercial Feed Mills 6
3 Commercial Feed Production by Association, 1990-
1999 7
4 Suggested Chemical Analyses for Feed Ingredient
Evaluation 32

vi
5 Nutrient Recommendations for Broiler-type Chickens
39
6 Nutrient Recommendations for Egg-type Chickens 40
7 Nutrient Recommendations for Broiler Breeders 41
8 Nutrient Recommendations for Ducks 42
9 Nutrient Recommendations for Quails and Turkeys 43
10 Nutrient Recommendations for Swine (Creep to
Finisher Rations) 44
11 Nutrient Recommendations for Swine (Gestating,
Lactating and Boar Rations) 45
12 Nutrient Recommendations for Dairy Cattle 46
13 Recommendations for Beef Cattle 48
14 Recommendations for Goats 52
15 Recommendations for Sheep 54
16 Nutrient Composition of Common Feed Ingredients 58
17 Nutrient Composition of Common Roughages in the
Philippines 60
18 Suggested Maximum Inclusion Rates of Feedstuffs
for Poultry and Hogs 63
19 Least Cost Formula of Hog Finisher Ration 70
20 Constraints Used in Formulating Hog Finisher Rations
71
21 Sample of Feed Substitution 81
22 Guide to Formulation of Vitamin Premixes 84
23 Guide to Formulation of Mineral Premixes 85

List of Figures
1 Typical medium-scale feed mill 2
2 Bags of finished feeds 9
3 Yolk color fan 22
4 Feed microscopy for determining purity of sample and
presence of adulterants 26
5 State-of-the-art apparatus for speedily determining fat
content of feed samples 29
6 State-of-the-art apparatus for determining fiber content
of feed samples 30
7 Hand refractometer for determining brix content of
molasses 31

vii
8 Quick test kits for determining quality of soybean
(urease activity) and rice bran (purity) 31
9 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer 34
10 Least cost feed formulation using linear programming
69
11 Control room for monitoring feed processing in a modern
feed mill 88
12 Modern pelletizing machine 91
13 Bagging machine with bag closer/sewer incorporated
92
14 Truck scale for weighing raw materials and finished
feeds and weight reading before and after loading of
materials (inset) 93
15 Micro-mixer to facilitate uniform dispersion of micro-
ingredients such as vitamins and minerals 96
16 Proper storage of feeds 99

viii
 The 1999 Livestock Feed
Formulation Committee

CHAIRPERSON

Dr. Javier P. Mateo

Team Leader
National Poultry Commodity R&D Team
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

MEMBERS

Dr. Edwin C. Villar Dr. Virginia C. Silverio

Director Private Practitioner, Animal
Livestock Research Division Nutrition
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna 4 Luzon St., Hi-Way Homes Subd.
Alabang, Muntinlupa City

Dr. Alberto Y. Robles Dr. Edna Zenaida V. Villacorte

Professor Chief, Animal Feeds Standard
Dairy Training and Research Division
Institute Bureau of Animal Industry
UP Los Baños, College, Laguna Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City

Mr. Verden Mark C. de Roma Dr. Sonia P. Acda

Science Research Specialist Assistant Professor
Livestock Research Division Institute of Animal
Science
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna UP Los Baños, College, Laguna

Jennifer C. Jara
Volume Editor
Science Research Specialist
II
Applied Communication Division
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna
ix
The Feed Milling Industry

Introduction

The feed milling industry is a corollary of the livestock

and poultry industry, with each one being dependent on
the other. It depends almost entirely on the success of
livestock and poultry production. Similarly, the productivity
and profitability of livestock and poultry are also dependent
on the production efficiency and advanced technology of
the feed milling industry. Likewise, the feed milling
industry is closely related to the grain industry, where corn,
being the main ingredient for livestock feeds, comes from.
The feed industry plays an important role in animal
production. It supplies about 80% of the production inputs
for the poultry and livestock industry, on which 71 M
Filipino people heavily depend upon for their food
requirements. A crisis in the feed milling industry as a
result of shortages in feeds and consequently their high
prices could in turn precipitate a crisis in the livestock
industry. On the other hand, a highly efficient and
productive feed milling industry producing low-priced
quality feeds could lower prices of livestock products (Fig.
1).

Present Status

The feed milling industry of the Philippines has

expanded from a “way of life” a few decades ago to an
enormous industry today. Intensive researches and
advances in animal nutrition, genetics, physiology and
production has led to this emergence.
There are 501 feed mills registered with the Animal
Feeds Standard Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry
(AFSD-BAI), as of 26 July 1999. However, in terms of total
production shares, almost 80% of the total feed production
comes from noncommercial millers, while only 20%
comes from the commercial side. Some 213 of these are

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 1

Fig. 1. Typical medium-scale feed mill.

operating for their own consumption, while 283 are

operating commercially. Of the 283 commercial feed mills,
221 are located in Luzon, 28 in the Visayas and 34 are in
Mindanao. In Luzon, the commercial feed mills are
concentrated in Regions IV (79), III (74) and National
Capital Region (44) (Table 1). These 283 commercial feed
mills have a total rated capacity of 15,408.23 t per 8-hour
shift. Among these commercial feed millers, 132 are
considered small-scale (producing less than 20 t of feeds
per 8-hour shift), 74 are medium-scale (from 20.1 to 50.0 t
per 8-hour shift) and 77 are large-scale feed millers (50.1 t
and above per 8-hour shift) (Table 2).
Analysis of the country’s feed production data from
AFSD-BAI reveals that an increasing trend can be noted
in the feed production from 1990 to 1999 except in 1998.
As of 30 June 1999 initial estimates, the total feed
production amounted to 2.78 M t. At the forefront of this
is the Philippine Association of Feed Millers Inc. (PAFMI)
with 16 members engaged in integrated operations,
involving production, processing and marketing of feeds,
poultry and livestock products and by-products. PAFMI has

2 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Table 1. Geographical distribution of commercial feed millers, 1999.*

Aggregate Rated
Location Number Capacity Distribution
(8-Hour) (%)
LUZON

Region I 6 901.0 2.12

La Union 2 75.0
Pangasinan 4 826.0
CAR 0 0.0 0.00
Region II 4 111.0 1.41
Cagayan 1 85.0
PR

Isabela 1 20.0
Nueva Vizcaya 2 6.0
FOR

Region III 74 5405.5 26.15

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 3

Pampanga 21 751.0
Bulacan 42 3896.0
Tarlac 5 356.5
Nueva Ecija 2 165.0
Angeles City 3 243.5
Cabanatuan City 1 20.0
Region IV 79 3610.95 27.92
Mindoro 2 41.5
Batangas 29 1279.5
Laguna 10 528.0
Quezon 6 89.0
Cavite 6 200.0
 Table 1. (Continued).
4 PR

Aggregate Rated
FOR

Location Number Capacity Distribution

(8-Hour) (%)
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Rizal 4 139.0
Lipa City 18 1282.9
Lucena City 4 51.0
NCR 44 3257.0 15.55
National Capital Region 44 3257.0
Region V 14 490.0 4.95
Naga City 2 80.0
Legazpi City 1 32.0
Albay 3 82.0
Camarines Sur 6 280.0
Sorsogon 1 8.0
Masbate 1 8.0

VISAYAS

Region VI 8 390.5 2.82

Negros Occidental 1 80.0
Iloilo City 7 310.5
Region VII 20 875.0 7.07
Mandaue City 8 281.8
Cebu 11 353.2
Lapu-Lapu 1 240.0
Region VIII 0 0.0 0.00
 Table 1. (Continued).

Aggregate Rated
Location Number Capacity Distribution
(8-Hour) (%)

MINDANAO

Region IX 6 57.0 2.12

Zamboanga City 6 57.0
Region X 6 245.0 2.12
Cagayan de Oro City 4 230.0
Bukidnon 2 15.0
Region XI 15 868.0 5.30
PR

Davao City 9 438.0

FOR

General Santos 5 410.0

Davao del Sur 1 20.0
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 5

Region XII 5 130.0 1.77

Sultan Kudarat 2 4.0
Iligan City 1 120.0
Cotabato City 2 6.0
Region XIII 2 63.0 0.70
Agusan del Sur 1 48.0
Butuan City 1 15.0
ARMM 0 0.0 0.00

TOTAL 283 16,403.95 100.0

*As of July 26, 1999

Source: Animal Feeds Standard Division
Table 2. Size of commercial feed mills. *

Rated Capacity Distribution

per 8-Hour Number of Total Rated (Number)
Shift Feedmills Capacity (%)

Less than 20 132 1,123.05 46.64

20.1 to 50.0 74 2,606.50 26.15
50.1 and above 77 12,674.40 27.21

Total 283 16,403.95 100.00

*As of July 26, 1999

Source: Animal Feeds Standard Division

always accounted for a big share of the total feed

production, with members such as San Miguel Foods Inc.,
Vitarich Corp., General Milling Corporation, Universal
Robina Corp., Swift Foods Inc., Agri Brands Inc. (formerly
Purina Philippines Inc.), Tyson Agro-Ventures Inc., and
Purefoods Corp.. Feed millers have bonded into
associations in order to achieve higher efficiency, as well as,
to effect some production cost savings. The other feed
milling associations with their production outputs can be
seen on Table 3.
The demand for mixed feeds remains highly dispersed
all over the country. However, concentration of firms in
Metro Manila resulted to unfavorable effects on marketing
and distribution costs, as well as, procurement cost of
ingredients.

Industry Insights

Like any other industry, the feed milling industry is also

facing numerous quandaries and obstacles. One paramount
problem of the feed industry is its heavy import
dependence. According to AFSD-BAI, the industry imports
yellow corn at an average of $ 77 M/year, fish meal at $ 26
M/year, meat and bone meal at $ 5 M/year and soybean
meal at $ 65 M/year. These still do not include the millions
of dollars spent on importing feed additives and
supplements. Moreover, the

6 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Table 3. Commercial feed production by association, 1990-1999.*

Feeds Produced (kg)

Association
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

PAFMI 560,229,845 572,614,200 604,190,494 881,127,216 927,757,680 1,005,099,432 1,331,969,076 1,384,681,357 1,055,668,059 2,579,343,929
CELUFMA 38,767,780 39,616,685 43,678,525 73,427,268 61,850,512 77,091,619 0 0 0 0
MMFA 35,369,571 28,500,855 30,424,301 58,741,814 77,313,097 77,822,913 76,103,715 80,812,705 83,148,575 19,656,150
SAMEFA 99,285,482 89,360,558 107,682,737 102,798,175 108,238,408 107,928,267 97,289,774 102,748,040 100,574,781 17,718,970
BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,115,801 32,080,354 29,755,074 5,559,166
WVFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54,824,269 0
Independent 327,425,904 448,867,635 577,179,589 352,450,887 371,103,160 370,039,774 750,419,729 928,735,677 896,012,852 153,935,186

Total 1,061,078,582 1,178,959,933 1,362,855,646 1,468,545,360 1,546,262,857 1,637,982,005 2,303,898,095 2,529,058,133 2,219,983,610 153,935,186

*As of June 30, 1999.

Legend:
PR

PAFMI Philippine Association of Feed Millers,

Inc. CELUFMA Central Luzon Feed Millers Association
FOR

MMFA Metro Manila Feed Millers Association

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 7

SAMEFA Small - and Medium-Scale Feed Millers

Association BFA Bicol Feed Millers Association
WVFA Western Visayas Feed Millers
Association Independent Does not belong to any
association
Source: Animal Feeds Standard Division.
industry has not only remained dependent on imported
inputs, but also on imported equipment and machinery.
Another problem of the industry is the chronic shortages
of reasonably priced local feed ingredients. The poor pre-
and postproduction handling, lack of storage facilities of
production centers and low productivity contribute to this
chronic shortage.
However, the government has instituted sound policies
to assure adequate feed supplies and reliable high quality of
raw materials and finished feeds at reasonable prices
affordable to livestock and poultry raisers. Recent
innovations of the government to encourage compliance to
existing animal feed laws are the following:

 accreditation of private laboratories to increase

chemical analysis capabilities for faster results;
 awards and recognition for consistent compliance to
rules and regulations;
 conduct of dialogues, public hearings, congress,
workshops to increase level of awareness, improve
feedback mechanism and encourage private sector in
policy formulation;
 linkages with local and international government
and nongovernment organizations for information
networking; and
 deputation of provincial and regional animal feed
and veterinary drugs control officers.

8 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Commercially Available
Feedstuff

A number of ingredients, supplements and additives

can be found in a bag of finished feeds (Fig. 2). As follows
are feedstuff used by the feed manufacturers or livestock
raisers.

Common Feed Ingredients

Banana Meal

Banana meal is the product obtained after chopping,

drying and grinding the ripe banana fruit, which may either
be peeled or unpeeled.

Fig. 2. Bags of finished feeds.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 9

Barley

Barley is used as fine-ground ingredient. It contains

about 75% as much energy and three times as much fiber as
corn. Therefore, its use is limited specially in feed mixtures
that must be high in energy and low in fiber.
Cost of energy must be considered when barley is to be
substituted for other energy feeds. Also, higher inclusion
rates of barley may require enzyme supplementation.

Blood Meal

Blood meal is ground, dried blood. It is often used as

source of lysine and is also a good source of bypass protein
for ruminants. It is low in amino acid isoleucine.

Brown Sugar

Brown sugar is the unrefined cane sugar. It is added to

feeds to enhance palatability.

Canola Meal

This is produced from grinding cakes remaining

after the extraction of oil from genetically modified
rapeseed. It contains minimal glucosinolates and is a good
substitute for soybean meal.

Cassava Meal

Cassava meal is produced by grinding dried, sliced

cassava roots. Also known as tapioca or manioc, cassava
meal may replace corn in a mixed diet up to 50%, which is
about 25-30% of the mixed diet. However, proper attention
should be given to the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content of
this feedstuff.

10 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Copra Meal

Also known as coconut oil meal and coconut meat meal,

copra meal is a byproduct obtained after the oil has been
extracted from the dried coconut meat. Copra meal is both
an energy and protein source but due to some amino acid
deficiencies, it is best used in combination with other
protein sources.

Corn

Corn is the most common grain used for feeding poultry

and swine. There are two types of corn used as feedstuff,
the yellow and the white corn. Yellow corn is preferred to
white corn because of its carotene and xantophyll contents.
Xantophyll provides a yellow pigment to chicken skin and
egg yolk.

Corn Bran

Corn bran is the outer covering of the corn grain with

little or none of the starchy part of the germ. It contains
practically all the crude fiber found in the grain.

Corn Germ Meal

Corn germ meal is obtained after the corn oil has been
partially extracted. It is a valuable nitrogenous concentrate
but not always available in the market.

Corn Gluten Feed

Corn gluten feed consists of gluten meal and corn bran

ground together. It is lower in protein and higher in crude
fiber than gluten meal, due to the addition of corn bran.

Corn Gluten Meal

Corn gluten meal is a byproduct of corn when processed

to produce oil and starch. This feedstuff contains a

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 11

concentration of yellow pigment (if yellow corn is used),
which is desirable for producing the desired yellow pigment
in poultry products. Corn gluten meal is low in arginine,
lysine, tryptophan and threonine.

Corn Grit

Corn grit is the hard, flinty portion of sound corn, with

little or none of the bran or germ. It is a byproduct in dry
milling of corn.

Dried Skim Milk

Skim milk powder is a product resulting from the

removal of fats and water from clean, sound milk. It is
highly digestible, palatable and suitable for feeding of young
piglets weaned earlier than the conventional age of
weaning.

Dried Whey

Dried whey is the product resulting from the removal

of water from clean, sound cheese or casein whey. Whey is
rich in lactose and unidentified growth factors.

Fish Meal

Fish meal is the clean, dried, ground tissues of

undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings either or both
with or without the extraction of oil. Fish protein contains
a good balance of essential amino acids. A recent product
commercially available in the feed ingredient
market is Fish Meal (FM) Analogue. FM Analogue, whose
components include ingredients other than fish and fish
parts, approximate the protein values of fish meal.

Full Fat Soybean Meal

Also termed extruded soybean meal, this is the ground

meal produced by extrusion of whole soybeans, without the
removal of any component parts.
12 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION
Hominy Feed

Hominy feed is obtained after separating corn grits in

ground corn kernels. It is composed mainly
of corn bran, corn germ and part of the starchy portion of
corn kernels.

Hydrolyzed Feather Meal

Hydrolyzed feather meal is the product resulting from

the treatment under pressure of clean, undecomposed
feathers from slaughtered poultry. Hydrolyzed poultry
feather is deficient in a number of amino acids, namely:
methionine, lysine, tryptophan and histidine.

Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal

This is made from ipil-ipil leaves that are sundried and

ground or milled. Ipil-ipil leaf meal is a very good source of
xanthopyll. The amount recommended for practical use is
limited due to its high content of mimosine, a toxic
substance.

Meat and Bone Meal

Meat and bone meal is the dry rendered residue of

animal tissue exclusive of hair, hoof, blood and contents of
the digestive tract. The phosphorus level is a reflection of
the relative amount of bone to soft tissues in the product.
Meat products are generally low in methionine and
tryptophan, two of the essential amino acids.

Molasses

Cane molasses is a byproduct in the manufacture of

sugar from sugarcane. It is rich in niacin
and pantothenic acid. It is used in top-dressing mash
feeds and enhances the palatability of feeds. However,
this feedstuff has laxative effect due to its high potassium
content; high inclusion rates may also cause mixing
problems.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 13

Oils

Oils used in poultry and livestock feeds come

from various sources, and should contain very minimal
moisture and free fatty acid contents. Examples of oils are
soya oil (oil extracted from soybean seeds), fish oil, palm
kernel oil (oil extracted from palm nuts), coconut oil (either
crude or refined) and its acid oil (produced by acid
treatment of the byproduct of refining crude oil).

Peanut Oil Meal

Peanut oil meal or peanut meal is a ground product of

the shelled peanuts, either mechanically or solvent
extracted.

Rapeseed Meal

Rapeseed meal is obtained by grinding the cake which

remained after the removal of most of the seed’s oil from
rapeseed plant. It is unpalatable and contains the toxic
factor glucosinolate.

Rice Bran (darak)

Rice bran is the pericarp or bran layer of rice. The

different grades of rice bran are D 1, D2, and D3. D1 is the fine
rice bran containing a maximum of 7% crude fiber. D2
is the coarse rice bran containing a maximum of 12%
crude fiber. Rice bran with more than 12% crude fiber
is D3.

Rough Rice

Rough rice is commonly referred to as palay or paddy

rice. It is the entire rice kernel including hull. It contains
about 7% crude protein and is high in fiber.

14 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Shrimp Meal

Shrimp meal is a ground, dried waste of shrimp

processing. It consists of head, shell and/or whole shrimp.

Sorghum

Sorghum grains are comparable to that of corn, except

that these do not contribute Vitamin A and
has lower fat content. Proper attention should be given to
the tannic acid content of this ingredient. Both
metabolizable energy (ME) and protein availability
decreases as the tannin content of the sorghum increases.

Soybean Oil Meal

Soybean oil meal is the most frequently used oil seed

meal in livestock feeds. It is a byproduct from the extraction
of oil from soybean. Crude protein content of the soybean
oil meal is dependent upon whether or not the soybean hull
is added back to the oil-extracted bean. The soybean should
be cooked or toasted to improve the quality of the meal.
Because of its high quality protein soybean oil meal can
substitute for a great amount, or it can totally replace fish
meal in the ration. Methionine is the only amino acid that is
low in properly processed soybean meal. Urease activity in
soybean is used as an index in detecting improperly
processed soybean oil meal.

Spent Grains

Spent grains are byproducts of brewery, beer production.

Tallow

Tallow is animal fat from beef cattle, carabao and sheep.

It is recovered from the fat-bearing tissue by rendering.
Tallow requires heating before mixing it with other
feedstuff.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 15

Wheat Grain

Wheat grain is the entire wheat kernel including the

hull. At high inclusion rates of this feedstuff, enzyme
supplementation may be necessary.

Wheat Pollard

Wheat pollard, also known as wheat bran, refers to the

coarse outer covering of wheat kernel obtained in the usual
process of commercial milling.

Feed Supplements

Synthetic Amino Acids

These are synthetically produced supplements with

chemical characteristics similar to their natural
counterparts. They are commercially available in the
market and include L-lysine, DL-methionine and its
hydroxy analogue (MHA), L-threonine and tryptophan.

Mineral Supplements

Most of the essential minerals are present in ordinary

feeds although the amounts are not sufficient enough to
meet the requirements of swine and poultry. These
requirements are for skeletal development of the animals,
eggshell formation in laying hens and other regulatory
processes in the body. The mineral elements most likely to
be deficient in common rations are calcium, phosphorus,
sodium, chloride, manganese and zinc.

Calcium phosphates. These are produced from

calcining rock phosphates or by addition of calcium
compounds to phosphoric acid. Certain rock phosphate
deposits can be used for feeding purposes provided, these
either contain very little fluorine or that the fluorine has
been removed by heating. The maximum level

16 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

of fluorine should be 0.2%. The different kinds of calcium
phosphates are:

 Dicalcium phosphate. Dicaphos is a calcium salt of

phosphoric acid and contains 24% calcium and 18%
phosphorus. This is produced by adding calcium
compounds to phosphoric acid which lead to
precipitation of calcium phosphates.
 Monodicalcium phosphate. Monodical is processed
like dicaphos and contains 18% calcium and 20%
phosphorus.
 Tricalcium phosphate. Tricaphos is a product of
calcining rock phosphate deposits and has two
forms, TCP 18 and TCP 13. TCP 18 contains 25%
calcium and 18% phosphorus, while TCP 13 has 28%
calcium and 11% phosphorus.

Limestone. Limestone, which may either be ground or

granulated, is one of the best sources of calcium for
animals. To be suitable for feeding purposes, limestone
(calcium carbonate, CaCO3) must contain 33-39% calcium
and less than 5% magnesium.

Oyster shell. Seashells are almost pure calcium

carbonate (95-99%). They are commonly used for
topdressing or as a free choice source of calcium.

Sodium chloride. Common table salt or sodium

chloride must be added in poultry and livestock rations.
The amount to be added varies from 0.20-0.50% of the total
diet depending on the salt contents of the other
ingredients. Common table salt should be pulverized,
and if possible iodized, when added to the mixed feed.

Steamed bone meal. Bone meal generally contains

about 26% calcium and 12% phosphorus. It must be
thoroughly cooked to prevent the spread of disease-
producing organisms.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 17

Trace Mineral Supplements

Trace mineral supplements (iron, copper, zinc,

manganese, selenium, iodine and cobalt) must be applied in
the finished feeds in the form of a mineral premix. The trace
minerals are added in the form of soluble salts (iron as
ferrous sulfate, manganese and zinc as sulfate or oxide,
copper as sulfate, selenium as sodium selenite, iodine as
potassium iodide and cobalt as cobalt carbonate) or as
chelated trace minerals.

Vitamin Supplements

When feeds are deficient in vitamins, the needed

vitamins must be added to the diet as chemically
synthesized vitamins, or as vitamins produced by
fermentation processes. Vitamins are commercially
available as feed grade, prepared in varying concentrations
or potencies.

Fat soluble vitamins. The fat soluble vitamins

include A, D, E, and K, and these are required by all
animals. The fat soluble vitamins are generally stored in the
body, hence there is no need to supply these vitamins
daily.

 Vitamin A does not occur in plant products but

rather as carotenoids or pro vitamin A. Yellow corn
provides carotene which can be converted by the
body to Vitamin A.
 Vitamin D has two forms — ergocalciferol (vitamin
D2) from plants, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
from animals. In other species, both D 2 and D3 are
equally
effective. Unless the animals are exposed to the
ultra-violet rays of the sun or provided with sun-
cured forages, the diet should be fortified with this
vitamin.
 Vitamin E is abundant in whole cereal grains,
particularly in the germ, and byproducts containing
the germ. These are alpha, beta and gamma isomers
of tocopherol. Alpha tocopherol, however, is twice as
active than the other two. Potency of vitamins A, D
18 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION
 and E is measured in IU (International Unit), ICU
(International Chick Unit), and USP (United States
Pharmocophea).
 Vitamin K is the only fat-soluble vitamin synthesized
by microorganisms in the alimentary tract. This
synthesis is a major source of the vitamin for most
species of higher animals. The common synthetic
materials with vitamin K activity for dietary use
are menadione sodium bisulfate, menadione sodium
bisulfate complex, and menadione dimethyl
pyrimidol bisulfate. Synthetic form of vitamin K is
water soluble.

Water soluble vitamins. The water soluble vitamins

that must be added in poultry and swine feeds are thiamin
(B 1), riboflavin (B 2), pantothenic acid (B 3), niacin or
nicotinamide (B4), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B8), biotin
(vitamin H), cyanocobalamine (B12), choline and ascorbic
acid (vitamin C). These vitamins are available commercially
in synthetic forms. Their purities are expressed in percent,
while their concentrations in finished feeds are expressed
in ppm or mg/kg.

Feed Additives

Acidifiers or Acidulants

They are made of organic acid or mixture of organic

acids. When incorporated in the ration, they exert their
effect on the gastrointestinal environment by lowering the
stomach pH. Low stomach pH prevents the growth and
proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, thus,
promoting better feed efficiency. Examples are phosphoric
acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid and acetic acid.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 19

Antibiotics*

These are chemical products produced by

microorganisms, which are added in the mixed feed at
subtherapeutic level. These materials may increase growth
rate and feed conversion in animals, but are potentially
harmful when improperly used. Examples of antibiotics are
aureomycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, neomycin,
virginiamycin, tylosin and chlortetracycline.

Anticaking Agents

These agents are used to improve the flowability of

grains and feeds by preventing feedstuffs from adhering to
surfaces, on the inside walls of silos, bins, conveying
systems and mixers.

Antimalarials

These are used in the prevention and treatment of

malaria which include phyrimethamine and chloroquin
diphosphate.

Antimolds

These are chemical preservatives added to the feeds to

protect them from decomposition by microorganisms. The
most common is propionic acid or its salts, calcium and
sodium propionate. Other organic acids that can inhibit
mold growth are formic acid, sorbic acid, fumaric acid and
citric acid.

Antioxidants

These are used to prevent rancidity in feeds. Feeds

containing 12% or more moisture and feeds containing fat
or oil should be added with anti-oxidant. The commonly
used

b
Withdrawal period should be strictly observed.

20 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

antioxidants are butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),
santoquin, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), propyl gallate,
ethoxyquin, calcium carbonate, phosphoric acid and citric
acid.

Coccidiostats*

These are administered to prevent and control

coccidiosis. Examples of coccidiostats are alkomide,
amprolium, clopidol, robenedine, maduramycin, narasin
and salinomycin.

Dewormers*

These are used against internal parasites of the animals.

Examples of dewormers are flubendazole, tetramizole,
oxfendazole, thiabendazole, mebendazole and piperazine.

Enzymes

These are protein molecules that have the ability to

catalyze biochemical reactions. Commercial feed enzymes
are used to increase the digestibility of some feedstuffs
under certain conditions. These feed additives may
contain one or more enzyme activities, with each activity
maintaining substrate specificity. For instance, a protease
will act upon proteins and an amylase, only on starch. Other
examples of enzymes are phytase, mannanase, lipase and
xylanase.

Flavorings

Feed flavors induce feed intake particularly for piglets.

Using feed flavors in mixed feed may disguise the presence
of unpalatable ingredients. Commercially available feed
flavoring incorporates the aroma and taste of milk, freshly
ground corn, molasses, fresh forage, sweet whey, sugar
and apple.

b
Withdrawal period should be strictly observed.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 21

Pellet Binders

These are agents added to improve the texture and

firmness of pelleted feeds. Examples are gelatin extract
derivatives, calcium lignosulphonate and galactomannan
gum.

Pigmenters

These are chemical agents added to enhance coloration

and pigmentation of the skin or of the egg yolk in poultry.
Examples of pigmenters are carophyll yellow, carophyll
red and carophyll orange. Carophyll yellow is used if the
diet of birds does not contain sources of carotene.
Carophyll yellow produces egg yolk in the shade of 6 in the
standard yolk color fan. Carophyll red is added to the diet
if deeper color of the egg yolk is desired, i.e., greater than
the shade 12 in the color fan. Carophyll orange produces egg
yolk with shade deeper than 6 but less than 12. Yolk color
fan consists of a series of colored tabs arranged as a fan
corresponding to the range of yolk colors found in the eggs
(Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Yolk color fan.

22 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Probiotics

Also known as live microbial supplements, these are

beneficial microorganisms (mainly lactic acid producing
bacteria and yeast combinations) added to rations to
improve the intestinal microbial balance of the animal.
Examples of microorganisms are the Lactobacillus sp.
and Bifido bacterium sp.

Repartitioning Agents

These are used to increase lean-muscle and reduce fat

deposition in carcasses when added in the diet during the
finishing period. Examples are chromium and hormones.

Surfactants

These are chemical agents that facilitate uniform

dispersion of molecules in feeds or feed mixtures.

Toxin Binders

These are used for detoxification of mycotoxin-

contaminated feeds and raw materials by either chelating
the mycotoxin or by blocking the effect of mycotoxin at the
digestive tract of animals that ingested the contaminated
feeds. Polyvinylpyrrolidone and aluminum silicate are
commonly used toxin binders.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 23

Evaluation of Feed Quality

Poor feed quality and adulterated feed ingredients stand

out as the two major problems in feed production.
Big feedmills in the country have set up quality control
laboratories which test the ingredients with the end view of
either rejecting the supplies or adjusting the price on the
basis of quality. However, the small livestock and poultry
producers that mix their own feeds depend on the different
feed laboratories for the analysis of the ingredients they
are going to use in formulation. Other livestock raisers who
mix their own feeds depend on the feed composition tables
for the nutrient values of the ingredients.
There are numerous procedures in determining the
quality of feed ingredients and the choice of methods
depends on the facilities available.

Visual Examination

Visual examination can be conducted with minimum

facilities and expenses. The usual observations made with
the naked eye or with the use of hand lens or microscope
can detect off-quality feed ingredients or finished feeds.
Representative samples of incoming raw materials must
be inspected to see that these conform to the following
specifications:

1. Color – typical, bright, uniform color. However,

color may be misleading where depth of a color may
reflect the inclusion of a contaminant material which
has similar color as in the feed ingredient.
2. Odor – clean, characteristic smell, no evidence of over-
cooking and under-cooking as in the case of beans.

24 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 3. Texture – reasonable particle size for the product.
4. Moisture – non-sticking, no wet spots, free flowing.
5. Uniformity – consistent in color and texture.
6. Temperature – no evidence of heating
7. Absence of dirt, mold, sticks, metal objects, gravel
and other foreign materials.
8. No evidence of bird, rodent or insect contamination.
9. Dry and no evidence of previously being wet.

The bags of finished feeds, concentrates, premixes that

need careful and thorough inspection have the following
characteristics:

 Clumps, moldy spots

 Musty, moldy or “off” odor
 Wet spots
 Hot spots
 Excessive fine or very coarse pieces or combination
of both
 Excessive foreign materials
 Evidence of rodents, birds infestation

Microscopic Evaluation

Feed microscopy is the study of the appearance of the

feed sample under the microscope (Fig. 4). With this
technique, the purity of the sample and presence of
contaminants or adulterants can be easily detected.
Feed microscopy involves minimal cost. The equipment
and instruments required for feed microscopy are simple,
usually low power stereo-microscope, set of sieves,
illuminator, twizzer or forceps, probe or needle, spot plate
and a set of standards.

Basic Procedure for Feed Microscopy

Sampling and sample preparation. The collection

of representative samples is essential for an effective
quality

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 25

Fig. 4. Feed microscopy for determining purity of sample
and presence of aduterants.

control program. No analysis can be better than the

sample from which it was made.
Before any analysis is done, reduce the sample into
small quantity by either coning and quartering or by rifling.
Take a sample and place it in an airtight container to
preserve its integrity.

Separation. This could be done either by screening

or flotation.

 Screening method. Since feedstuffs/mixed feeds are

composed of different particle sizes, passing the feed
sample through a set of sieves can separate these
particles. Screening removes the fine starch dusts
from the particles for easy identification.

 Flotation technique. In some cases, it is necessary to

separate the organic and inorganic fractions of the
feed sample. The feed sample is soaked in a solvent,
stirred and then allowed to stand until the fractions

26 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 have already separated. The top portion is composed
of organic matters and the bottom is inorganic acids.
Each fraction is removed, placed in petri dish and
allowed to dry at room temperature prior to
identification.

Examination. A small amount of feed sample is placed

in spot plate/petri dish and observed under the microscope.
Searching through a sample could be made easier by
starting at one edge and working across, separating the
examined materials away from the unexamined with a
dissecting needle or probe. The shape, color, texture and
overall appearance of the particles of the feed sample
should be noted and compared to the standard.
In feedmills with laboratory facilities, microscopic
inspection can support chemical findings.

Chemical Analysis

Proximate Analysis

Proximate analysis is widely used as an index of

nutritive value of the feed, although it does not define the
nutrient content of the feeds.
A feed ingredient is analyzed into six fractions namely:
moisture, crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) or crude fat,
crude protein (CP), ash and nitrogen-free extract (NFE).
The values for CP, EE, CF and ash provide a profile of
the samples. The proximate constituents in combination
with visual and microscopic examinations give buyer
confidence in their genuineness and acceptability. Low
crude protein value is basis for rejection or adjustment of
price.

