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The Nature of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples. Qualitative analysis determines the chemical identity of species in a sample, while quantitative analysis determines the relative amounts of species. Common quantitative methods include gravimetric, volumetric, spectroscopic, electroanalytical, and miscellaneous methods. Choosing the appropriate analytical method requires considering the accuracy needed, number of samples, and complexity of the sample. Proper sample acquisition and processing are also important to obtain representative and interference-free results.

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JULIA AUDREY PERALTA
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283 views3 pages

The Nature of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples. Qualitative analysis determines the chemical identity of species in a sample, while quantitative analysis determines the relative amounts of species. Common quantitative methods include gravimetric, volumetric, spectroscopic, electroanalytical, and miscellaneous methods. Choosing the appropriate analytical method requires considering the accuracy needed, number of samples, and complexity of the sample. Proper sample acquisition and processing are also important to obtain representative and interference-free results.

Uploaded by

JULIA AUDREY PERALTA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Nature of Analytical Chemistry  Spectroscopic methods- interaction

- Measurement science consisting of set between electromagnetic radiation and


of powerful ideas and methods that are analyte atoms or molecules or the
useful in all fields of science emission of radiation by analytes
 Qualitative analysis- chemical identity
of the species in the sample  Miscellaneous methods:
 Quantitative analysis- relative amounts
of these species, or analytes, in o mass-to-charge ratio of ions
numerical terms (mass spectrometry)

 Chemistry is often called the central o rate of radioactive decay


science
o heat of reaction
Quantitative Analytical Methods
 Results of a typical quantitative analysis o rate of reaction
comes from two measurements:
o Mass or the volume of sample
o sample thermal conductivity
being analyzed.
o Some quantity that is
proportional to the amount of o optical activity
analyte in the sample such as
mass, volume, intensity of light, o refractive index.
or electrical charge
 Involves a sequence of steps
 usually completes the
analysis; we usually
classify analytical
methods according to
the nature of this final
measurement

 Gravimetric methods- mass of the


analyte or some compound chemically
related to it

o Sublimation, extraction

 Volumetric method- volume of a


solution containing sufficient reagent to
react completely with the analyte

o Distillation, titration, pipetting

 Electroanalytical methods- electrical 1. Choosing a method


properties such as potential, current,
resistance, and quantity of electrical  Essential first step
charge
 Requires experience and intuition

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
 One of the first questions that must be  The moisture content of
considered: level of accuracy the sample can be
determined at the time
 Number of samples that will be analyzed of the analysis in a
separate analytical
 Complexity of the sample and the procedure.
number of components in the sample
always influence the choice of method o Liquid
to some degree.
 Gas dissolved in a
2. Acquiring the sample liquid: the sample
container must be kept
 Sampling- collecting a small mass of a inside a second sealed
material whose composition accurately container; prevent
represents the bulk of the material contamination by
atmospheric gases
o Most difficult step
 Replicates
o Source of greatest error
o Analytical balance
 Sample has the same composition as the
bulk of material from which it was taken
o Portion of a material of
approximately the same size
 Assay- how much of a given sample is
in the material  Replication- improves the quality of the
results and provides a measure of their
reliability
 Heterogenous parts can be identified

3. Processing the sample o 3: valid

 First step: preparation of a laboratory  Converting the analyte in such materials


sample into a soluble form is often the most
difficult and time-consuming task in the
analytical process
o Solid
4. Eliminating interferences
 ground to decrease
particle size
 Interferents/ Interferences- species other
 mixed to ensure than the analyte that affect the final
measurement
 Absorption or
desorption of water may  Specific or Selective
occur during each
step(humidity of the  Matrix- all components containing the
environment); loss or analyte
gain of water changes
the chemical 5. Calibrating and measuring concentration
composition of solids

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
 Measurement of the property is directly
proportional to the concentration

 CA=kX

6. Calculating the Results

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

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