Module 2

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
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B. LEARNING OUTCOME

Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of the key concepts of quadratic functions.

Content Standard
The learner is able to investigate thoroughly mathematical relationships in various
situations, formulate real-life problems involving quadratic functions and solve them
using a variety of strategies.

Learning Competencies

After using this module, the learner is expected to:

10. Model real-life situations using quadratic functions.

11. Represent a quadratic function using: (a) table of values; (b) graph; (c) equation.
12. Transform the quadratic function defied by 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 into the form 𝑦 =
𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.
13. Graph a quadratic function: (a) domain; (b) range; (c) intercepts; (d) axis of
symmetry; (e) vertex; (f) direction of the opening of the parabola.
14. Analyze the effects of changing the values of a, h, and k in the equation 𝑦 =
𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 of a quadratic function on its graph.
15. Determine the equation of a quadratic function given: (a) a table of values; (b)
graph; (c) zeros.
16. Solve problems involving quadratic functions.

Essential Understanding
Students will understand that quadratic functions are useful tools in solving real-life
problems and in making decisions given certain constraints.

Essential Question
How do quadratic functions facilitate in finding solutions to real-life problems and in
making decisions?

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 LESSON 1 Quadratic Functions
LET’S EXPLORE YOUR UNDERSTANDING!
Start this module by recalling ways of representing a function. The knowledge and
skills in doing this activity will help you a lot in understanding the quadratic function.
In going over this lesson, you will be able to identify a quadratic function and
represent it in different ways.

Activity 1: Identify Me!

Write YES if the given mathematical expression is a quadratic function and NO if it is not a
quadratic function.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION YES OR NO

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 10

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1

4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1

5. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 2

6. ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)

7. 𝑦 = 9 − 2𝑥 2

8. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)

10. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

Follow up questions:
1. How do you describe quadratic functions?

2. How are quadratic functions different from quadratic equations?

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 LET’S FIRM UP YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

How did you find the preceding activity? Are you ready to learn about quadratic
functions? How do you think are quadratic functions used in solving real-life problems
and in making decisions? You will find these out in the next activities in the next
section. Before doing these activities, read and understand first some important notes
on quadratic functions and examples presented.

ILLUSTRATING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

A polynomial function of the second degree (highest exponent is 2) is called a quadratic
function. These functions can be described in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.

The Standard Form of a Quadratic Function

A quadratic function can be recognized by its equation. The equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

is referred to as the standard form of the quadratic function.

Examples:
Identify which of the following are quadratic functions.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 c. ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥(𝑥 + 2) d. 𝐹(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3

Solutions:
a. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 is of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐. Since 𝑎 = 2 ≠
0, and the function is of the second degree, then it is a quadratic function.
b. Expanding the right side of the function gives
𝑦 = 3𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
Since 𝑎 = 3 ≠ 0,and the expression is of the second degree, then it is a quadratic
function.
c. Expanding the right side of the given function gives
ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2
ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) is of the third degree (highest exponent is 3). Hence, ℎ(𝑥) is not a quadratic
function.
d. Expanding and simplifying the right side of the function:
𝐹(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3
𝐹(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 3
𝐹(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 + 3
𝐹(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
Since 𝑎 = 2 ≠ 0, and 𝐹(𝑥) is of degree 2, then 𝐹(𝑥) is a quadratic function.

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 The Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function

The quadratic function in the standard form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can be written in the form
of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 which is called the vertex form of the quadratic function where

𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏 2
ℎ = − 2𝑎 and 𝑘= .
4𝑎

Study the illustrative example below.

Examples: Transform each quadratic function in the vertex form.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2

Solution 1:
Using the method of completing the square (remember to produce a perfect square
trinomial),
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) + 2
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + ( ) ) + 2 − ( ) where 𝑏 = −6
2 2
2 2
−6 −6
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + ( ) +2−( )
2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + (−32 ) + 2 − (−32 )
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 2 − 9 Simplify and express the PST as the square of a binomial
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (−𝟕) This is now the vertex form of the quadratic function.

Solution 2:
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
By applying the formula ℎ = − and 𝑘 = and 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 2.
2𝑎 4𝑎

𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
ℎ=− 𝑘=
2𝑎 4𝑎

−(−6) 4 ∙ 1 ∙ 2 − (−6)2
ℎ= 𝑘=
2∙1 4∙1

6 8 − 36
ℎ= 𝑘=
2 4

ℎ=3 −28
𝑘=
4

𝑘 = −7
By substituting the solved values of ℎ and 𝑘 in 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, we obtain the vertex
form 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟕.

2. 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 11

Let us use the second method to transform 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 11 into the vertex form of
the quadratic function.

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 Solution 2:
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
By applying the formula ℎ = − and 𝑘 = and 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = −24, 𝑐 = 11.
2𝑎 4𝑎

𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
ℎ=− 𝑘=
2𝑎 4𝑎

ℎ 4 ∙ −3 ∙ 11 − (−24)2
𝑘=
−(−24) 4 ∙ −3
=
2 ∙ −3 −132 − 576
𝑘=
24 −12
ℎ=
−6 −708
𝑘=
ℎ = −4 −12

𝑘 = 59

By substituting the solved values of ℎ and 𝑘 in 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, we obtain the vertex
form 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟓𝟗.

Which method do you find it easier to transform quadratic functions from standard form to
the vertex form? Learn about the standard and vertex form of the quadratic function through the
WEB. You may visit the following sites:

https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/Quadratics/QDVertexForm.html
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/sqrvertx.htm
http://dl.uncw.edu/digilib/Mathematics/Algebra/mat111hb/PandR/quadratic/quadratic.html

LET’S DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

Were you able to learn a lot about quadratic functions? I know you did! Your
goal in the next section is to identify quadratic functions and transform it into
different forms.

Activity 2: Quadratic Functions and More!

A. Write QF if the given expression is a quadratic function and NQF if it is not a quadratic
function.
______1. 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 2 ______6. ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 3

______2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 ______7. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 −2

______3. 𝐻(𝑥) = −4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 ______8. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)

1
______4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑥 + 1) ______9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 + 3

______5. 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 5)2 + 7 ______10. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

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B. Transform the following quadratic functions in standard form then identify the values of 𝑎,
𝑏, and 𝑐.

1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 4. ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 7)

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) + 2 5. 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)2

3. 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3

C. Transform each quadratic function to the vertex form. Then identify the values of ℎ and 𝑘.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 2. 𝑔(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 17

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 LET’S TRANSFER YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

Great job! Now the goal in the next section is to apply your learning to real-life
situations. You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding of quadratic functions.

Activity 3: Do It Yourself!
4. Give 2 examples of quadratic functions written in standard form. Identify the
values of a, b, and c.

5. Transform the quadratic functions that you have given into the vertex form
then give the values of ℎ and 𝑘.

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