Moisture. The water content depends on the kind of

feed. The difference in nutritive value among many feeds is
attributed to different moisture contents.
Moisture is very critical in feeds because of cost and
feeds containing more than 12% moisture are very hard to
store.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 27

 The percentage amount of water in feeds is determined
by placing a weighed sample in a crucible which is then
heated in the oven at 100 o + 5oC at least one night until the
water has been driven off. The initial weight minus the
constant weight in drying gives the amount of water in the
sample. The amount is computed as a percent of the initial
weight of the feed sample.

Crude Protein (CP). CP, the first analysis given on

the feed tag, is a calculation resulting from determination of
the percent nitrogen (N) in the feed. It is obtained by
multiplying the N content of the feed by 6.25.
Since the analysis is a measure of total N in the feed
sample, it even includes the nonprotein nitrogenous
material, hence, protein determined by the analysis is
referred to as CP.

Ether Extract (EE) or Crude Fat. Crude fat includes

all the portions of a feed soluble in ether. Hence, crude fat
is commonly referred to as EE. Value for crude fat is
important because it is the measure of energy content of the
feed. A unit of fat contains two and one fourth (2 1/4) as
much energy as a unit of carbohydrate or protein (Fig. 5).
EE contains the true fats in feeds, which on hydrolysis
yields essential fatty acids (EFA) that are essential to
maintain the normal functions of the body.
Fat is the most unstable component of feeds. This makes
the storage of high fat feeds a problem.
The quantity of fat in a feedstuff is determined by
extracting a finely ground, dried and weighed sample of the
feed with ether, which dissolves out the fat. The ether is
then evaporated off and the fat residue is weighed. The
weight of the fat divided by the weight of the sample and
multiplied by 100 gives the percent of fat.

Crude Fiber (CF). CF is composed of the fibrous

portions of plants, relatively low in digestibility and in
nutritive value. It is a variable mixture, the major
components of which are cellulose, hemicellulose and
lignin.
CF value is a measure of feed digestibility.

28 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Fig. 5. State-of-the-art apparatus for speedily determining
fat content of feed samples.

CF in feedstuffs is determined by removing all other

substances by boiling the feed first in diluted acid, then in
diluted alkali and washing it with water, finally with alcohol
(Fig. 6). The residue, consisting of CF and ash, is dried and
weighed. It is then ignited and the ash is weighed. The
weight of the ash deducted from the weight of the total
residue represents the CF weight. The weight of the original
sample divided by the CF weight and multiplied by 100
gives the percentage CF in the feedstuff. This is an attempt
to simulate the process of digestion in monogastric animals.

Ash. Ash is the mineral matter of the substance that

remains after burning off the dry matter. Ash does not give
anything without undergoing any mineral analysis. The
figure for crude ash has little direct nutritional use except
for the calculation of N-free extract. The nutritional
significance of the ash figure will depend, in part, on the
feedstuff under consideration.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 29

Fig. 6. State-of-the-art apparatus for determining fiber
content of feed samples.

Nitrogen-free extract. N-free extract is a mixture of

all starches and sugars plus some hemicellulose and much
of the lignin. It is the difference between the original
weight of the sample and the sum of the weight of its water,
ether, crude protein, crude fiber and ash. N-free extract is a
measure of soluble carbohydrates.
It maybe computed using weights or using the
percentages of various proximate constituents.
The numerical value of NFE may be affected by the
chemical error in the analysis of all five fractions, as well as,
by the lack of precision of the CF procedures.

Other Chemical Tests

Other chemical tests in feeds (Figs. 7 and 8) include the

determination of values for salt (NaCl), xanthophyll, urease
activity, peroxide, free fatty acid, degree brix and
salmonella (Table 4).

30 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Fig. 7. Hand refractometer for determining fiber content
of feed samples.

Fig. 8. Quick test kits for determing quality of soybean

(urease activity) and rice bran (purity).

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 31

 Table 4. Suggested chemical analyses for feed ingredient evaluation.
32 PR

Ingredient Moisture Crude Protein Crude Fiber Crude Fat Calcium Phosphorus Others*
FOR

Blood meal / / --- --- --- / ---

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Copra meal / / / / --- --- ---

Corn germ meal / / / --- --- --- ---
Corn gluten feed / / / --- --- --- ---
Corn gluten meal / / / --- --- --- ---
Corn grit / / / --- --- --- ---
Fat and oil / --- --- --- --- --- D, E
Fish meal / / --- / / / A, G, I

Ipil-ipil leaf meal / / / --- --- --- B

Grain / / --- / --- --- ---
Limestone --- --- --- --- / --- ---
Meat and bone meal / / --- --- / / G
Molasses / --- --- --- --- --- F
Mixed feed / / / / / / ---
Oyster shell --- --- --- --- / --- ---
Rice bran D1 ,D 2 / / / --- --- / ---
Roughage / / / --- --- --- ---
Soybean oil meal / / / --- --- --- C, H
Tricaphos/dicaphos --- --- --- --- / / ---
Urea --- / --- --- --- --- ---
o
/ Applicable F Brix
--- Not applicable G Salmonella
A Salt H KOH solubility
B Xantophyll I Pepsin digestibility
C Urease activity
D Peroxide value
E Free fatty acid
 In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

This is a rapid, convenient and economical method for

screening or evaluating the feeding value of roughages used
in ruminant nutrition research and development studies. In
vitro fermentation of dry matter, organic matter and cell
wall during a 24- to 48-hour or other appropriate periods of
time are being studied as means of evaluating forages.
Evaluation is done in two stages of digestion. The first
stage is rumen fermentation, wherein the sample forage is
mixed with rumen fluid taken from fistulated animal. The
mixture is put in a test tube and added with a buffer
solution
under anaerobic condition. Gasing with CO 2 and
immediately covering the test tube is enough for
fermentation to be completed. This somewhat simulates
the activity in
the rumen of live animals. The second stage is by pepsin
digestion, which will result to estimated apparent dry
matter or organic matter digestibility. Using the neutral
detergent solution of pepsin just for only 15 minutes will
result to apparent true dry matter digestibility.
Forages that give high in vitro fermentation values are
indicative of high quality feedstuffs. Each test run should
always be done with a standard sample with known in vivo
values as reference forage.

Specialized Method of Analysis

The use of automated analytical equipment has become

quite complex and sophisticated in recent years. With such
devices, the speed of analysis would greatly help in
obtaining fast results useful for quality control program, as
well as, nutritive value determination. Examples of
such instruments are as follows:

 Amino acid analyzer is capable of fractionating

proteins into the constituent amino acids. The prepared
sample solutions are placed in chromatographic
columns with various solutions passing through the
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 33
 columns resulting in separation and evolution of the
individual amino acids in a relatively short time.

 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry facilitates

analyses for most mineral elements. The asked sample
is resuspended in solution passing through a flame that
serves to disperse the molecules into individual atoms.
With radiation from a cathode lamp passing through the
flame, the atoms absorb some of the radiation at specific
wavelength. Using such devices, cast number of samples
can be analyzed in a short time (Fig. 9).

 High Performance Liquid Chromatography is popular

for the separation and analysis of mixtures of
compounds. It analyzes fatty acids, amino acids,
vitamins, biological drugs, etc. Samples are injected into
the instrument, passing through a column for
separation. The response to some physical property of
the solutes is detected and chromatographic peaks are
recorded.

Fig. 9. Atomic absorption spectophotometer.

34 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) uses infrared light
rays for feed analyses. It takes only about 20 sec/sample
to obtain results for proteins, fats, fiber and moisture.
Aside from the expensive cost of this type of instrument,
one disadvantage is calibrating the machine for every
range of samples. The calibration samples must be
available for every type of feed to be used.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 35

Feed Formulation

Factors to Consider

Feed formulation is a process by which different feed

ingredients are proportionally combined to give the animals
the proper amount of nutrients they need.
The first requirement for balancing a ration is a feeding
standard. This standard states the amount of nutrients that
should be provided in rations for farm animals to obtain
their desired performance.
The feeding standards or nutrient requirements of an
animal depend upon a number of factors. These factors
include body size, level of production or growth, stress
condition, temperature and sex. Thus, no two animals have
exactly the same requirement. Requirements may be
expressed as either amount per animal per day or
percentage of overall feed mixture (amount per kilogram
of ration).
The feeding standard must be accompanied and used
with feed composition tables that provide information or
nutritive composition of feeds. However, in the feed
composition tables, individual feeds often vary from the
average chemical composition which is one major problem
of the feed millers and livestock producers who mix their
own feeds. There is a wide variation in the composition of
our traditional feed ingredients due to rampant adulteration
practices, poor processing techniques and poor quality of
raw materials used. Consequently then, one must not look
upon the feed composition table as a hard and fast rule to
be followed at all times, but only as a guide in formulating
ration for animals.
In ration formulation, economy of the ration is very
critical. The ration should be inexpensive, but not to the
extent of sacrificing the quality needed in a good ration. As
economical sources of nutrients, it is not sufficient to
compare feeds in terms of price per kilogram of ingredient.

36 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Different energy feeds have different contents of nutrients
per kilogram. Energy feeds are usually compared pricewise
on the basis of the cost per kilogram of energy or per unit of
energy. Protein feeds are usually compared pricewise on
the basis of the cost per kilogram protein.

For example:

Soybean meal, fishmeal and meat and bone meal could

be compared as sources of protein as follows:

% CP P/kg P per unit

of protein

Soybean meal 46 8.00 0.1739

Fish meal 60 28.00 0.4667
Meat and bone meal 50 12.50 0.2500

*based on July 1999 prices

In the above calculation, soybean meal has the lowest cost

per unit protein, followed by meat and bone meal. However,
soybean meal and meat and bone meal are low in
methionine. If the ration does not satisfy the methionine
requirement of the animal, there is a need to add synthetic
methionine. Fishmeal has the highest cost per unit of
protein, but fish protein contains a good balance of
essential amino acids.
It is also important to remember that the ration should
be compounded or calculated in accordance with the
availability of feedstuffs in the locality. Palatability and
possible presence of toxic substances in the feed ingredients
should likewise be considered.

Steps to Follow

1. Prepare a listing of the requirements of the nutrients to

be considered. Make use of the feeding standard tables
(Tables 5 to 15). The following nutrients should be
considered in the ration formulation:

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 37

  Dry Matter (DM) – a certain amount of DM is
essential to satisfy appetite and promote proper
functioning of digestive tract. Animals have certain
physical and physiological limitations of DM
consumption beyond which they cannot go.
 Protein – adequacy may be based on the total
protein (TP) and/or total amino acids. Taking into
account the utilization of amino acids by the animals
during digestion and absorption, formulating rations
on the basis of digestible protein and/or amino acids
become more reliable and efficient.
 Energy – adequacy of energy may be based on
Digestible Energy (DE), Metabolizable Energy (ME),
Net Energy (NE) and Total Digestible Nutrients
(TDN).
 Minerals – among the macro-minerals, more
attention is given to calcium and phosphorus. Needs
and allowances for calcium and phosphorus are
based on total calcium and either total or
available phosphorus. Proper calcium-phosphorus
ratio is also important because excess calcium
may be harmful by interfering with the availability
of other nutrients. Micro-minerals are normally
added in the ration in premix form.
 Vitamins – the minimum vitamins required by the
animals are simply added to the overall ration in
premix form.

Poultry

 Metabolizable energy (ME), kcal/kg diet

 Crude protein (CP), %; Digestible protein (DP), %
 Crude fiber (CF), %
 Crude fat or Ether extract (EE), %
 Calcium, %
 Phosphorus, %
 Lysine, %; Digestible lysine, %
 Methionine + Cystine, %; Digestible methionine +
cystine, %
 Arginine, %, Digestible arginine, %

38 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Table 5. Nutrient recommendations for broiler-type chickens.

Booster Starter Finisher

0-2 weeks 2-4 weeks 4-6 weeks

Nutrient Units Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High
ME: Protein Ration 130 130 130 140 140 140 150 150 150

Energy Kcal/kg 2800 2900 3000 2700 2800 2900 2700 2800 2900
Crude Protein % 21.50 22.30 23.00 19.30 20.00 20.70 18.00 18.70 19.30
Calcium % 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.76 0.78 0.81
Phosphorous, Avail., % 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.38 0.39 0.41
Salt (NaCl) % 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
PR

Amino Acids:
FOR
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 39

Lysine % 1.12 1.16 1.20 0.97 1.01 1.04 0.86 0.90 0.93
Methionine % 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.32 0.33 0.35
Met + Cys % 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.59 0.62 0.64
Threonine % 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.57 0.59 0.61
Tryptophan % 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.17

Source: PHILSAN Feedd Ref. Std. 1996. (2nd ed.)

 Table 6. Nutrient recommendations for egg-type chickens.
40 PR

Starter Grower Developer Layer 1 Layer 2

0-6 weeks 6-12 weeks 12-18 weeks 18-42 weeks 42 weeks-Cull
FOR

Nutrient Unit
ME: Protein Ration 143 143 143 172 172 172 189 189 190 160 160 160 170 170 170
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Energy Kcal/kg 2750 2800 2850 2700 2750 2800 2650 2700 2750 2700 2750 2800 2700 2750 2800
Crude Protein % 19.20 19.60 19.90 15.70 16.00 16.30 14.00 14.30 14.50 16.90 17.20 17.50 15.90 16.20 16.50
Calcium % 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.13 1.00 1.18 0.90 0.95 0.95 3.45 3.50 3.58 3.66 3.70 3.80
Phosphorous, Avail. % 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.43 0.46 0.45 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.40 0.41 0.41
Salt (NaCl) % 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Linoleic Acid % 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35

Amino Acids:

Lysine % 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.77 0.78 0.80
Methionine % 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.32 0.33
Met + Cys % 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.64 0.65 0.66
Threonine % 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.53 0.54 0.55
Tryptophan % 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

Source: PHILSAN Ref. Std., 1996. (2nd ed.)

 Table 7. Nutrient recommendations for broiler-breeders.

Starter Grower Developer Pre-lay Layer

Nutrient Unit 0-4 Weeks 5-12 Weeks 13-17 Weeks 18-23 Weeks 24 wks to cull

ME:Protein ratio 158 172 180 153 175

Energy Kcal/kg 2850 2750 2700 2800 2800

Crude Protein % 18.00 16.00 15.00 18.25 16.00
Calcium % 1.00 0.90 0.90 1.75 3.50
Phosphorus, available % 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.42
Salt % 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.35
Linoleic acid % 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.35 1.50
PR FOR

Amino acid
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 41

Lysine % 0.95 0.80 0.74 0.85 0.80

Methionine % 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.37 0.32
Met + Cys % 0.72 0.64 0.62 0.73 0.64
Threonine % 0.64 0.55 0.50 0.54 0.53
Tryptophan % 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.17

Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards (2nd ed.),A23 1996.

 Table 8. Nutrient recommendations for ducks.
42 PR

Starter Grower Layer/Breeder

FOR

Nutrient Unit 0-8 weeks 8 weeks – 1% EP 1% EP - cull

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

ME:Protein ratio 132-147 187-188 145-150

Energy Kcal/kg 2800-2900 2800-3000 2700-2900

Crude protein % 19.0-22.0 15.0-16.0 18.0-20.0
Calcium % 0.90-0.95 1.00-1.10 3.00-3.30
Phosphorus, available % 0.40-0.44 0.40-0.44 0.40-0.44
Salt % 0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25
Fat % 4.00-4.50 4.00-4.50 4.00-4.50
Crude fiber (NMT) % 8.00 8.00 8.00

Amino acids

Lysine % 1.00-1.20 0.65-0.75 0.90-1.10

Methionine % 0.45-0.50 0.30-0.75 0.40-0.50
Met + Cys % 0.70-0.80 0.52-0.62 0.60-0.75

Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards, 1996. (2nd ed.)

 Table 9. Nutrient recommendations for quails and turkeys.

Quails Turkeys
Starting & (M) 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
Nutrients Unit Growing Breeding Holding Breeder/
(F) 0-4 4-8 8-11 11-14 14-17 17-20 Layer

Metabolizable energy Kcal/kg 3000 3000 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 2900 2900
Crude protein % 24.00 20.00 28.00 26.00 22.00 19.00 16.50 14.00 12.00 14.00
Calcium % 1.00 2.75 1.20 1.00 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.50 2.25
Phosphorus, available % 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.35
Lysine % 1.30 1.15 1.60 1.50 1.30 1.00 0.80 0.65 0.50 0.60
Met + Cys % 0.75 0.76 1.05 0.90 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.40 0.40
PR

Adapted from: USNRC. Nutrient Recommendations of Poultry, 1984.

FOR
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 43
 Table 10. Nutrient recommendations for swine (creep to finisher rations).
44 PR

Rations
FOR

Item Rations Pre-Starter Starter Grower Finisher

Creep (8.0-22.0 kg) (23-40 kg) (40-60 kg) (60-85
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

kg)
(2.0-8.0 kg)

Nutrient Density Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High
Metabolizable energy
(Kcal/kg) 3250 3300 3350 3150 3200 3250 3100 3150 3200 2900 3000 3100 2900 3000 3100
Crude protein (%) 24.40 22.70 23.00 19.70 20.00 20.30 17.2 17.2 18 15.3 15.8 16.3 13.2 12.6 14
Calcium (%) 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Phosphorous, available (%) 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.5 50 0.5 0.45 0.45 0.45
Salt (NaCl) (%) 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Crude fiber (%) <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <6.0 <6.0 <6.0
Lactose (%) 10.00 10.00 10.00 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lysine (%) 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.16 1.18 1.2 1.02 1.05 1.09 0.82 0.85 0.87
Threonine (%) 0.99 1.01 1.02 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.79 0.8 0.82 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.56 0.58 0.6
Methionine + Cystine (%) 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.45 0.47 0.49
Tryptophan (%) 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.16 0.17 0.18

Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards, 1996. (2nd ed.)

 Table 11. Nutrient recommendations for swine (gestating, lactating and boar rations).

Item Rations

Gestating (170 kg) Lactating (170 kg) Boar

Nutrient Density Low Medium High Low Medium High (180
kg)
Metabolizable
(kcal/kg) energy 2,800.00 2,850.00 2,900.00 3,000.00 3,100.00 3,200.00 2,950.00
Crude protein (%) 13.60 14.00 14.50 15.40 16.00 16.50 16.80
Calcium (%) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.90
Phosphorus, available (%) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Salt (%) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
PR

Lysine (%) 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.80

Threonine (%) - - - - - - -
FOR

Methionine + Cystine (%) 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.48
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 45

Tryptophan (%) 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.15

Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards (2nd ed.), 1996.

 Table12. Nutrient recommendations for dairy cattle.
46 PR

Cow Wt. Fat Wt. gain

(kg) (%) (kg/day)
FOR

Lactating Cow diets, Milk Yield, kg/day

400 5.0 0.220 7.00 13.00 20.00 26.00 33.00
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

500 4.5 0.275 8.00 17.00 25.00 33.00 41.00 Early Dry Calf Calf Growing heifers and bulls
600 4.0 0.330 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Lactation Pregnant milk Starter (months) Mature
700 3.5 0.385 12.00 24.00 36.00 48.00 60.00 (wks) cows replacer mix 3-6 6-12 12 Bulls
800 3.5 0.440 13.00 27.00 40.00 53.00 67.00 0-3

Energy
ME, Mcal/kg 2.35 2.53 2.71 2.89 2.89 2.80 2.04 3.78 3.11 2.60 2.47 2.27 2.00
DE, Mcal/kg 2.77 2.95 3.13 3.31 3.31 3.22 2.47 4.19 3.53 3.02 2.89 2.69 2.43
TDN, % of DM 63.00 67.00 71.00 75.00 75.00 73.00 56.00 95.00 80.00 69.00 66.00 61.00 55.00
Crude protein, % 12.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 12.00 22.00 18.00 16.00 12.00 12.00 10.00
Fiber content (not less than)a
Crude fiber, % 17.00 17.00 17.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 22.00 - - 13.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Acid detergent fiber, % 21.00 21.00 21.00 19.00 19.00 21.00 27.00 - - 16.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
Neutral detergent fiber, % 28.00 28.00 28.00 25.00 25.00 28.00 35.00 - - 23.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Ether extract (not less than),% 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 10.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Minerals
Calcium,% 0.53 0.51 0.58 0.64 0.66 0.77 0.39 0.70 0.60 0.52 0.41 0.29 0.30
Phosphorus, % 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.41 0.48 0.24 0.60 0.40 0.31 0.30 0.23 0.19
Magnesium, %b 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Potassium, %c 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Sodium, % 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Chlorine, % 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Sulfur, % 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.16 0.29 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Iron, ppm 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
Cobalt, ppm 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Copper, ppmd 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Manganese, ppm 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
Zinc, ppm 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
Iodine, ppme 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Selenium, ppm 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
 Table12. (Continued).

Cow Wt. Fat Wt. gain

(kg) (%) (kg/day)
Lactating Cow diets, Milk Yield, kg/day
400 5.0 0.220 7.00 13.00 20.00 26.00 33.00
500 4.5 0.275 8.00 17.00 25.00 33.00 41.00 Early Dry Calf Calf Growing heifers and
bulls
600 4.0 0.330 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Lactation Pregnant milk Starter (months) Mature
700 3.5 0.385 12.00 24.00 36.00 48.00 60.00 (wks) cows replacer mix 3-6 6-12 12 Bulls
800 3.5 0.440 13.00 27.00 40.00 53.00 67.00 0-3

Vitaminsf
A, IU/k 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 3200.00 4000.00 4000.00 3800.00 2200.00 2200.00 2200.00 2200.00 3200.00
D, IU/k 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1200.00 600.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00
E, IU/k 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 40.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 15.00
PR

a
It is recommended that 75% of the NDF in lactating cow diets be provided as forage. If this is not followed, a depression in milk fat may occur.
b
Under conditions conducive to grass tetany, magnesium should be increased to 0.25 or 0.30%.
FOR

c
Under conditions of heat stress, potassium should be increased to 1.2%.
d
The cow’s copper requirement is influenced by molybdenum and sulfur in the diet.
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 47

e
If the diet contains as much as 25% strongly gointrogenic feed on a dry basis, the iodine provided should be increased two times or more.
f
The ff. minimum quantities of B-complex vitamins are suggested per unit of milk replacer:
niacin, 2.6 ppm; panthothenic acid, 13 ppm; riboflavin, 6.5 ppm; pyridoxine, 6.5 ppm; folic acid, 0.5 ppm; biotin, 0.1 ppm; vitamin B12, 0.07 ppm; thiamin,
6.5 ppm; choline, 0.25%.
It appears that adequate amounts of these vitamins are furnished when calves have functional rumens (usually at 6 weeks of age) by a combination of
rumen synthesis and natural feedstuffs.
Source:PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards (2nd ed.), 1996.
Table 13. Nutrient recommendations for beef cattle.
Body Gain Dry Energy
Weight (kg) Matter Total Ca P
Intake ME TDNa Proteinb (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

Steers
Maintenance and Growth
100 0.00 2.2 3.76 1.0 167 5 5
0.25 2.6 4.76 1.3 306 10 7
0.50 3.0 5.82 1.6 379 15 9
0.75 3.2 6.88 1.9 448 20 11
1.00 3.3 7.94 2.2 541 25 15
150 0.00 3.0 5.10 1.4 231 6 6
0.25 3.8 6.56 1.8 400 12 9
0.50 4.2 8.02 2.2 474 16 10
0.75 4.4 9.55 2.6 589 21 13
1.00 4.5 10.93 3.0 607 27 16
200 0.00 3.7 6.30 1.8 285 6 6
0.25 4.5 8.10 2.2 470 11 9
0.50 5.2 9.90 2.8 554 16 12
0.75 5.4 11.70 3.2 622 21 15
1.00 5.6 13.51 3.7 690 27 17
1.10 5.6 14.23 3.9 714 30 18
250 0.00 4.4 7.40 2.0 337 9 9
0.25 5.3 9.52 2.6 534 12 10
0.50 6.2 11.64 3.2 623 16 14
0.75 6.4 13.78 3.8 693 21 17
1.00 6.6 15.84 4.3 760 28 19
1.10 6.6 16.68 4.6 782 30 20
300 0.00 5.0 8.50 2.4 385 10 10
0.25 6.0 10.90 3.0 588 15 11
0.50 7.0 13.40 3.7 679 19 14
0.75 7.4 15.80 4.3 753 23 18
1.00 7.5 18.23 5.0 819 28 21
1.10 7.6 19.20 5.3 847 30 22
350 0.00 5.7 9.50 2.6 432 12 12
0.25 6.8 12.22 3.3 635 16 14
0.50 7.9 14.94 4.1 731 20 16
0.75 8.3 17.66 4.8 806 25 18
1.00 8.5 20.38 5.6 874 30 21
1.10 8.5 21.47 5.9 899 31 23
1.20 8.5 22.56 6.2 943 32 24
400 0.00 6.2 10.60 2.9 478 13 13
0.25 7.5 13.63 3.7 664 16 15
0.50 8.7 16.66 4.6 772 21 18
0.75 9.1 19.69 5.4 875 26 21
1.00 9.3 22.74 6.2 913 31 24

48 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Table 13. (Continued).

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (kg) Matter Total Ca P
Intake ME TDNa Proteinb (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

1.10 9.4 23.95 6.6 942 32 25

1.20 9.4 25.16 7.0 967 33 25
1.30 9.3 26.37 7.2 988 33 26
450 0.00 6.8 11.53 3.2 528 14 14
0.25 8.2 14.79 4.1 703 18 17
0.50 9.5 18.08 5.0 805 22 20
0.75 10.0 21.37 5.9 911 26 23
1.00 10.2 24.67 6.8 952 29 26
1.10 10.2 25.99 7.2 975 30 27
1.20 10.2 27.31 7.6 998 31 28
1.30 10.2 28.62 7.9 1018 32 29
500 0.00 7.4 12.50 3.4 567 15 15
0.25 8.9 16.10 4.4 727 19 18
0.50 10.3 19.70 5.4 831 23 21
0.75 10.8 23.20 6.4 938 27 24
1.00 11.0 26.80 7.4 975 30 27
1.10 11.1 28.24 7.8 1005 30 27
1.20 11.0 29.67 8.2 1026 31 28
1.30 10.9 31.10 8.6 1048 32 28
1.40 10.6 32.53 9.0 1063 33 29

Heifers
Maintenance and Growthc

100 0.00 2.4 3.81 1.1 178 4 4

0.25 2.9 4.90 1.3 321 13 10
0.50 3.1 5.99 1.7 391 14 11
0.75 3.2 7.09 2.0 460 20 14
1.00 3.3 8.18 2.3 527 26 18
150 0.00 3.3 5.25 1.6 234 5 5
0.25 4.0 6.76 1.9 414 13 11
0.50 4.2 8.26 2.3 513 14 12
0.75 4.4 9.76 2.7 552 19 15
1.00 4.5 11.26 3.1 623 25 18
200 0.00 4.0 6.49 1.8 299 6 6
0.25 4.9 8.34 2.3 492 10 10
0.50 5.6 10.20 2.8 577 14 13
0.75 5.5 12.05 3.3 639 19 16
1.00 5.6 13.92 3.8 707 23 18

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 49

Table 13. (Continued).

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (kg) Matter Total Ca P
Intake ME TDNa Proteinb (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

250 0.00 4.8 7.62 2.1 264 7 7

0.25 5.8 9.81 2.7 486 12 12
0.50 6.2 11.99 3.3 564 13 13

0.75 6.5 14.19 3.9 644 18 15

1.00 6.6 16.32 4.5 724 23 18
1.10 6.6 17.18 4.8 757 25 20
300 0.00 5.5 8.76 2.4 303 9 9
0.25 6.7 11.23 3.1 526 13 13
0.50 7.1 13.80 3.8 604 14 14
0.75 7.4 16.27 4.5 717 17 15
1.00 7.6 18.78 5.2 764 21 18
1.10 7.3 22.11 6.1 797 24 20
350 0.00 6.1 9.78 2.7 340 10 10
0.25 7.4 12.59 3.5 557 15 15
0.50 8.0 15.39 4.3 637 15 15
0.75 8.3 18.19 5.0 717 15 15
1.00 8.5 20.99 5.8 797 18 18
1.10 8.5 22.11 6.1 829 20 19
1.20 8.4 23.24 6.4 860 21 20
400 0.00 6.8 10.92 3.0 377 11 11
0.25 8.3 14.04 3.9 579 15 15
0.50 8.8 17.16 4.7 657 15 15
0.75 9.2 20.28 5.6 739 16 16
1.00 9.4 23.42 6.5 819 18 18
1.10 9.4 24.67 6.8 850 18 18
1.20 9.2 25.27 7.0 883 20 19
450 0.00 7.4 11.85 3.3 411 12 12
0.25 9.0 15.23 4.2 590 16 16
0.50 9.6 18.62 5.1 671 17 17
0.75 10.0 22.01 6.1 750 18 18
1.00 10.2 25.41 7.0 831 19 19
1.10 10.2 26.77 7.4 857 20 20

Last 3 Months of Gestation

250 0.60 6.5 12.50 3.4 579 18 18
300 0.60 7.4 14.20 3.9 614 18 18
350 0.60 8.3 16.10 4.4 650 19 19
400 0.60 9.2 17.80 4.9 671 19 19
450 0.60 10.0 19.40 5.3 679 19 19

50 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Table 13. (Continued).

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (kg) Matter Total Ca P
Intake ME TDNa Proteinb (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

Mature Cows
Last 3 Months of Gestation
300 0.40 6.9d 12.40 3.4 409 11 11
350 0.40 7.7 13.90 3.8 444 12 12
400 0.40 8.5 15.40 4.2 480 14 14

450 0.40 9.3 16.80 4.6 514 15 15

500 0.40 10.1 18.20 5.0 546 15 15
550 0.40 10.8 19.50 5.3 579 16 16
600 0.40 11.5 20.80 5.7 629 17 17

Lactating Cows
First 12 Weeks of Lactation
250 - 6.4e 14.00 3.8 650 22 22
300 - 7.3 15.20 4.2 686 23 23
350 - 8.1 16.40 4.5 721 24 24
400 - 8.9 17.50 4.8 757 25 25
450 - 9.6 18.60 5.1 793 26 26
500 - 10.3 19.70 5.4 821 27 27
550 - 11.0 20.70 5.7 857 28 28
600 - 11.7 21.70 5.9 886 28 28
a
TDN values were calculated using a factor of 3.2 Mcal ME = 1 kg TDN.
b
Total Protein has been calculated from digestible protein.
c
Heifers within weight classes, may not consume sufficient energy to maintain the
higher average daily gains shown in the table.
d
It is assumed that growth in the products of conception average 400 g/day during
this period.
e
Estimated using a value of 132 kcal/W kg 0.75 for the maintenance requirement.
Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards (2nd ed.), 1996.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 51

Table 14. Nutrient recommendations for goats.

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (or Loss) Matter Total Ca P
(kg) (g) Intakea ME TDN Protein (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

Maintenance, Growth and Early Gestation

5 0 0.19 0.35 0.10 15 0.5 0.4
25 0.22 0.52 0.14 22 0.8 0.6
50 0.21 0.69 0.19 29 1.1 0.9
10 0 0.32 0.58 0.16 25 0.9 0.7
25 0.36 0.75 0.21 32 1.2 0.9
50 0.37 0.92 0.25 39 1.5 1.2
75 0.35 1.09 0.30 46 1.9 1.5
15 0 0.44 0.79 0.22 33 1.2 0.9
25 0.45 0.86 0.24 36 1.5 1.1
50 0.50 1.13 0.31 48 1.9 1.4
75 0.50 1.30 0.36 55 2.2 1.7
20 0 0.54 0.98 0.27 41 1.5 1.1
25 0.58 1.15 0.32 49 1.8 1.3
50 0.60 1.32 0.36 56 2.1 1.6
75 0.62 1.49 0.41 63 2.4 1.9
100 0.62 1.66 0.46 70 2.8 2.1
25 0 0.64 1.16 0.32 49 1.8 1.3
25 0.68 1.33 0.37 56 2.1 1.5
50 0.71 1.50 0.41 63 2.4 1.8
75 0.73 1.67 0.46 71 2.7 2.1
100 0.74 1.84 0.51 78 3.1 2.3
125 0.71 2.03 0.56 86 3.4 2.5
30 0 0.74 1.33 0.37 56 2.1 1.5
25 0.77 1.50 0.41 63 2.4 1.7
50 0.80 1.67 0.46 71 2.7 2.0
75 0.83 1.84 0.51 78 3.1 2.3
100 0.84 2.01 0.56 89 3.4 2.5
125 0.84 2.18 0.60 92 3.7 2.7
40 0 0.91 1.65 0.46 70 2.5 1.9
25 0.95 1.82 0.50 77 2.8 2.1
50 0.98 2.00 0.55 85 3.1 2.4
75 1.01 2.17 0.60 92 3.5 2.7
100 1.04 2.34 0.65 99 3.8 2.9
125 1.05 2.51 0.69 106 4.1 3.1
50 0 1.08 1.94 0.54 82 3.0 2.3
50 1.15 2.28 0.63 96 3.6 2.8
100 1.20 2.62 0.72 111 4.3 3.3
125 1.23 2.79 0.77 118 4.6 3.5
150 1.24 2.96 0.82 125 5.0 3.8
175 1.24 3.13 0.86 132 5.3 4.1

52 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Table 14. (Continued).

