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553 views9 pagesStatistics and Probability Q3-W6-8-M5
Uiy9
Uploaded by
Leilla Mae PataCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 9
s. Northern Zambales College, Inc.
4) Inhobol, Masinloc, Zambal
/ Basie Education Depar fie
STATISTICS anp
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Quarter III: Weeks 6 to 8 -Module 5 so fntow aye ae some remitaters in using his module
Fico the modate with care Do not waite anything, on the module,
+ pach lesson ts untiodiced and discussed with numerous examples assimilated with
J-jye situations for mastery and appreciation,
Cavelisly sead the instructions belare doing, each task,
Vnnaver all he provided activities in the module, Write your answer tn separate
Enjoy learning
Uxpectations.-’these are the objectives of the lesson thatthe Fearner is expected
to acquire after studying the module
+ Pee-teste This section will gather information about your prior knowledge in
this lesson.
© Introdnetion — This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
© Empowering the Mind- This scetion discusses the topic.
© Essential Learning ~ Chis section summarizes the concepts and application of
the lessons.
© Activity: ~ these are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other
competencies. ‘This can be done with or without a partner depending on the nature
of activity
¥ Assessment- This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in
achieving the teaming competency.
¥- Answer Key- This contains answers to all activities in the module.
¥ Referenees- This is a list ofall sources used in developing this module.
ing Outcomte(s)
[Atthe end of the lesson, you are expected to:
Fund the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean;
b. Deine the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population when tae
variance is: (a) known, (b) unknown,
¢. Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem;
4. Deine the sompting distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit Theorem,
an
2, Solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean. MUL
Op
PIPLE CHOICE
fon, Chouse the fetter of the best answer
ean, variance, and siandard deviation are called.
Sumple steustics —-b Sampling distribution. Standarderror ed Sample atcan
Ks 4 distribution that shows the frequency with which values of statisties are observed when ail the
possible random samples are drawn from a given population.
Sample stausties -b. Sampling distribution, Standard error. d. Sample mean
ve standerd deviation of @ sampling distribution is usually called the =
Sampie stansuies —b, Sampling distribution ¢, Standard error @ Sample mean
“ample of size 25 is taken from a population with mean 6 and variance 9. What is the stunnlate
3s 3s oe
Which of the statements are always TRUE?
he mean of the population mean (12) is the same as the sample mican
Tite standard error of tne sample mean (a) is equal tothe population standard deviation 9 divided by ve
squat oa of the sample siz this, og =
The mesn and standard error of the distribution of sample means taken from a population with mican 4
nal standard deviation can be computed as, wg = # and og
the sampling distribution of the mean of all samples of size 7 selected from 'is normal with mean jog =
and variance 62
‘ ¢
Sampling Distribution
}
in the previous modules, you have leamed how to determine a sample and describe it numerically using
«a appropriate measure called a statistics. In this module, you are expected to enuich your understanding of sample
and sampiing though a distribution of the sample statistic.
IEMPOWERINGOUMENTIND]
She Sampling Distribution
deviation are called sample statistics. Replacing the 15 members
formerly chosen, choose another sample of 15 and compute its |
corresponding mean, variance,
maple statistics c ifferent from the ones you identified earlier. icantly affect the whole group-
siren apatenovetie snes whether positively or neyatively
members is selected. At first, you can randomly take a sample of 15
and you know thst this sample may be described using its mean,
Consider a population with 50 members and suppose a sample of [qq Big Iden
In sample distributions, &
small change in an element can have
2 drastic effect on the value of the
statistics. Similarly, a minute change
nce, and standard deviation, The mean, variance, and standard
ind standard deviation. Then, the new | in 8 single member of a group can
Repeat this for many times over and you will find that the mean,
arian
, and standard deviation vary from sample to sample. Therefore, sample statistics can be classified as
sncom Variables and thus, have a corresponding distribution which is called the sampling distribution,
are observed when all the possible random samples are drawn from a given population,
tribution
A sampling distribution is a distribution that shows the frequency with which values of statistics {
Statistics and Probability | Quarter IM: Weeks 6 to 8- Module 5 | Edquiban, Joylyn © Be ENample 1: A sample with size x3 is drawn from the set 5, 6, 8, 12, and 20. Construct the sampling distribution
ofthe meds
Solution Using combination, there are Ci = 10 possible samples with size 3. The table below gives all these
10 samples and their corresponding, mectans:
Sample Median |
2
12
The sampling dist
“Frequency |
Similar to the probability distributions you encountered in the previous modules, sampling distributions
have a mean and a standard deviation. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is usually called the
standard error.
