Well Performance Analysis

Adam Muhammad approved by Mr. Akhmad Sofyan, M.T.

Day – 3
 Reference
1. Brown, Kermit E., Beggs, D. H. 1977.“The Technology of Artificial Lift
Methods”. Vol 1. Tulsa, Oklahoma. PennWell Publishing Company.
2. Guo, Boyun., Liu, Xinghui., Tan, Xuehao. 2007. “Petroleum Production
Engineering A Computer Assisted Approach”. Cambridge, United
States. Gulf Professional Publishing.
3. Guo, Boyun., Liu, Xinghui., Tan, Xuehao. 2017. “Petroleum Production
Engineering”. Second Edition. Cambridge, United States. Gulf
Professional Publishing.
4. ---. 1998. “Matrix Engineering Manual Well Performance”. Section
200. Schumberger Dowell.
5. ---. “Production Technology”. Volume 1. Skotlandia. Heriot Watt
University.
 Outline – Day 3

1. Introduction to Multiphase Flow in Pipes

2. Principle of Conservation of Energy
3. Single Phase Gas/Compressible Flow in Pipes
4. The Friction Factor
5. Single Phase Flow Characteristic
6. Fluid Parameters in Multiphase Flow
 1
INTRODUCTION TO
MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPES
 The Multiphase Flow Problems

• The multiphase flow problem’s can be divided into four categories :

1. Vertical Multiphase Flow

2. Horizontal Multiphase Flow

3. Inclined Multiphase Flow

4. Directional Multiphase Flow

The Multiphase Flow Problems Cont’d
 The Application of Multiphase Flow
Correlations
• The application of multiphase flow correlations to predict pressure loss in pipes is
extremely important to the petroleum industry. Some of the uses are :

1. Natural Flow 7. Sizing of Transmission Lines

2. Slim Hole Completions 8. Sizing of Gas Lines

3. Dewatering Gas Wells 9. Tubing Design in Deviated Wells

4. Artificial Lift Installations 10. Surface Design for Inclined Flow

5. Gathering and Separation Systems 11. Heat Exchanger Design

6. Sizing Surface Flow Lines 12. Condensate Line Design

 2

Principle of Conservation of Energy

 Development of The General Energy Equation

• Many of the investigators of multiphase flow have used the general energy
equation in some form :

1. Poettmann and Carpenter

Energy Balance
2. Hagedorn and Brown

3. Ros
Pressure Balance
4. Duns and Ros
 A Typical Flowing System

• A steady state energy balance can be written with reference to elements used in
this system
 Development of The General Energy Equation
Cont’d
𝑚 𝑣1 2 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ1 𝑚 𝑣2 2 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ2
𝑈1 + + + 𝑝1 𝑉1 + 𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑈2 + + + 𝑝2 𝑉2
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

𝑚 𝑣2 𝑚𝑔ℎ
∆𝑈 + ∆ + ∆ + ∆ 𝑝𝑉 +𝑊−𝑄 =0
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

𝑆 𝑉
• Where : ∆𝐻 = ∆𝑈 + ∆ (𝑝 𝑉) ; ∆𝑈 = ‫ 𝑆׬‬2 𝑇 ∆𝑆 − ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝 ∆𝑉
1 1

• By substituting, we have :

𝑆2 𝑉2 𝑚 𝑣2 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑉2 𝑃2
‫𝑇 𝑆׬‬ ∆𝑆 − ‫𝑝 𝑉׬‬ ∆𝑉 + ∆
2 𝑔𝑐
+ ∆
𝑔𝑐
+ ‫𝑝 𝑉׬‬ ∆𝑉 + ‫𝑉 𝑃׬‬ ∆𝑝 + W - Q = 0
1 1 1 1
 Development of The General Energy Equation
Cont’d
𝑆2
• Where : ‫𝑇 𝑆׬‬ ∆𝑆 = Q + Iw ; Iw (lost work, it is generally of as lost work
1

due to irreversibilities of the fluid. It may include losses such as wall

friction, slippage, frictional effects between phases, viscosity effects,
surface tension effects, etc)

• By substitution, we can obtain :

𝑉2 𝑚 𝑣2 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑉 𝑃
Q + Iw − ‫𝑝 𝑉׬‬ ∆𝑉 + ∆ + ∆ + ‫ 𝑉׬‬2 𝑝 ∆𝑉 + ‫ 𝑃׬‬2 𝑉 ∆𝑝 + W - Q = 0
1 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 1 1

𝑚 𝑣2 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑃2
Iw + ∆ + ∆ + ‫𝑉 𝑃׬‬ ∆𝑝 + W = 0
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 1
 Development of The General Energy Equation
Cont’d
Where :

U = Internal energy

V = Fluid volume

h = Elevation above datum

q = Heat added or removed

m = Mass of fluid

v = Fluid velocity

P = Pressure

W = Work done or supplied

 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid

𝑃2 𝑣2 𝑔
‫𝑉 𝑃׬‬ ∆𝑝 + ∆
2 𝑔𝑐
+
𝑔𝑐
∆ℎ+ W + Iw = 0
1

• The eq may be written in symbolic differential form based on 1 lbm of the

flowing fluid and with units of feet for each term as :