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (or Loss) Matter Total Ca P
(kg) (g) Intakea ME TDN Protein (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

60 0 1.24 2.23 0.62 94 3.4 2.6

50 1.31 2.57 0.71 109 4.0 3.1
100 1.37 2.90 0.80 123 4.7 3.6
125 1.40 3.17 0.88 134 5.0 3.8
150 1.42 3.34 0.92 141 5.4 4.1
70 0 1.40 2.50 0.69 106 3.9 2.9
50 1.46 2.84 0.78 120 4.5 3.4
100 1.52 3.18 0.88 135 5.2 3.9
125 1.55 3.35 0.93 142 5.5 4.1
150 1.57 3.52 0.97 149 5.9 4.4
200 1.59 3.86 1.07 163 6.2 4.9
80 0 1.57 2.75 0.76 116 4.3 3.2
50 1.58 3.08 0.85 130 4.9 3.7
100 1.67 3.42 0.94 145 5.6 4.2
150 1.70 3.75 1.04 159 6.3 4.7
200 1.78 4.09 1.13 173 6.9 5.2
250 1.80 4.42 1.22 187 7.5 5.7
300 1.72 5.06 1.40 214 8.2 6.2

Last 8 Weeks of Gestation and Last 8 Weeks of Lactation b

20 100 0.72 2.17 0.60 92 3.0 2.1
25 100 0.85 2.57 0.71 109 3.0 2.1
30 100 0.98 2.71 0.75 115 4.0 2.8
35 120 1.10 2.76 0.76 117 4.0 2.8
40 120 1.21 3.05 0.84 129 4.0 2.8
50 120 1.43 3.61 1.00 153 5.0 3.5
60 120 1.65 4.13 1.14 175 5.0 3.5
70 120 1.85 4.64 1.28 196 6.0 3.5

First 10 Weeks of Lactationc

20 -20 1.13 2.74 0.76 116 4.0 2.8
25 -20 1.34 3.02 0.83 128 4.0 2.8
30 -20 1.53 3.29 0.91 139 5.0 3.5
35 -20 1.72 3.54 0.98 150 5.0 3.5
40 -20 1.90 3.79 1.05 160 5.0 3.5
50 -20 2.25 4.16 1.15 176 6.0 4.2
60 -20 2.58 4.71 1.30 199 6.0 4.2
70 -20 2.98 5.14 1.42 217 7.0 4.9
a
Dry Matter Intake calculated as 76.3 g/W kg.
b
20% was added to the ME requirement for first kidding goats (20-25 kg weights) and 10% for
second kidding goats (30 kg weight) to compensate for body growth.
c
Includes ME requirement for 1 kg 4% FCM.
Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards 2nd ed., 1996.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 53

Table 15. Nutrient recommendations for sheep.

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (or Loss) Matter Total Ca P
(kg) (g) Intake ME TDNa Protein (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

EWES AND LAMBS

Maintenance, Growth, Non-Lactating and
First 15 Weeks of Gestation
10 0 0.33 0.52 0.14 26 2.2 1.5
25 0.36 0.64 0.18 30 2.2 1.5
50 0.39 0.76 0.21 35 2.3 1.5
100 0.42 1.00 0.28 43 2.3 1.6
150 0.39 1.24 0.34 49 2.4 1.6
15 0 0.45 0.71 0.20 36 2.7 1.7
25 0.49 0.87 0.24 42 2.7 1.7
50 0.53 1.04 0.29 49 2.8 1.8
100 0.56 1.37 0.38 58 2.9 1.9
150 0.52 1.69 0.47 65 3.0 2.0
20 0 0.55 0.88 0.24 44 3.2 2.1
25 0.61 1.08 0.30 52 3.2 2.2
50 0.66 1.29 0.36 59 3.3 2.3
100 0.71 1.69 0.47 72 3.4 2.4
150 0.65 2.10 0.58 81 3.6 2.4
25 0 0.65 1.04 0.29 53 4.0 2.6
25 0.72 1.28 0.36 61 4.1 2.7
50 0.78 1.52 0.42 70 4.4 2.7
100 0.83 2.00 0.55 85 4.2 2.8
150 0.77 2.48 0.69 96 4.3 2.9
30 0 0.75 1.19 0.33 59 4.4 3.0
25 0.89 1.74 0.48 81 4.6 3.1
50 0.95 2.29 0.63 98 4.8 3.2
125 0.94 2.57 0.72 103 4.9 3.3
140 0.87 2.73 0.75 106 5.0 3.3
35 0 0.85 1.34 0.37 68 5.6 3.1
25 0.99 1.96 0.54 100 5.7 3.1
50 1.07 2.58 0.71 111 5.8 3.2
125 1.06 2.89 0.80 117 5.9 3.3
140 0.98 3.07 0.85 121 5.9 3.4
40 0 0.93 1.48 0.41 75 5.7 3.1
25 1.10 2.16 0.60 100 5.7 3.1
50 1.19 2.85 0.79 121 5.9 3.2
125 1.18 3.19 0.88 131 6.0 3.3
140 1.10 3.40 0.94 133 6.1 3.4
50 0 1.10 1.75 0.48 89 5.9 3.1
25 1.30 2.56 0.71 118 6.0 3.3
50 1.41 3.37 0.93 144 6.1 3.4
125 1.40 3.77 1.04 154 6.2 3.4
140 1.30 4.01 1.11 157 6.3 3.5

54 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Table 15. (Continued).

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (or Loss) Matter Total Ca P
(kg) (g) Intake ME TDNa Protein (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

60 0 1.27 2.00 0.55 102 6.0 3.1

25 1.50 2.93 0.81 135 6.2 3.3
50 1.60 3.85 1.06 164 6.4 3.5
125 1.60 4.32 1.19 177 6.5 3.5
140 1.48 4.60 1.27 180 6.5 3.6

Last 6 Weeks of Gestation or Last 8 Weeks of Lactation b

20 100 0.90 2.31 0.64 103 3.9 3.7
30 125 1.20 3.42 0.94 148 3.9 3.7
40 100 1.48 3.90 1.08 174 4.0 3.8
50 75 1.70 4.20 1.16 191 4.1 3.9
60 50 1.80 4.35 1.20 199 4.4 4.1
70 25 1.96 4.37 1.21 206 4.5 4.3

First 8 Weeks of Lactationc

20 5 0.99 2.34 0.55 105 9.5 6.9
30 5 1.35 2.99 0.75 143 9.8 7.1
40 -10 1.67 3.37 0.93 176 10.4 7.4
50 -20 1.97 3.99 1.10 209 10.9 7.8
60 -30 2.26 4.57 1.26 239 11.5 8.2
70 -30 2.54 5.13 1.42 267 12.0 8.6

EARLY WEANED LAMBS (5-30 kg)

Maintenance and Growth

5 50 0.10 0.44 0.12 36 1.8 1.3

100 0.12 0.50 0.14 45 1.8 1.3
150 0.13 0.57 0.15 48 1.9 1.3
200 0.15 0.64 0.17 54 1.9 1.3
250 0.16 0.69 0.19 58 2.0 1.4
300 0.18 0.77 0.21 65 2.0 1.4
10 50 0.18 0.73 0.20 61 2.1 1.5
100 0.21 0.84 0.23 70 2.1 1.5
150 0.24 0.96 0.27 80 2.2 1.5
200 0.27 1.07 0.30 90 2.3 1.6
250 0.30 1.18 0.33 99 2.4 1.7
300 0.32 1.29 0.36 108 2.5 1.7
15 50 0.26 0.99 0.27 82 2.6 1.8
100 0.30 1.14 0.31 95 2.7 1.8
150 0.34 1.30 0.36 109 2.7 1.9
200 0.38 1.45 0.40 121 2.8 2.0
250 0.42 1.60 0.44 134 2.9 2.0
300 0.46 1.75 0.48 146 3.0 2.1

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 55

Table 15. (Continued).

Body Gain Dry Energy

Weight (or Loss) Matter Total Ca P
(kg) (g) Intake ME TDNa Protein (g) (g)
(kg) (Mcal) (kg) (g)

20 100 0.41 1.42 0.39 119 3.1 2.2

150 0.46 1.61 0.44 135 3.2 2.2
200 0.51 1.80 0.50 150 3.4 2.4
250 0.57 1.99 0.55 166 3.5 2.4
300 0.62 2.18 0.60 182 3.6 2.5
25 100 0.47 1.47 0.41 122 4.0 2.8
150 0.55 1.69 0.47 141 4.0 2.8
200 0.62 1.91 0.53 160 4.1 2.8
250 0.69 2.14 0.59 179 4.2 2.9
300 0.76 2.36 0.65 198 4.3 3
30 100 0.64 1.92 0.53 161 4.6 3.2
150 0.73 2.18 0.60 182 4.7 3.2
200 0.81 2.44 0.67 204 4.8 3.3
250 0.90 2.69 0.74 225 4.9 3.3
300 0.98 2.95 0.81 248 5.0 3.3

RAMS
Maintenance and Growth
30 120 1.15 2.59 0.72 113 5.9 3.2
40 110 1.43 3.07 0.85 137 6.3 3.5
50 100 1.69 3.48 0.96 159 6.8 3.8
60 100 1.94 3.99 1.10 181 7.2 4
70 80 2.18 4.08 1.13 194 7.5 4.3
80 80 2.41 4.51 1.25 212 7.9 4.4
90 80 2.63 4.92 1.36 231 8.3 4.7
a
4% fat-corrected milk (kg) = (0.4) (kg of milk) + (15) (kg of milk fat).
b
The probable DMI may be up to 18% less in early lactation.
c
DMI as a percentage of live weight may be 0.02% less per 1% increase in diet
moisture content above 50% if fermented feeds constitute a major portion of the
diet.
Source: PHILSAN. Feed Reference Standards (2nd ed.), 1996.

56 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Swine

 Metabolizable energy (ME), kcal/kg diet

 Crude protein (CP), % or g/day, Digestible protein (DP),
%
 Crude fiber (CF), % or g/day
 Crude fat or Ether extract (EE), % or g/day
 Calcium, % or g/day
 Phosphorus, % or g/day
 Lysine, % or g/day
 Methionine + Cystine, % or grams/day; digestible
methionine + cystine, %
 Threonine, % or g/day; Digestible threonine, %
 Tryptophan, % or g/day; Digestible tryptophan, %

Ruminant

 Digestible energy, kcal/day

 Total digestible nutrients, kg/day or g/day
 Crude protein or Digestible protein, g/day
 Calcium, g/day
 Phosphorus, g/day

2. Be acquainted with the nutrient analyses of the feed

ingredients to be used (Tables 16 to 17). Likewise, be
acquainted with the unit prices of available feedstuffs.

3. Be acquainted with the limitation of use of some feeds.

In substituting one ingredient with another, one should
remember the limitations of the ingredients and the
maximum level it can be incorporated in the ration
(Table 18).

4. Check ration for each nutrient content. Also, consider

the cost per kilogram of mixed feeds.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 57

 Table 16. Nutrient composition of common feed ingredients.
58 PR

Feed ME (Kcal/kg) DM Moisture TDN CP Fat Fiber Ash Ca Total P Avail P Lys Met Met+Cys Arg Threo Tryp
Ingredient % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
Poultry Swine
FOR

Acidulated oil 7600 7600 98.00 2.00 —- —- 98.00 —- —- —- —- —-

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Banana meal (peeled) 2600 2600 90.00 10.00 63.64 5.35 1.10 3.52 5.15 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.24 0.04 0.12 0.28 0.16 0.04
Banana meal (unpeeled) 1600 1800 90.00 10.00 —- 2.50 0.50 6.00 7.50 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.19 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.04
Barley (hulled) 2620 2870 89.00 11.00 74.60 11.50 1.90 5.00 2.50 0.05 0.35 0.11 0.41 0.19 0.46 0.55 0.39 0.13
Brewer’s spent grains 2513 2240 92.00 8.00 61.00 18.00 6.50 20.00 4.00 0.10 0.49 0.29
Broken rice 3100 3077 88.00 12.00 77.50 8.00 0.80 3.50 0.60 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.30 0.19 0.39 0.66 0.27 0.09
Brown sugar —- 3621 95.00 5.00 —- —- — —- —- —- —- —-
Cassava meal (peeled) 2400 2800 86.00 14.00 75.20 1.80 0.20 3.30 2.00 0.12 0.10 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.01
Cassava meal (unpeeled) 1680 1960 90.00 10.00 —- 2.40 0.80 3.60 2.70 0.20 0.20 0.06 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.07 0.02
Copra meal (expeller) 1800 2850 94.00 6.00 82.10 20.00 9.00 11.00 6.50 0.15 0.60 0.08 0.50 0.30 0.60 2.20 0.64 0.16
Corn 3400 3340 87.00 13.00 84.00 8.00 3.50 3.70 1.50 0.07 0.25 0.06 0.27 0.19 0.39 0.40 0.31 0.07
Corn bran 1400 2600 88.00 12.00 74.80 7.81 6.00 8.00 3.00 0.06 0.33 0.08 0.32 0.15 0.31 0.51 0.30 0.07
Corn germ meal (sol/dry) 2340 2614 90.00 10.00 68.60 13.00 2.00 10.00 3.80 0.08 1.50 0.38 0.57 0.25 0.52 0.88 0.52 0.13
Corn germ meal (sol/wet) 1694 2900 93.00 7.00 80.60 20.20 7.60 9.00 2.90 0.08 1.50 0.38 0.89 0.38 0.81 1.37 0.81 0.20
Corn gluten feed 1700 2330 88.00 12.00 67.40 18.00 2.00 10.00 7.80 0.20 1.00 0.25 0.58 0.34 0.76 0.86 0.67 0.12
Corn gluten meal, 40% 2992 3136 90.00 10.00 80.30 44.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.75 1.10 1.89 1.47 1.50 0.26
Corn gluten meal, 60% 3689 3528 90.00 10.00 82.10 60.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 0.01 0.20 0.05 1.02 1.50 2.58 2.01 2.04 0.36
Crude coconut oil 8600 7900 99.00 1.00 —- —- 99.00 —- —- —- —- —-
Dried skim milk —- 3400 94.50 5.50 84.00 33.00 0.25 —- 8.00 1.25 0.90 0.90 2.64 0.83 1.14 1.16 1.47 0.43
Dried whey 1914 3100 96.20 3.80 88.70 11.94 0.48 —- 7.52 0.90 0.62 0.62 0.96 0.19 0.45 0.30 0.75 0.17
Drum-dried blood meal 2845 1927 90.00 10.00 70.00 80.00 1.00 —- 2.00 0.30 0.25 0.25 4.40 1.01 1.97 2.96 3.52 1.16
Fish meal, Chilean 2800 2500 91.00 9.00 79.60 35.00 9.50 0.30 14.00 3.50 2.35 2.35 4.42 1.82 2.46 3.64 2.84 0.75
Fish meal ,55% 2700 2763 87.00 13.00 76.00 55.00 12.00 1.50 16.00 5.28 2.78 2.78 4.20 1.57 2.12 3.41 2.45 0.64
Fish meal, 50% 2500 2160 85.73 12.47 76.00 50.00 14.70 1.06 21.65 6.76 4.53 4.53
Fish meal, 60% 2800 2310 89.00 11.00 77.70 60.00 10.00 0.60 14.30 3.87 2.60 2.60 4.08 1.69 2.27 3.36 2.62 0.69
Fish meal, Peruvian 2700 2350 90.50 9.50 77.10 63.00 9.00 0.50 15.50 4.40 2.65 2.65 4.28 1.76 2.39 3.53 2.75 0.72
Fish meal, US (Menhaden) 2744 2633 92.00 8.00 —- 61.00 10.00 0.90 20.00 5.00 3.00 3.00
Fish oil 8000 7900 99.00 1.00 —- —- 99.00 —- —- —- —- —-
Hominy feed 2866 3365 89.00 11.00 80.30 11.50 6.85 5.00 3.00 0.05 0.50 0.51 0.47 0.22 0.46 0.75 0.44 0.10
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 800 1400 90.00 10.00 60.30 20.00 4.40 10.10 6.96 0.35 0.27 0.08 1.49 0.30 0.52 —- 1.02 —-
Meat & bone meal, 45% 1900 1760 92.00 8.00 65.00 45.00 8.50 2.50 37.10 12.00 6.00 6.00 2.20 0.53 0.79 2.70 1.80 0.18
Meat & bone meal, 50% 2000 1820 93.50 6.50 68.00 50.00 11.00 2.40 26.50 8.00 4.20 4.20 2.53 0.65 1.23 3.51 1.68 0.33
Molasses 1960 2330 75.00 25.00 59.30 2.90 —- —- 8.10 0.80 0.08 —-
Paddy/Rough rice 2670 2360 89.00 11.00 71.20 7.30 0.70 9.00 4.50 0.04 0.25 0.05 0.29 0.15 0.29 0.54 0.29 0.07
Palm kernel oil 8000 7800 99.00 1.00 —- — 99.00 —- —- —- —- —-
Paring meal —- —- 89.69 10.31 —- 17.30 10.03 12.81 5.97 0.08 0.51 0.15
Peanut oil meal 2690 2433 91.00 9.00 72.90 48.00 1.50 6.80 6.00 0.29 0.65 0.09 1.49 0.50 1.08 4.95 1.17 0.45
 Table 16. (Continued).

Feed ME (Kcal/kg) DM Moisture TDN CP Fat Fiber Ash Ca Total P Avail P Lys Met Met+Cys Arg Threo Tryp
Ingredient % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
Poultry Swine

Poultry byproduct meal 2858 2740 94.00 6.00 74.00 50.00 16.50 2.50 18.00 5.00 2.40 2.40
Rapeseed meal 1770 2700 90.50 9.50 66.30 37.00 0.80 7.50 7.00 0.50 1.05 0.36 2.11 0.77 1.71 2.22 1.55 0.44
Rice bran D1 2400 3000 89.00 11.00 77.70 12.50 13.00 6.00 7.50 0.08 1.60 0.24 0.57 0.26 0.53 0.99 0.47 0.14
Rice bran D2 1600 2600 89.00 11.00 67.40 10.00 10.00 10.00 7.10 0.08 1.00 0.16 0.46 0.20 0.42 0.71 0.39 0.12
Shrimp meal 1920 2102 90.00 10.00 —- 39.90 4.00 14.10 26.80 9.73 1.84 1.84 1.48 0.56 0.97 2.25 0.98 0.25
Sorghum 3300 3250 88.00 12.00 77.40 9.00 2.80 2.00 1.70 0.03 0.25 0.07 0.21 0.17 0.36 0.31 0.28 0.09
Soybean oil (SO) 8600 8000 99.00 1.00 —- —- 99.00 —- —- —- —- —-
SO meal (Brazilian) 2240 2850 90.00 10.00 —- 42.00 1.00 6.50 7.00 0.45 0.60 0.20
SO meal (China) 2240 2850 90.00 10.00 —- 43.00 1.00 3.50 7.00 0.45 0.60 0.20
SO meal (Full Fat) 3300 3540 90.00 10.00 —- 38.00 18.00 5.00 4.60 0.25 0.59 0.20
SO meal (Indian) 2240 2850 89.00 11.00 74.50 48.00 0.50 6.50 7.00 0.47 0.68 0.20 3.02 0.70 1.44 3.41 1.87 0.65
SO meal (US Hi-Pro) 2500 2950 88.50 11.50 75.00 47.00 1.00 4.50 6.50 0.40 0.68 0.29 2.99 0.68 1.41 3.38 1.83 0.63
SO meal (US Low Pro) 2240 2850 89.00 11.00 74.00 43.50 1.00 5.00 6.50 0.45 0.63 0.19 2.77 0.63 1.31 3.13 1.70 0.59
PR

Tallow 7800 7800 98.00 2.00 —- —- 98.00 —- —- —- —- —-

Urea —- —- 98.00 2.00 —- 281.75 —- —- —- —- —- —-
Wheat flour 3080 3177 87.60 12.40 88.00 12.50 0.72 1.50 0.53 0.02 0.12 0.04 0.36 0.19 0.45 0.56 0.34 0.11
FOR

Wheat grain (hard) 3086 3200 89.00 11.00 77.00 13.00 1.20 3.00 1.70 0.07 0.35 0.13 0.36 0.21 0.49 0.57 0.37 0.16
Wheat pollard (hard) 1300 2130 87.00 13.00 60.90 16.50 3.50 9.50 5.00 0.10 1.00 0.34 0.66 0.26 0.61 1.03 0.54 0.22
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 59

Wheat pollard (soft) 1600 2400 87.00 13.00 32.50 14.00 2.00 8.50 4.50 0.10 0.95 0.32 0.56 0.22 0.52 0.88 0.46 0.19
Wheat soft (soft) 3150 3416 91.00 9.00 78.00 10.00 1.10 2.50 1.65 0.08 0.28 0.11 0.30 0.17 0.40 0.48 0.30 0.13
Table 17. Nutrient composition of common roughages in the Philippines.

Ingredients DM TDN Total Ca P

(%) Protein (%)

Alabang X
(Dichanthium
aristatum)
28 days 25.20 14.00 3.10 —- —-
100.00 55.60 12.30 —- —-
56 days 26.70 13.30 1.60 —- —-
100.00 49.80 6.00 —- —-
84 days 33.90 9.80 0.80 —- —-
100.00 28.90 2.40 —- —-
Calopo
(Calopogonium
mucunoides) 26.00 16.60 4.10 0.51 0.05
100.00 64.00 15.60 1.98 0.20
Centro
(Centrosema pubecens)
42 days 18.50 11.90 5.10 —- —-
100.00 64.30 27.60 —- —-
63 days 20.20 12.40 5.20 —- —-
100.00 61.40 25.70 —- —-
84 days 22.30 13.50 5.00 —- —-
100.00 60.50 22.40 —- —-
over 84 days 24.00 11.50 5.00 0.28 0.08
100.00 48.00 20.80 1.15 0.34
Cogon grass
(Imperata
cylindrica) 32.40 12.70 1.60 0.02 0.02
Corn stover 100.00 39.20 4.90 0.06 0.06

(Zea mays) 89.00 41.80 3.20 0.55 0.05

Cowpea hay 100.00 47.00 3.60 0.62 0.90

(Vigna sinensis) 88.00 50.20 18.00 1.41 0.61

100.00 57.00 20.40 1.60 0.69
Guinea grass
(Panicum

maximum)
21 days 22.70 13.20 2.50 —- —-
100.00 58.10 11.00 —- —-
42 days 24.00 13.90 1.90 —- —-
100.00 57.90 7.90 —- —-
56 days 24.60 13.30 1.50 —- —-
100.00 24.0 6.10 —- —-

60 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Table 17. (Continued).

Ingredients DM TDN Total Ca P

(%) Protein (%)

over 56 days 25.00 13.00 2.60 0.18 0.12

100.00 52.00 10.30 0.74 0.47
Ipil-Ipil
(Leucaena
leucocephala)
Leaves 29.20 17.30 8.00 —- —-
100.00 59.20 27.40 —- —-
Tops 27.80 19.80 6.10 —- —-
100.00 71.20 21.90 —- —-
Kikuyu
(Pennisetum
clandestinum)
Vegetative 20.00 12.60 4.80 —- —-
100.00 63.00 24.00 —- —-
Kudzu
(Pueraria
phaseoloides) 20.80 12.60 4.10 —- —-
100.00 60.60 19.70 —- —-
Young 21.00 12.40 3.20 0.23 0.05
100.00 59.00 15.30 1.10 0.24
Napier grass
(Pennisetum
purpureum)
21 days 16.60 10.20 2.50 —- —-
100.00 61.40 15.10 —- —-
42 days 20.30 11.90 2.00 —- —-
100.00 58.60 9.80 —- —-
56 days 20.50 11.80 1.60 —- —-
100.00 57.60 7.80 —- —-
over 56 days 22.00 12.10 2.10 0.09 0.08
100.00 55.00 9.50 0.42 0.39
Pangola grass
(Digitaria
decumbens)
28 days 15.10 8.50 1.60 —- —-
100.00 56.30 10.60 —- —-
56 days 23.00 11.80 1.40 —- —-
100.00 51.30 6.10 —- —-
84 days 26.00 13.40 0.80 —- —-
100.00 51.50 3.10 —- —-
over 84 days 21.00 12.20 1.40 0.12 0.07
100.00 58.00 6.50 0.55 0.33

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 61

Table 17. (Continued).

Ingredients DM TDN Total Ca P

(%) Protein (%)

Paragrass
(Brachairia
mutica) 26.00 14.60 2.10 0.09 0.08
100.00 56.00 7.90 0.35 0.33
Peanut hay
(Arachis
hypogaea) 85.00 46.80 14.70 1.05 0.13
100.00 55.00 17.30 1.23 0.15
Pigeon pea straw
(Cajanus cajan) 90.00 48.60 9.60 1.00 0.32
100.00 54.00 10.70 1.13 0.36
Rice straw
(Oryza sativa) 90.00 42.30 3.40 0.29 0.09
100.00 47.00 3.80 0.32 0.10
Star grass
(Cynodon
plectostachyus) 23.00 14.50 2.80 0.12 0.11
100.00 63.00 12.40 0.50 0.47
Sugarcane tops
(Saccharum
officinarum) 31.00 16.10 2.00 0.06 0.05
100.00 52.00 6.40 0.20 0.17

62 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Table 18. Suggested maximum inclusion rates of feedstuff for poultry and hogs.

Ingredients Hog Hog Chicken Chicken Reason for

Starter Grower Breeder 1-4 weeks 4-10 weeks Layers Limitation

Blood meal 1 3 3 1 2 1 Low digestibility, palatability,

low isoleucine
Brewer’s grains 3 5 5 3 10 10 Low lysine, high fiber
Corn 70 70 70 70 70 70 Cost
Corn bran 5 15 30 3 8 10 Fiber, low energy
Cassava meal 10 20 20 20 30 30 Dustiness cost, Low protein
Copra meal 5 20 10 10 10 10 Fiber, poor protein quality,
palatability
Corn germ meal 5 12 15 5 10 10 Fiber, poor protein quality
Corn gluten feed 0 10 10 5 10 10 Fiber, poor protein quality
PR

Fats/Oil 5 5 5 5 5 3 Cost
FOR

Fish meal 5 8 10 8 8 8 Cost, fishy flavor

Full fat soybean meal
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 63

(extruded) 10 10 5 10 10 10 Cost
Ipil-Ipil leaf meal 3 5 4 4 4 3 Toxicity (mimosine), fiber,
low energy
Meat and bone 3 5 5 5 5 5 Cost and quality, palatability
Molasses 5 5 6 5 5 5 Mixing problem, low protein
and energy
Peanut meal 2 5 0 2 4 3 Protein quality and aflatoxin
Rice bran D1 10 30 30 5 15 15 Fiber and low protein quality
Rough rice 30 30 30 20 30 20 Fiber and palatability
Sorghum 70 70 50 30 40 40 Tannic acid
Soybean meal 30 25 20 25 20 20 Cost
Sweetpotato 30 40 50 20 30 30 Cost and low protein
Pollard 9 20 30 5 10 10 Cost and high fiber

Source: Institute of Animal Science, UPLB.

 Various Techniques in Feed Formulation

A. Non-Ruminants

1. Modified Pearson Square. Method of feed

formulation that can balance only one nutrient at a
time.

Example 1. A concentrate mixture of feed containing

16% crude protein

Step 1. Place the percent protein desired in

combination of two ingredients in the center of a
square and the percent protein content of each
ingredient at the left corners.

Corn, 8.0%

16%

Soybean meal (SBM),

47.0%

Step 2. Subtract diagonally across the square, the

smaller number from the larger without regard to
the sign.

Corn, 8.0% 31.0 parts of corn

16%

SBM, 47.0%
8.0 parts of SBM

39.0 total parts

64 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Step 3. The parts of each ingredient can be expressed
as a percentage of the total and these can be applied
to any quantity.

31.0 parts corn x 100 = 79.49 % corn

39.0 total parts

8.0 parts SBM x 100 = 20.51 % SBM

39.0 total parts

79.49 % x 100 kg = 79.49 kg corn

20.51 % x 100 kg = 20.51 kg SBM

Step 4. Check

79.49 kg corn x 8.0% CP = 6.36 kg CP

20.51 kg SBM x 47.0 % CP = 9.64 kg CP
100 kg ration 16.00 kg CP

Precautions in using the Pearson Square

 It can only be used for two feed ingredients of similar

energy value either or both of these can be mixtures.
 The number in the center of the square must be
intermediate to the two numbers at the left corner.
Always check this because the Pearson Square will give
an incorrect answer if the number in the center is not
intermediate to the other two.

Example 2. A 1000 kg ration having 16% CP and

containing 10% fixed ingredients.

Step 1. Determine the percentage of protein to be used

in the center of the square.

 The non-fixed portion (corn-SBM combination) is

900 kg (1000 kg x 90%) and will have to supply all the
protein (1000 x 16% = 160 kg protein).

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 65

  To do this, it is first necessary to calculate what
percent protein will be needed in the corn-SBM
combination to provide 160 kg of protein per 900 kg
as follows:

160 x 100 = 17.8% CP

900

Step 2. This figure (17.8% CP) is then used in conjunction

with the Pearson Square as follows:

Corn, 8.0%
29.2 (100) = 74.87% corn
39.0
17.8%

SBM, 47.0%
9.8 (100) = 25.13% SBM
39.0

900 kg X 74.87% = 673.83 kg corn

900 kg x 25.13% = 226.17 kg SBM

Step 3. Check:

673.83 kg corn x 8.0% = 53.91 kg protein

226.17 kg SBM x 47.0% = 106.30 kg protein
100.0 kg fixed x 0% = 0.00 kg protein
1000 kg ration 160.21 kg
protein

2. Trial and Error Method. The steps in the trial and

error method are summarized as follows:

 Refer to feeding standards and list down the nutrient

requirements.
 Select suitable feed combinations that could supply
the nutrient requirements. Set down an arbitrary
value, considering acceptable levels of the various
feed ingredients used and making sure that the total
is 1000 for easy computation. Compute for the total
nutrients contributed by each of the ingredients,
66 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION
 using the feed composition table. This is done by
multiplying the amount of feed ingredient by the
amount of nutrient present in one kilogram of the
same feed.

Example 1
Broiler finisher ration using ground yellow corn,
soybean meal, fish meal, first class rice bran, ipil-ipil
leaf meal, molasses, limestone and vitamin-mineral
premix.

Step 1. List down the nutrient requirements of broiler

finisher.

Step 2. List down the nutrient composition of ingredients

to be used:

CP ME Ca Total P
(%) (kcal/kg) (%) (%)

Ground yellow corn 8.00 3400 0.07 0.25

Soybean meal 47.00 2500 0.40 0.68
Fish meal 60.00 2800 4.40 2.65
Rice bran D1 12.50 2400 0.08 1.60
Ipil-Ipil leaf meal 20.00 800 0.35 0.27
Molasses 2.90 1960 0.80 0.08
Limestone —- —- 38.0 —-
Dicaphos —- —- 22.0 18.0
Vitamin-mineral
premix —- —- —- —-
Vegetable Oil —- 8600 —- —-

Step 3. Make your own proportions on the different

ingredients and calculate first for the ME and CP
contents of the ration summing up the product of
each of the ingredients.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 67

 Amount CP ME
(%) (%) (kcal/kg)

Ground yellow corn 48.00 3.84 1632

Soybean meal 17.00 7.99 425
Fish meal 6.00 3.60 168
Rice bran, D1 16.0 2.00 384
Ipil-Ipil leaf meal 4.75 0.95 38
Molasses 4.00 0.12 78
Vegetable Oil 2.00 —- 172
Limestone —- —- —-
Vitamin-mineral premix —- —- —-

TOTAL 18.50 2897

Step 4. Calculate the calcium and phosphorus levels.

If calcium is deficient and phosphorus is sufficient,
add limestone or oyster shell to meet the
requirement. If phosphorus is deficient add
tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate or bone
meal.

Amount Ca Total P
(%) (% (%)
)
Ground yellow corn 48.00 0.034 0.120
Soybean meal 17.00 0.068 0.116
Fish meal 6.00 0.264 0.159
Rice bran, D1 16.0 0.013 0.256
Ipil-Ipil leaf meal 4.75 0.017 0.013
Molasses 4.00 0.032 0.003
Vegetable oil 2.00 —- —-
Limestone 1.00 0.380 —-
Dicalcium phosphate 1.00 0.220 0.180
Vitamin-mineral premix 0.25 —- —-

TOTAL 100.00 1.028 0.847

68 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

3. Linear Programming

In ration formulation using linear programming, the

question “what feedstuff should be fed?”, is reduced to
purely mathematical terms heeded by the principles of
nutrition and economics. The amount of nutrients and
other consideration are then expressed mathematically.
Linear programming is used to find the combination
of feedstuffs that could meet the nutrient requirements
at the lowest cost (Fig. 10). This is called the least-cost
feed formulation and it is least-cost only for the
specification given. It is important to note that it does
not automatically follow that such specification will
lead to the best or most efficient production.
In least cost feed formulation, the nutrient
requirements, feed composition, prices and restrictions
are indicated (Table 19). In the Philippines, there are
various feed formulation softwares available. Among the
popular ones are Brill, Format, Mix-It and Optima.

