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Ideal Vs Real Otto

This document compares the ideal Otto cycle to the real Otto cycle used in internal combustion engines. It defines the four strokes of the Otto cycle: intake, compression, combustion/expansion, and exhaust. It then shows diagrams of the ideal vs real Otto cycles, noting that the ideal cycle makes simplifying assumptions like instantaneous combustion and no heat transfer or friction. The main differences are that the real cycle has losses from heat transfer, incomplete combustion, pumping work, blowdown, blow-by, and friction. As a result, the work produced in the real cycle is significantly less than the ideal cycle.

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a7med Souliman
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447 views5 pages

Ideal Vs Real Otto

This document compares the ideal Otto cycle to the real Otto cycle used in internal combustion engines. It defines the four strokes of the Otto cycle: intake, compression, combustion/expansion, and exhaust. It then shows diagrams of the ideal vs real Otto cycles, noting that the ideal cycle makes simplifying assumptions like instantaneous combustion and no heat transfer or friction. The main differences are that the real cycle has losses from heat transfer, incomplete combustion, pumping work, blowdown, blow-by, and friction. As a result, the work produced in the real cycle is significantly less than the ideal cycle.

Uploaded by

a7med Souliman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Higher technological institute 10th of Ramadan city

Mechanical department

Ideal VS Real Otto

ME 246
G.2

Submitted by: Ahmed Soliman Mostafa


20150083

Submitted to: Eng. Ashraf Hussain


Ideal VS Real Otto

Definition of otto cycle

The Otto Cycle is named after Nikolaus Otto (1832–1891, German) who is
credited as the first creator of a petroleum fuel based internal combustion
engine operating under a four-stroke cycle. Otto’s engine work during the
eve of the industrial revolution was a critical development leading to the
dawn of the automotive industry in the late 19th century.

The Otto Cycle involves four engine strokes. A stroke is defined as a


process in which the cylinder’s piston moves up to the top of the engine or
down to the bottom of the engine. The cycle begins with the intake stroke in
which fresh reactants (fuel and air) are drawn into the engine’s cylinder by
a downward-expanding piston motion. The second stroke is compression in
which the piston moves from the bottom to top of the engine thereby
reducing the volume of the fuel and air, Compressing the reactants before
burning them allows for greater work and power to be extracted from the
following combustion process. When the piston is near the top of its stroke
combustion begins and expansion of the burned gases continues into the
expansion stroke. The last of the four strokes is the exhaust stroke in which
the burned products of combustion are pushed out of the engine in order to
make space for the next cycle’s intake stroke.
The Otto Cycle is frequently associated with an ideal cycle analysis of
automotive spark ignition gasoline internal combustion. This ideal cycle
assumes that the combustion process occurs instantaneously at constant
volume.

To a first order this Otto Cycle analysis can provide insights into how
engine efficiency is affected by changing operating and design parameters.
Engines operating under the Otto Cycle are the principal power-plants used
in automobiles worldwide at the present time, although in some regions of
the world the Diesel Cycle is a very close second in automotive
applications, engines operate under the Otto cycle are relatively
inexpensive to manufacture and provide reasonable power to weight ratios
with good efficiencies. In recent years engine design improvements
coupled with exhaust after-treatment have resulted in vehicles that produce
very low levels of pollutants.

Comparison of Actual and Ideal Otto Cycles

Fig(1) Ideal otto cycle Fig(2) Real otto cycle


In the fig(1) above it is shown an ideal Otto cycle in which there are a lot
of assumptions differs from actual Otto cycle.

The main differences between the actual and ideal Otto engine appear in
the figures above. In reality, the ideal cycle does not occur and there are
many losses associated with each process.

For an actual cycle, the shape of the PV diagram is similar to the ideal, but
the area (work) enclosed by the PV diagram is always less than the ideal
value.

The ideal Otto cycle is based on the following assumptions:

Closed cycle

The largest difference between the two diagrams is the simplification of the
intake and exhaust strokes in the ideal cycle. In the exhaust stroke, heat
Q is ejected to the environment, in a real engine, the gas leaves the
out

engine and is replaced by a new mixture of air and fuel.

Instantaneous heat addition (isochoric heat addition).

In real engines the heat addition is not instantaneous, therefore the peak
pressure is not at TDC, but just after TDC.

No heat transfer (adiabatic)

Compression – The gas (fuel-air mixture) is compressed adiabatically from


state 1 to state 2. In real engines, there are always some inefficiencies that
reduce the thermal efficiency.

Expansion. The gas (fuel-air mixture) expands adiabatically from state 3 to


state 4.
Complete combustion of fuel-air mixture.

No pumping work

Pumping work is the difference between the work done during exhaust
stroke and the work done during intake stroke. In real cycles, there is a
pressure difference between exhaust and inlet pressures.

No blowdown loss

Blowdown loss is caused by the early opening of exhaust valves. This


results in a loss of work output during expansion stroke.

No blow-by loss

The blow-by loss is caused by the leakage of compressed gases through


piston rings and other crevices.

No frictional losses.

These simplifying assumptions and losses lead to the fact that the enclosed
area (work) of the PV diagram for an actual engine is significantly smaller
than the size of the area (work) enclosed by the PV diagram of the ideal
cycle. In other words, the ideal engine cycle will overestimate the net work
and, if the engines run at the same speed, greater power produced by the
actual engine by around 20%.

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