𝑔𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑉 𝑔
144 𝑉 ∆𝑝 + + ∆ℎ + dW + dIw = 0
𝑔 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

• The conversion factor 144 assumes ∆𝑝 is in lb/𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2

 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid

• This eq may also be written in the following form:

𝑑𝑝 𝑣 𝑑𝑉 𝑔
+ + ∆ℎ + dW + dIw = 0
𝜌 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐

• Assuming no work done on or by the fluid we have :

𝑑𝑝 𝜌 𝑣 𝑑𝑉 𝑔 dIw
+ + 𝜌+𝜌 =0
𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ

• Solving for pressure gradient we have :

𝑑𝑝 𝜌 𝑣 𝑑𝑉 𝑔 dIw
=- - 𝜌-𝜌
𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ
 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid
dIw
• In order to take care of any angle of flow and defining 𝜌 to be
𝑑ℎ

𝑑𝑝
, we have :
𝑑ℎ 𝑓

𝑑𝑝 𝑔 𝑓 𝜌 𝑣2 𝜌 𝑣 𝑑𝑉
= 𝜌 sin 𝜃 + +
𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ

𝑓 𝜌 𝑣2 𝑑𝑝
• Where : =
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 𝑑ℎ 𝑓

𝑑𝑝 𝑔 𝜌 𝑣 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑝
= 𝜌 sin 𝜃 + +
𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑓
 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid
• Where :

𝑔
𝜌 sin 𝜃 = elevation term
𝑔𝑐

𝜌 𝑣 𝑑𝑉
= acceleration term
𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ

• or we can write the eq in terms of the angle from the vertical

𝑑𝑝 𝑔 𝜌 𝑣 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑝
= 𝜌 cos 𝜃 + +
𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑓
 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid

• For vertical flow, 𝜃 = 90𝑜 , sin 90𝑜 = 1

𝑑𝑃 𝑔 𝑓 𝑣2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
= 𝜌+ + 𝜌
𝑑ℎ 𝑔𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 𝑔𝑐 𝛼 (𝑑𝐿)

• For horizontal flow, 𝜃 = 0𝑜 , sin 0𝑜 = 0 and for those numerous cases where
acceleration is negligible then :

𝑑𝑃 𝑓 𝑣2
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑
 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid
Cont’d
Where :
𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝐿
= Pressure drop per unit length of pipe (psi/ft)

𝜌 = density of fluid (lbm/𝑓𝑡 3 )

𝜃 = angle of inclination of pipe
𝑣 = fluid velocity (ft/sec)
f = Friction factor
d = internal diameter of the pipe (ft)
𝛼 = Correction factor (0.5 for laminar flow to 1.0 for fully developed turbulent flow
m = mixture properties
g = acceleration due to gravity (32.17 ft/s2)
gc = gravity conversion factor (32.17 lbm-ft/lbf s2)
 The pressure gradient eq under a steady state flow
condition for any single phase incompressible fluid
Cont’d

• Important to note in this equation is that the total pressure gradient is the
sum of three principal components :
1. Hydrostatic Gradient (𝜌 sin 𝜃 )
𝑓 𝑣2
2. Friction Gradient ( )
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑
𝑣 𝑑𝑣
3. Acceleration Gradient (𝜌 )
𝑔𝑐 𝛼 (𝑑𝐿)
 3

Single Phase Gas / Compressible Flow

in Pipes
 Single Phase Gas / Compressible Flow in Pipes

• The density of fluid is a function of pressure and temperature

144 𝑔 𝑓 𝑣2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑃 + sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐿 + 𝑑𝐿 = =0
𝜌 𝑔𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 𝑔𝑐

𝑣 𝑑𝑣
• The kinetic energy term is negligible for all cases of gas flow as shown by
𝑔𝑐

Aziz (1963) and if we assume that flow is horizontal. The eq can then be written
as:

144 𝑓 𝑣2
𝑑𝑃 + 𝑑𝐿 = 0
𝜌 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑
 Single Phase Gas / Compressible Flow in Pipes
Cont’d
Where :

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑝 𝛾𝑔
𝜌 3 = 2.7047
𝑓𝑡 𝑍𝑇

𝑓𝑡 𝑇𝑍𝑞
𝑣 = 0.4152
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑝 𝑑2

• For steady state gas flow, the reynold number is defined as:

𝑞 𝛾𝑔
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 20.050
𝜇𝑑

Where the viscosity of gas is in cp and diameter in inches.