Fig. 10. Least cost feed

formulation
using linear
programming.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 69

Table 19. Least cost formula of hog finisher ration.

Ingredients Percent Unit Batch Cost

Price* Weight

Corn, yellow 44.93 6.20 449.25 2785.35

Rice bran, D1 20.00 3.50 200.00 700.00
Soybean, US 46 16.59 8.00 165.95 1327.60
Copra meal 10.00 4.50 100.00 450.00
Dicalcium phosphate 3.02 12.00 30.16 361.92
Molasses 3.00 3.00 30.00 90.00
Coconut oil 1.59 39.00 15.92 620.88
Salt 0.50 3.50 5.00 17.50
Vitamin premix 0.13 258.00 1.30 335.40
Mineral premix 0.10 47.00 1.00 47.00
Lysine 0.09 60.00 0.93 55.80
Choline chloride 0.05 40.00 0.50 20.00

TOTAL 100.00 1000.00

COST 6.81 (per unit) 6811.45 6811.45

Nutritional Content

Nutrient Current/Rounded
Level

% Crude Protein 15.876

% Crude Fiber 5.116
% Calcium 0.750
% Available Phosphorus 0.739
ME Swine, kcal/kg 3000.000
% Lysine 0.870
% Methionine + Cystine 0.516
% Tryptophan 0.180
% Threonine 0.677

*Based on July 1999 prices.

70 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 When using computers for least cost feed
formulation, one has to remember that the formulation
produced is only as reliable as the input data given to
the computer. A computer is not a substitute to a
nutritionist nor to common sense, but only a tool in feed
formulation. Table 20 presents the constraints and
activity used in swine grower ration.

Table 20. Constraints used in formulating hog finisher

ration.

Requirements
Nutrients/Ingredients
Minimum Maximum

% Crude Protein 14.00

% Crude Fiber 6.00
% Calcium 0.75
% Available Phosphorus 0.45
ME Swine, kcal/kg 3000.00
% Lysine 0.87
% Methionine + Cystine 0.49
% Tryptophan 0.18
% Threonine 0.60

Choline chloride 0.05 0.05

Copra meal 10.00
Molasses 3.00 3.00
Rice Bran D1 20.00
Salt 0.05 0.05
Mineral premix 0.10 0.10
Vitamin premix 0.13 0.13

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 71

B. Ruminants

1. Beef Cattle Ration

Example 1. Ration for a 200 kg steer gaining 0.75 kg

LW/day.

Step 1. Write down the nutrient requirements.

DM TDN CP Ca P

5.4 kg 3.2 kg 622 g 21 g 15 g

(59.2%)* 11.5%) (0.38%) (0.28%)

*(3.2 kg TDN/5.4 kg DM) 100 = 59.2% TDN

Step 2. List down the available feeds.

Feeds DM TDN CP Ca P

(DM basis, %)

Napier grass 22.0 55 9.5 0.42 0.39

Rice Bran, D1 88.0 79 15.3 0.07 1.62
Ipil-Ipil leaf meal 90.0 67 24.4 2.20 0.30

Step 3. Calculate if napier alone satisfies the TDN

requirement.

5.4 kg DM/day x 55.0% TDN = 2.97 kg TDN

100

Since the amount of TDN from napier is less than

the requirement, a concentrate could replace part of the
napier as an energy source. Assuming rice bran is
available and cheap, the proportions of napier and rice
bran are calculated as follows:

72 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Napier, 55.0% TDN 19.8 parts

59.2% TDN

Rice Bran, 79.0% TDN

4.2 parts

24.0 total parts

(19.8 / 24.0) 100 =83 parts napier

(4.2 / 24.0) 100 = 17 parts rice bran

This roughage: concentrate ratio (83:17) supplies the

following nutrients:

83% napier x 5.4 kg DM/day = 4.5 kg DM from napier

17% rice bran x 5.4 kg DM/day = 0.9 kg DM from rice
bran
5.4 kg DM

DM TDN CP Ca P
(kg) (kg) (g) (g) (g)

Napier grass 4.5 2.5 428 18.90 17.6

Rice Bran 0.9 0.7 138 0.63 14.6

Total 5.4 3.2 566 19.50 32.2

Requirement 5.4 3.2 622 21.00 15.0
Balance —- —- -56 -1.50 +17.2

The balance in CP of 56 g/day can be satisfied by

replacing part of rice bran with ipil-ipil leaf meal. The
combination of rice bran and ipil-ipil leaf meal should
supply 21.6% calculated as follows:

622 g CP required
- 422 g CP from napier grass
194 g CP to come from rice bran and ipil-ipil leaf meal

194 g CP / 1000 g/kg x 100 =21.6% CP

0.9 kg DM

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 73

 Rice bran, 15.3% TDN 2.8 x 100 = 30% Rice bran
9.1

21.6% CP

Ipil-ipil leaf meal, 6.3 x 100 = 70% Ipil-ipil

24.4% CP leaf meal
9.1

0.9 kg DM x 0.30 = 0.3 kg DM from rice bran

0.9 kg DM x 0.70 = 0.6 kg DM from ipil-ipil leaf meal

DM TDN CP Ca P
(kg) (kg) (g) (g) (g)

Napier grass 4.5 2.5 428 18.9 17.6

Rice bran 0.3 0.2 46 0.2 4.9
Ipil2 leaf meal 0.6 0.4 146 13.2 1.8

Total 5.4 3.1 620 32.3 24.3

Requirement 5.4 3.2 622 21.0 15.0
Balance 0 -0.1 -2 +11.3 +9.3

As feeding basis, the animal should receive the

following feeds per day:

Napier = 4.5 kg DM = 20.5 kg

22 % DM
Rice Bran = 0.3 kg DM = 0.34 kg
88% DM
Ipil2 leaf meal = 0.6 kg DM = 0.66 kg
90% DM
Salt/Bone meal = free choice

2. Dairy Cattle Ration

As follows is the ration for a mature cow weighing

450 kg and producing 8 kg milk with 3.5% butterfat. The
roughage available is napier grass fed free choice in
chopped form approximately 45-55 days maturity.

74 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Step 1. List down the requirements of the animal.

TDN CP Ca P
(kg) (g) (g) (g)

Maintenance 3.40 585 18.00 14.00

450 kg BW
8 kg milk 2.44 592 20.80 15.20
3.5% fat

Total 5.84 1177 38.80 29.20

Step 2. List down the nutrients from forage.

TDN CP Ca P
(kg) (g) (g) (g)

27 kg fresh 3.27 567 24.30 21.60

napier grass

Step 3. Determine the amount to be supplied by

concentrate.

Subtract 2 from 1 (1 - 2).

TDN CP Ca P
(kg) (g) (g) (g)

2.57 610 14.50 7.60

Step 4. Determine the amount of concentrate needed.

Divide the required TDN by 70% as estimated energy
of the concentrate:

2.57 / (70%/100) = 3.67 kg

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 75

 Step 5. Determine the required CP in the ration.
Divide required CP from S3 by the amount of concentrate
from S4:

(610g / 1000g/kg) / 3.67 kg x 100 = 16.62% or 17% CP

Step 6. Determine % Ca needed.

Divide required Ca from S3 by the amount of concentrate
from S4:

(14.5g / 1000g/kg) / 3.67 kg x 100 = 0.39% Ca

Step 7. Determine % P needed.

Divide required P from S3 by the amount of concentrate
from S4:

(7.6g / 1000g/kg) / 3.67 kg x 100 = 0.21% P

Step 8. Based from the analysis of forage (cited in Table

17) and locally available ingredients (Table 16)
formulate the desired ration. Start by having a fixed
amount of the following: salt at 1%, urea at 1% as
cheap source of CP, molasses at 5% for palatability,
and 1 % limestone to balance the high level of P of
the major ingredients.

Copra meal and corn can be used as major ingredients

to meet 17% CP.

Ingredient CP Amount CP
(%) (kg)
(%)

Copra meal 18.0 —- —-

Yellow Corn 8.5 —- —-
Molasses 3.0 5 0.15
Urea 281.0 1 2.81
Limestone —- 1 —-
Salt —- 1 —-
Total 8 2.96
Required 100 17.00
Difference 92 14.04

76 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 To work with 92 kg and 14.04% difference, use the
Square Method.
To determine the amount of copra meal and yellow corn
in the total ration and at the same time meeting the
requirement of 17% CP,

Divide 14.04% by 92%: 14.04% = 15%

92%

Copra meal, 18% CP 6.5 parts

16%

Yellow corn, 8.5% CP

3.0 parts

9.5 part

6.5 x 92 kg = 62.94 kg copra meal

9.5

3.0 x 92 kg = 29.05 kg yellow corn

9.5

Final formulation

Ingredients Amount TDN CP Ca Total P

Copra meal 63.0 44.1 11.34 0.110 0.350

Yellow corn 29.0 24.4 2.46 0.006 0.080
Molasses 5.0 2.7 0.15 0.040 0.004
Urea 1.0 —- 2.81 —- —-
Limestone 1.0 —- —- 0.380 —-
Salt 1.0 —- —- —- —-

TOTAL 100.0 71.2 16.76 0.540 0.430

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 77

3. Feeding Specifications for Buffalo

a. Energy
Maintenance. Energy requirement is 125 kcal/kg
BW3/4 for growing and adult nonproducing animals,
which is slightly higher than cattle, 100-122 kcal/kg
BW3/4.
Growth. The value of 10 kcal/kg gain is suggested for
100, 150, 200, and 250 kg calves; 11 kcal/g gain for
300 kg calves, 12 kcal/g gain for 350 kg calves, etc.
Pregnancy. The value of 10 kcal/g of body weight
change is added to the maintenance requirement of
125 kcal/kg BW3/4.
Lactation. The ME requirement per 4% fat corrected
milk (FCM) is 1.23-1.25 Mcal, slightly higher than
the cattle due to higher fat content of buffalo milk.
Work. The value of 2.4 kcal ME/kg BW per hour is
added to the requirement of 125 kcal/kg BW3/4.

b. Protein
An average digestible protein of 2.54 g/kg
BW3/4per day which is 11% below the 2.86 g/kg BW 3/4
per day for cattle indicates that buffaloes are more
efficient in utilizing protein for body maintenance.

c. Mineral
A good mineral mixture or true mineral will
provide adequate amounts of minerals to the dietary
requirements of buffaloes.

Urea Feeding for Ruminants

Fertilizer grade urea (45% N) is toxic. It should be fed in

the form which will restrict intake at safe levels. This may
be done by dilution with water-molasses solution or by
mixing unpalatable substance like salt. For efficient
utilization of urea as non-protein nitrogen source, adequate
amount of energy and sulfur should be made available to
the animal. Furthermore, regular and continuous intake of

78 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

urea is more efficient than irregular urea supplementation.
Urea is equivalent to 281% CP (45% N x 6.25). Safe use
of urea in the diet can be achieved by following any of these
restrictions:

 Urea may be used at 1% of the total ration.

Example:
A 200-kg steer consumes about 6.0 kg of
DM/day (3% of liveweight). Amount of urea is
60g/day (6000 g x 1%).

 Urea may be mixed at 3% of the concentrate

mixture. Example:
In a 100-kg concentrate mixture, 3 kg of the
mixture is contributed by urea.

 Urea may be used to provide one third of the protein

in the ration.

Example:
Protein requirement of the ration is 12% CP or
120g/kg. Protein to be provided by urea is 120g/kg =
40 g/kg
3
Amount of urea in the ration = 40g/kg x 100
281 % CP
= 14.2 g/kg (1.4% of ration)

Practical Feeding Guide for Ruminants

The quality of roughage in terms of CP and energy level

are of primary importance in feeding and nutrition of
ruminants. Generally, the quantity and quality of
concentrate supplementation should be based on the quality
of basal feeds.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 79

 Example:

Crude Concentrate
needed Basal Feed Category Protein TDN
to gain 1kg/day

16% CP 18% CP

Rice straw Poor 3-4% 45-48% 3.5 kg 3.1 kg

Young grass
(30–40 days) Good 8-12% 55-58% 0.6 kg 0.5 kg
Matured grass
(50-60 days) Fair 4-6% 50-55% 2.8 kg 2.5 kg
Green corn
silage
(60-65 days) Good 8-9% 70% 1.5 kg 1.4 kg

The choice of basal feeds may be based on the economics of

feeding strategy available in the farm.

Feed Substitution

In feed substitution, identifying an ingredient whether

it is a protein or an energy source is necessary. There is no
feed ingredient that can substitute 100% with another feed
ingredient. Most of the time, deficiency or excess in either
energy, amino acids and minerals occurs in substitution. A
simple case is the substitution of corn with cassava meal. If
corn is substituted with cassava meal, the cassava meal
containing ration will be lower in protein and carotene
content. The use of protein rich feeds will then increase and
a source of carotene has to be provided like ipil-ipil. In
substitution, the limitations of the ingredient and the
maximum level it can be incorporated in the ration should
be noted. Table 21 shows the effect of total substitution of
corn by cassava meal in a swine grower ration. The
substitution results to an increased use of soybean meal and
the inclusion of synthetic methionine and coconut oil in the
ration. The decision on when to substitute is primarily
dependent on the relative prices and availability of
ingredients.

80 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Table 21. Sample of feed substitution.

Ingredient Corn Cassava Price/kg*

Based Based

Corn 52.14 —- 7.00

Cassava meal —- 48.39 5.00
Rice bran 15.22 9.72 4.50
Soybean meal 21.76 26.79 8.00
Copra meal 1.15 —- 5.50
Fish meal —- 3.29 28.00
Molasses 6.00 6.00 2.75
Tricaphos 1.14 1.25 5.5
Limestone 1.85 0.44 1.00
Salt 0.50 0.50 2.50
Vit-Min premix 0.20 0.20 500.00
Coconut oil —- 3.24 28.00
Methionine 0.03 0.18 140.00
Lysine 0.01 —- 105.00
Total 100.00 100.00
Calculated Analysis
Crude protein, % 16.20 16.30
M.E., Kcal/kg 2960 2967
Lysine, % 0.80 0.96
Methionine, % 0.25 0.43
Methionine + Cystine, % 0.43 0.46
Cost/kg, P 7.45 8.33

*Based on May 1999 prices.

Preparation of Vitamin Mineral Premixes

A premix is a uniform mixture of ingredients and a

carrier used in the introduction of microingredients into a
larger mixture. The microingredients commonly included
in premixes are the following:

A. Vitamins

1. Vitamin A is available as free Vitamin A acetate or

palmitate. It is rapidly destroyed by moisture, trace

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 81

 minerals, rancid fats, free iodine and oxidizing agents.
Its potency is measured in IU/unit weight.
2. Vitamin D2 or D3 is easily destroyed by oxidation. Its
potency is measured in IU unit/weight.
3. Vitamin E of which the product of greatest acceptability
for feed is D-alpha tocopherol acetate. Its potency is
measured in IU unit/weight.
4. Vitamin K, the most widely used in feed formulation, is
menadione with sodium bisulfate.
5. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is available commercially as
thiamine mononitrate. Purity of this vitamin is
expressed in percent.
6. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is hygroscopic and the purity of
which is expressed in percent.
7. Panthothenic Acid (Vitamin B3) is usually provided as
D- calcium panthothenate or as the racemic DL-calcium
salt. Its purity is expressed in percent.
8. Niacin (Vitamin B4) is available as nicotinic acid or
niacinamide. Its purity is expressed in percent.
9. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is available as pyridoxine
hydrochloride. Its purity is expressed in percent.
10. Folic acid (Vitamin B 8) is commercially available as
feedgrade folic acid. Its purity is expressed in percent.
11. Biotin (Vitamin H) is commercially available as feed
grade biotin. Its purity is expressed in percent.
12. Choline is normally used as liquid choline chloride. It is
preferable to use a separate choline premix, particularly
if a level exceeding 65-100 mg of choline chloride is
required per kilogram of the premix. Purity of this
vitamin is expressed in percent.
13. Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12) is usually supplied as
fermentation concentrate on a cereal carrier. Its purity
is expressed in percent.

All the vitamins should be stored at dehumidified room

or at an air-conditioned room to maintain their potency or
minimize deterioration.

82 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

B. Trace Minerals

The trace minerals are used in the form of soluble salts

and the purity of these trace mineral salts is expressed in
percent. The trace elements include iron, zinc, copper,
manganese, cobalt, iodine, selenium and molybdenum.
Fortify the premix with antioxidant like butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) or santoquin. The specifications or
directions in the use of the specific anti-oxidant are
indicated in the product.
In preparing premixes, accuracy in weighing
microingredients and addition of microingredients in
proper sequence should be carefully looked into. For
efficient mixing, a 100-kg capacity horizontal-ribbon type
micromixer should be used.
If mixed feeds to be produced daily is less than a ton, it
is recommended to use commercially available premix
considering the cost of each vitamin and mineral source.
Appropriate carrier should be of the same density as the
active substance. Finely ground rice hull is the common
carrier in the premix. Guides to formulation of vitamin and
mineral premixes are presented in Tables 22 and 23 .

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 83

 Table 22. Guide to formulation of vitamin premixes.
84 PR

Amount of vitamin Amount of vitamin Grams of the source Grams of source

per kg of ration per gram of source material to be added material to be added
FOR

material per ton of ration or per 100-kg premix

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

(list here the require- per 5-kg premix1

Vitamin ments as given in the (State here the (Multiply column 4
nutrient requirement concentration of the (Divide column 2 by by 100/5)
table, e.g., require- source material) column 3 and
ment of a 20-kg pig) multiply by 1000)

2 3 4 5

Vitamin A, IU 1800.00 500,000 IU 3.60 72.00

Vitamin D, IU 200.00 500,000 IU 0.40 8.00
Vitamin E, IU 11.00 500,000 IU 0.02 0.40
Thiamin (B1), mg 1.10 98% 1.12 22.40
Riboflavin (B2), mg 3.0 96% 3.12 62.40
Panthothenic acid (B3), mg 11.00 90% 12.22 244.40
Niacin (B4), mg 18.00 98% 18.37 367.40
Pyridoxine (B6), mg 1.50 99% 1.52 30.40
Cyanocobalamine (B12), mg 0.015 0.1% 15.00 300.00
Biotin, mg 0.10 1.0% 10.00 200.00
Subtotal 1,307.40 g
Antioxidant, mg 100 100% 100 2,000.00 g
Carrier 96,692.60g
Total of Vitamin premix1 100,000.00 g

1
Premix to be added at 5 kg/t of mixed feed.
 Table 23. Guide to formulation of mineral premixes.

Amount of Source, feed Percent purity Percent Percent Grams of Grams of

trace mineral grade quality of source element element source material source
Trace to be added in material in source from source required per material
Mineral the premix per material material ton of ration or per 100-kg
kg ration per 5-kg premix premix
(multiply
(List here the column 4 by (Divide column 2 (Multiply
requirement of column 5) by column 6, column
the animal, convert mg to 7 by
e.g., g and multiply 100/5)
requirement of by 1000)
PR

a 20-kg pig)
FOR

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 85

Copper, mg 5 Copper sulfate 98 40.0 39.20 12.76 255.20

CuSO4
Iron, mg 80 Ferrous sulfate, 80 20.1 16.08 497.51 9,950.20
FeSO47 H2O
Manganese, 3 Manganese sulfate, 78 36.4 28.39 10.57 211.40
mg MnSO4
Zinc, mg 80 Zinc oxide 95 80.2 76.19 105.00 2,100.00
ZnO
Subtotal 12,516.80 g
Carrier 87,483.20 g
Total of mineral
premix 100,000.00 g
Feed Processing
and
Manufacturing

Feed Processing Flow

Manufacture of feeds from available feed ingredients

essentially entails a process of formulation, acceptance of
available feed ingredients, size reduction of raw materials,
weighing/proportioning and mixing the various ingredients
into a homogeneous blend. From raw materials to finished
feeds ready for animal consumption, the following steps
are followed:

1. Feed Ingredient Reception and Loading

As discussed earlier, quality control measures
are put in place when feedstuff are received. These
are necessary to ensure good quality of the finished
product.

2. Raw Material Storage and Handling

The feedstuff should be kept and stored under
conditions where they are kept dry and free from
insects, birds, rodents and other pests.

3. Preparation of feedstuff
Raw material preparation is essentially a process
of size reduction, either by grinding or crushing.
Mainly feed ingredients are reduced in size because:
a. the amount of undigested grain passing through
the animal is reduced;
b. palatability of feeds is increased;
c. wastage is reduced, because the animals cannot
pick out less palatable components of the feed;
d. more advantageous mixing and balancing of
rations is achieved; and

86 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 e. digestibility of the feedstuff is increased by
allowing digestive juices to act more readily.

4. Weighing and Proportioning

The various feed materials are then weighed and
proportioned according to the designed feed
formulation.

5. Mixing
After weighing, the materials are mixed at
specific lengths of time. This is done to create a
uniform dispersion of the ingredients. This warrants
that the sample taken has the same contents as the
total feed mixture. Moreover, the animal is assured
to be taking in the designed nutrients according to
the formulation.

Guides in Feed Mixing

Mixing all the raw materials in a given ration is

important because, mixing them thoroughly enables the
animal to get the proper nutrition needed.
The amount of feed to mix depends on the number of
animals to feed. To do this, multiply the amount of each feed
in the ration by the number of animals to feed. Then,
multiply the answers by the number of days of feeding to
mix for. The final answer is the amount of feeds to mix.
However, to maintain the freshness or prevent rancidity in
feeds, it is recommended to mix feeds once a week. Mix in
a 500-kg or 1000-kg batch.
Various types of feed mixing equipment are used to
mix the ingredients into a homogeneous batch of material
(Fig. 11). The raw materials should be ground to a similar
particle size to avoid separation after mixing. The efficiency
of mixing can be influenced by the order of feed ingredients.
Ingredients that make up the major part of the feed
should be added first, followed by a liquid material. Small
quantities, such as vitamins and trace mineral preparations,

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 87

Fig. 11. Control room for monitoring feed processing in a
modern feed mill.

should be added as a premix, in which the material is

premixed with an ingredient of major quantity.

Mixing Procedures

Manual Mixing. Feed may be shovel-mixed on a

concrete floor or homemade box. If the floor is too rough,
mixing becomes difficult. Mix effectively with least effort
through the following procedures:

1. All feed ingredients which constitute less than 1 or

2% of the final mixing volume must be premixed to
avoid poor distribution of ingredients in the feed.
Premixing can be accomplished by blending the minor
ingredients with a quantity of one major ingredient
such as soybean meal or preferably a carrier. If salt
and other minerals become hardened during
storage, they must be dried and then thoroughly
pulverized before mixing. All lumps should be
removed to attain a good mix.

88 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 2. Premixes should be prepared ahead of time
particularly the mineral premix. When adding
commercial premixes to a mixed feed, follow the
directions provided by the manufacturer.
3. Liquid ingredient like molasses should first be
mixed with a major ingredient like ground corn.
Both could be blended manually.
4. Start with feeds which make up the largest part of
the mix. Spread out the quantity needed for the mix
in a large flat pile.
5. Take the required amount of the feed that makes up
the next largest part of the mix and spread it out
thinly covering all of the pile of the first ingredient.
6. Spread out each of the other feedstuff to be mixed
so that when finished, a large flat pile having the
same number of layers as there are feeds in the mix
is obtained.
7. With a shovel, start at one side of the pile and turn
the entire pile over so that the layers are mixed.
8. Repeat shoveling to about five times or more to
produce a homogeneous mixture.

Mechanical Mixing. Mechanical mixing can make use

of a homemade or commercial batch or continuous mixer.
To get a good mix with a homemade mixer, place first in the
mixer about half of the main ingredients like corn and
soybean meal, mix these for a few minutes, then add the
mixture of vitamins, salt and other small ingredients. Mix
for another 3-5 minutes. Longer time is needed when
mixing in this type of mixer compared to continuous and
batch mixers.
When using a batch mixer, all the ingredients that
constitute less than 5% of the feed formula should be added
after the mixer is 1/3 full and before 2/3 of the total weight
of feed ingredients has been added. In the continuous
mixer, anything less than 5% is added during the mixing
time of a particular batch of feed.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 89

 Addition of Molasses and Other Liquids. During
mixing, liquid additions, such as molasses, tallow, vegetable
oil and other nutritive agents available in liquid form can be
made. Usually, liquid is added by spraying or through
regulated flow while mixing is done continuously. However,
not all liquid components of the feed can be added while
mixing. Some are added after mixing and others are added
during the pelleting process.
After adding the liquid components, the finished feed is
now ready for animal consumption. This form of feed is
known as mash, or a mixture of ground feedstuff. Moreover,
mash can be further processed to produce other feed forms.

Feed Forms

The usual end product resulting from mixing of

feedstuff is ground feed known as mash. While mash is
usually fed in the form of a ground mixture, it can be
processed to produce other feed forms. Pellets are mash
feeds that have been compressed with the aid of live steam
to produce small chunks of cylinders of feeds.
Some mash feeds are processed to produce crumbles,
another form of feeds. Crumbles are produced by grinding
pellets into a coarser granular form. The crumbles are
better adapted to mechanical feeders and can be used with
animals that are too small to consume the pelleted form.
Pelleted or crumbled feeds generally cost slightly more than
the same ration in mash form.
The additional feed processes to come up with other
feed forms are as follows:

Pelleting. This is the process of compressing mash

feeds with the aid of live steam to produce small chunks or
cylinders of feed. Pelleting of feeds is accomplished by
forcing the mixed feed ingredients through a chamber with
holes (pellet die) (Fig. 12). As the extruded material leaves
the die, it is cut off by knives to pellets of a predetermined
length.

90 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Fig. 12. Modern
pelletizing
machine

Advantages of pelleting
 Increases the bulk density of feeds;
 Reduces the volume of storage and transportation
space needed;
 May increase feed intake because more weight of
feed occupies any given volume;
 Prevents animals from sorting ingredients;
 Reduces dustiness; and
 Improves feed conversion and energy digestibility.

Disadvantages of pelleting
 Requires a large amount of electrical energy which
adds up an appreciable cost (approximately 10%) to
the feed; and
 May destroy heat-labile nutrients, such as vitamin A.

Animals consume more pelleted ration than the same

ration in mash form. Regardless of the types of feeds,

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 91

pelleted feeds should be given after the starter period of the
animal.

Crumbling. This is the process of grinding pellets into

a coarse granular form. Crumbles may be used during the
starter and growing stages of the animal.

6. Bagging
Finally, the finished products are then weighed and
stored in sacks or bags (Fig. 13). These are then closed
by bag closers or sealers, and made ready for transport
either to the warehouse, to sales outlets or directly fed
to the animals.

Basic Feed Milling Equipment and Machinery

Feed mills, whether commercially or non-commercially

operating, small-scale or large-scale, make use of the same
basic equipment and machinery to process feedstuff into

Fig. 13. Bagging machine with bag closer/sewer incorpo-

rated.

92 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

animal feeds. The following are the basic equipment
representative of a typical feed mill:

1. Weighing Scales
Weighing scales are of utmost importance to the
industry as they are mainly concerned with
purchasing of raw materials, selling of finished
products and accounting of the whole feed milling
process. Weighing scales maybe as simple as the
ordinary weighing scale for measuring small
amounts of materials to highly technological weigh-
bridges or truck scales (Fig. 14) and automatic
batch weigher.

2. Raw Material Storage Facilities

Incoming feedstuff to be used for animal feeds
need proper storage and handling. Raw materials
are delivered either in sacks or in bulk. Bulk
ingredients may be stored in storage or mixing bins,
while pallets should be used for piling of raw
materials delivered in sacks.

Fig. 14. Truck scale for weighing raw materials and finished
feeds and weight reading before and after loading
of materials (inset).

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 93

 3. Grinders and Particle Size Reducers for Feed
Ingredients
The most popular among particle size reduction
machineries in the feed milling business is the
hammer mill. The hammer mill converts whole grain
particles and cakes into smaller uniform particles
through impacting forces. The impacting force
described is the force of the free-swinging hammer
rotating on the shaft of the machine. A typical
hammer mill is made up of a cylinder (rotor)
consisting of several plates connected to a main
shaft. Attached to the plates are the hammers, which
deliver the reduction forces. Outside of this cylinder
is a sieve with uniform-sized holes, which may range
from small as 1/32 of an inch.

4. Mechanical Mixers for Raw Materials

There are two main mechanical mixing
approaches in the feed industry, the continuous
mixing and the batch mixing. In continuous mixing,
various feedstuffs of precise proportions are
continuously introduced at one end, while the
resulting mixed feed are removed at the other end.
On the other hand, batch mixing employs the adding
of different pre-weighed ingredients in the mixer and
mixed at a prescribed length of time before the
finished product is discharged.
In batch mixing, two main types of mixers are
available — the vertical and the horizontal mixer.

 Vertical mixer. These mixers are generally

used in small capacity feed mills because the unit
is self-contained thus, permitting easy changing
and taking off of the mixed feed.
The vertical mixer elevates feed ingredients
to the top of the mixing bin by means of an auger
in the center of the mixer. Through gravity, the
ingredients fall back to the bottom, where they
are again picked up by the auger. This type of

94 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 mixer is less expensive but not as efficient in
terms of mixing and blending.

 Horizontal mixer. These types of mixers are

used in larger capacity mills requiring faster
mixing times coupled with mixing precision.
This mixer consists of a U-shaped bin which
contains a central mixing blade or ribbon
mounted on a rotating shaft. The blade cuts
through the feed mix and facilitates a
homogeneous mix. The horizontal mixer is more
expensive than the vertical type and is more
efficient at producing uniform mixtures.

5. Micro-Mixers
Micro-mixers such as vitamins, minerals and
additives are used to facilitate uniform dispersion of
particles of ingredients added to the ration in
relatively minute amounts. This mixer is a miniature
version of the horizontal mixer and operates under
the same principle that the horizontal mixer does
(Fig. 15).

6. Material Handling Systems

Material handling systems are very important to
the industry as it promotes ease in doing work, while
utilizing time more efficiently. Examples of material
handling systems are hoppers, bucket elevators and
conveyors.

7. Bagging Machines and Storage for Finished

Products
For easier handling and management of finished
products, feeds are placed in bags or sacks and
sealed with bag closers. After bagging, the products
are stored in the warehouse awaiting shipping to
end-users. Pallets, either wooden, plastic or metal,
are used in piling and stacking the finished feeds.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 95

Fig. 15. Micro-mixer to facilitate uniform dispersion of
micro- ingredients such as vitamins and minerals.

96 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Handling and Storage of Feeds

Both raw materials and finished feeds undergo

deterioration during storage. For raw materials and
finished products, improper handling and storage results to
direct economic losses due to resultant decrease
in nutritive value below the standards. The success in
handling and storage of feeds is dependent upon the
understanding of the factors that cause deterioration,
namely: moisture, temperature and time.

Moisture

High moisture content (MC) provides an ideal place for

mold growth to occur and thus, causes spoilage. Molds
grow at 15-20% MC in equilibrium with a relative humidity
of 70-90%. Exposure of feeds to rains, piling and storing the
bags of feeds directly on the ground or cold cement floor
causes lumping and hardening of ionic portions of feeds
denoting degradation in quality. Microorganisms are
biological contaminants of the natural environment and are
present in all feedstuff.

Temperature

High ambient temperature and relative humidity above

65% favor both fungi and insect development in stored
feeds. The rate of chemical changes that normally occurs in
feeds increases as ambient temperature rises. Insect and
mold growth are also favored by the warmer and more
humid climate of the tropics. During rapid microbial growth
in feeds, heat is formed as a result of the metabolic process
of the microorganism. Furthermore, during rapid microbial
growth of the microorganism, the heat evolved may result
in spontaneous metabolism and produces fire or explosion
in the feed storage room.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 97

 Similarly, prolonged exposure of feeds to direct sunlight
especially during hot months renders the feeds too dry and
dusty, thereby reducing the feed palatability and possible
damage of the micronutrients in the feeds. Light can cause
changes in feeds or nutrients. Light has a catalytic function
in feeds. It can cause lipid oxidation, destroy fat soluble
vitamins and denature proteins. Presence of oxygen can
likewise cause lipid oxidation, affect biological value of
proteins, destroy certain vitamins and reduce the
palatability of the feeds.

