Lesson 1.

1: POLYGON
Lesson 1.2 Triangles
Lesson 1.3 Quadrilaterals

Week 1 and Week 2

Math 139 – 1
Solid Mensuration
• A polygon is a closed plane figure that is joined by
line segments.
• A polygon may also be defined as a union of line
segments such that:
i) each endpoint is the endpoint of only two
segments;
ii) no two segments intersect except at an
endpoint; and
iii) no two segments with the same endpoint are
collinear.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Parts of a Polygon
Side or Edge

Interior Angle Vertex

Diagonal

Exterior Angle

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Types of Polygon
•Regular Polygon.
In a regular polygon, all angles are equal and all sides are
of the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.
•Equiangular Polygon.
A polygon is equiangular if all of its angles are congruent.
•Equilateral Polygon.
A polygon is equilateral if all of its sides are equal.
•Irregular Polygon.
A polygon that is neither equiangular nor equilateral is
said to be an irregular polygon.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 TYPES OF POLYGON
•Convex Polygon
Every interior angle of a convex polygon is less than 180°.
If a line is drawn through the convex polygon, the line
will intersect at most two sides.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 TYPES OF POLYGON
•Concave Polygon
A concave polygon has at least one interior angle that
measures more than 180°. If a line is drawn through a
concave polygon, the line may intersect more than two
sides.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 NAMING OF POLYGON

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• For numbers from 100 to 999, we construct
the name of the polygon by starting with the
prefix for the hundreds digit taken from the
ones digit minus the “gon” followed by
"hecta," then proceed as before.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 Similar Polygons
•   say that two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior
We
angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are
proportional.

By ratio and proportion,

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 
The altitude of the triangle is called the apothem
 
The angle that is opposite the base of this triangle
is called the central angle .
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 Examples

•Perimeter:
 

s/2
Central Angle:
a
θ/2

Apothem:

no. of sides

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 AREA
•  

No. of Diagonals:

Interior Angle:

Sum of Interior Angle:

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

•  Example 1, page 8
Find the area of a regular nonagon with a side
that measures 3 units. Also find the number of
diagonals and the sum of its interior angles.
ANS: , ,

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 EXERCISES 1.1 pp9-11
5. Find the sum of the interior angle of a regular
triacontakaitetragon.
7. Name each polygon with the given number of sides. Also find the
corresponding number of diagonals.
a) 24
b) 181
11. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the
area of the polygon if its apothem measures 10 cm.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Answer to Exercises
5. 5,7600
7. a. icosakaitetragon; 252
b. henahectaoctacontakaihenagon; 16,109
11. 325.1 cm2
 1.2 TRIANGLES
•   Triangles:
Similar
• Corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding
sides are proportional.
• same shape, different size, different measurement but in
proportion.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Lines Connected with Triangles
An altitude of a triangle is the line segment drawn from a
vertex of the triangle perpendicular to the opposite side.
A median of a triangle is the line segment connecting the
midpoint of a side and
the opposite vertex.
An angle bisector of a triangle is the line segment which
divides an angle of the triangle into two congruent angles
and has endpoints on a vertex and the opposite side.
A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is the line
segment which meets the side at right angle and divides the
side into two congruent segments.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Types of Triangle Centers
• Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the
triangle’s altitudes.
• The centroid is the point of intersection of the
three medians of the triangle.
• The incenter is the point of intersection of the
three angle bisectors of the triangle.
• The circumcenter is the point of intersection
of the perpendicular bisectors of the three
sides of the triangle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Formulas for the Lengths of Altitude, Median
and Angle Bisector of a Triangle
•  Consider an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b,
and c and angles A, B, and C. Let hc, mc, and lc
be the lengths of the altitude, median and
bisector originating from vertex.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
•  General Formula:
• SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Formula:
• Heron’s Formula for SSS (Three Sides) Case:
,

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

•  Example 4
Given a triangle in which the B
sides are , , and . On the side is 𝜽
 
a point through which a line is D 60
drawn and connected through
30
a point on side so that the
angle is equal to angle . If the 𝜽
 
perimeter of the triangle is A E 50 C
equal to 56 in, find the sum of
the lengths of the line
segments and .