Example 2: Find the mean and the standard error ofthe sampling distribution ofthe medians given in example 1
Solution, The mean of the sampling distribution is
_ 63) +8(4) +123) _ 86
He 10 Ti es
_ Calculating the standard error ofthe distribution,
L £ uy) LG =a
3 - 676 2028
t 4 036 144
~ 3 1156 34.68
{ ~ Tf=10 Ef — ug)? = 564
Ef(Z— ng)? 564
op UE us) on
oy = VEG4 = 2.37
‘The standard error of the sample medians is approximately 2.37.
Example 3: Random samples with size 4 are drawn from the population containing the values 14, 19, 26, 31, 48,
and 53.
a. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample means
, Find the mean of the sample means.
©. Compute the standard error of the sample means,
Solution: There are «Cs ~ 15 samples with size 4 that can be taken from the population with size 6,
[ Sample ‘Mean Sample Mean |
! 14,19, 26,31 5 14, 26, 31,53 31 i
(71419, 26, 48 2675 | 14, 26, 48, 53 3525
Statistics and ._Distnbution of the Semple M
2675 |
29.25 | 29.75
py
+ 87.0489
0 L 25,8064
14.6689 | 29.3378 |
st 66568 66564
| 1 4.3264 I 43264 i
T 2 0.6889, ___ 13778
| 1 0.1764 01764 |
| 1 2.7889 2.7889 |
[4 - 11,6968 11.6964
2 467 21.8089 43.6178
1 3.92 5 5.0964
1 167 58,8289
_ | 3f=15 Ef = a)? = 306.7085
standard error represent?
‘The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
‘Suppose that all possible samples with size n are
drawn from a population with mean ye and standard
deviation ¢, Then, the means obtained from all these
possible samples will make up a sampling distribution
ofthe sample means e
Direction: Answer the following questions, Show all necessary solutions.
1. The following are the ages of 8 jeepney passengers in a waiting shed: 12, 15, 18, 19, 21,2:
and 40. A sample with size 7 is chosen to ride in the current jeepney.
a. Construct the distnibution of the standard deviations of all samples,
\. Find the mean of the sample standard deviations
¢. Determine the standard error of the sample standard deviations
2. Explain the meaning of the standard error in a given sampling distribution. What does the
apbig haea
Small samples formed from a given
population maintain the value of the population
mean when the individuel sample means are put |
together. In the same way, when smaller groups |
are formed from a large group of people, they
‘cooperatively keep the original value of the group.
lity | Quarter IIT: Weeks 6 to 8- Module 5 | Edqui 1. The sean ofthe sample means (jg) is the same as the population mean .
2. The standard error of the sample mean (a) is equal to the population standard deviation o divided by the
square root of the sample size, thus,
‘Mean and §
‘The mean and standard error of the distribution of sample means taken from a population with mean |
1 and standard deviation o can be computed as
Example 4, Random samples with size 4 are drawn from the population containing the values 14, 19, 26, 31, 48,
and 53. Find the mean and the standard error of the sample means
savaovaseaaeanesa _ 391
Solution: ‘The mean of the population is x = - 224 = 31.83. Therefore,
bg = p= 31.83.
et the stand error, compute first the population standard deviation:
c= (aa — 31.93)? + (19 — 31.83)? + (26 — 31.93)°(31 — 31.83)? + 48 — 31.83)? + (63 — 31.83)"
1
Observe thatthe previous example isthe same as example 3 and from this, you can verify that the mean
‘ofthe sample means is the same as the population mean. However, you might be wondering why the computed
standard error for examples 3 and 4 are different. This is because of the sampling error Sampling error is
influenced by two factors ~ the population variance and the sample siz. Infact, the larger the size of the sample,
thg smaller 1s the sampling error.