Time

Deterioration of feeds and feed ingredients is a

combined function of MC, temperature and duration of
storage. Original quality of feeds declines with time.
Therefore, shorter storage period is desirable.
Proper sanitation of the feedmill itself helps a lot in
quality maintenance of the feed. Effective management and
proper maintenance of storehouses and feedmill will
prevent infestation of insects and other microorganisms.
Bags should not be piled directly on the cement floor but
should be piled on top of a pallet (Fig. 16).
Use of chemicals should always be administered by
skilled and competent personnel. There are commercially
available chemical feed preservatives which prevent
deterioration during storage. These include propionic acid,
formic acid, sorbic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, BHT and
BHA. The Quality Control personnel should always
supervise and ensure that chemicals used for disinfecting
the area should not be toxic to the workers of the feedmill.
Chemical program should be established according to time,
amount needed, season and climate.
The surrounding areas of the feedmill should be free of
grains and ingredient in order to discourage insects and
birds. Excess feeds should be discarded regularly in order
not to attract birds, insects and other rodents. People in
charge of manufacturing should examine all equipment and
the storehouse on a regular basis. Infected material bags

98 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Fig. 16. Proper storage of feeds.

should be treated immediately. Only after an infected

storehouse or equipment has been treated can a new batch
of material be transferred into it.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 99

Socioeconomic Considerations

It is of utmost importance to note that in merely raising

poultry or livestock, having access to feed ingredients does
not necessarily mean that one could formulate and mix
feeds. There are a lot of factors to consider before going into
mixing feeds, either for personal consumption (own farm’s
use) or for commercial purposes.

Mixing Feeds for Own Farm

Before mixing feeds for one’s own poultry and livestock,

the following should be considered:

 The need for mixing. Check first the supply or

availability of commercial feeds in the area and their
corresponding prices. These data become bases for
making decisions whether to mix feeds or not.

 The number of animals being raised. It is more

economical to mix feeds if the number of animals
being raised is fairly large. Mixing feeds for a few
number of head, i.e. five pigs, would not be that
practical, particularly, if commercial feeds are
available and affordable.

 Availability and cost of feed ingredients. Access to

feed ingredients and their corresponding prices
should be considered before planning to mix feeds.
The available feed ingredients in the area should be
noted so as to get an idea on what nutrient
composition can be given to the animals. Their
prices, on the other hand, determine whether it is
more practical to mix or buy commercial feeds.

100 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

  Acumen or knowledge of animal nutrition
principles. Before mixing feeds, background and
good understanding of animal nutrition and its
principles are a must. If the animal raiser has no
background on animal nutrition, then it will be wise
to have access to technical consultants or animal
nutritionists available in the area.

 Practicality of mixing. Consider how the final product

compares to available commercial feeds in terms of
price and nutritional composition.

Mixing Feeds for Commercial Purposes

Venturing into commercial feed manufacturing entails

precise and comprehensive planning. Overlooking one
component factor or a small detail may be enough to throw
the business out of gear. Therefore, before engaging in a
commercial feed manufacturing business, conduct a
complete study covering major aspects in marketing,
technical feasibility and financial analysis.
It is therefore worthwhile to consider the following
factors before engaging in commercial feed mixing:

 Personal qualifications. Experience and knowledge

on feed mixing and animal nutrition, as well as
business acumen and attitude play important roles
in considering whether one is fit for the commercial
feed business.

 Capital requirements. This business is quite capital

intensive, therefore, it is important to consider
whether one has the capital to start the business
and insure its continued operations. Before engaging
in the business, explore possible sources of credit.

 Availability of feed ingredients. Access to feed

ingredients as well as their costs play major roles in

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 101

 considering whether it will be feasible to put up the
business in the area.

 Location. For any business, location is one of the

first and most decisive factors to consider. Check
whether livestock raising is prevalent in the area,
transportation and road facilities are available, and
if it is accessible to possible buyers, among others.

 Possible Market. Consider the demand for feeds in

the area, the livestock population and the status of
the possible buyers.

 Personnel requirements. In establishing a

commercial feed business, professional animal
nutritionists and consultants are needed. Seek the
services of a qualified consultant that will point out
the problems and prospects of the feed milling
business.

 Competition. Before going into commercial feed

manufacturing, study the existing competitors.
Assess their volume of business, their services
rendered, their regular market, etc. Also,
contemplate on the advantage your product has to
offer against the competitors’ products.

 Existing government laws and ordinances. Consult

the prevailing laws and ordinances governing feed
manufacturing before even planning to start the feed
business.

 Feasibility of feed business. As in any other business,

a thorough and comprehensive feasibility study
(FS) is very essential. Conduct an FS before
venturing into the feed business. This will tell
whether the business will have a return on
investment and whether commercial feed
manufacturing will be profitable.

102 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

References

Acasio, U.A. Handling and storage of soybeans and

soybean meal. Manhattan, Kansas, USA: Department of
Grain of Science and Industry, Kansas State University,
1987.
American Feed Industry Association, Inc. (AFIA) Feed
Manufacturing Technology IV. Arlington, V.A.: AFIA,
1994.
Animal Feed Standard Division-Bureau of Animal Industry.
Department of Agriculture. Diliman, Quezon City.
ASAE Standards. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1993.
Bautista, M.N. Feed quality control. Tigbauan, Iloilo:
Aquaculture Department Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center, 1989.
Chapman, G.W.; Robertson, J.A. The effect of soybean
moisture during storage on the lipid composition of
extracted crude oil. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 57 (10): 339-
342, 1980.
Hall, C.W. Westport, CT: Drying and storage of agricultural
crops. The AVI Publishing Company, Inc., 1980.
Livestock Feed Formulation Committee. The Philippines
recommends for livestock feed formulation. Los Baños,
Laguna: Philippine Council for Agriculture and
Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), 1987.
126p.
National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of
domestic animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy
of Sciences, 1984.
Philippine Society of Animal Nutritionists (PHILSAN).
Feed Reference Standards (2nd ed.). Manila,
Philippines, 1996.
Sison, J.A. The Philippine Feed Milling and Technology
Resource Handbook. Quezon City: Agro-Livestock and
Poultry Consultants.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 103

Wilson, S.G.; Desmarchelier, J.M. Aeration according to
seed wet-bulb temperature. J. Stored Prod. Res. 30 (1):
45-60. UK : Pergamon Press, 1993.
Villacorte E.Z.V. The feed milling industry in the
Philippines. Paper presented during the 1 st Animal
Feeds and Veterinary Drug Congress. PICC, Manila,
Philippines, July 1997.

104 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Appendix 1. Feed Laws and Control.

Republic of the Philippines

Ministry of Agriculture
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
Metro Manila

September 23, 1975

ANIMAL INDUSTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER )
NO. 35 )

SUBJECT: Rules and Regulations Governing the

Manufacture, Importation, Labelling,
Advertising, Distribution and Sale of
Livestock and Poultry Feeds and Feeding
Stuff

Pursuant to the provisions of Republic Act. No. 1556 as

amended by Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 7, the following
rules and regulations governing the manufacture,
importation, labelling, advertising, distribution and sale of
livestock and poultry feeds are hereby promulgated for the
information and guidance of all concerned:

ARTICLE I - TITLE

Section 1. - This Order shall be known as the Livestock

and Poultry Feeds Regulations.

ARTICLE II - DEFINITIONS

Section 2. - For purposes of these regulations, the

following words or terms shall mean:

1. Act - refers to Republic Act No. 1556, as amended

by P.D. No. 7.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 105

 2. Adulterated feeds - are mixed feeds, feedstuff or
ingredients found to contain any material that may
be injurious, damaged or of no food value or if any
substance has been added thereto that may increase
its bulk or weight and/or may reduce its quality or
strength. For purposes of this Order, a mixture of
two or more mixed feeds of different formula or
brand with intent to sell is also considered adulterated
feeds.
3. Analyst - any official analyst appointed or designated
as such by the Director of Animal Industry for the
purpose of implementing this Act.
4. Animal Nutritionist - any person who has at least
a scholastic credit of nine (9) units in animal
nutrition from a duly recognized educational
institution and five (5) years experience in
compounding animal feeds in a duly registered feed
mill, or one who has a degree in animal science
major in animal nutrition.
5. Association, duly recognized - any association of
persons engaged in the development of livestock
industry, either as animal raisers or animal feed
manufacturers, which has been recognized by the
Bureau.
6. Base - refers to the main or chief ingredients
(quantitatively) in a mixture.
7. Brand - means any distinctive mark or name
applied to feed or feeding stuff.
8. Commercial feed or feeding stuff - refers to feed
or feeding stuff intended for sale whether to the
general public or to a limited clientele.
9. Complete feed - a mixture of feed ingredients by
specific formula to be fed as the sole ration and is
capable to furnish the nutritive requirements to
maintain life for promoting production without any
additional substance except water.
10. Concentrates - shall apply to feedstuffs low in fiber
and high in total digestible nutrients.
a) Concentrates, mixed - these are mixed feed
ingredients containing a high amount of protein,
vitamins and minerals intended to be used as a

106 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 complete feed after the addition of cereal grains
and their byproducts.
b) Concentrates, simple - these are single feed
ingredients containing at least 60% total digestible
nutrients, such as fishmeal, soybean oil meal, etc.,
and intended to be further diluted and mixed
with other ingredients to produce a supplement
or a complete feed.

11. Custom-mixed feeds - are commercial feeds

mixed in accordance with the specifications of the
final buyer or consumer.
12. Damaged feeds - any feed or feedstuff which has
been subjected to any factor that has decreased the
nutritive value of any feed or feedstuff which when
fed to livestock may be injurious to the health of the
animals.
13. Dealer - any person engaged in the business of
buying and selling to any person other than the end-
user.
14. Director - means the Director of Animal Industry
and Bureau refers to the Bureau of Animal Industry
(BAI).
15. Distributor - an agent of the manufacturer for the
purpose of marketing finished products.
16. Feed or feeding stuff - shall embrace all such
articles to be used as feeds purporting to supply
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins,
antibiotics, growth promoting factors whether
identified or unidentified and/or correcting
nutritional disorders. Such articles may be locally
produced or imported, mixed or in the form of
simple ingredients, provided, however, that the
following are excluded:

(1) Whole seeds or grains, unmixed.

(2) Fresh green roughage and unprocessed liquid
milk in all its forms.
(3) Dried and ground hays and straws, dried and
ground corn stalks or other parts of the corn
plant

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 107

 not included in the grains, rice hulls, cane sugar,
bagasse, dried beet pulp, oat hulls, barley hulls,
clipped oat byproducts, sorghum plant
byproducts and flax plant byproducts, cotton
seed hulls, mongo bean hulls, buckwheat hulls,
cocoa shells, or other materials of a similar
character.

17. Importer - a person who imports feed or feedstuff

from any point outside of the Philippines.
18. Indentor - a person who makes an order for
another for the importation of feed or feedstuff.
19. Ingredient - means any single article of feed or
feeding stuff which enters into the composition of a
ration, concentrate, or supplement.
20. Inspector - any person authorized by the director
of Animal Industry to enforce the provisions of the
Act and the regulations provided for in this Order.
21. Label - means and includes any written, printed or
graphic matter attached or affixed to any package,
bale or bundle of feeds.
22. Licensed chemist - any person licensed to
practice the science of chemistry by the Board of
Chemist of the Philippines.
23. Livestock - include all domestic animals with
economic value. For this purpose, poultry is included
in the term livestock.
24. Manufacturer - any person who mixes feed
ingredients into complete feed and/or processes feed
ingredients, for sale.
25. Manufacturer of noncommercial feeds - any
person who mixes feed ingredients into complete
feed and/or processes feed ingredients solely for
personal consumption of his or his immediate family’s
livestock.
26. Mixture - means any combination of two or more
feed ingredients used in the manufacture of feeding
stuff.
27. Noncommercial feed or feeding stuff - any feed
or feeding stuff not intended for sale.

108 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

28. Owner - is the person, firm, partnership,
cooperative, association, or corporation applying for
the required registration under this Act or any
person or establishment actually engaged in the
manufacture, importation, distribution and sale of
livestock and poultry feeds.
29. Package - means sack, bag, barrel, bin or any other
container for feeds.
30. Person - refers to natural or juridical person in the
singular or plural.
31. Regulation - refers to this Order and such other
Orders issued by BAI to implement the provisions of
R.A. 1556, as amended.
32. Retailer - any person engaged in the business of
selling feeds or feedstuffs to end-users.
33. Roughages - shall include dried and ground hays
and straws, dried and ground corn stalks or other
parts of the corn plant not included in the grain,
dried beet pulp, oat hulls, barley hulls, clipped oat
byproducts, sorghum plant byproducts and flax
plant byproducts, cotton seed hulls, buckwheat hulls,
cocoa shells, grain screening, coffee ground or
other materials of a similar character. This shall not
include adulterated feed.
34. Secretary - means the Secretary of Agriculture and
Department refers to the Department of Agriculture.
35. Small Feed Miller - any person engaged in the
manufacture of animal feeds with a daily production
of not more than 20 t.
36. Supplement - is a feed ingredient or mixture of
feed ingredients intended to supply the deficiencies
in a ration or improve the nutritive balance or
performance of the total mixture.
37. Supplier - any person who supplies feed or feed
ingredients with an average gross of P1,000 per day.
38. Veterinarian - any person authorized to practice
veterinary medicine by the Board of Veterinary
Medicine.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 109

 ARTICLE III - REGISTRATION

Section 3 - Any person desiring to engage in the

manufacture, importation, sale or distribution of feeds shall
first be registered with the Bureau.

Section 4 - All application for registration for the

manufacture, importation, sale or distribution of livestock
feeds shall be made in writing and under oath and shall be
accomplished in forms provided by the Bureau. Said
application shall be signed by the applicant himself, in case
of natural persons, or by a partner or manager in case of
juridical persons and shall distinctly indicate the kind of
feeds to be manufactured, imported, sold or distributed, the
brand name, and in the case of retailer, the number of
stores and the locations thereof; and finally, in the case of
manufacturers, the number of factories and the locations
thereof. The application shall be accompanied with a
sample of the labels or tags which the manufacturer will use
on the feed manufactured and any subsequent changes
therein shall be registered with the Bureau without
additional cost.

Section 5 - Upon verification and approval of the

application and payment of corresponding registration fee,
a certificate of registration will be issued by the Director in
the form adopted for the purpose, which shall be placed
conspicuously in a place of business and readily visible to
the public.

Section 6 - Registration shall automatically expire

every end of the calendar year and may be renewed
annually thereafter in accordance with the provisions of
this Order.

Section 7 - There shall be a separate registration for

feed ingredient manufacturers, feed importers, feed
indentors, distributors, suppliers, and retailers.
Registration shall not be transferable to any person and
shall not apply to any location other than that specified in
the certificate of registration.
110 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION
 Section 8 - Feed and feed ingredient manufacturer
and/ or importer who maintain retail establishments other
than their main place of business shall pay both
manufacturers’ and/or importers’ and retailers’ fee.

ARTICLE IV - QUALITY CONTROL SERVICE

Section 9 - All persons engaged or desiring to engage

in the manufacture of mixed feeds for commercial
purposes, shall retain the services of a licensed chemist
and a veterinarian or a licensed chemist and an animal
nutritionist to be responsible for the analyses and test of
mixed feeds before they are released for sale to determine
their conformity with the feed formula of the particular feed
and feeding stuff.

Section 10 - It shall be mandatory to all persons

engaged in the manufacture of feeds for poultry and swine
for commercial purposes to maintain livestock to be fed
with its manufactured feeds for experimental purposes.
The number of said experimental animals shall not be less
than the following:
Poultry - 50 for broilers, 50 day-old pullets
50 growers, and 50 layers
Swine - 5 piglets, 5 growers, 5 breeding gilts and sows,
and 5 finishers
Provided that only the class of animals which are the
object of the particular kind of feed produced need be
maintained.

Section 11 - Two or more small feed millers may agree

among themselves to establish and maintain a common
quality control laboratory and retain the services of a
common personnel thereof and such shall be considered
sufficient compliance to the provisions of Section 8 hereof;
provided, that in lieu of the above, any small feed miller
may attach and avail itself of the laboratory services of any
recognized college/institute/university offering its
laboratory for feed quality control services.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 111

 ARTICLE V - LABELLING

Section 12 - All containers of feed and/or feeding stuff

offered for sale shall bear a complete label as required by
Section 5 of R.A. 1556, as amended by P.D. 7.

Section 13 - Each label shall be printed in English,

must be legible, clear and distinct in its meaning. Brand
names of feeds must be printed in larger sized type than
that of the ingredients. Labels must be attached to the
package, printed or affixed on one side of the container in
such a way that the whole content of the label can be read
without detaching it. The standard name of the feed must
likewise be clearly printed.

Section 14 - Custom-mixed feed must be accompanied

by an invoice issued to the consumer-buyer showing total
weight of feed ingredients used, name of the consumer-
buyer, date and name, address and registration number of
the manufacturer in lieu of the tag or label.

Section 15 - The guaranteed analysis specified in the

label shall conform to the actual calculated nutrient
contents of feed and any changes in the said analysis shall
be made known in writing to the Director of Animal
Industry before such changes are made.

Section 16 - The minimum percentage of crude protein

shall form part of the brand name of all high protein mixed
concentrates.

Section 17 - In the case of mineral feeds or mixed feed

containing more than a total of 5% of one or more added
mineral ingredients, the minimum and maximum
percentages of calcium (Ca), the minimum percentage of
phosphorus (P) and iodine (I), and maximum percentage of
salt (NaC1) must be declared; provided, that if no
nutritional properties other than those of a mineral nature
be claimed for mineral feed product, the percentage of
crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber may be omitted.

112 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Section 18 - Feeds containing drug or drug ingredients
for the prevention of diseases of livestock should be labeled
to show:
(a) the name and percentage of drug used;
(b) directions for use; and
(c) warning against use under those conditions in which
its use may be dangerous to the health of livestock
and man.

Section 19 - Net weight - Label on each container must

show the net weight in kilograms of the feed and/or feeding
stuff in the container. Such statements as “45 kilos gross” or
“45 kilos when packed,” etc. are prohibited. Each bag of
mixed feeds/feeding stuff for commercial purposes shall
have weight of either 10, 25, 40 and 50 kg.

Section 20 - Misleading advertisement - Labels of

containers of feed and/or feeding stuff must not contain any
form of advertisement and/or claims that are false and
misleading. Any advertisement containing any claim that
the feed is suited for all purposes shall be considered a
misleading advertisement under this Order.

Section 21 - The use of urea in mixing feeds or the sale

of mixed feeds, feedstuffs and ingredients, containing urea
is prohibited except for mixed feeds for ruminants, the
amount of which should appear on the label.

SECTION VI - CLASSIFICATION

Section 22 - Byproducts of grains shall be classified as

follows:

1. Rice byproducts

a. Rice polish is the finely powdered material

obtained in polishing rice kernels. It shall have
the following analysis:

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 113

 Crude protein..................................12.0% min.
Fat.....................................................15.0% min.
Fiber.................................................6.0% max.
Moisture...........................................13.0% max.

b. Rice bran is the pericarp or bran layer of rice,

with only such quantity of hull fragments as is
unavoidable in the regular milling of rice.

Cono: D1 - First class or fine rice bran

Crude protein..................................11.0% min.

Fat.....................................................12.0% min.
Fiber.................................................7.0% max.
Moisture...........................................13.0% max.

Cono: D2 - Second class or coarse rice bran

Crude protein..................................4.0% min.

Fat.....................................................2.0% min.
Fiber.................................................30.0% max.
Moisture...........................................13.0% max.

2. Corn byproducts

a. Corn bran is the outer coating of the corn kernel,

with little or none of the starchy part of the germ.
It shall have the following analysis:

Crude protein..................................10% min.

Fat.....................................................5% min.
Fiber.................................................8% min.
Moisture...........................................13% max.

b. Corn grits are hard, flinty portions of sound corn,

with little or none of the bran or germ. These
broken small particles are separated from the
rest by screens of different gauges. Thus, these
grits are of three sizes – fine (no. 22),
intermediate

114 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 (no. 16) and coarse (no. 14). They shall have the
following analysis:

Crude protein..................................7.0% min.

Fat.......................................................0.5% min.
Fiber.................................................2.0% max.
Moisture...........................................13.0% max.

c. Corn gluten meal - that part of commercial

shelled corn that remains after the extraction of
the larger part of the starch and germ, and the
separation of the bran by the processes employed
in the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or
syrup. It may or may not contain either corn
solubles or corn oil meal.

Crude protein..................................42.0% min.

Fat.................................................1.5% min.
Fiber.................................................4.5% max.
Moisture...........................................13.0% max.

d. Corn gluten feed - that part of commercial

shelled corn that remains after extraction of the
larger part of the starch and germ by the
processes employed in the wet milling
manufacture of corn starch or corn syrup. It may
or may not contain either corn solubles or corn
oil meal.

Crude protein..................................20.0% min.

Fat.....................................................2.0% min.
Fiber.................................................8.0% max.
Moisture...........................................13.0% max.

e. Corn germ meal - this is ground corn germ cake

(the residual product after extraction of oil from
corn germ with other parts of the corn kernel) as
separated in the dry milling process of
manufacture of corn meal, corn grits, hominy
feed, and other corn byproducts.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 115

 3. Wheat byproducts

a. Wheat pollard - is that of the wheat bran

between the skin or the bran and the white
interior (source of white flour). It shall have the
following analysis:

Soft:
Crude protein............................12.0% min.
Fat...............................................4.0% min.
Fiber............................................8.0% max.
Moisture.....................................13.0% max.

Hard:
Crude protein …………………..16.0% min.
Fat............................................3.0%
min.
Fiber............................................8.0% max.
Moisture.....................................13.0% max.

ARTICLE VII - METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Section 23 - The methods of analysis as published in

the official methods of the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists, latest edition, shall be adopted in
making analysis.

ARTICLE VIII - PUBLICATION

Section 24 - Results of analysis and test of samples

of feeds and feedstuffs collected from feed ingredient
suppliers and feed manufacturers shall be published
quarterly by the Bureau or as often as may be considered
necessary, in which shall be specified the feeds and
feedstuffs, the name of manufacturers and suppliers, the
date of analysis and the results thereof.

116 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 ARTICLE IX - SAMPLING

Section 25 - The following methods of obtaining

samples by feed inspectors shall be adopted:

1. The Director of Animal Industry or his authorized

agent, representative, or inspector shall be permitted
at all reasonable times to enter and inspect any
premises or conveyances in which feeds or feed
ingredients are sold, produced, processed,
transported or held in possession for sale or
distribution when he has reasonable cause to believe
that any feed or feeding stuff is being prepared for
sale and may open any package containing or
supposed to contain any feed or feeding stuff there
found without cost. He shall likewise be permitted to
inspect only records or documents which are
necessary in verifying the volume of production and/
or importation for proper assessment of the
inspection fee as provided for in R.A. No. 1556, as
amended.
2. Duplicate samples of a total of not less than ¼ kilo
and not more than ½ kilo may be taken from random-
sampled unopened bags.
3. Each sample must be properly labeled according to
the tag attached to the feed containers where it was
taken. Then each sample shall be sealed, signed and
dated by the inspector in the presence of one of the
manufacturer’s/dealer’s and/or importer’s
representative who shall also be requested to sign.
One of the samples shall be taken to the BAI for
appropriate analysis, and the other sample given to
the manufacturer, owner, processor, and/or
importer.
4. Results of analysis will be recorded in the Bureau
files and may be published in accordance with the
provisions of this Order.
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 117
 ARTICLE X - PAYMENT OF FEES

Section 26 - Any person applying for registration

under the Act shall pay a registration fee of:

1. For manufacturer of feed or feedstuff, P300

2. For manufacturer of noncommercial feed, free
3. For importer or indentor, P200
4. For supplier, P100
5. For distributor, P50
6. For retailer, P5 per store

Section 27 - Inspection fees of P0.20/t shall be levied

on all feed ingredients, mixed feeds, supplement and/or
concentrates that are manufactured locally or imported
from abroad.

Section 28 - Inspection fees should be paid monthly on

the basis of total feeds or feedstuffs manufactured or
imported provided that the manufacturer or importer shall
show to the inspector upon request all records of
production or importation for the months in question. Part
of fractions of 1 t shall be considered as 1 t.

Section 29 - The inspection fee shall be paid monthly

to the Cashier of BAI or his duly authorized representative
directly. Payments of inspection fees shall be accompanied,
showing the following:

1. Name of manufacturer or importer

2. Address
3. Date
4. Kinds of feeds manufactured or imported
5. Total weight (metric ton) of each kind of feed
manufactured and/or imported.

Section 30 - Surcharges. Fees imposed by the

preceding sections which are not paid on the dates they are
due shall be levied an additional charge in accordance with
the following rates:

118 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Within 15 days after due date - 25% of amount due.
Over 15 days but not more than 30 days after due date -
50% of the amount due.
Over 30 days but not more than 45 days after due date -
75% of the amount due.
Over 45 days - 100% of the amount due.

Provided, that the surcharges herein provided shall be

without prejudice to whatever other legal remedies or
actions which the government may take for the protection
of its rights and interests.

ARTICLE XI - PROHIBITIONS

Section 31 - Damaged and adulterated feed and

feedstuff shall not be sold or offered for sale. For purposes
of this Order, the addition of ground rice hull to rice bran is
expressly prohibited.

Section 32 - No custom-mixed feed shall be sold in the

open market.

Section 33 - Containers which have been previously

used for things or objects harmful to animals shall not be
used as containers for feed or feedstuffs. Feeds or feedstuffs
found in said containers shall be considered damaged for
purposes of this Order.

ARTICLE XII - DAMAGED AND ADULTERATED

FEED DISPOSITION

Section 34 - The Director may order the disposition

and condemnation of feed and feeding stuff found to be
damaged or adulterated under his direct supervision or he
may order the disposition, under his supervision, of the
damaged and/or adulterated feed and feeding stuff by the
manufacturer, importer or any other person in possession
thereof without prejudice for the damage or adulteration.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 119

 Section 35 - The Director, upon recommendation of the
Animal Feed Control Advisory Committee and with the
approval of the Secretary, may order, in lieu of the disposition
provided in the preceding section, the sale subject to
conditions he may impose of the said damaged or adulterated
feeds of some other economic value other than as animal
feed, in which event the proceeds thereof shall accrue to the
fund established under the Act.

ARTICLE XII - OFFENSES AND PENALTIES

Section 36 - (a) It shall be unlawful for any person,

partnership, firm, cooperative, corporation or association
to engage in the manufacture, importation, sale or
distribution of feeds or feeding stuff, without having first
registered in accordance with this Act in the Office of the
Director of Animal Industry. (b) Any firm, partnership,
cooperative, corporation or association or its president/
general manager or any person which will unlawfully use a
registration number, fraudulently lessen or adulterate the
feeding value of any feed or feeding stuff, or tamper with
packaged feeds for fraudulent purposes willfully remove,
alter or efface the prescribed tags, labels, markings, or other
information placed on packages of feeds or feeding stuffs,
fraudulently alter or use certificates of analysis of any
official analyst; willfully obstruct, hinder, resist or in any
other way oppose the Director or his duly authorized
representative in the execution of his duties under this Act;
make unauthorized disposition of feed placed under
detention; import, manufacture, distribute, advertise, sell
or offer for sale or possess for sale any feed which does not
conform with or contravenes the provisions of this Act; or
otherwise violate any provision of this Act and the rules and
regulations issued hereunder, shall be punished by a fine of
not less than P1,000 or by imprisonment of not more than
one year and one day, or by both, at the discretion of the
court.

120 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 ARTICLE XIV - REPEALING CLAUSE

Section 37 - This Order revokes Animal Industry

Administrative Order No. 16 and shall revoke, amend and/
or supersede such other orders, memoranda, rules and
regulations which are inconsistent herewith.

ARTICLE XV - SEPARABILITY CLAUSE

Section 38 - Any section or portion of this Order which

may hereafter be declared unconstitutional shall not affect
the constitutionality or validity of any other portion of this
Order.
ARTICLE XVI - EFFECTIVITY

Section 39 - This Order shall take effect six months

after publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of
general circulation except the provisions of Articles II, III,
XI, XII, and XIII which shall take effect one month after
said publication. (Published in the Philippines Daily
Express on November 26, 1975).

SO ORDERED.

(Sgd.) SALVADOR H. ESCUDERO III

Director
RECOMMENDED BY:

THE ANIMAL FEED CONTROL

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
BY:

(Sgd.) GERONIMO DELA CERNA

Chairman
APPROVED:

(Sgd.) ARTURO R. TANCO, JR.

Secretary of Agriculture
ATTESTED BY:

(Sgd.) JAIME ABELLA

SISON
Secretary, AFCAC

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 121

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Agriculture
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
Metro Manila

1976 - 09 - 29

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER )
NO. ________40__________)
Series of 1976

SUBJECT: Rules and Regulations Governing Quality

Standards of Commercial Feed Ingredients

Pursuant to the pertinent provisions of R.A. 1556, as

amended by Presidential Decree No. 7 dated September 30,
1972 and Animal Industry Administrative Order No. 35
dated 23 September 1975, the following rules and
regulations governing the quality standards of
commercial feed ingredients are hereby promulgated for
the information and observance of all concerned:

ARTICLE I - DEFINITIONS

Section 1 - For purposes of these regulations, the

following words or terms shall mean:

1.1 Additive. An ingredient or combination of

ingredients added to the basic feed mix or parts
thereof to fulfill a specific need. Usually used in
micro-quantities and requires careful handling and
mixing.
1.2 Adulterated feedstuff. Feedstuff or ingredients
found to contain any material that may be
injurious, damaged or of no food value or if any
substance has been added thereto that may
increase its bulk or weight and/or may reduce its
quality or strength.

122 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

1.3 Antioxidants. Substances which hinder oxidation.
1.4 Ash. Mineral matter of the substance remaining
after burning off the dry matter.
1.5 Base. The main or chief ingredients
(quantitatively) in a mixture.
1.6 Brand name. Any word, name, symbol or device or
any combination thereof identifying the
commercial feed of a distributor and
distinguishing it from that of others.
1.7 Byproduct. (Part) Secondary products produced in
addition to the principal product.
1.8 Commercial feed. Means all materials which are
distributed for use as feed or for mixing in feed, for
animals other than man except:
1.8.1 Unmixed seed, whole or processed.
1.8.2 Hay, straw, stover, silage, cobs, husks, and
hulls
a) when unground, and
b) when unmixed with other materials
1.8.3 Individual chemical compounds when not
mixed with other materials.
1.9 Complete feed. A nutritionally adequate feed for
animals other than man; by specific formula is
compounded to be fed as the sole ration and is
capable of maintaining life and/or promoting
production without any additional substance being
consumed except water.
1.10 Concentrates. Feedstuff low in fiber and high in
total digestible nutrients.
1.10.1 Concentrates, mixed - these are mixed feed
ingredients containing high amount of
protein, vitamins and minerals intended to
be used as a complete feed after the
addition of cereal grains and their
byproducts.
1.10.2 Concentrates, simple - these are single feed
ingredients containing at least 60% total
digestible nutrients, such as fish meal,
soybean oil meal, etc., and intended to be
further diluted and mixed with other
ingredients to produce a supplement or a
complete feed.
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 123
 1.11 Crude fat. (See other extract)
1.12 Crude fiber (CF). The coarse, fibrous portions of
plants, relatively low in digestibility and in
nutritive value, such as cellulose.
1.13 Crude protein (CP). It includes the true proteins
and all other nitrogenous compounds in feeds.
1.14 Crumbles. (Physical form) Pelleted feed reduced
to granular form.
1.15 Custom-mixed feed. (Formula feed) Two or more
ingredients proportioned, mixed and processed
according to specifications.
1.16 Damaged feedstuff. Any feedstuff which has been
subjected to any factor that has decreased the
nutritive value of any feed or feedstuffs which
when fed to livestock may be harmful to the
animals’ health.
1.17 Digestible nutrients. Any feedstuff which has been
subjected to any factor that has decreased the
nutritive value of any feed or feedstuffs which
when fed to livestock may be injurious to the
health of the animals.
1.18 Digestible proteins. That portion of the ingested
feed protein which is absorbed.
1.19 Dry matter percent. Feedstuffs which do not
contain water.
1.20 Energy feed. Concentrates with less than 20%
crude protein.
1.21 Ether extract (EE). Fats, oils, waxes and similar
plant components, which are extracted with warm
ether in chemical analysis.
1.22 Feed(s). Edible materials which are consumed by
animals and contribute energy and/or nutrients to
the animal diet. Usually refers to animals rather
than man).
1.23 Fodder. (Part) The green or cured plant,
containing all the ears or seed heads, if any, grown
primarily for forage. (It has been applied more
specifically to corn and sorghum).
1.24 Forage. Vegetable feed for domestic animals
containing more than 18% crude fiber in the dry

124 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 state. Generally, the term refers to such materials
as pasturage, browse, soilage, hay straw and silage.
1.25 Forage crop. Plants grown primarily for livestock
feed, to be either harvested for hay, soilage, or
green feed, or eaten by grazing animals.
1.26 Hay. (Part) The aerial portion of grass or herbage
especially out and cured for animal feeding.
1.27 Ingredient, feed ingredient. A component part or
constituent of any combination or mixture making
up a commercial feed.
1.28 Label. A display of written, printed, or graphic
matter upon or affixed to the container in which a
commercial feed is distributed, or on the invoice or
delivery slip with which a commercial feed is
distributed.
1.29 Mash or mash feed. (Physical form) A mixture of
ingredients in meal form.
1.30 Medicated feed. Any feed which contains drug
ingredients intended or represented for the cure,
mitigation, treatment, or prevention of animal
diseases other than man or which contains drug
ingredients intended to affect the structure or any
function of the body of animals other than man.
1.31 Micro-ingredients. Vitamins, minerals, antibiotics,
drugs, and other materials normally required in
small amounts and measured in milligrams,
micrograms or parts per million (ppm).
1.32 Middlings. (Part) A byproduct of cereal milling
comprising several grades of granular particles
containing different proportions of endosperm,
bran, germ, each of which contains different levels
of crude fiber.
1.33 Nutrient. Any feed constituent, or group of feed
constituents of the same general chemical
composition, that contributes to the support of
animal life.
1.34 Pellets. (Physical form) Agglomerated feed formed
by compacting and forcing through die openings
by a mechanical process. Similar terms: pelleted
feed, hard pellet.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 125

 1.35 Pollard, wheat. A portion of the intermediate
products (pollard, middlings, shorts, red dog, etc.)
in wheat milling. It is the product obtained
between flour and bran. Under Philippine
conditions of flour milling, pollard may consist of
millrun, middlings and shorts.
1.36 Premix. A uniform mixture of one or more micro-
ingredients with diluent and/or carrier. Premixes
are used to facilitate uniform dispersion of the
micro-ingredients in a larger mix.
1.37 Protein. Complex organic compounds composed
largely of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in the
form of amino acids. Some may contain sulfur and
phosphorus and/or a small amount of other
elements.
1.38 Protein feed. Concentrates containing 20% or
more crude protein.
1.39 Ration. The amount of the total feed which is
provided to one animal over a 24-hour period.
1.40 Refuse. (Part) Damaged, defective, or superfluous
material produced during or left over from a
manufacturing or industrial process.
1.41 Rice hulls. Consist primarily of the outer covering
of the rough rice.
1.42 Roughages. Feeds that are high in fiber and
therefore low in total digestible nutrients, such as
straw, stover, legume and grass forages.
1.43 Shorts. (Part) Fine particles of bran, germ, flour, or
offal from the tail of the mill from commercial
flour milling.
1.44 Silage. Forage preserved in a succulent condition
by partial fermentation.
1.45 Soilage, soiling crop. Green forage crops that are
cut, and fed in fresh condition to stock.
1.46 Stover. (Part) The stalks and leaves of corn after
the ears, or in sorghum after the heads have been
harvested.
1.47 Straw. (Part) The plant residue remaining after
separation of the seeds in threshing. It includes
chaff.