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
Draw the figure and label the parts with the given
measures.
B

 𝜽

D 60 in

30 in

 𝜽
A E C
50 in

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
•   perimeter of triangle ABC is P = 30 + 60 + 50 = 140 in.
The
Triangle ABC and triangle ADE are similar triangles since angle
ABC angle AED and angle BAC angle DAE. The ratio of their
perimeters is equal to the ratio of any of their corresponding
sides. B
𝜽
 
D 60
in.
30

𝜽
 
A E C
in. 50

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution

Solving for:
BD = 30 – AD EC = 50 – AE
= 30 – 20 = 50 – 12
= 10 in. =B 38 in.

D 60
Hence, BD + EC = 10 + 38
= 48 in. 30

𝜽
 
A E C
50

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXERCISES 1.1 pp9-11 and 1.2
#5, p20: Find the area of an equilateral triangle the altitude of
which is 5 cm.

#13, p21: In an acute triangle ABC , the altitude AD is drawn. Find

the area of triangle ABC if AB = 15 in, AC = 18 in, and BD = 10 in.

#6, p21: The ratio of the base of an isosceles triangle to its altitude
is 3:4. Find the measures of the angles of the triangle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Lesson: QUADRILATERALS

Week 3 and Week 4

Math 139 - 1
Solid Mensuration
 1.3 Quadrilaterals
• A quadrilateral, also known as tetragon or
quadrangle, is a general term for a four-sided
polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the
opposite sides are parallel.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• Parallelograms have the following important
properties:
• Opposite sides are equal.
• Opposite interior angles are congruent
• Adjacent angles are supplementary.
• A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
congruent triangles
• The two diagonals bisect each other.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 FORMULAS
•  

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 AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM

•  

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• A rectangle is essentially a parallelogram in
which the interior angles are all right angles.

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 FORMULAS
•  

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• A square is a special type of a rectangle in
which all the sides are equal.

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 Formulas
•  

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 • A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all sides
are equal.

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 Formulas
•  

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 A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair
of parallel sides.
• If the non-parallel sides are congruent, the
trapezoid is called an isosceles trapezoid.

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 • A trapezoid which contains two right angles is
called a right trapezoid.

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 Area of Trapezoid
•  

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• A
  trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two
sides that are parallel.

• and are any two opposite interior angles.

• is the semi-perimeter.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 •Example
  8
The diagonal of a square is 15 units. What is
the measure of one side of the square? Find
its area and perimeter.
Solution:
Finding the length of a side of the square using the
formula

A = = = 112.5 square units

P = = = 30 units

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 •  Example 10
• If is a rhombus, , and is an equilateral
triangle, what is the area of the rhombus?
Solution:
Since ADC is an equilateral triangle, then the
Length of a side of the rhombus is 4, and
Angle ADC is 600.
A = 2(Area of ADC)
=2
= 13.86 square units

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Example 12
Find the area and the perimeter of the right
trapezoid shown in the figure.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
•To  find the area, we draw the height of the trapezoid
forming a right triangle as shown in the figure. The
length of the base and the height of the triangle are
3 and h, respectively, where:

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
•Thus,
  the area and perimeter of the trapezoid are:

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXERCISES 1.3
#1, p38: The diagonal of a rectangle is 25 meters long and
makes an angle of 36° with one side of the rectangle.
Find the area and the perimeter of the rectangle.
#4, p38: A rectangle and a square have the same area. If the
length of the side of the square is 6 units and the longest
side of the rectangle is 5 more than the measure of the
shorter side. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
#10, p39: A piece of wire of length 52 m is cut into two
parts. Each part is then bent to form a square. It is found
that the combined area of the two squares is 109 m 2.
Find the sides of the two squares.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Additional Exercises:
1. A garden plot is to contain 200 sq. m. If its length is to be
twice its width, what should its dimensions be?
2. The official distance between home plate and second base
of a baseball diamond is 120 ft. Find its area and the
distances between the bases. (The official baseball
diamond is in the form of a square).
3. A certain city block is in the form of a parallelogram, two
of its sides are 420 m long and the other two sides are
each 220 m. The distance between the first pair of sides is
120 m. Find the area of the land in the block and the
length of the diagonals.
End of Discussion