Reflect Upon
Sampling error and sample size are inversely related. The smaller the sample size, the greater the
sampling error. Can you generalize this same observation in the formation of groups and clubs? Explain,
Example 5: A schoo! has 900 junior school students. The average height of these students is 68 in with a standard
deviation of 6 in, Suppose you draw a random sample of $0 students, Find the mean, standard deviation, and
variance of the distribution of all sample means that can be derived from the samples,
Solution
1 The mean of the distribution of the sample means is the same as the population mean, Thus, 4g
. The standard error (or standard deviation) of the sample means is equal to:
o 6
= 2 = ~op005
8 0
c. The variance is the square of the standard deviation.
a 36
of 507 O72
af Activity 1
Direction: Answer the following questions. Show all necessary solutions,
1. Compute the mean, variance, and standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample means
given the sample size n taken from the population and with mean wand standard deviation c.
a n=15,n= 180=3 din = 20, = 3.25,0 = 0.72
bd n=Byu en = 30,p =812,0=27
Statistics and Probability | Quarter III: Weeks 6 to 8- Module 5| Edquiban, Joylyn E. Distribution of the Sample Mean of a Normal Variable
Suppose a random variable ‘is given and the population distribution of 1'is known fo be normal with
mean je and vanable a? Then, it follows that the sampling distribution ofthe mean of all samples of size
selected from X ts normal with mean jug = p and variance a2
Knowing the normality of the sampling distribution of the sample mean allow you to’ compute
probabilities involving means of samples using the standard normal distribution. Recall from module 4 that any
score from a nonmal distribution can be converted int its equivalent standard normal score using z = =*, Now,
since ina sampling distribution of the sample mean, the random variable gives the statistic Z with mean and
standard deviation =, the formula is derived as
Example 6: Suppose thatthe systolic blood pressures ofa certain population are normally distributed with mean
f= 125 and o = 8 and a sample with size 36 is taken from this population. What is the probability that a single
sample will have a mean blood pressure of less than 122?
Solution: The sampling distribution of the means of all the samples taken from the population is normal since the
population itself is normally distributed. Since 4 = 125 and o = 8, then the mean blood pressure of 122 can be
converted to its corresponding standard score
122-125 _-3 _-18__ 40.
re a er
v36 6
In the z-table, $ (2.25) = 6(2.25)= 0.4878,
P(e (-2.25)
2 4 0 4 2 8
Thus, 7
P(X < 122) = P(Z < -2.28) = 0.5 - 0.4878
‘This means that the probability that a randomly chosen sample from the population will have a mean
systolic blood pressure less than 122 is 1.22%.
Recall that when samples with any size 7 are taken ‘The central limit theorem describes the
from a normally distributed population, then the | normality of the distribution of sample means
distribution of all sample means also follows a normal | taken from a population that means taken from a
distribution, But what if the population from which the | population that is not normally distributed. Many
samples are taken is not normally distributed? Can you | problems in real life involving the formation of
conclude thatthe sampling distribution ofthe sample mean | samples and small groups can be modelled and
‘will be normal? The answer to this question is “yes” | solved using the central limit theorem.
provided that the sample size is large enough. This can be
the i
‘The Central Limit Theorem (CLT)
Given a random variable 1’ with mean js and variance 0, then, regardless whether the population
| distribution of Xis normally distributed or not, as the sample size n gets larger, the shape of the sample means
xken from the population approaches a normal distribution, with mean j. and standard deviation
Central Limit Theorem
ig Idea
Stati and Probabiy | Quarter: Weeks 6108 Modules] Edgsiba, dosha Ed ‘ote tha the explnsis oF the centeal tims theorem s onthe phrase “asthe sample size pets larger” Your=+
can oy sesume the sampling distibution ta be normal when the sample is large enough, Mostly 2 30 is
30, then you can assume that
the sampling distribution of the mean ages of 100 teachers is normal according to the CLT. Converting to
standard normal score,
35-34
4
P(X < 35) = P(Z < 2.5)
P(X < 35) = 0.5 + 9(2.5)
P(X < 35) = 0.5+ 04938 0.2
Raed easty J 8") oad
oe —
Therefore, the probability that the average age of the teachers is less than 35 is 99.38%.
Example 8: In the national achievement test, a school had a total mean score of 59 with a standard deviation of 7.
It 40 students who took the test are selected at random, what is the probability that the mean of their scores fall
between 59 and 60?
Sotunon,
59-59 60-59
y=—z—=0 4 =— 7 ¥ 0.904
va0 va0
By linear interpolation,
(0.904) = [(0.91) - 4(0.90)] (SES) + (0.90)
(0.904) = (0.3186 — 0.3159) (2) + 0.3159
(0.904) ~ 0.0027 (0.4) + 0.3159 ~ 0.3170
‘Thus,
P(S9