126 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 1.48 Supplement. A feed used with another to improve
the nutritive balance or performance of the total
and intended to be:
1.48.1 Fed undiluted as a supplement to other
feeds; or
1.48.2 Offered free choice with other parts of the
ration, separately available; or
1.48.3 Further diluted and mixed to produce a
complete feed.
1.49 Total digestible nutrients (TDN). The sum total of
all digestible organic nutrients, i.e., proteins, NFE,
fiber and fat (x 2.25).
1.50 Trace minerals. Mineral nutrients required by
animals in micro-amounts only (measured in
milligrams per pound or smaller units).
1.51 Tubers. (Part) Short, thickened fleshy stems or
terminal portions of the stems or rhizomes that are
usually formed underground, bear minute, scaled
leaves, each with a bud capable under suitable
conditions, of developing into a new plant and
constitutes the resting stage of various plants.

ARTICLE II - CLASSIFICATION OF FEED

INGREDIENTS

Section 2. Based on their nutrient sources, the feed

ingredients shall be classified as follows:

2.1 ENERGY SOURCES

2.1.1 Barley Feed

2.1.2 Brown Rice
2.1.3 Camote Meal
2.1.4 Cassava Meal
2.1.5 Corn Bran
2.1.6 Corn Grain
2.1.7 Corn Grits or Hominy Grits
2.1.8 Ground Grain Sorghum

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 127

 2.1.9 Molasses, Blackstrap or Feeding Cane
Molasses
2.1.10 Rice Bran
2.1.11 Rice Middlings
2.1.12 Rice Polishing
2.1.13 Rough Rice
2.1.14 Sugar
2.1.15 Tallow
2.1.16 Vegetable Fat
2.1.17 Wheat Bran
2.1.18 Wheat Middlings
2.1.19 Wheat Pollard

2.2 PROTEIN SOURCES

2.2.1 Animal Protein

2.2.1.1 Blood Meal
2.2.1.2 Crab Meal
2.2.1.3 Dried Buttermilk
2.2.1.4 Dried Whey
2.2.1.5 Hydrolyzed Feather Meal
2.2.1.6 Meat Meal or Meat Scrap
2.2.1.7 Fish Meal
2.2.1.8 Meat and Bone Meal
2.2.1.9 Shrimp Meal
2.2.1.10 Skimmilk Powder

2.2.2 Plant Protein

2.2.2.1 Alfalfa Leaf Meal
2.2.2.2 Alfalfa Meal
2.2.2.3 Brewer’s Dried Yeast
2.2.2.4 Copra Meal or Coconut Oil Meal
2.2.2.5 Corn Germ Meal
2.2.2.6 Corn Gluten Feed
2.2.2.7 Corn Gluten Meal
2.2.2.8 Cottonseed Oil Meal
2.2.2.9 Distiller’s Yeast
2.2.2.10 Ipil-Ipil Leaf Meal
2.2.2.11 Linseed Oil Meal
2.2.2.12 Paring Meal

128 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 2.2.2.13 Peanut Oil Meal
2.2.2.14 Soybean Oil Meal
2.2.2.15 Sunflower Seed Meal
2.2.2.16 Wheat Germ Meal

2.3 MINERAL SOURCES

2.3.1 Bone Meal

2.3.2 Calcium Carbonate
2.3.3 Defluorinated Rock Phosphate
2.3.4 Dicalcium Phosphate
2.3.5 Limestone, 95% Calcium Carbonate
2.3.6 Monocalcium Phosphate
2.3.7 Oyster Shell Powder
2.3.8 Sodium Chloride (Common Salt)

ARTICLE III - QUALITY STANDARDS OF

COMMERCIAL FEED INGREDIENTS

3.1 ENERGY SOURCES

3.1.1 Barley Feed. The entire byproduct resulting

from the manufacture of pot or pearl from
clean barley, consists of hulls and the outer
coat of the kernels. It shall contain 7% fiber and
3.5% fat.
3.1.2 Brown Rice. The entire product obtained after
the hulls have been removed. It shall contain
2% fat and 1.1% fiber.
3.1.3 Camote Meal. The clean whole camote (Ipomea
batatas) tuber, sliced or chopped into pieces,
dried and ground. The most common varieties
used for feeds and feed ingredients are purple,
red, white and yellow.
3.1.4 Cassava Meal. The clean whole cassava
(Manihot esculenta) tuber, sliced or chopped
into pieces, dried and ground.
3.1.5 Corn Bran. The outer coating of the corn
kernel, with little or none of the starchy part of
the germ. It shall have the following analysis:

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 129

 Crude protein.....................10% min.
Fat........................................5% min.
Fiber....................................8% max.
Moisture..............................13% max.

3.1.6 Corn Grains. Tooth-shaped and covered with a

thin transparent tissue of fibrous cellulose
known as the bran coat. The most common
varieties used for feed and feed ingredients are
yellow and white dent. They shall contain 2.9%
fiber and 2.4% fat.
3.1.7 Corn Grits or Hominy Grits. Hard, flinty
portions of sound corn, with little or none of
the bran or germ. These broken small particles
are separated from the rest by screens of
different gauges. Thus, these grits are of three
sizes – fine (no. 22), intermediate (no. 16) and
coarse (no. 14). They shall have the following
analysis:

Crude protein.....................7.0% min.

Fat.........................................0.5% min.
Fiber....................................2.0% max.
Moisture..............................13.0% max.

3.1.8 Ground Grain Sorghum. The entire product of

grinding grain sorghum. It shall contain 2%
fiber and 3% fat.
3.1.9 Molasses, Blackstrap or Feeding Cane
Molasses. A byproduct in the manufacture of
sugar from sugar cane. The residual molasses
remaining after as much sugar as possible
has been crystallized from the juice, which has
been purified and then condensed by
evaporation. It should have not less than 80º
Brix.
3.1.10 Rice Bran. The pericarp or bran layer of rice,
with only such quantity of hull fragments as is
unvoidable in the regular milling of rice.
130 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION
 3.1.10.1 Cono: D1 - First class or fine rice bran.

Crude protein.....................11.0% min.

Fat........................................12.0% min.
Fiber....................................7.0% max.
Moisture..............................13.0% max.

D2 - Second class or coarse rice bran.

Crude protein.....................4.0% min.

Fat........................................2.0% min.
Fiber....................................30.0% max.
Moisture..............................13.0% max.

3.1.11 Rice Middlings. The byproduct obtained in

the milling of rice which consists of bran
particles and small fragments of rice kernels.
3.1.12 Rice Polishing. A by-product of rice obtained
in the milling operation of brushing the grain
to polish the kernel.
3.1.13 Rough Rice. The entire product obtained in
grinding the whole rice grain including the
hulls.
3.1.14 Sugar. The crystallized product from sugar
cane and a carbohydrate nutrient material in
feeds which supplies energy to animals.
3.1.15 Tallow. The product obtained from the
tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the
commercial processes of rendering or
extracting. It shall contain not less than 90%
total fatty acids.
3.1.16 Vegetable Fat, or Oil. The product of
vegetable origin obtained by extracting the
oil from seeds or fruits which are commonly
processed for edible purposes. It consists
predominantly of glyceride esters of fatty
acids and contains no additions of free fatty
acids or other materials obtained from fats.
It shall contain not less than 90% total fatty
acids, not more than 2% unsaponifiable
matter and not more than 1% insoluble
matter. If the product bears
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 131
 a name descriptive of its kind or origin: i.e.,
“soybean oil,” “cottonseed oil,” it must
correspond thereto. If antioxidants is used,
the common name shall be indicated,
followed by the word “preservative.”
3.1.17 Wheat Bran. The coarse outer covering of the
wheat kernel as separated from cleaned and
scoured wheat in the usual process of
commercial milling. It shall contain 12.2%
fiber and 4.2% fat.
3.1.18 Wheat Middlings. Consist of fine particles of
wheat bran, wheat shorts, wheat germ, wheat
flour and some of the offal from the tail of the
mill. This product must be obtained in the
usual process of commercial milling and shall
contain not more than 9.5% crude fiber.
3.1.19 Wheat Pollard. A portion of the intermediate
products (pollards, middlings, shorts, red
dog, etc.) in the milling of wheat. It is the
product obtained between flour and bran.
Under Philippine conditions of flour milling
pollard may consist of millrun, middlings and
shorts.

3.2 PROTEIN SOURCES

3.2.1.1 Blood Meal. Dried, ground blood prepared by

heating blood until coagulated, removing out
the excess moisture, and drying and grinding
the solid residue.
3.2.1.2 Crab Meal. The undecomposed ground, dried
waste of the crab and contains the shell,
viscera, and part or all of the flesh. It shall
contain not less than 25% crude protein. If it
contains more than 3% salt (sodium
chloride), the amount must constitute a part
of the brand name, provided that in no case
shall the salt content of this product exceed
7%. It must be free from pathogenic
bacteria like Salmonella spp. and
Escherichia coli.
132 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION
3.2.1.3 Dried Buttermilk. The product resulting from
the removal of water from clean, sound
buttermilk derived from natural cream to
which no foreign substances have been
added, except such when necessary and
permitted in the manufacture of butter. It
shall contain not more than 8% moisture, not
more than 13% mineral matter (ash), and not
less than 5% butterfat (Roese-Goettlieb
method).
3.2.1.4 Dried Whey. The product resulting from the
removal of water from clean, sound cheese or
casein whey, either or both. It shall contain
not less than 13% protein and 65% minimum
lactose.
3.2.1.5 Hydrolized Feather Meal. The product
resulting from the treatment under pressure
of clean, undecomposed feathers from
slaughtered poultry, free of additives, and/or
accelerators. It shall contain not less than
70% protein.
3.2.1.6 Meat Meal or Meat Scrap. The finely ground,
dry-rendered residue from animal tissues
exclusive of hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings,
blood meal, manure, and stomach contents,
except in such traces as might occur
unavoidably in good factory practice. It shall
contain not less than 55% protein and 4%
phosphorus.
3.2.1.7 Fish Meal. Clean-dried, ground tissues of
undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings,
either or both, with or without the extraction
of part of the oil. It shall contain not less than
45% protein and not more than 7% salt
(sodium chloride). It must be free from
pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella spp. and
Escherichia coli.
3.2.1.8 Meat and Bone Meal. The finely ground, dry-
rendered residue from animal tissues,
exclusive of hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings,
blood meal, manure, and stomach contents

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 133

 except in such traces as might occur
unavoidably in good factory practice. It shall
contain not less than 50% protein and more
than 4.4% phosphorus.
3.2.1.9 Shrimp Meal. The undecomposed ground
dried waste of shrimp and contains parts
and/ or whole shrimp. It shall contain not
less than 45% protein and not more than 7%
salt. It must be free from pathogenic bacteria
like Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli.
3.2.1.10 Skimmilk Powder. The product resulting
from the removal of water from clean, sound
skimmed milk. It shall contain not less than
33% protein.

3.2.2 PLANT PROTEIN

3.2.2.1 Alfalfa Leaf Meal. The leaves separated from

the alfalfa plant which have been dried and
finely ground. It must be reasonably free of
other crop plants and weeds and shall contain
not less than 20% crude protein and not more
than 18% crude fiber. It must be identified in
the produce name as “dehydrated” or “sun-
cured.”
3.2.2.2 Alfalfa Meal. The product obtained by
grinding alfalfa hay. It shall contain 14%
protein.
3.2.2.3 Brewer’s Dried Yeast. The dried, non-
fermentative, non-extracted yeast of the
botanical classification Saccharomyces
resulting as a byproduct from the brewing of
beer and ale. It shall contain 40% protein.
3.2.2.4 Copra Meal or Coconut Oil Meal. The ground
residue which remains after removal of most
of the oil from dried meat of coconut by a
mechanical extraction process. It shall
contain 20% protein.
3.2.2.5 Corn Germ Meal. Ground corn germ which
consists of corn germ with other parts of the
corn kernel from which part of the oil has

134 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 been removed and is the product obtained in
the dry milling process for the manufacture of
corn meal, corn grits, hominy feed, and other
corn products. It shall contain 20% protein.
3.2.2.6 Corn Gluten Feed. That part of the
commercial shelled corn that remains after
the extraction of the larger portion of the
starch, gluten, and germ by the processes
employed in the wet milling manufacture of
corn starch or syrup. It shall contain 22%
protein.
3.2.2.7 Corn Gluten Meal. The dried residue from
corn after the removal of the larger part of the
starch or germ, and the separation of the bran
by the process employed in the wet milling
manufacture of corn starch or syrup, or by
enzymatic treatment of the endosperm. It
shall contain 42% protein.
3.2.2.8 Cottonseed Oil Meal. A product of the
cottonseed only, composed principally of the
kernel with such portion of hull as is
necessary in the manufacture of oil. It shall
contain 36% protein.
3.2.2.9 Distiller’s Yeast. The dried, non-fermentative
yeast of the botanical classification
Saccharomyces resulting from the
fermentation of grains and yeast, separated
from the mash, either before or after
distillation. It shall contain 40% protein.
3.2.2.10 Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal. The dried, ground or
milled ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
leaves. It shall contain not less than 22%
protein.
3.2.2.11 Linseed Oil Meal. A product obtained by
finely grinding cake, chips, or flakes which
are products obtained by removal of most of
the oil from flaxseed by the hydraulic or
expeller process, and solvent extracted. It
shall contain 34% protein.
3.2.2.12 Paring Meal. Represents the outside covering
of the dehulled coconut (the part of the meat
adjacent to the shell) which is trimmed or
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 135
 “pared” off in the preparation of shredded
coconut for human consumption.
3.2.2.13 Soybean Oil Meal. The product obtained by
grinding the cake, chips, or flakes which are
the products obtained by the removal of most
of the oil from soybeans by several methods:
hydraulic, expeller or solvent extraction.
Expeller and hydraulic extracted soybean oil
meal shall contain 42% protein, while solvent
extracted shall contain 45% protein.
3.2.2.14 Sunflower Seed Meal. Obtained by grinding
the residue remaining after extraction of most
of the oil from whole sunflower seeds by a
mechanical or solvent extraction process.
3.2.2.15 Wheat Germ Meal. Consists chiefly of wheat
germ together with some bran and middlings
or shorts. It shall contain not less than 25%
crude protein and 7% crude fat.

3.3 MINERAL SOURCES

3.3.1 Bone Meal. The dried and ground product

sterilized by cooking undecomposed bone
with steam under pressure. Grease, gelatin
and meat fiber may or may not be removed.
It shall contain 21% calcium and 13.5%
phosphorus.
3.3.2 Calcium Carbonate. A form of calcium which
is found in oyster shells, calcite or limestone.
It shall contain not less than 3% calcium.
3.3.3 Defluorinated Rock Phosphate. Contain 13%
phosphorus and fluorine in amounts usually
between 2% and 4%.
3.3.4 Dicalcium Phosphate. Appears in the market
as two different types of compound.
3.3.4.1 One form is made by dissolving
bone meal or rock phosphate in acid
and reprecipitating the phosphorus
as dicalcium phosphate.
3.3.4.2 The other form is made by adding
calcium compounds to phosphoric

136 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 acid and thus, precipitating the
dicalcium phosphate. It shall
contain from 18% to 21%
phosphorus and
26% to 28% calcium.
3.3.5 Limestone, 95% Calcium Carbonate. A
product obtained from ground or pulverized
limestone. It shall contain 38% calcium.
3.3.6 Monocalcium Phosphate. A pure product
made by theoretically adding amounts of
calcium oxide to phosphoric acid. It shall
contain 20% calcium and 21% phosphorus.
3.3.7 Oyster Shell Powder. A product made from
ground oyster shells. It shall contain not less
than 38% calcium.
3.3.8 Salt. An acceptable source of sodium
chloride. It shall contain not less than 95%
sodium chloride. It must be fairly fine in
texture, noncaking and free-flowing. Loose
salt shall contain not more than a total of
1.5% additives for non-nutritive purposes
which may include free-flowing agents
and/or anticoating agents and/or
humectants. Salt blocks shall contain not
more than 0.5% of a non-nutritive additive
which is used as a binder.

ARTICLE IV - PENALTIES

Section 3 - Any person who shall violate these rules

and regulations shall be dealt with in accordance with the
provisions of Section 10 of R.A. 1556, as amended.

ARTICLE V - REPEALING OF PROVISIONS

Section 4 - All previous Administrative Orders,

Circulars, Rules and Regulations or part thereof relative to
the herein subject matter which are inconsistent with the
provisions hereof are hereby repealed, amended or
modified as the case may be.
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 137
 ARTICLE VI - EFFECTIVITY

Section 5 - This Administrative Order shall take effect

30 days after publication in the Official Gazette or in a
newspaper of general circulation.

(SGD.) SALVADOR H. ESCUDERO III

Director
RECOMMENDED BY:

THE ANIMAL FEED CONTROL

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

BY:

(SGD.) GERONIMO DELA CERNA

Chairman

APPROVED:

(SGD.) ARTURO R. TANCO, JR.

Secretary of Agriculture
ATTESTED
BY:

(SGD.) JAIME ABELLA SISON

Secretary, AFCAC

138 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Nutrient Standards of Commercial Mixed Feeds

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Agriculture
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Diliman, Quezon City

1975-10-13
Animal Industry
General Memorandum Order No. 1
Series of 1975

SUBJECT: Nutrient Standards for Poultry and Livestock

Feeds

Pursuant to the provisions of R.A. 1556, as amended by

Presidential Decree No. 7 dated 20 September 1972, and
upon recommendation of the Animal Feed Control Advisory
Committee, the nutrient standards for poultry feeds, swine
feeds, bovine and bubaline feeds and equine feeds approved
by the Animal Feed Advisory in its Resolution No. 1 dated
29 April 1975, are hereby promulgated for the information
and guidance of all concerned.

(Sgd.) ARTURO R. TANCO, JR.

Secretary

RECOMMENDED BY:

(Sgd.) SALVADOR H. ESCUDERO III

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 139

 Nutrient Standards for Poultry Feeds
140 PR

Crude Crude Crude Moisture

Kinds of Feeds Protein % Fiber % Fat % % Ash % Mineral %
FOR

NLT NMT NLT NMT NMT NMT

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

For Broilers (meat-type chickens)

Broilers Starter Mash/Crumble/Pellet 21 8 4 13 To be If more than 5% the
Broiler Finisher Mash/Crumble/Pellet 18 9 4 13 supplied by maximum percentage
the feed of calcium (Ca) or
For Egg-type Chickens: manufacturer phosphorus (P) shall
Chick Starter Mash/Crumble/Pellet* 19 8 4 13 be indicated
Chicken Grower Mash/Crumble/Pellet 16 10 4 13
Chicken Layer Mash/Crumble/Pellet
No. 1 18 10 4 13
Chicken Layer Mash/Crumble/Pellet 16 10 4 13
No. 2
Pigeon Feeds Pellet 18 10 4 13

For Turkeys:
Turkey Starter Mash/Crumble/Pellet 28 8 4 13
Turkey Grower Mash/Crumble/Pellet
No. 1 20 10 4 13
Turkey Grower Mash/Crumble/Pellet
No. 2 16 10 4 13
Turkey Breeding Mash/Crumble/
Pellet 15 10 4 13
 Crude Crude Crude Moisture
Kinds of Feeds Protein % Fiber % Fat % % Ash % Mineral %
NLT NMT NLT NMT NMT NMT

For Ducks:
Duck Starter Mash/Crumble/Pellet 19 10 4 13
Duck Grower Mash/Crumble/Pellet 16 10 4 13
Duck Layer Breeder Mash/Crumble/
Pellet 16 10 4 13
Duck Finisher Mash/Crumble/Pellet 16 10 4 13

* For both broiler breeders Mash/Crumble/Pellet.

PR FOR
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 141
 Nutrient Standards for Swine Feeds
142 PR

Crude Crude Crude Moisture

Kinds of Feeds Protein % Fiber % Fat % % Ash % Mineral %
FOR

NLT NMT NLT NMT NMT NMT

LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Hog Pre-Starter Mash/Crumble/Pellet 22 5 4 13 To be If more than 5% the

Hog Starter Mash/Crumble/Pellet 18 8 4 13 supplied by maximum percentage
Hog Grower Mash/Crumble/Pellet 16 10 4 13 the feed of calcium (Ca) or
Hog Breeder Mash/Crumble/Pellet 14 12 4 13 manufacturer phosphorus (P) shall
Hog Lactating Mash/Crumble/Pellet 15 10 4 13 be indicated
Hog Fattener Finisher Mash/Crumble/ 13 10 4 13
Pellet

Nutrient Standards for Bovine and Bubabline

Feeds (Cattle-Buffalo-Carabao)

Crude Crude Crude Moisture

Kinds of Feeds Protein % Fiber % Fat % % Ash % Mineral %
NLT NMT NLT NMT NMT NMT

Milk Replacer 20 6 4 13 To be If more than 5% the

Calf Starter Mass/Crumble/Pellet 18 6 4 13 supplied by maximum percentage
Dairy Concentrate Mash/Crumble/Pellet 16 - 4 13 the feed of calcium (Ca) or
Beef Concentrate Mash/Crumble/Pellet 13 - 4 13 manufacturer phosphorus (P) shall
be indicated
 Nutrient Standards for Equine Feeds

Crude Crude Crude Moisture

Kinds of Feeds Protein % Fiber % Fat % % Ash % Mineral %
NLT NMT NLT NMT NMT NMT

Race Horse Feed Mass/Crumble/Pellet 13 - 4 13 To be If more than 5% the

Draft Horse Feed Mass/Crumble/Pellet 13 - 4 13 supplied by maximum percentage
Range Horse Feed Mass/Crumble/Pellet 13 - 4 13 the feed of calcium (Ca) or
manufacturer phosphorus (P) shall
be indicated

Legend: NLT - Not less than

PR

NMT - Not more than

FOR
LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 143
Appendix 2. BAI Form for Registration of Feed
Manufacturers, Dealers,
Importers, Suppliers and
Distributors.
BAI-AFSD Form No. 1

Republic of the Philippines

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
Metro Manila Lates
t 1" x
1"
ID Picture
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION (Owner or
(Owner or Rep.) Rep.)
Under Republic Act No.1556
Otherwise Known as the Livestock and
Poultry Feeds Act, as amended by P.D. No. 7

Date

Name of Applicant:
(Surname) (Given Name) (M.I.) T.I.N.

Nationality: Res. Address:

Nature of Business:
(Feeds/Feedstuff Manufacturer/Importer/Indentor/Supplier/Distributor/Retailer)
Trade Name: Tel. No:

Business Organization:
(Sole Proprietorship/Partnership/Corporation/Others (Specify)
Rated Capacity: tons/8 hr./shift/day
No. of shift/day: P Average Gross Sale/Day

Plant/Store Address: Tel. No.:

No. of W’hse.: No. of Corn W’hse.: No. of Corn Silo:

Capacity: (MT) Corn W’hse.: MT/Silo:

Are you a Member of any Livestock/Poultry/Grains/Prawn Association?

Yes
No If yes, state Name(s) of Association

144 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Brand and Type of Mixed Feeds/Feedstuffs Manufactured/Imported/
Distributed/Sold (Use additional sheet if necessary)
(State country of origin if imported, project volume and frequency of importation):

Applicant/Authorized Representative
(Print Name & Signature)

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me, this ___________ day of

_______________________________. The affiant exhibited to me his/her
Community Tax Certificate No. ______________________ issued at
_________________ on_________________________.

Doc. No.
Page No.
Book No. Notary Public
Series of

RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:
RAFVDAPCO

Region EDNA ZENAIDA V. VILLACORTE, D.V.M.

Chief, Animal Feeds Standard Division

APPROVED:

Director:

(To be filled-up by BAI-AFSD Personnel)

Registration Certificate No. Date

Issued
Official

Remarks:

[ ] New [ ] Additional Product

[ ] Renewal [ ] Additional Feedmill/Store

(see back pls.)

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 145

 INSTRUCTIONS

I. WHERE TO APPLY

Registration forms in triplicate copies can be secured from the BAI’s

Animal Feeds Standard Division (AFSD), Visayas Avenue, Diliman,
Quezon City, from the DA regional offices, or from the provincial
veterinary office; and file the accomplished and notarized copies at the
Office of the Chief, BAI- AFSD for recording, evaluation, processing and
assignment of registration number.

II. DOCUMENTS REQUIRED: TO BE ATTACHED TO THE

APPLICATION FORMS ARE:

A. Manufacturers (Commercial Mixed Feed/Feed

Ingredient Manufacturer):

( ) A Certified/photo copy of permit with the Bureau of Domestic

trade
( ) * Xerox copy of ECC from the Environmental Management
Bureau and Permit to Operate from DENR / LLD for Metro
Manila. For outside
Metro Manila corresponding Permit to Operate from the
Department of Environment and Management Bureau of
the local DENR.
( ) For partnerships only: Copy of Articles of Partnership duly
registered with the Security and Exchange Commission
(SEC).
( ) For corporations only: Copy of Articles of Incorporation and By-
Laws, duly registered with SEC.
( ) For cooperatives only: Copy of Articles of Cooperative and By-
Laws, duly registered with the Bureau of Cooperatives and
list of members and their corresponding animal population.
( ) * Xerox copy of Mayor’s permit for the current year.
( ) Latest picture of feedmill with the owner/authorized
representative; one taken outside and one taken inside.
( ) * Affidavits for Licensed consultants (either a & b and chemist):
a. Licensed Veterinarian with xerox copy of valid PRC ID or
c. Licensed Chemist with xerox copy of valid PRC ID
b. Animal Nutritionist with xerox copy of diploma, and
( ) A copy of the feeding trial conducted on the product to be
registered.
( ) Facsimile or draft of the proposed tag or label of each
feed product for registration.
( ) Brand Name Clearance (BAI Approval)
( ) Analysis Fee – P425.00 per sample for complete
proximate analysis.

146 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 ( ) Xerox copy of registration paper of the laboratory if not
owned by the manufacturer, and copy of Memorandum of
Agreement (MOA)
( ) For Feed Laboratory Accreditation Purposes:
a. Test assay determination and analysis being
conducted by the laboratory;
b. Feed Laboratory facilities and equipment;
c. Feed Laboratory capability; and
d. Feed Laboratory prescribed fees.
( ) Annual Registration Feed - *Per rated capacity:
a. less than 25.0 MT - P 375.00
b. 25.1 to 50.0 MT - 450.00
c. 50.1 to 100 MT - 525.00
d. more than 100 MT - 600.00

NOTE: After approval of the tag or label, satisfactory analysis of

the sample and approval of the plant layout, the
applicant shall pay the corresponding registration fee
to BAI cashier for processing and approval by the
Director of the Animal Industry (Applicable to
Importers and Suppliers also).

B. NON-COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURER

( ) Xerox copy of Permit ( ) * PTO and ECC from

from BDT/SEC the DENR
( ) Xerox copy of Mayor’s ( ) Registration Fee –
Permit for current year P 150.00
( ) * Affidavit of Licensed ( ) * Affidavit of Animal
Consultant/Chemist Population

C. IMPORTER/INDENTOR

1. Importer
( ) a. * Xerox copy of Value Added Tax for current year
( ) b. * Xerox copy of Mayor’s Permit for current year
( ) c. * Xerox copy of License from SEC
( ) d. For corporation – xerox copy of Articles of Incorporations
and By-laws from SEC
( ) e. Samples of not less than 250 grams (1/4 Kilo) of each
kind of product
( ) f. Facsimile or draft of the proposed tag or label for each
feed product for approval
( ) g. Brochures/Catalogue, Tag with chemical analysis
( ) h. Technical Product Description/Assay Procedures/Protocol
for each feed additive, feed supplement, etc.
( ) i. Analysis Fee of P425.00 per sample for complete
proximate analysis
( ) j. * Xerox copy of Pro-forma invoice
( ) k. Government Certificate of Analysis from country of
origin

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 147

 ( ) l. Government Certificate of Free Sale
( ) m. Government Certificate of Exclusivity (for
exclusive distributorship)
( ) n. Government Certificate of Good manufacturing
practice/ Procedure (for Feed Additives, Supplements
country of origin)
( ) o. Permit from FDA Country of Origin
( ) p. Health/Sanitary permit of manufacturer/supplier from
the Country of Origin
( ) q. Authentication of items k-n by the R.P. Consulate from
Country of Origin
( ) r. * Registration Fee (P400.00)
( ) s. Brand name clearance (BAI Approval)

D. SUPPLIER:

( ) * Xerox copy of VAT for current year

( ) * Xerox copy of Mayor’s permit for current year
( ) Samples of not less than 250 grams (1/4 kilo) for each
kind of product ( Initial registration )
( ) Analysis Fee of P425.00 per sample for complete
proximate analysis
( ) * Registration Fee (P200.00)
( ) Labels indicating guaranteed analysis of raw materials
being sold
( ) Brand Name Clearance (BAI Approval)

E. DISTRIBUTOR/RETAILER

( ) * Xerox copy of Mayor’s Permit for current year

( ) * Xerox copy of VAT
( ) * Registration Fee
a. Distributor / Dealer - P 100.00
b. Retailer - 50.00

III. INSPECTION FEE

An inspection fee of fifty centavos (P0.50) per metric ton

shall be levied on all ingredients, mixed feeds and concentrates;
and twenty centavos (P.0.20) per kilogram for premixes,
additives and supplements that are manufactured locally or
imported abroad. Inspection fee shall be paid monthly on the
basis of total feed ingredients manufactured or imported.
Upon request the
manufacturer or importer shall show to the inspector all records
of production or importation for the months in question. Parts
or fraction of a ton shall be considered as it

148 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 IV. DISPLAY OF REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE

Registration Certificate shall be displayed conspicuously in the place

of business (feedmill/store) and readily visible to the public.

V. EXPIRATION

The certificate of registration shall expire on the 31st of December

every year. Renewal of registration without surcharge is on or before
January 21.

*To be submitted annually.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 149

Appendix 3. Directory of BAI-Accredited
Analytical Laboratories.*

Government Laboratories

BAI Central Feed Analysis Laboratory

Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City

DA Regional Feed Laboratories

Region 1 – San Fernando City, La Union
Region 2 – Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Region 3 – San Fernando,
Pampanga Region 5 – Cabangan,
Camalig, Albay Region 6 – Iloilo City
Region 7 – Cebu City
Region 8 – Diit, Tacloban City
Region 9 – Tumaga, Zamboanga City
Region 10 – Cagayan de Oro City
Region 11 – Father Selga, Davao City
Region 12 – Cotabato City

BAI-Accredited Laboratories

Interfeeds Philippines, Inc.

Virgo Drive, H. Lopez Blvd., Navotas, Metro Manila

SGS Philippines, Inc.

5638 Don Tim Bldg., S. Superhighway, Makati City
20th Flr., Citibank Towers, Paseo de Roxas, Makati City

Metro Manila Feedmillers

NorthBay Blvd., Navotas, Manila

* Special laboratories are analytical laboratories not necessarily

for feeds, i.e., pharmaceutical laboratories for vitamin and
mineral analysis, etc.
* As of January 1999.

