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Sunny Prajapati

The document discusses different types of index profiles in optical fibers including step index and graded index profiles. It describes the refractive index distribution in step index fibers and how it results in an abrupt change at the core-cladding interface. Graded index fibers are also explained, where the refractive index decreases gradually from the center. Different types of step index and graded index fibers are defined.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views31 pages

Sunny Prajapati

The document discusses different types of index profiles in optical fibers including step index and graded index profiles. It describes the refractive index distribution in step index fibers and how it results in an abrupt change at the core-cladding interface. Graded index fibers are also explained, where the refractive index decreases gradually from the center. Different types of step index and graded index fibers are defined.

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Sunny Prajapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Samarth collage

of
engineering and technology
Sunny K. Prajapati
Enrol. No :- 170880106002
Teacher name:-sonal mam
Subject name :- physics
Topic :- index profile
index profile
 Definition:-
“A refractive index profile is the distribution of refractive indices
of material within an optical fibre. Some optical fibre has a step
index profile , in which the core has one uniformly distributed index
and the cladding has a lower uniformly distributed index. ”
 In optical fibre , the whole materials of the cladding has a uniforms
refractive index value.
 But, the refractive index of the core materials may either remain
constant or subjected to variation in a particular way .
 The curve which represent the variation of refractive index
(along the vertical axis) with respect to the radial distance
(along the horizontal) from the axis of the fibre is called the
refractive index profile.
 Types of index profile:-

(1). Step -index fibre


(2). Graded-index fibre
(1).Step –index fibre

 DEFINITION:-

“ A multimode or siglemode optical fibre with a uniform


refractive index thought the core . The step is the shift
between the core and the cladding , which has a lower
refractive index . ”

 FORMULA:- Δ= (n1 – n2)/n1


Figure:-
 A Step index fibre has a central core with a uniform refractive
index
 The core is surrounded by an outside cladding with a uniform
refractive index less than that of the central core.
 Figure shown the index profile for a step- index fibre

 From The Figure It Is Seen That , There Is An Abrupt Change In


The Refractive Index At The Core/Cladding Interface And Hence
The Refractive Index Profile Takes The Shape Of A Step.
 Hence ,The Name Step Index Fibre.
TYPES OF STEP INDEX FIBRE

A. Guided Rays
B . Guided Waves
C. Single-Mode Fibre
A. Guided Rays:-

 “An optical ray is guided by total internal reflection within the


fibre core if its angle of incidence on the core –cladding
boundary is grater than the critical angle.”
B. Guided Waves

 In the section we examine the propagation of


monochromatic light in step index fibre using
electromagnetic theory . We aim at determining the electric
and magnetic field of guided waves that satisfy Maxwell’s
equations and the boundary conditioned imposed by the
cylindrical dielectric core and cladding.
C. Single Mode Fibre

 As discussed earlier, a fibre with core radius a and numerical


aperture NA operates as a single mode fibre in the
fundamental LP mode . Single mode operation is therefore
achieved by using a small core diameter and a small
numerical aperture or by operating at a sufficiently long
wavelength .
(2). Graded Index Fibre
 DEFINITION:-
“ In fibre optic an graded index is an optical fibre whose core
has a refractive index that decreases with increasing radial
distance from the from optical axis of the fibre of the most
common refractive index profile for a graded index fibre is very
nearly parabolic.”

 in a graded index fibre the refractive index of the core is non-


uniform, it is highest(maximum) at the center and decreases
gradually with distance toward the outer edge , figure
Figure:-
 Index grading is an iningenious method for reducing the
pulse spreading caused by the differences in the group
velocities of the modes of a multimode fibre.
 The core of a graded index fiber has a varying refractive
index .
 Highest in the center and decreasing gradually to its lowest
value at the cladding .
 The phase velocity of light is therefore minimum at the
center and increases gradually with the radial distance.
Types of graded index fibre

A. Guided Waves
A. Guided waves
 In this section we used instead an approximate approach
based on picturing the field distribution as a quasi plane
wave traveling within the core ,approximately along the
optical ray
 A quasi plane wave is a wave that is locally identical to a
plane wave but change its direction and amplitude slowly as
its travels.
 This approach permits us to maintain the simplicity of rays
optic but retain the phase associated with the wave so that
we can use the self consistency.
 Fibre configuration

 Essentially ,there are three types of optical fibre configuration .