 4

The Friction Factor

 The Friction Factor
• The loss in fluid energy when fluid flows from will comprise :
(1) loss in fluid pressure
(2) loss in fluid potential if elevations of point 1 and 2 are different
(3) loss in energy due to shear stress at the pipe wall

Applying a force balance :

(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) dA = 𝜏𝑤 2 𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝐿
Where : 𝜏𝑤 = shear at the pipe wall
 Fanning Friction Factor
𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
f=
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜏𝑤
f=1 𝑣2
𝜌
2 𝑔𝑐

• Substituting, we have :
𝑑𝑃 𝑣2 1
= 𝜌𝑓
𝑑𝐿 𝑓
𝑔𝑐 𝑟
𝑑𝑃 𝑣2 1
=2𝜌𝑓
𝑑𝐿 𝑓
𝑔𝑐 𝑑
Moody Friction Factor (𝒇𝒎 )
𝑓𝑚 = 4 𝑓𝐹

𝑑𝑃 𝑣2 1
= 𝑓𝑚 𝜌
𝑑𝐿 𝑓
2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑
 5

Single Phase Flow Characteristic

 Single Phase Flow Characteristic
• Single phase fluid flow in pipes can be defined in 2 major categories,
namely :

1. Laminar flow

2. Turbulent flow
 Single Phase Laminar Flow
• From the Hagen Poisseuille equation, we can obtain :

𝑔𝑐 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑃
𝑣=
32 𝜇 𝑑𝐿 𝑓

64
𝑓𝑚 = Where :
𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = Reynolds Number
q = fluid flow rate, Bbl/d
Where : 𝜌 = fluid density, lbm/ft3
d = tubing inner diameter, inch
𝑣𝜌𝑑 𝜇 = fluid velocity, cp
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

1.48 𝑞 𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = (U.S field units)
𝑑𝜇

𝜇 = viscosity of the flowing fluid

 Single Phase Turbulent Flow

• Turbulent flow is sensitive to the physical nature of the inner pipe wall.

• The moody friction factor will be characterised by a series of relationships

depending on the value of 𝑁𝑅𝑒 and the pipe roughness.

• The friction factor relationship is discussed below with respect to smooth

and rough wall pipe

• For turbulent flow (when the 𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 2000)

 Single Phase Turbulent Flow Cont’d

(a) Smooth wall pipe

• The simplest eq is that of Drew, Koo and McAdams:

𝑓𝑚 = 0.0056 + 0.5 𝑁𝑅𝑒 −0.32

This eq is valid for 3000 ≤ 𝑁𝑅𝑒 ≤ 3 x 106

(b) Rough wall pipe

The pipe wall roughness is highly variable and will depend upon

• The pipe material, manufacturing method, age, and Type of fluids flowing
through the pipe
 Single Phase Turbulent Flow Cont’d

• Nikuradse’s Equation

1 2𝜀
= 1.74 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑓𝑚 𝑑

• Colebrook’s Equation (1938) :

1 2𝜀 18.7
= 1.74 − 2 log +
𝑓𝑚 𝑑 𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑓𝑚 0.5
 Single Phase Turbulent Flow Cont’d

• Jain’s Equation (1976)

1 2𝜀 21.25
= 1.14 − 2 log +
𝑓𝑚 𝑑 𝑁𝑅𝑒 0.9

• Chen’s Equation

0.8981
1 𝜀 5.0452 𝜀 1.1098 7.149
= −4 𝑥 log [ − log { + }]
𝑓𝐹 3.7065 𝑁𝑅𝑒 2.8257 𝑁𝑅𝑒

Where : 𝜀 is defined as the absolute roughness of the pipe

• Moody Diagram
𝒇𝑭 , Darcy-Wiesbach Friction Factor
Moody Diagram
Moody Diagram Cont’d
 6

Fluid Parameters in Multiphase Flow

 Fluid Parameters in Multiphase Flow

(a) Slippage

• The slip velocity (Vs) is defined as the difference in velocities of the two
phases for a gas-oil system

Vs = Vg - Vo

(b) Holdup

• Holdup is a term used to define the volumetric ratio between two phases
which occupy a specified volume or length of pipe
 Fluid Parameters in Multiphase Flow Cont’d

• The liquid holdup for a gas-liquid mixture flowing in a pipe is referred to as

𝐻𝐿
Volume of liquid in a pipe segment
HL =
Volume of pipe segment

• The gas holdup Hg is defined as :

Volume of gas in a pipe segment

Hg =
Volume of pipe segment

HL + Hg = 1
 Fluid Parameters in Multiphase Flow Cont’d

(c) Fluid Velocity

• A difficulty arises as to how to define the velocity of a specific phase. There

are two options :

1. The first option is to define velocity based upon the total cross sectional
area of the pipe despite the fact that each phase will occupy a fraction of
the area.

𝑞𝑔 𝑞𝐿
𝑉𝑠𝑔 = or 𝑉𝑠𝐿 =
𝐴 𝐴
 Fluid Parameters in Multiphase Flow Cont’d

(c) Fluid Velocity

• A difficulty arises as to how to define the velocity of a specific phase. There

are two options :

2. A more accurate value for the velocity of each phases is to correct for the
holdup of each phases.

𝑞𝑔
𝑉𝑔 =
𝐴 𝐻𝑔
 Homework # 1

Suppose that 1000 Bbl/d of 40 API, 1.2 cp oil is being produced through 27/8
inch (2.259 inch. ID), 8.6 lbm/ft tubing in a well that is 15o from vertical. If
the tubing wall relative roughness is 0.001, calculate the pressure drop over
1000 ft of tubing
Thank You

END OF SLIDES – FOR DAY 3