150 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Vitarich Corp.
Northern Mindanao Operations Laboratory
Tablon, Cagayan de Oro City

Vitarich Corporation Chemical Laboratory

Abangan Sur, Marilao, Bulacan

Univet Agr'l. Products, Inc.

86 Mayflower St., Mandaluyong City

Springfield Bio Lab., Inc.

17B Valer Lane, Interville II, Quezon City

Manila B-Meg Analytical Lab.

658 A. Bonifacio Ave., Balintawak, Quezon City

General Milling Corporation

Quality Control
Pajo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu

San Miguel Food, Inc. – Cebu B-Meg Feed

Laboratory
Mandaue City, Cebu

Big & Small Laboratory

SBC Bldg., 1 New Public Market, San Fernando, Pampanga

Animal Nutrition Analytical Service

Laboratory (ANASL)
Institute of Animal Science, UPLB, College, Laguna

WEASDEC Association, Inc.

San Pablo, Magalang, Pampanga

Rizal Poultry and Livestock Assn., QC Laboratory

Malanday, San Mateo, Rizal

Universal Robina Corp.

Bagong Ilog, Pasig City

LIMCOMA Multi-Purpose Coop.

Sabang, Lipa City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 151

Kasaka Farm Ind. QC Lab.
Balungao, Calumpit, Bulacan

First Farmers Food Corp.

Bgy. Dos Hermanas, Talisay, Negros Occidental

Island Feedmills QC Lab.

Highway Maguikay, Mandaue City

Integrated Aquaculture Specialty, (Intaq)

P. Remedio Street, Banilad, Mandaue City

Sarimanok Feeds Corp., Inc., QC Lab

33 Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Dalisay Farms Corp. Feed Lab.

Ibayo, Dasmarinas, Cavite

Analytical Services Lab.

Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman

Lipa QC Center
5th Floor, Senora Maria Bldg., P. Torres St.,
Cor. C.M. Recto, Lipa City

Formix Inc. QC Lab

Bagbaguin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Tower Feeds QC Lab.

Brgy. Pinagkawita, Lipa City, Batangas

Adamson University Technical Research

& Development Center
1050 Zobel St., Ermita, Manila

Swift Foods Inc. QA Lab.

Pioneer St., Cor. Sheridan, Pasig City

Ocean Feedmill Corp.

KM 17 Calumangan, Bago City

Agro Filipino Feed Lab.

382 Tuktukan, Guiguinto, Bulacan

152 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Chiu-Nuchi Agro-resources Phil., Inc.
3078 F. Bautista Cor., Cuadra St. Bo. Ugong, Valenzuela

Jetbest Multi-Lines Corp. Lab.

Nat’l. Rd., Marauoy, Lipa City, Batangas

ITCPH Feed Lab.

Marauoy, Lipa City, Batangas

Glowdel Lab. & Mfg., Inc.

FBIC, Tikay, Malolos, Bulacan

Agri-Brands Phils., Inc. (formerly Purina Phils.)

Bo. Dampol 1st, Pulilan, Bulacan

ILIPCO Satellite Plant Lab (SMF9 B-MEG)

Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City

Oversea Feeds Corp.

Balud, San Fernando, Cebu City

Cebu Agribusiness, Inc.

Jayme St. Paknaan, Mandaue City

First Fil Bio Lab

Lingunan, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Popular Feedmill Corp., QC Lab.

Bulacao, Talisay, Cebu

Agri-Brands Phils., Inc. (formerly Purina Phils.)

Maharlika H-way, Villasis, Pangasinan

San Miguel Foods Inc. Iloilo B-Meg

Satellite Plant

Phil. Foremost Milling Corp.

Juan Luna St., Binondo, Manila

Agri-Specialist Laboratory
MML DC Bldg., Celery Road, FTI Complex,
Tagig, Metro Manila

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 153

General Milling Corporation Quality Assurance Laboratory
Bo. Ugong, Pasig City

Batangas Feedmillers Lab. And Testing Center

2nd Floor, T & E Bldg., Pres. Laurel H-way,
Balintawak, Lipa City, Batangas

CJ Phils. Analytical Lab.

Bgy. Sampaloc, San Rafael, Bulacan

Purefoods Feedmill Lab.

Bo. Malitlit, Sta. Rosa, Laguna

PAC Feed Testing Center

PAC, Magalang, Pampanga

Sunjin Quality Assurance Lab.

Bo. Partida, Norzaragay, Bulacan

B-MEG Pangasinan Plant Analytical Laboratory

Brgy. Bued, Binalona, Pangasinan

B-MEG Pampanga Satellite Plant Quality

Control Lab (BIOTOP)

DOST-REgional Standards & Testing Center – 10

Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City

Monterey Lipa Quality Control Lab.

San Jose, Lipa City, Batangas

Monterey San Pablo Quality Control Lab.

San Vicente, San Pablo City, Laguna

Vitarich Corporation
Malinao, Iloilo City

154 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 BAI-Accredited Special Laboratories*

International Pharma, Inc.

Juan Luna Ave., Mabolo, Cebu City

Dating Bayan Agro Ind’l. Corp.

Bgy. Tugbongan, Consolacion, Cebu

Lloyd Laboratories, Inc.

Blk. 1 FBIC Tikay, Malolos, Bulacan

Drugmaker’s Laboratories, Inc.

Km 14 South Super Highway, Pque. Metro Manila

Bayer Phils., Inc. Animal Health and Hygiene Plant

Bayer House, Canlubang Industrial Estate, Calamba, Laguna

Laboratories Internationale (Phils.), Inc.

420 Cul de Sac, Bgy. SunValley, Paranaque., Metro Manila

Smithkline Beecham QC Lab.

Victoria Valley Blvd., Cainta, Rizal

Premium Laboratories, Inc.

San Rafael, Rodriguez, Rizal

Ciba-Geigy (Phils.), Inc. QC Lab.

Silangan Industrial Park, Canlubang, Laguna

Interphil Laboratories, Inc.

Canlubang Industrial Estate Bo., Pittland, Cabuyao, Laguna

Henry’s Laboratories, Inc.

66 Howmart Road, Quezon City

Belman Laboratories, Inc.

Sheridan cor Reliance Sts., Mandaluyong City

JSN Laboratories, Inc.

9 M Antonio St., Maysan Road, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

MCA Laboratories, Inc.

6 Tomas Morato Ave., Quezon City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 155

Doctors Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Veterans Center, West Bicutan, Tagig, Metro Manila

Verlo Corporation
252 Katipunan Road, Quezon City

Gruppo Medica, Inc.

Bgy. Real, Calamba, Laguna

La Croesus Pharma, Inc.

Bgy. Calaboso, Biñan, Laguna

Tryco Pharmaceutical, Corp.

117 Mariano Ponce St., Kalookan City

Progressive Laboratories
149 Dangay St., Proj. 7, Quezon City

Intertek Testing Services

2/F ITS Bldg., 2310 Pasong Tamo Ext., Makati City

Nobel Veterinary Lab.

376 P. Luciano St. San Gabriel, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

GSD Laboratories Co.

Guido Ver Compound Phase II Doña, Justa Village, Angono, Rizal

Qualibet Testing Services

149 Dangay St., Project 7, Quezon City

Scheele Laboratories
7 Sebastian St., Dalandanan, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Pascual Laboratories
Km. 31 McArthur H-way, Balagtas, Bulacan

Swiss Pharma Research Lab. Inc.

Bgy. Pittland, Cabuyao, Laguna

Robichem QC Laboratory
Parugan, Bgy. San Jose, Antipolo, Rizal

JCS Chemical Indl., Inc.

Guido Ver Compound, Phase 3 Doña Justa Village, Angono, Rizal

156 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

First Fil BIO J/E Corporation
Bgy. Linguna, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Supervet International, Inc.

331 Liamzon, San Jose, Montalban, Rizal

Lipa Quality Control Center

5th Floor Sra. Maria Bldg., P. Torres St., C.M. Rector, Lipa City

Glowdell Labs. & Mfg., Inc.

First Bulacan, Industrial City, Bgy. Tikay, Malolos, Bulacan

First Analytical Services & Technical (FAST) Coop.

Malaraya Rural Bank Bldg. Maharlika Highway,
Sto. Tomas, Batangas

Citimix-Bio Laboratories
17 Valor Lane, Interville II, Culiat, Quezon City

Pharma Gro, Inc. (Burns Laboratories)

Km 17 Quirino Highway Novaliches, Quezon City

Lafayette Pharmaceutical Labs., Inc.

TLRC Productivity Center, Pandacaqui Resettlement Area,
Mexico, Pampanga

Chempro Analytical Services Labs., Inc.

6th Floor, AF Bldg., 182 Shaw Blvd. Extension, Pasig City

SGS Philippines, Inc.

Don Tim Bldg., 6468 South Super Highway, Makati City

Batangas Feedmillers Laboratory And Testing Center

2nd Floor, T & F Bldg., Pres. Laurel Highway, Balintawak,
Lipa City

Enson Veterinary Products Quality Control Laboratory

31 Silver St., Merryhomes 11-B, Zabarte, Novaliches, Caloocan City

Adamson University Technology Research & Dev’t. Center

Vitarich Corporation Chemical Lab.

Marilao, Bulacan

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 157

Appendix 4. Directory of Associations
Related to Livestock and
Feed Milling.

Directory of Associations Related

to Livestock and Feedmilling

Philippine Association of Feedmillers, Inc. (PAFMI)

Rm. 302 Maligaya Bldg. 111
430 E. Rodriguez St., Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
Tel. No. 722-2912

Small and Medium-Scale Feedmillers Association,

Inc. (SAMEFA)
411 Celery Rd., FTI, Tagig, Metro Manila
Tel. No. 892-3701

Metro Manila Feedmillers Association (MMFA)

1087 Northbay Blvd., Navotas, Metro Manila
Tel. No. 521-5477

Philippine Association of Hog Raisers, Inc. (PAHRI)

422 Enriquetta Bldg., D. Tuazon St., Sta. Mesa Hts., Quezon City
Tel. No. 731-7529

Philippine Poultry Industry Assn. Inc. (PPIA)

75-C So. Ave., Timog, Quezon City
Tel. No. 927-1257

Federation of Cattle Raisers Association of the Phils. (FCRAP)

4350 Dayap Street, Palanan, Makati City

Phil. Veterinary Drug. Association (PVDA)

c/o AFSD-BAI
Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City
Tel. No. 9247951

Association of Phil. Aqua Feedmillers, Inc.

250 Ibuna St., San Juan, Metro Manila
Tel. No. 727-0536

158 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Association of Western Visayas Feedmillers
Bgy. Guihaman, Leganes, Iloilo

Association of BAI Accredited Laboratories

c/o AFSD-BAI
Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City
Tel. No. 5253441

Philippine Cattlemen Foundation, Inc. (PCFI)

127 R. Berroya St., San Pedro, Laguna
Tel. No. 846-0382

Bicol Feedmillers Assn. (BFA)

Cadlan, Pili, Camarines Sur
Tel. No. 75-8292

Association of Drug Industries of the Philippines

117 Mariano Ponce St., Caloocan City
Tel. No. 361-1339

Philippine Veterinary Medical Association (PVMA)

Unit 233, Union Square Cond., 15th Ave., Cubao, Quezon City

United Swine Producers Assn., Inc. (USPA)

3rd Flr. R&G Tirol Bldg., 831 EDSA, Quezon City

Philippine Society of Animal Science (PSAS)

205 EDSA cor Rochester
St., Greehills, Mandaluyong
City Tel. No. 724-8601

Philippine Poultry & Livestock Coop (PPLC)

63 Congressional Ave., Quezon City

Veterinary Practitoners Association of the Philippines

(VPAP)
77 Corregidor St., cor. EDSA Bago Bantay, Q.C.

Philippine College of Canine Practitioners

Makati Dog and Cat Hospital
Algiers cor Gen. Luna St., Poblacion, Makati City

Philippine Association of Broiler Integrators (PABI)

c/o Purefoods Corp.
JMT Bldg., Ortigas Center, Pasig City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 159

Appendix 5. Directory of Feed Ingredient
Manufacturers.*

Animal By-Products

Name Inter-Island Feeds

Address 1 Parada, Maysan, Valenzuela, MM
Product Lines Bone meal

Name La Suerte Merchandizing

Address 84 Mabolo St., Malabon, MM
Product Lines Bone meal

Coconut By-Products

Name Cagayan de Oro Oil Co., Inc.

Address Tablan, Cagayan de Oro City
Product Lines Copra meal

Name Lu Do & Lu Ym Corp.

Address Tupas St., Cebu City
Product Lines Copra meal, Corn gluten meal

Name Yuyek Manufacturing Corp.

Address 306 J.P. Rizal St., Mandaluyong City
Product Lines Copra meal

Feed Supplements/Additives

Name Arctus Enterprises, Inc.

Address 11 Yale St., Cubao, QC
Product Lines KX Zeo Feed
Supplement

Name Bayer Phils., Inc.

Address Equitable Bank Bldg., Ortigas Ave.,
San Juan, MM
Product Lines Vitalac, Vitagro Starter/Prestarter,
Protein Mix

*As of January 1999.

160 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Name Cherson International AA, Inc.
Address 118 Kapiligan St., Dona
Imelda, Araneta Subd., QC
Product Lines Neo-Zap, Cherson Vitaphos, Mycobite

Name Chester Industries, Inc.

Address 1622 F. Huertas At., Sta. Cruz, Manila
Product Lines Diasil 100, KRS Zeolite Feed
Grade, Mycobond

Name Cordline Vet Products, Inc.

Address K-1st St., Kamuning, Quezon City
Product Lines Mycoguard, Houlgard, Zeocord

Name Dating Bayan Agro Industrial Corp.

Address Tugbongan, Consolacion, Cebu
Product Lines Algavit-L, Algavit-P

Name Equalivet, Inc.

Address 35 Old Besa Rd., QC
Product Lines Qualimix, Qualimilk, Qualipro, Mycostik

Name Integral Agri-Vet Enterprises

Address San Rafael, Cararayan, Naga City
Product Lines Pro-biotic

Name Mc Nutrivet Sales Co.

Address Bolina St., Lolomboy, Bocaue, Bulacan
Product Lines Mc Nutriprotein

Name Novatech Agri-Food Industries

Address Mt. Apo St., Novahills Subd.
Baumbong, Caloocan City
Product Lines Fedrozyme

Name Saile Industries

Address Malabobo, Mangatarem, Pangasinan
Product Lines Zeolite

Name Salsa Agriventures, Inc.

Address 9 M. Antonio St., Maysan
Rd., Valenzuela, MM
Product Lines Saba Eco-Check

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 161

Name Union Hikari Fertilizer Industries, Inc.
Address E. Rodriguez Ave., Ugong, Pasig City
Product Lines Fermented Mother Liquid

Fishmeal

Name Century Canning Coportation

Address 32 Bagong Bayan, Taguig, MM
Product Lines Fishmeal 50%

Name Green Sea Manufacturing

Address 206 Mabolo St., Santolan, Malabon
Product Lines Fishmeal

Name High Sea Enterprises

Address Logoy Diutay, Talon-talon, Zamboanga
City Product Lines Fishmeal w/salt, Fishmeal w/o salt

Name Mega Fishing Corporation

Address Dumagsa, Talisayan, Zamboanga City
Product Lines Fishmeal

Name Mar Fishing Company, Inc.

Address Recodo, Zamboanga City
Product Lines Fishmeal

Name Northsea Fishmeal Factory

Address Lot 34, Ph 2 A-5 Kaunlaran, Navotas, MM
Product Lines Fishmeal 45% & 50%

Name Pernex Products & Exporter Corporation

Address Dumagna, Ayala, Zamboanga City
Product Lines Sardine fishmeal. Head & bone
fishmeal,
Tuna fishmeal

Name Philippines Fishmeal Factory

Address L 34, Ph 2 A-5, Kaunlaran, Navotas, MM
Product Lines Fishmeal 45% & 50%

Name Southern Phils., Fishmeal Corp.

Address Calle San Isidro, Ayala, Zamboanga City
Product Lines Fishmeal head & tail, Fishmeal whole fish

162 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Plant Sources

Name Besabella Milling

Address 509 Rizal St., Pagsubungan, Mandaue
City Product Lines Ground Ipil-ipil leaf meal

Name Yu Sin Lai Industries, Inc.

Address National H-way, San Carlos City, Neg. Occ.
Product Lines Ipil-ipil leaf meal

Cereal By-Products

Name Cenapro, Inc.

Address Jagobiao, Mandaue City
Product Lines Corn germ meal, corn gluten meal

Name Grain Handlers Phils. Inc.

Address Sta. Monica St., Pineda, Pasig City
Product Lines Extruded corn , Cracked corn

Name Julu Cornstarch Corp.

Address Daunoy, Torll, Davao City
Product Lines Gluten meal, gluten feed

Name Lamsan Trading

Address Sultan Kudarat,
Maguindanao Product Lines Gluten feed,
Gluten meal

Name Morning Star Milling Corp.

Address 347 Gil Puyat Ave., Makati City
Product Lines Soft Pollar, Hard Pollard

Name Lu Do & LU Ym Corporation

Address Tupas St., Cebu City
Product Lines Corn gluten meal, Corn gluten feed

Name Philippine Trade Center

Address Calsada, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
Product Lines Protein meal, Concentrate meal, Corn
germ

Name Progressive Laboratories

Address 7 Dangay St., Proj. 7, Quezon City
Product Lines Wheat germ
PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 163
Name Reyes Rice Mill
Address Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya
Product Lines Rice bran D1 and D2, Ground rice
hull for ruminants
Mixed bran w/ grains

Corn By-Products

Name Agri-Specialist, Inc.

Address MMLDC Bldg., Celery Rd., FTI
Complex, Tagig, Metro Manila
Product Lines Extruded corn

Name Degrey Feedmill

Address Cadlan, Pili, Camarines Sur
Product Lines Corn

Name Harvest Agro-Development Corp.

Address M.K. Lina St., Lipa City
Product Lines Cracked corn, Corn grits

Name RPM Feedmill

Address 155 Parada, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Product Lines Corn grits, cracked corn

Name Rombe’ Eximtrade Phils. Inc.

Address Dampol St., Pulilan, Bulacan
Product Lines Yellow extruded corn, Full fat soya

Name Royal Feeds & Mercantile Corp.

Address Maysilo, Malabon, MM
Product Lines Corn grits #8, Extruded corn, copra cake,
Full fat soya
Name SKP Feeds Milling Co., Inc.
Address 1359 Mayhaligue St., Tondo,
Manila Product Lines Cracked corn, Corn grits, A & B,
Corn grits #8

Name Skem Corporation

Address Dita, Legaspi City, Albay
Product Lines Corn grits

Name Standard Cereal Center Corp.

Address 39 Mc Arthur H-way, Malabon,
MM Product Lines Corn grits #22 & #8, Corn bran

164 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Name Standard Cereal Center Corp.
Address T. Santiago St., Vicente Reales, Malanday,
Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Product Lines Corn grits #22 & #8, Corn bran

Name Supra Feeds Enterprise

Address Paulog, Ligao, Albay
Product Lines Corn grits, Cracked corn

Minerals

Name Atlas Fertilizer Corp.

Address Sangi Beach, Toledo City
Product Lines Dicaphos 18, Calphos 18, Tricaphos 18 & 13,
Min. Lick

Name Cherson International AA Inc.

Address San Miguel, Calasiao, Pangasinan
Product Lines Cherson Vitaphos

Name Combel Farm Nutrients

Address Del Rosario, Pamplona, Camarines
Sur Product Lines Molasses mineral block

Name East Asia Vet Products, Inc.

Address Taurus St., Bancom Subd., San Mateo, Rizal
Product Lines Philtox Forte

Name Hayco Marketing

Address Mabolo, Cebu City
Product Lines Hycaphos

Name Nurich Vitameal Corp.

Address San Miguel, Calasiao, Pangasinan
Product Lines Dicalcium phosphate, Tricalcium phosphate

Name Kasaka Farm Industries

Address Balungao, Kalumpit,
Bulacan Product Lines Oyster shell, Limestone

Name Pheschem Industrial Corporation

Address Polompon, Leyte
Product Lines Dicalcium phosphate, Mono-dicalcium
phosphate

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 165

Name Tiger Construction and Development Corp.
Address Concepcion Grande, Naga City
Product Lines Tiger Tricaphos, Tiger Oyster shell

166 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Appendix 6. Directory of Noncommercial
Feed Manufacturers.*

Region I Ilocos Region

Golden Piggery Farm

Bacag, Villasis, Pangasinan

Region II Cagayan Valley

None

Region III Central Luzon

A & G Farm
Bgy. Masagan, Pandi, Bulacan

AH Farms, Inc.
Manggahan, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Alpha Farm Corp.

610 Makinabang, Baliuag, Bulacan

Amigo Agro-Industrial Corp.

Tumana, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Asia Giant Farm

Km 63 Bulalo, Norzagaray, Bulacan

Antonio’s Agronomics, Inc.

Baras-Baras, Tarlac, Tarlac

Basic Agricultural and Livestock Farm

Linawan, Bulac, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Basic Poultry Farm

Pulong Cacutud, Angeles City

Broadway Livestock Agr’l. Corp.

400 Mag-asawang Sapa, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

*As of February 15, 1999.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 167

 Buenavista Farm
Buenavista, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Charles Farm
Cutcut, Guiguinto, Bulacan

Concepcion Farm, Inc.

San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac

Console Farm Corp.

Batuhan, San Miguel, Bulacan

Countryside Multi-Purpose Coop., Inc.

903 Sta. Lucia, Angat, Bulacan

Daily Harvest Agri-Development Corp.

Gaya-gaya, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

Diamond Farm
Mabini, Moncada, Tarlac

Eduard Farms
Manibang, Pavilaya, Bulacan

EJB Farms
Masagana, Pandi, Bulacan

Everest Farms, Inc.

Bulak, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Excel Farm, Corp.

Pala-pala, San Idelfonso, Bulacan

Family Agricultural Development Corporation

Muzon, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

Federal Agricultural Corporation

San Miguel, Bulacan

Felicity Farms, Inc.

Matang Tubig, Baliuag, Bulacan

Feresca Farms
Sapang, Tarlac, Tarlac

168 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Fil-Am Foods, Inc.
Capaz, Tarlac

First Great Fortune Farm

Cupang, Pandi, Bulacan

Gaya Lim Farm, Inc.

San Juan de Mesa, Tarlac, Tarlac

Golden Hog Farms, Inc.

Duquit, Mabalacat, Pampanga

Golden Mountain Farm, Inc.

Dolores, Tarlac, Tarlac

Goldfarm Livestock, Corp.

Sinait, Tarlac, Tarlac

Goldstar Enterprise,s Co.

Sta. Rosa, Marilao, Bulacan

Good Era Farms, Inc.

Tumana, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Grace Farm Company, Inc.

Tumana, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Great Hog Farm

Cutcut, Angeles City

Greenfield Hog Farm, Inc.

Sta. Cruz, Porac, Pampanga

Greenfield Piggery and Agricultural Supply

Siling Matanda, Pandi, Bulacan

GY Farm Development, Inc.

Manggahan, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Heritage Agri-Venture, Inc.

Labue, San Miguel, Bulacan

High Grade Piggery Farm

Bunsuran, Pandi, Bulacan

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 169

 Hill Side Farm
Romulo Highway, Sta. Ines East, Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac

Hilltop Multi-Purpose Coop.

Pasong Callo, San Rafael, Bulacan

Hi-Quality Agricultural Development, Inc.

Tabing Bakod, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Integrated Mobilizer, Inc.

Gaya-gaya, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

J.D. Farm
Pulong Maragul, Angeles City

JLB Enterprises
Manggahan, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

JRE Farm
Mawaqui, Mabalacat, Pampanga

Joliza Farms, Inc.

Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Kennon Farm, Inc.

Paradise, Cutcut, Angeles City

Kissinger Farm
Spang Putik, San Idelfonso, Bulacan

Loyola Agri-Development Corp.

Bunsuran, Pandi, Bulacan

Mabiga Farms, Inc.

14-20 Kenneth St., Angeles City

Marilao Agro-Industrial Corp.

Prenza I, Marilao, Bulacan

Marson Hog Farm, Inc.

Sta. Cruz, Porac, Pampanga

Marulas Farm Corporation

Sto. Niño, Pandi, Bulacan

170 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Math Breeder Farm, Inc.
Burol 1st, Balagtas, Bulacan

Minalin United Poultry Raisers Coop., Inc. (MUPRA)

San Vicente-Sto. Tomas, Pampanga

Monte Vista Piggery Venture, Inc.

Monte Vista Farm, Bo. Cucutud, Angeles City

MRL and COMPANY

Bo. Cacutud, Angeles City

NC Farms, INC.
Pulong Cacutud, Angeles City

NDR Farms, Inc.

Pulong Cacutud, Angeles City

New CMC Farm

Bgy. Masagana, Pandi, Bulacan

Panda Farm and Agricultural Corporation

Cupang, Pandi, Bulacan

Petunia Farms, Inc.

San Jose, Patag, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Poultry Ventures, Inc.

Bgy. Taclasan, San Rafael, Bulacan

PTL Farm Corporation

Baka-Bakahan, Pandi, Bulacan

Porac Farm Products

Cutcut, Angeles City

Purefoods Corporation
Luisita Industrial Park, San Miguel, Tarlac

Purity Farm
Bgy. Alvindia, Tarlac, Tarlac

Reliance Agricultural and Development Corp.

Prenza II, Marilao, Bulacan

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 171

 Reliance Agricultural and Development Corp.
Paradise Rd., Sn Jose del Monte, Bulacan

Ren’s Farm
Sapa Libutad, Angeles City

Rinosa Farm
Salvan, Abucay, Bataan

R.S. Agri-Development Corp.

Malinao, San Fernando, Pampanga

San Francisco Farm Corp.

San Francisco, Magalang, Pampanga

San Jose Farm

Tungkong Mangga, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

Silverfield Livestock Corp.

Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan

Silver Spring Farm

Kaylawig, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Solid Agricultural Development Corp.

Bulac, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Springside Farms, Inc.

Pulong Cacutud, Angeles City

Sta. Cruz Hog Farm

Sta. Cruz, Porac, Pampanga

Superior Agro Development Corp.

Prenza, Marilao, Bulacan

Sta. Luisita Farm

Ungot, Tarlac, Tarlac

Superior Hog Farms, Inc.

Sn. Juan de Mata, Tarlac, Tarlac

Suidae Livestock Dev. Corp.

Guyong, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

172 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Taiping Prawn Hachery Farm Import & Export
Brgy. Sto. Niño, San Felipe, Zambales City

Tarlac Agr’l. System Kontraktors, Inc.

Mapalacsia, San Miguel, Tarlac

Tarlac Everlasting Farm

San Isidro, Tarlac, Tarlac

Tony’s Farm
Bgy. Carangian, Tarlac, Tarlac

Topline Breeder Farm, Inc.

Fatima Village, Sta. Cruz, Porac, Pampanga

Tyson Agro Ventures Corp.

Bo. Guyong, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Unifive Farm, Inc.

Tibag, Tarlac, Tarlac

Union Farm
Pandan, Ampul Bamban, Tarlac

Uni-Rich Agro-Industrial Corp.

Balingcanaway, Tarlac, Tarlac

United Piggery Farm Co.

Bo. Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan

V.A. Lorenzo Poultry Farms

Alva, San Isidro, Nueva Ecija

Windmill Agro Development Corp.

Burol 2nd, Balagtas, Bulacan

Wonder Agricultural Supply

Parada, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Yellow Grain Poultry & Livestock Raisers Asso.

Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga

YKK Poultry Farm

Bgy. Mabini, Moncada, Tarlac

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 173

Region IV A National Capital Region

Achievers Farm, Inc.

Bignay, Valenzuela, MM

Choice Farms, Inc.

Bagbaguin, Valenzuela, MM

Foremost Farms, Inc.

Santolan, Pasig, MM

Good Year Farm

50 Gov. Santiago St., Malinta, Valenzuela, MM

Maligaya Farms, Inc.

Camarin Maligaya Rd., Novaliches, Quezon City

R&D Livestock, Inc.

614 Quirino Hi-way, Bagbaguin, Novaliches, Quezon City

Selarce Farms, Inc.

Novaprima St., Pook Selecta, San Augustin,
Novaliches, Quezon City

Superior Stock Farm

52 Maysan, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Virginia Farms, Inc.

379 Mc Arthur Hi-way, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Welkin Farm
87 Parada, Valenzuela, MM

Region IV Southern Tagalog

ACME Farms
Teresa, Rizal

Ber Jun (J&B) Farm

Lodlod, Lipa City

Caina Farm
Manila East R., Baras, Rizal

174 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Dalisay Farms, Inc.
Calabuso, Binan, Laguna

Dema Farms, Inc.

May-iba, Teresa, Rizal

Domino Farms, Inc.

Calabuso, Binan, Laguna

Elbee Farm Products, Inc.

San Isidro, Antipolo City

FC Farm
Gulang-gulang, Lipa City

Fortuna Ari-Development
Mangas, Alfonso, Cavite

Godex Farms, Inc.

Tanay, Rizal

Global Farm
Sitio Tingting, Baras, Rizal

Golden Acres Farms, Inc.

Bulacnin, Lipa City

Green Sea Manufacturing Corp.

Maugat West, Padre Garcia, Batangas

Hi-Quality Farm Products, Inc.

Sitio Kaytanghal, Daranak Rd., Tanay, Rizal

Holiday Hills Stock & Breeding Farm

Narra Rd., San Pedro, Laguna

International Farm Corp.

San Isidro, Cabuyao, Laguna

Jhon & Jhon Farms, Inc.

Sitio San Roque, Pantol, Darangan, Binangonan, Rizal

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 175

 Kawilihan Farms
Sitio Halang na Gubat, Sampaloc Rd.
Tanay, Rizal

King’s Farm, Inc.

Magsaysay Rd., Bo. San
Antonio San Pedro, Laguna

Leslie Farms, Inc.

Narra, Rd., Holiday Hills
San Pedro Laguna

Lipa Integrated Producers Corp.

Sona, Sabang, Lipa City

L. Natividad Poultry Farms

Sitio Patiis, Malanday
San Mateo, Rizal

Lipofea Multi-Purpose Coop.

Bgy. San Francisco, Gen. Trias, Cavite

LTJ Farms
Mayoiba, Teresa, Rizal

Luz Farm
Pinagsibaan, Rosario, Batangas

Matimyas Agri-Ventures, Inc.

Punta, Calamba, Laguna

Montalban Livestock Producers, Inc.

San Jose, Montalban, Rizal

Monterey Farms Corporation

Majada, Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna

Pig Improvement Company Inc.

Palasan, Sta. Cruz, Laguna

Purefoods Corporation
Malitlit, Sta. Rosa, Laguna

176 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 RCL Enterprises
Bgy. Maasim Sur, Candelaria, Quezon

Reliance Agricultural and Development, Corp.

San Jose, Antipolo, Rizal

Remman Enterprises, Inc.

Bugtong, Lipa City

Reva Farms
Macatad, Siniloan, Laguna

R. Jorgensons Swine Multiplier Corp.

San Rafael, Rodriguez, Rizal

R. Jorgentics Swine Improvement Corp.

San Rafael, Rodriguez, Rizal

Rose Industries
Lalig, Tiaong, Quezon

SEJ Agricultural Development Corp.

Tipakan, Lipa City

Sunflower Agro-Industrial Corp.

Banay-banay, Lipa City

United Rizal Agricultural Resources Corp.

Tomas Claudio St., Paglabas, Morong, Rizal

Region V Bicol Region

None

Region VI Western Visayas

Cals Poultry Farm

Patag, Lawa-an, Roxas City

Cornell Swine Farm

Hacienda Cornell, Cadiz City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 177

 Danphil Corporation
Dinginan, Roxas City

First Farmers Food Corp.

Dos Hermanas, Talisay, Negros Occidental

Gelma Development Corp.

Hacienda Concepcion, Crossing Valderama, Luna, Cadiz City

Hanna’s Swine Yard

E.B. Magalona, Negros Occidental

Jaltas Agricor
Hacienda Pacita, Macao, Bago City

Lad Swine Farm

Abu-abo, Murcia, Negros Occidental

M.A. Integrated Farm

Victorias, Negros Occidental

Mod Farm
Alianza, Bago City

Queen’s Agro-Industrial Farms, Inc.

Sitio Bulad, Abuanan, Bago City

Ramrod Swine Farm

Sitio Solum, Bacolod City

TL Agricultural Development Corp.

Alanginana, Bacolod City

Tripple R Farms
Silay City

Vicmico Swine Farms

Vicmico Cpd., Victoria, Negros Occidental

Vitarich Corporation
Maliso, Pavia, Iloilo

V-4 Poultry Farm, Inc.

Sagwa Banwa, Villadolid, Negros Occidental

178 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Region VII Central Visayas

Asturias Farms
Asturias, Cebu

Becky-Bretta Farms, Inc.

Cruzan, Bulacao, Talisay, Cebu

Cebu Hybrid Farms, Inc.

