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4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

_____ 1. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 1 Apportionment

_____ 2. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 2 Voting Systems

_____ 3. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 3 Weighted Voting System

_____ 4. Work out HW for Week 9 (use template).

_____ 5. Submit WGN Week 9.

Lesson 1. Apportionment

Highlights

A. What is Apportionment?

It describes the allotment of the loss of the insurance companies that insure a
property, it can also incline to the distribution of economic benefit as well as real
estate. Besides, Apportionments are commonly applying in two or more
insurance policies that are taken out in the same insured party. Moreover, is it
one of the most important purposes of a decennial census? For instance, it can
be used in determining the size of voting districts and determine the numbers of
its representatives from each state, another is when assigning a group of
firefighters to each fire station in the city in a fairway.
4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

B. Describe the 4 methods of apportionment.

Hamilton Method – in this method, the total population of each house seat is

set by the divisor as a proportion. Then each population state is divided by the

divisor while the fraction dropped and the quotient is kept. So, the result will

be a surplus of house seats, therefore, the first surplus is assigned to the state

who has the largest fraction. Followed by the next surplus, which is assigned

to the second-largest state and so on.

• Jefferson Method – the goal of this method is to avoid the problems of resulting

in a surplus or deficit house seat with the use of a divisor that will help the

process to get the correct number of seats that are being apportioned.

• Webster Method – ordinary rounding is used in this method. Also, after dividing

by the divisor, the quotients with a 0.5 or above result are awarded to the

extra seat. Therefore, the quotients with a 0.5 fraction have been dropped.

The size of the house representative is set to calculate the divisor, but it can

also be increasing in the final apportionment if the large number will have

above 0.5 fractions.

• Huntington-Hill Method – this is also determined by the rounding method but

quite different from webster. In this method the rounding is at the geometric

mean, if a quotient is higher than the mean then it will be allocated in the

additional seat. Because this method always results in the desired number of

those seats.

C. State and explain the Quota Criterion

In quota criterion, the number of allocations specified to a subset of a

population is the standard quota or more than one the standard quota. In simple

terms, the ending apportionment using the Hamilton method always gives in to

either equal to the higher than the lower quota or simply the lower quota.
4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

Moreover, the Hamilton method will always please the quota criterion. Then in

Jefferson and Webster model, they might violate the rule of quota criterion

because of their standard divisor as well in the Huntington-Hill method

Lesson 2. Voting Systems

Highlights

A. Enumerate and explain the four basic criteria of Fairness in Voting (see
textbook, pp. 141-142).

Majority Criterion – this explains if a candidate gained the majority of the 1st

place votes, then the candidate should be simply declared as the winner.

• Condorcet Criterion – in this criterion, if the candidate is a condor cent, then

she/he should be the winner for the overall election.

• Monotonicity Criterion – this evaluates the single and multiple voting ranks
4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

systems of the winners.

• Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives – this criterion, which was chosen

from A and B, will not change if the third one will be placed in the mix.

B. Enumerate the eight (8) voting systems. Give a brief description of each.

• Majority System – in this system the winner of the election is the candidate

who gained more than half of the votes from a certain population.

• Plurality Method – this is where the choice with the most votes will win that’s

why others are mistakenly called this system the majority method. But if you

pay attention, the choice of winner is not from the gained of majority votes

because it is possible to have a plurality without gaining a majority votes.

• Borda Count Method- this method helps us to avoid problems with a plurality

method, it has a positional voting rule for each candidate and ballot. The

number of points corresponds to the number of candidates who rank low.

• Plurality with elimination – this method is considered as an alternative option.

This method begins after ranking each candidate with the use of one scheme

like the Borda count, the candidate with the smallest number of votes will be

eliminated. And remember that the ranking does not change from rounds.

• Top- Two Runoff – the rules of this system are the two candidates who have

the greatest number of first-place votes are going to be removed from the list then
they will be re-ranked for a new list. Then the one who has the higher

votes from the new list will be declared as the winner.

• Approval Voting System – this allows the voters to choose what they want, like

any number of the candidates. Then each vote will be counted as one to know

who will win at the end.

• Method of Pairwise Comparisons – this elects the candidate who wins every

head-to-head election with the majority of votes against other candidates. In

this system, all candidates are being compared head-to-head to each other

and it satisfies the method of the majority or simply called Condorcet and
4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

monocity.

Lesson 3. Weighted Voting System

Highlights

A. What is a weighted voting system?

This system occurs only when the voters have unequal wights on the

results of the election. Besides this is characterized by the three elements

which are called, (n) players, quota (q), and weights (w) of the voters. The

least number of votes are needed to pass the measure is called the (q) quota.

Moreover, the weight of the voters is the number of votes that are controlled

by themselves
4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

B. Enumerate the four (4) types of weighted voting system. Give a brief
description of each.

One Voter-One Vote Principle – this principle expresses that each of us should

have an equal voting representation. In simple terms, each person has one

vote and the majority of that vote needs to pass a certain resolution.

• Dictatorship – this system indicates that one voter who weighs enough will

pass any resolution.

• Null System – this is also called none of the above. The null system

demonstrates a vote cast that displays dissatisfaction with the choice of

candidates. Besides, in this system, no resolution will be approved because the

votes are always less than the quota.

• Veto Power System – in this system, if the voter holds veto power, then if he

votes against a certain resolution the outcome of it will fail.

C. Define the Banzhaf Power Index

Banzhaf Power Index can be explained by the probability of changing

the outcome of votes specifically when the coting rights are not divided among

the shareholders or voters. Besides, it measures the power of each voter in

the weighted system with the use of these formula: B = The number of × a

voter becomes a critical voter / the total number of critical voters all winning

coalition.
4TH QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9