(1) single mode step index fibre.
(2) multimode step index fibre
(3) multimode graded index fibre
(1).Single mode step-index fiber
 DIFINITION :- “In opticle fibre technology single mode fibre is opticle fibre
that is designed for the transmission of a single ray or mode of light as a
carrier and and is used for long distance single transmission for short
distance multimode multimode fibre is used single mode fibre has a
much smaller core than multimode fibre.”

 a single mode step index fibre has a central core material of a uniform
refractive index value.
 the diameter of the core is sufficiently small to that ,there is essentially
only one path that high may take as it propagates down the cable.
 similarly, the cladding also has a material of uniform refractive index of a
lesser value.
 the diameter of the cladding is shown in the figure.
 Figure:-
 The Simplest From Of Single Mode Step Index Fibre Has Glass Core
And Air Cladding .
 Even though It Is Relatively Easy To Couple Light From A Source Into
The Cable ,This Type Of Fibre Is Very Weak And Of Limited Practical Use
 A More Practice Type Of Single Mode Step Index Fibre Is One . That Has
A Cladding Other Than Air.
 This Type Of A Cable Is Physically Stronger Than Air Clad Fibre And
The Critical Angle Is Also Much Higher.
 This Results In A Small Acceptance Angle And A Narrow Source To
Fiber Aperture Figure Making It Much More Difficult To Couple Light
Into The Fibre From A Light Source .
 With A Both Types Of A Single Mode Step Index Fibre Light Is
Propagates Down The Fibre Through Reflection.
 With A Both Types Of A Single Mode Step Index Fibre Light Is
Propagates Down The Fibre Through Reflection.
 Light Ray That Enter The Fibre Propagates Straight Down The
Core Or Perhaps Are Reflacted Once.
 Consequently All Light Rays Follow Approximately The Same
Path Down The Cable And Take Approximately The Same
Amount Of Time To Travel The Length Of The Cable.
(2).Multimode step index fibre

 IN comparison to the single mode fibre , multimode fibre has


a relatively large core of diameter 50-100µm and a high
numerical aperture .
 the diameter of the cladding usually lie between 100-250µm .
 These fibre support many wavelength modes .
 As there are many paths for the light to propagate all light
rays do not follow the same path and consequently do not
take the same amount of time to travel the length of the fibre.
 For example the lowest order mode is seen tavelling along
the axis of the fibre and the middle order mode is reflacted
twice at the interface .
 The highest order mode mode is reflacted many times and
makes many tripe across the fibre .
 As a result of these variable path length the ligth entering the
take a variable length of time reach the detecter
 This result in a pluse broadening or dispersion characterist
as shown in figure .
 This effect is termed is termed pulse dispersion and limits
the maximum distance rate at which data can be practically
transmitted.
 Figure:-
 From the figure it is also seen that the output the output
pulse has reduced amplitude as well as incresed wiidth.
 The greater the fibre length , the worse this effect will be as
a result step index multimode fibre are rarely used in
telecommunication.
(3).Multimode Graded index fibre.

 In an effort to reduce the pulse dispersion multimode


graded index fibre was developed .
 A multimode graded index fibre is characterized by a central
core that has a refractive index which is not uniform.
 It is maximum at the centre and (minimum) decreases
gradually toward the outer edge as the outer edge as shown
in figure.
 Figure:-
 This result in lower order modes travelling through the
constant density material in the center figure .
 High- order modes see lower index of refraction material
furter from the core axis and thus the velocites of
propagation increses away from the center .
 Therefore all modes even though they takes various path
and fibre can there for handle higher bandwithand provides
longer length of transmission before pulse dispersion effect
destroy the transmitted pulse.
 Light is propagate down this fibre through refraction .
 As a light ray propagates diagonally across the core towards
the center it is continually intersecting a more dense
interface .
 Consequently the ligth rays are constantly being refracted
resulting in a continuous bending of ligth rays.
 Thus, the path of travel therefore appeared sinusoidal .
Thanks

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