Langtrad, Naga, Cebu

Despi Poultry Farm

Bantayan, Cebu
EEJ Farms, Inc.
Tunghaan, Minglanilla, Cebu

Greenhills Farms, Inc.

Tugbasa, Consolacion, Cebu

GT Farms Development, Inc.

Tingkil, Minglanilaa, Cebu

Jun-Jun’s Poultry Farm

Bantique, Bantayan, Cebu

Leslie Golden Farm

Don Mariano Cui St., Cebu City

Maribojoc Fishpond, Inc.

Lincod, Maribojoc, Bohol

Multi-Farms Agro-Industrial Dev. Corp.

Sangat, San Fernando, Cebu

Norma Farms, Inc.

20 First St., Happy Valley Subd., Cebu City

Porkville Farm
Tugbungan, Consolacion, Cebu

Producers Farm Product Traders

S.E. Jayme St., Paknaan, Mandaue city

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 179

 Robina Farms Cebu
Tipolo, Mandaue City

Suns Paul Vines Farms

Inayagan, Naga, Cebu

Valldolid Integrated Farms Corp.

Valldolid, Carsar, Cebu

Virginia Farms, Inc.

Compostela, Cebu

Region VIII Eastern Visayas

None

Region IX Western Mindanao

Asian Livestock Corp.

J. Pacana, Puntod, Cagayan de Oro City

PRC Farm
Banbanon, Opol, Misamis Oriental

Region X Northern Mindanao

FJC Farm, Inc.

Maasim, Nicdao, Banungon, Bukidnon

MAC Feedmill
San Jose, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

Mega Integrated Agro Livestock Farm Corp.

Sil-ipon, Libona, Bukidnon

Purefoods Corp.
Kalaungay, Malaybalay, Bukidnon

Opal Chona’s Farm

Patag, Opal, Misamis Oriental

180 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Talacag Piggery Corp.
Sto. Niño, Talakag, Bukidnon

Region XI Southern Mindanao

Agri-Davao, Inc. (Balmar Farm)

Binugao, Toril, Davao City

Cam & Co. Inc.

Marapangi, Toril, Davao City

Cecilia Stock Farms, Inc.

23 Banawan, Davao City

Cris-Bel Piggery Farm

Magsaysay St., Digos, Davao del Sur

Dealco Farms, Inc.

Glawang Polomoloc, South Cotabato

Iluminada Farms, Inc.

Bago Gallera I, Tramo, Davao City

Jewn Agro-Industrial Corp.

22 Bod-bud, Banawan, Davao City

J.K. Mercado & Sons Agri Enterprises, Inc.

(Pag-asa Farms)
New Katipunan, Sto. Tomas, Davao City

Juliana Farms, Inc.

Toril, Davao City

Nenita’s Farm
Marapangi, Toril, Davao City

Surico, Inc. (Davao Susana Farms)

2 Matina, Davao City

Tecolu Farms, Inc.

Dacudao, Calinan, Davao City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 181

 UKK Farms, Inc.
24 Bunawan, Davao City

Raf-Mac Agri Business

Lupa, Davao Oriental

Region XII Central Mindanao

None

182 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Appendix 7. Directory Of Commercial
Mixed Feed Manufacturers.*

Region I Ilocos Region

ABC Feedmill
Carmen West, Rosales, Pangasinan

Agoo Farmers Supply

Sta Barbara, Agoo, La Union

Agri-Brands Phils., Inc.

(formerly Purina Philippines, Inc.)
Bacag, Villasis, Pangasinan

Bolong Agri-Management Corp. (BAMCOR)

Taboc, San Juan, La Union

Central Pangasinan Agricultural Development Corp.

(CADECO)
Talospatang, Malasiqui, Pangasinan

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Pig

Extension & Research Farm
Univ. Pig Ext.& Res.farm, Baroro, Bacnotan, La Union

Goldon Agritech, Inc.

Carmen, Rosales, Pangasinan

Nurich Vitameal Corporation

Bgy. San Miguel, Calasiao, Pangasinan

Pangasinan Livestock Multi-purpose Cooperative, Inc.

Mabilao, San Fabian, Pangasinan

Pangasinan Purefeeds Feedmill, Inc.

Bugayong, Binalonan, Pangasinan

San Miguel Foods, Incorporated

Bgy. Bued, Binalonan, Pangasinan

*As of January 1, 1999.

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 183

 Sta. Cruz Multi-Purpose Coop. Feedmill
Sidaoen, Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur

Swift Foods, Inc.

Carmen, Rosales, Pangasinan

Universal Feedmix Center (Formerly Prime Milling Ent.)

Agoo, La Union

Region II Cagayan Valley

Blue Circle Farms Corporation

Soyung, Echague, Cagayan Valley

Cagayan Valley Development Coop. Inc.

Nappaccu Pequeno, Reina Mercedes, Isabela

Camada Enterprises (Swift Foods, Inc.)

Bagay, Tuguegarao, Cagayan

Camada Enterprises (Vitarich Corp.)

Castillo, Echague, Isabela

E. R. Feedmill
La Torre South, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Feedcor Cagayan Valley, Inc.

Mabini, Santiago, Isabela

Jackpot Feeds Plant

No. 348 Natinal Hi-way, Cauayan, Isabela

Solano Agro-Industrial Development Corp.

12 Bonifacio St., Osmena, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

Three Brothers Feeds (Formerly HJJFeeds)

Banggot, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

Tumawini Coop. Federation

Brgy Arcon, Tumawini, Isabela

184 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Valley Agro-industrial Corporation
Capirpiriwan, Cordon, Isabela

Region III Central Luzon

A & L Fish Pond and Hatchery

Bo. Sampaloc, Apalit, Pampanga

A.A. Poultry and Agricultural Supply

Dela Paz Norte, San Fernando, Pampanga

Agrifarms Business Venture Corp.

Apo St., San Fernando Comm’l Complex, Del Pilar,
San Fernando, Pampanga

Agriline Products
Sta. Maria, Moncada, Tarlac

Agro-Filipino, Inc. (Toll Manufacturer for B-Meg)

382 Mcarthur Hi-way, Tuktukan, Guiguinto, Bulacan

Agro-Master, Inc.
Bagbaguin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Agro-Trade Integrated Ventures Corp.

Bagbaguin, Sta Maria, Bulacan

A-Mix Feeds
M. H. Del Pilar St., Tarlac, Tarlac

Antonio’s Agronomics, Inc.

ASC Trading
797 National Road, Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Aston Feeds
San Marcos, Calumpit, Bulacan

B.E. Agri Trading

5040 Kalayaan St., Bagong Bayan, Angeles City

B. G. Enterprise
San Jose, Baliuag, Bulacan

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 185

 Biena Feeds
San Francisco, Bulacan, Bulacan

Biotop Philippines Agri., Inc. (Toll Manufacturing

of B-Meg)
Mc Arthur Hi-way, Baliti, San Fernando, Pampanga,
Angeles City

Central Luzon State University

CLSU, Munoz, Nueva Ecija

CJ Philippines Incorporated
Bgy. Sampaloc, San Rafael, Bulacan

Concepcion & Pacheco Agri Corporation

Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan

Consolidated Nutri-Specialist Corp.

Camias, San Miguel, Bulacan

Copernicus Agro-Ventures, Incorporated

San Francisco St., Pob., Pulilan, Bulacan

Crawn Corporation
328 Brgy. Sto. Niño, Baliuag, Bulacan

Emmeri Feeds Manufacturing

Sta. Cruz, Magalang, Pampanga

Everlife General Marketing

5040 Kalayaan St., Bagumbayan, Angeles City

F.A. Ortiz Saver Feeds, Incorporated

Tabang, Plaridel, Bulacan

Feedtech Philippines, Inc.

Magsaysay District, Cabanatuan City

Fil-Am Foods, Inc.

Capaz, Tarlac

First Biotech Feedmilling

Gonzales St., San Juan, Apalit, Pampanga

186 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Formix Incorporated
Bagbaguin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Glowdell Laboratories & Manufacturing, Inc.

First Bulacan Industrial City, Tikay, Malolos, Bulacan

Golden Goose Agro Foods (Formerly GNG Farms

Corporation)
Sitio Tubigan, Bo. Gaya-gaya, San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Gold Label Feedmill

Dela Paz Norte Rd., Sindalan, San Fernando, Bulacan

Greater Bulacan Agro-Producers Cooperative

Incorporated
San Francisco St., Poblacion, Pulilan, Bulacan

Gruppo Agro, Incorporated

San Antonio , Mexico, Pampanga

H. M. Uson Feed Supply

Pio Cruzcosa, Calumpit, Bulacan

Hoc Po Feeds Corporation

Sta. Cruz, Guiguinto, Bulacan

H. Thomsom Feeds, Inc.

Bagbaguin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Hybrid Feedmill Corporation

Barrio Control, Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga

Interworld Farms, Inc.

Malamig, Bustos, Bulacan

I.O. Basic Corporation

Bo. Pulang Cacutod, Angeles City

J & C Farmhouse
McArthur Hi-way, Lolomboy, Bocaue, Bulacan

Jhosel’s Agro-Marketing
Sta. Barbara, Baliuag, Bulacan

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 187

 Karm Industries
Barangay Mangga, Baliti, San Fernando, Pampanga

KCS Poultry Supply

Cor. Jesus St., Diversion Rd, Pulongbulo, Angeles City

Kilusang Bayan sa Producer ng Luzon

San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

Macjabar Agri-Link Corp.

Baras-baras, Tarlac, Tarlac

Masagana Feeds, Inc.

Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Math-Agro Corporation
Burol 1st, Balagtas, Bulacan

Maxima Feeds
Lagundi, Plaridel, Bulacan

Maxpro Feeds Conditioner Concentrates Mfg.

Sta. Rosa, Marilao, Bulacan

Mayon Poultry Supply

Pio Cruzcosa, San Marcos, Calumpit, Bulacan

Minalin Poultry & Livestock Cooperative

Sta. Rita, Minalin, Pampanga

Minalin United Poultry Raisers Coop., Inc.

San Vicente, Sto. Tomas, Pampanga

Multivite Feeds
580 Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Nutrimix Feeds Corporation(formerly Del Monte Farms)

Dulong Bayan, San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Philippine Best Agri-Product

5040 Kalayaan St., Bagong Bayan, Angeles City

Pilpride Enterprises (Formerly Nutritek Agro, Inc.)

Luis Reyes St., Concepcion, Baliuag, Bulacan

188 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Philippine Techno Feeds, Inc.
Sto. Cristo, Pulilan, Bulacan

Poultry Ingredients & Livestock Trading Corporation

(PILTRACOR)
Bagbaguin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Precious Feeds Manufacturing

287 Binang 1st, Bocaue, Bulacan

Provident Feeds
Banga 2nd, Plaridel, Bulacan

Pulilan Agri-Development, Inc.

Dampol St., Pulilan, Bulacan

Purefoods Corporation
Luisita Industrial Park, San Miguel, Tarlac, Tarlac

Agri Brands Inc. (Purina Philippines, Inc.)

Dampol 1st, Pulilan, Bulacan

Queen Feedmilling Corporation

Sto. Domingo, Capaz, Tarlac

R.A.D. Feeds & Agri-Trading

Dau, Mabalacat, Pampanga

Reyna Feeds
Tiaong, Guiguinto, Bulacan

Rick’s Poultry Supply

79 Pob. Villarica, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

R-l Feeds And Poultry Supply (Formerly

R’ale General Merchandise)
Mababang Parang, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

RPM Feedmill
155 Parada, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

San Agustin Multi-Purpose Coop., Inc.

Dampulan, Jaen, Nueva Ecija

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 189

 San Ildefonso Agro Corporation
Matimbubong, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

San Marcos Feed Mills

Bgy. Longos, Calumpit, Bulacan

Sta. Maria Feedmill

Dulong Bayan, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Sta. Monica Livestock Raisers Assoc. Inc.

San Matias, Sto. Tomas, Pampanga

St. Mary’s Trading

Bagbaguin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Sarimanok Feeds Company, Inc.

No. 33 Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Springside Farms, Inc.

Bo. Cacutud, Angeles, Pampanga

Sunjin Phil. Corporation

Bgy. Partida, Pob. Norzagaray, Bulacan

Swift Foods, Incorporated

San Miguel, Bulacan

Tri-Star Feedmill
San Jose Patag, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Tryco-Pharma Corporation
San Roque, San Rafael, Bulacan

Unipower Feeds And Trading

San Fernando, Pampanga

Vima Feeds of Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.

Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga

Vitarich Corporation
Abangan, Marilao, Bulacan

Vita Royale Feedmill Corp.

Burol II, Balagtas, Bulacan

190 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 WEASDEC Association, Inc.
San Pablo, Magalang, Pampanga

Yellow Grain Poultry & Livestock

Panipuan, San Fernando, Pampanga

YKK Feed Mill

Bgy. Mabini, Moncada, Tarlac

Region IV Southern Tagalog

A & G Feeds
Silangang Mayao, Lucena City

Agoncillo-Lemery Marketing & Feedmills Corporation

(ALMARCO)
Bangin, Agoncillo, Batangas

Agri-Dynamics and Livestock Development Corp.

T. Claudio St., Morong, Rizal

Agro-Cycle Feedmills, Inc.

Mabayabas, Taysan, Batangas

Agro-Industrial Cooperative of Mataas na Kahoy, Inc.

Bgy. III, Mataas Na Kahoy, Batangas

Algro Pacific Marketing

Pob. San Pascual, Batangas

Angeles Feeds (Viking & Hercules)

Lamot 2, Calauan, Laguna

Arcya Feeds Corporation

1669 Bgy. Dila, Sta. Rosa, Laguna

Armor Milling Corporation

Antipolo Del Sur, Lipa City

Banahaw Feedmill Corporation

Silangang Mayao, Lucena City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 191

 Banner Development Corporation
Sabang, Lipa City

Batangas Sugar Planters Cooperative Marketing

Association
Larotan, Balayan, Batangas

Blue Diamond Feedmills, Inc.

Carandang St., Rosario, Batangas

Bughaw Agri-Services, Inc.

Sabang, Lipa City

Busilac Feedmills, Inc.

Taysan, San Jose, Batangas

Caffmaco
San Vicente, Silang, Cavite

Cargill Philippines
Padre Garcia, Batangas

Catanauan Credit & Development Corp.

Mabayabas, Taysan, Batangas

Cattleya Agro Development Corporation

Bgy. Sampaguita, Lipa City

Cavite Feeds Milling Corp. (CAFCOR)

Aguinaldo Hi-way, Biga, Silang, Cavite

Chino Hills Corporation

Mahabang Kahoy, Cerca, Indang, Cavite

CSL Agro-Industrial Corporation

Bagong Pook, Lipa City

Dalisay Farm Corporation

Ibayo, Dasmarinas, Cavite

Dardith Poultry & Livestock Products

Talaba, Atimonan, Quezon

192 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Dragon Year Integrated Agribusiness Corporation
San Agustin, Alaminos, Laguna

DS Agri-Mix Corporation
Malupok, Lucena City

Double Rich Poultry Supply

819 Molina St., Caridad, Cavite City

Everyday Brand Manufacturing Corp.

Tangob, Padre Garcia, Batangas

First Golden Mix Agro-Ventures, Inc.

Banaba South, Batangas City

Franc Feedmill
Del Pilar St., Calapan, Oriental Mindoro

Gintong Lawin Multi-Purpose Coop.

Labangan, San Jose, Occ. Mindoro

G.J. Silang Feeds, Incorporated

36 P. Montoya St., San Vicente, Silang, Cavite

Global Agribusiness Developer, Inc.

Halang, Calamba, Laguna

Golden Bell Agro Enterprises

Pinagkawitan, Lipa City

Golden Grains Concentrate

Binan Public Market, Binan, Laguna

Goldstar Feeds, Incorporated

Bgy. San Carlos, Rosario, Batangas

Greenlegs Poultry Supply

Maharlika Village, Lucena City

Gro-Power Agro-Industrial Corp.

Bgy. San Jose, Lipa City

Growbest Agro-Industrial Corp.

Calansayan, San Jose, Batangas

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 193

 Growil Feeds
Bgy. Sapaan, Atimonan, Quezon

Harrizon Farm Products Corporation

Bgy. San Francisco, Calihan, San Pablo City

Harvest Agro-Development Corp.

Mike Lina St., Lipa City

Highland Feedmill Corporation

Bgy. Kayumanggi, Lipa City

J & V La Suerte Integrated

Quezon Avenue, Bgy. Cotta, Lucena City

Jet Best Multi-Lines Corporation

National Road, Marauouy, Lipa City

King’s Ranch
Sitio Tugtugin, Bgy. Batasan, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

King Super Feeds Corporation

Bgy. San Nicolas, San Pablo, Laguna

Labarzon Mega Ventures, Inc.

Maharlika Hi-way, Talisay, Tiaong, Quezon

Laguna Hog Raisers Multi-Purpose Coop.

Da Demonstration Farm, Callos, Sta. Cruz, Laguna

Laqueba Agribusiness & Feedmill Corp.

Malabanban Norte, Candelaria, Quezon

Liberty Flour Mills, Incorporated

Antipolo, Daranan Road, Angono, Rizal

Lipa Agricultural Development Corp.

Sabang, Lipa City

Limcoma Multi-Purpose Cooperative

Sabang, Lipa City

Living Star Agro-Industrial Development Corp.

Bgy. As-is, Bauan, Batangas

194 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Lucban Hog Raisers Multi-Purpose Coop.
Bo. Tiawe, Lucban, Quezon City

Lucky 4-A Corporation (Formerly CDR Agro-Industrial

Enterprises)
10 De Julio St., Lipa City

Lucky Star Feedmills

P. Burgos St., Pob., Ibaan, Batangas

Mago Agro Industry

Matala, Ibaan, Batangas

Maharlika Agri-Industrial Resources Corporation

Banay-banay, Lipa City

Malabanban North Industrial Livelihood Agri-Business

Bgy. Malabanban, Candelaria, Quezon

Manzano Energy Feeds

10 P. Valdeavilla Alley, Lucena City

Mataas na Kahoy Agri-Industrial Corp.

Bgy. Upa, Mataas Na Kahoy, Batangas

Medica Animale, Incorporated

Bo. Real, Calamba, Laguna

Mindoro’s First Feeds & Dev’t. Corp.

Malinao, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro

New Golden Mix Feed Corporation

Banay-banay 1st, San Jose, Batangas

New Island Feeds & Livestock Dev’t. Corp.

San Aquilino, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Padre Garcia Development Coop., Inc.

Pansol, Padre Garcia, Batangas

P & H Farmers
14 Sambat, Tanauan, Batangas

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 195

 Permanent Magic Feeds
Bagumbayan, Tanauan, Batangas

Primera Agro Development Corporation

Bgy. San Carlos, Lipa City

Purefoods Corporation
Bgy. Malitlit, Sta Rosa, Laguna

Quezon Morning Sun Company, Inc.

888 Bustamante St., Candelaria, Quezon

Rizal Poultry & Livestock Assoc. Inc.

Gen. Luna St., Malanday, San Mateo, Rizal

Sampaguita Feedmill Corporation

Bgy. Sampaguita, San Antonio, Quezon

San Mateo Brasbag Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Inc.

Patna Road, Malanday, San Mateo, Rizal

Siniloan Feeds Corporation

A. Serrano St., Buhay, Siniloan, Laguna

Sin Heng Chan (Phils.), Incorporated

PTCC, Carmona, Cavite

Soro-Soro Ibaba Development Corp., Inc.

Soro-soro Kalsada, Batangas City

Sunflower Agro-Industrial Corporation

Banay-banay, Lipa City

Taysan Feedmills, Incorporated

Mabayabas, Taysan, Batangas

Teotico King’s Ranch, Inc.

Sitio Tugtugin, Bgy. Batasan, Occidental Mindoro

Tower Feeds Corporation

Pinagkawitan, Lipa City

U-Need Feed Mills Corporation

Poblacion, Padre Garcia, Batangas

196 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Vision 2000 Feedmills Corporation
Bagong Pook, Rosario, Batangas

Vitagro Agro-Industrial & Feeds Corp.

Lodlod, Lipa City

V.M. Mojares and Associates Agri-Dev’t.

Bgy. Kayumanggi, Lipa City

Wincom Feedmill Corporation

Banay-banay 1st, San Jose, Batangas

Region IV-A National Capital Region

Agri-Specialist, Incorporated
Celery Road, FTI Complex, Tagig, Metro Manila

Amalgamated Technologies, Inc.

Latex City Cpd., Real St., Pamplona, Las Pinas, MM

Aquaprime (Phils) International, Inc.

Susano Rd Cor Camarin, Kalookan City

ASVET, Incorporated
#9 M. Antonio St., Maysan Road, Valenzuela,MM

Bantrade Pellet Feeds Manufacturing Corp.

#20 Dona Juana De Rodriguez Ave, Potrero,
Malabon, Metro Manila

Bayna Commercial
La Mesa St., Ugong, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Biofeeds Corporation
Stall 332 Fti Complex, Tagig, Metro Manila

Chiu Nichi Agro-Resource, Phils., Inc.

3078 F. Bautista Cor. Cuadra Sts., Ugong, Valenzuela,
Metro Manila

Equalivet, Incorporated
35 Old Baesa Road, Quezon City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 197

 Far East Agricultural Supply, Inc.
Aca Compound, Malanday, Valenzuela, MM

Farmrich Agricultural Center

536 Edsa, Kalookan City

Feedmix Specialist Milling, Inc.

272 M.h. Del Pilar St., Maysilo, Malabon, Metro Manila

Feedrite Product, Incorporated

35 Marvex Drive, Balintawak, Quezon City

First El Presidente Mfg., Incorporated

50 R. Magsaysay Avenue, San Bartolome District,
Novaliches, Quezon City

Foremost Farms, Incorporated

Santolan, Pasig, Metro Manila

General Milling Corporation

Rodriguez Avenue, Bo. Ugong, Pasig, MM

Golden Sun and Feed Grains Enterprises

#8 Mabuhay St., Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Goldmaster Feeds Milling (Formerly Pacific

Poultry Supply)
10 Gregorio St., Canumay, Valenzuela, MM

Goldwin Commercial
388 San Diego St., Santolan, Malabon, Metro Manila

Good Season Poultry Supply

91 Santos St., Santolan, Malabon, Metro Manila

Grains Handlers Philippines, Inc.

Sta. Monica St., Bo. Pineda, Pasig City

Hi-Grade Feeds Corporation

#31 Reparo St., Baesa, Kalookan City

Integrated Poultry Supply

27 E. Fairview Ave., Bgy. Fairview, Quezon City

198 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Jobengco Trading
509 M. De Los Santos St., Binondo, Manila

Kohliz Exotic Fauna

#3 Aldan Ave, Bgy. Manuyo, Las Pinas, MM

Masagana Meal Supply

677 Tandang Sora Avenue, Bo. Banlat, Quezon City

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Corp.

Cayetano St., Karuhatan, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Philippine Feeds Milling Company, Inc.

Tindolo St., Fortune 5 Village, Valenzuela, MM

Philippine Super Feed Corporation

1087 North Bay Blvd., Navotas, Metro Manila

Premium Feeds Manufacturing Corp.

308 Mabolo St., Santola, Malabon, Metro Manila

Progressive Poultry Supply

1013 Edsa, Quezon City

Purefeeds Corporation
988 9th Avenue Cor D. Aquino St., Grace Park, Caloocan City

Q.A. Commodities
Aurora Blvd., Maysilo, Malabon, Metro Manila

Royal Feeds & Mercantile Corporation

Aurora Subd., Maysilo, Malabon, Metro Manila

Sagana Commercial
126 7th Ave., Grace Park, Kalookan City

S & T Food Products, Incorporated

262 M. H. Del Pilar St., Maysilo, Malabon, MM

Santeh Feeds Corporation

Barrio Lawang Bato, Valenzuela, Metro Manila

Selecta Feeds, Incorporated

Nova Prima St., Pook Selecta, Novaliches, Quezon City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 199

 SKP Feeds Milling Company, Inc.
Sitio Bisalao, Mapulang Lupa, Valenzuela, MM

Super Vita Feeds Manufacturing

Cervantes St., Km 17, West Services Road, South Super Hi-
way, Paranaque, MM

Swifts Foods, Incorporated

Pioneer St., Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila

Thick and Thin Agri-Products, Inc.

6007 A. Mariano St., Mapulang Lupa, Valenzuela, MM

Triumph Trade Center

No. 19 Malasimbo St., Masambong, Quezon City

United Poultry Supply

165 Ma. Clara St., Grace Park, Caloocan City

Union Agri-Corporation
3 Esquivel St., SFDM, Quezon City

Universal Robina Corporation

Bagong Ilog, Pasig City, Metro Manila

Vigo Feeds Milling Corporation

32 Ma. Clara St., Malabon, Metro Manila

Virginia, Incorporated
379 McArthur Hi-Way, Malinta, Valenzuela, MM

Wellington Flour Mill

Shaw Blvd., Pasig City, Metro Manila

Region V Bicol Region

Allan Marketing
Del Rosario, Naga City

ARW Feeds Corporation (Formerly Arrow Poultry Supply)

San Vicente, Canaman, Camarines Sur

200 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Bec-n-Rich Feedmill
Dita, Legaspi City

Bicol Express Agricultural Development Corp.

Parili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Degrey Feedmill
Cadlan, Pili, Camarines Sur

Fertiland Agri-Ventures, Inc.

Baras, Canaman, Camarines Sur

Ibalon Feedmill Corporation

San Agustin, Iriga, Camarines Sur

Irosin Agriventure Feedmill

Blias, Monbon, Irosin, Sorsogon

Lorete Feedmill Corporation

920 Roxas Avenue, Quimantong, Daraga, Albay

Multi “M” Industries

Madulao, Malinta, Masbate

Ricel Feeds Mill

San Miguel, Iriga City

R. Palanca Feedmill
Bgy. Batang, Ligao, Albay

San Miguel Foods, Incorporated Satellite Plant (Zepeda)

San Francisco St., Tigaon, Camarines Sur

San Lorenzo Feed Mills

Del Rosario, Naga City

Sto. Domingo Peoples Cooperative, Inc.

Diversion Rd., Sta. Misericordia, Sto. Domingo, Albay

Supra Feeds Corporation

Tobgon, Nasisi, Ligao, Albay

Swift Foods, Inc.

Del Rosario, Naga City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 201

 W-Bel Feeds
San Rafael, Caroyroya, Naga City

W. B. Golden Feedmill
San Rafael, Caroyroyan, Naga City

Region VI Western Visayas

Cal’s Feeds Corporation

Patag, Lawalan, Roxas City

First Farmers Food Corporation

Dos Hermanos, Talisay, Negros Occidental

Iloilo MCR Agri-Venture Corporation

25 J. De Leon St., Iloilo City

New Panay Agri-Venture Dev’t., Inc.

Cabugao Sur, Pavia, Iloilo

Pavia Feedmilling Corporation

Maliao, Pavia, Iloilo

Philippine Foremost Milling Corporation

Jalandoni St., Lapuz, Iloilo City

Swift Foods, Incorporated

Muelle Loney St., Iloilo City

The Sunshine Feedmill, Incorporated

Bgy. Guihaman, Laganes, Iloilo

Vitarich Corporation (Iloilo)

Maliao, Pavia, Iloilo

Western Visayas Feedmill, Incorporated

Bgy. Nabitasan, La Paz, Iloilo City

Region VII Central Visayas

Alpha Feed Mills, Incorporated

412 Basak, Mandaue City

202 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Bantayan B-Meg Feed Plant
Balidbid, Sta. Fe, Cebu

Best Feeds
Cor. Cpg Ace & Dau Road, Tagbilaran City

Cebu Agribusiness, Incorporated

S. E. Jayme St., Paknaan, Mandaue City

Cebu Superior Feedmill

Tayud, Consolacion, Cebu

Chanlim General Merchandising

Tugas, Madredejos, Cebu

Galaxy Agrivet Supply (Formerly Peters Agrivet Supply)

A. Del Rosario St., Mandaue City

General Milling Corporation

Lapu-Lapu City

Hayco Marketing
Mabolo, Cebu City

Integrated Aquaculture Specialist, Inc.

P. Remedio St., Banilad, Mandaue City

Island Feed Mills, Inc.

Hi-way Maguikay, Mandaue City

Nutriquest International, Inc.

Tayud, Liloan, Cebu

Omni Agri-Ventures, Incorporated

Calle Burgos, Dao District, Tagbilaran City

Oversea Feeds Corporation

Balud, San Fernando, Cebu

Popular Feedmill Corporation (Formerly Cebu Popular

Agrivet Supply)
80 B. Arenas St., Cebu City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 203

 Producers Farm Products Tradings
S. E. Jayme St., Paknaan, Mandaue City

San Miguel Foods, Inc.

Looc, Mandaue City

Swift Foods, Incorporated (RFM Corp.)-Cebu

Looc, Mandaue City

Tennessee Feedmill, Incorporated

Tungkil, Minglanilla, Cebu

Universal Feedmill Corporation

Highway Basak, Mandaue City

Universal Robina Corporation (Robina Farms-Cebu)

Tipolo, Mandaue, City

Upland Stock Feeds, Incorporated

Tabok, Mandaue City

Region VIII Eastern Visayas

Bontoc Multi-Purpose Cooperative

Pob. Bontoc, Southern Leyte

ViSCA Pilot Feedmill

DASVM Auxillary Bldg., Baybay, Leyte

Region IX Western Mindanao

Farmer’s Soya Feedmill

Don Toribio St., Sta. Cruz, Tetuan, Zamboanga City

Jhoan Agri-vet Supplies

Camachille, Zamboanga City

Silvina Farm Products

257 Logoy Grande, Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City

Swift Foods, Incorporated

Sta. Catalina , Zamboanga

204 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

 Waltac Breeder Farm
Baliwasan, Zamboanga City

Region X Northern Mindanao

Integrated Livestock & Poultry Raisers’ Cooperative,

Inc.
Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City

Mindanao Feeds Corporation

Hagkol, Valencia, Bukidnon

Swift Foods, Incorporated

Julio Pacan St., Cagayan de Oro City

Vitarich Corporation
Umalag, Tablon, Cagayan de Oro City

Region XI Southern Mindanao

Anboco Enterprises
Cagampang St., General Santos City

Biocrest Feedmill
Apopong, General Santos City

Butuan Livestock & Poultry Services

Bgy. 12, Cabadbaran, Agusan del Sur

Cal’s Enterprises
Km 23, Bunawan, Davao City

Davao Dragon Fortune Corporation

Aurora Ext., Digos, Davao del Sur

Davao Green Field Enterprises

Villa Abrille St., Davao City

G. Y. Enterprises
156 R. Magsaysay Avenue, Davao City

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 205

 Iluminada Farms, Incorporated
Bago Gallera, Talomo, Davao City

Integrated Feed Mills Corporation

Km 12, Cataluna, Requeno, Davao City

Julu Enterprises, Incorporated

Dumoy, Toril, Davao City

Monte Maria Poultry Farms, Inc.

Cataluna Grande, Davao City

P. G. Ang and Sons, Incorporated

National Highway, General Santos City

Swift Foods, Incorporated

Tumblar, General Santos City

Swift Foods, Incorporated

Matina, Davao City

Universal Robina Corporation

Km 10, Sasa, Davao City

Vitarich Corporation
Km 15, Panacan, Davao City

Region XI Central Mindanao

GSM Stock Farm

Green Valley, Pob. 8, Midsayap, Cotabato

PILMICO Foods Corporation

Kiwalan, Iligan City

Southern Christian College Feed Milling Program

Corum, Bo 8, Midsayap, Cotabato

Tacurong Poultry & Swine Raisers Marketing Cooperative

San Pablo, Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat

206 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION

Region XII Caraga

Butuan Livestock And Poultry Raisers

Bgy. 12, Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte

Placer Municipal Government

Bad-as, Placer, Surigao del Norte

PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION 207

 Appendix 8. The 1987 Livestock Feed
Formulation Committee.

CHAIRMAN

Dr. Perla L. Lopez

Professor
Institute of Animal Science (IAS)
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)
College, Laguna

MEMBERS

Dr. Liborio S. Cabanilla Dr. Virginia C.

Silverio Assistant Professor Private Practitioner,
College of Economics and Animal Nutrition
Management Alabang, Muntinlupa,
MM UPLB, College, Laguna
Dr. Jaime A. Sison
Dr. Patricio S. Faylon Chief
Director Animal Feed Control
Division Livestock Research Division Bureau of Animal
Industry
(LRD) Department of
Agriculture PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna Diliman,
Quezon City

Dr. Edwin S. Luis Dr. Regalado G. Zamora

Assistant Professor IAS, UPLB, College, Laguna
IAS, UPLB, College, Laguna
Ms. Josefina Payawal-
Susbilla Dr. Alberto Y. Robles Senior Science Research
Specialist Associate Professor LRD, PCARRD, Los Baños,
Laguna Dairy Training and Research
Institute Ms. Cecilia M. Lantican
UPLB, College, Laguna Volume Editor
Science Research Specialist
Dr. Cesar C. Sevilla Applied Communication Division
Assistant Professor PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna
IAS, UPLB, College, Laguna
208 PR FOR LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION