Pipe Flow
Pipe Flow
❑ Introduction
▪ Water naturally flows through open channels such as rivers and streams.
▪ For purposes like irrigation, water distribution is often managed through canals
▪ But many times we also need the help of Pipe ( e.g. For drinking water supply etc or waste water
transport or oil)
▪ Closed conduit is needed when no interaction with anything outside is desired
❑ Comparison Between Open Channel Flow and Pipe Flow
❑ When water flow through pipe, there will resistance offered by the pipe and viscosity of the fluid, in that
way some energy will be loss.
❑ Available energy will gradually reduce then if we do not design the pipe in a proper way, water may not
flow up to or desired point.
❑ When designing the pipe network, another important to note is the pressure that is been created inside the
pipe.
❑ If the pressure is very high, and if the pipe material is not sufficient, not of sufficient strength, then the pipe
may burst.
Pipe burst
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL)
EGL is a line
representing the total
head available to the
fluid
HGL is a line
representing total head
minus the velocity
head
Piezometric Head
❑ Piezometric head is the sum of the pressure head and datum head.
❑ The diameter of the pipe at section 1 and section 2 will be same unless it’s a
converging or diverging pipe. That mean discharge flowing through the pipe is
constant, then velocity will also be constant.
❑ Therefore velocity between upstream point and downstream point may not have much
difference.
ρ 𝑉𝐷
Re= µ
❑ When we say that resistance offered is different that mean the energy loss is
different
❑ So to calculate the energy loss, we have different equation for laminar and turbulent
flow.
Frictional Resistance- Recall
❑ In pipe flow, flow from one point to another depends on the difference of energy
level between the two points.
❑ Fluid needs to work to overcome these resistance, thus energy got consumed
❑ Independent of the Pressure ( fluid is always under pressure in pipe flow but friction loss is
independent of the amount of pressure in laminar flow)
❑ Proportional to the contact surface area (Longer pipes increase frictional loss because there is
more surface area in contact with the fluid, leading to more resistance due to viscous shear)
❑ Independent of the nature of Surface i.e. roughness ( In laminar flow, a layer is formed
on the boundary of the pipe which is at rest (no slip boundary condition). Water is
laminar flow is flowing layer by layer. So this make the situation as if water is flowing
over the static layer)
❑ Depend on the nature of Surface (water is not flowing in layer, the fluid particle are
always mixing, so the fluid contacting with the surface will again mix with other
layers). Incase of friction formula for Turbulent, roughness parameter will come.
❑ Effected slightly by variation of temperature (the viscosity become more significant when
the fluid is moving in layer)
❑ Consider a horizontal pipe of radius R.
❑Consider a fluid element of radius r.
❑Let length of the fluid element be dx.
.
Consider that this fluid element is steady state. Hence the acceleration is zero. That mean it is moving at a uniform
velocity
.
r
.r
R
dx y = R-r
.
.
The forces acting on the fluid element are
Shear force Fs = Shear stress Contact Area (area where shear stress act= Circumference times length )
Fs= τ 2 π r dx
Fs = 2 π r dx τ
Fs = 2 π r dx τ
Pressure force = Pressure Sectional Area
Say the Pressure is P
Pressure force at A,
FA = P πr 2
FA − FB - FS = 0
𝑑𝑃
π r P − (P +
2
𝑑𝑥)π r - 2 π r dx τ = 0
2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑃
πr P − πr P - πr
2 2
𝑑𝑥 - 2π r dx τ = 0
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑃
- πr 𝑑𝑥 – 2 π r dx τ = 0
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑃
2πrτ=-πr
𝑑𝑥
2
τ= -π r dP
2 π r dx
r −dp
τ= ………………..(1)
2 𝑑𝑥
Shear Stress diagram
τ = μ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
❑ This equation is used for shear stress from the bottom surface of the pipe. But here we are talking about a fluid
element
So value of y = R- r
dy=-dr, R is constant
τ = μ - 𝑑𝑢 ………………..(2)
𝑑𝑟
❑ Equate equations 1 and 2
❑ To find out velocity distribution we have to integrate with respect to r
………………..(3)
❑ To find out the value of C we need to apply boundary condition
1 2
L
x1
x2
❑ From average velocity equation
𝑑𝑃 8μ𝑢
ഥ
- =
𝑅2
𝑑𝑥
Integrate between Section 1 and 2
8μ𝑢
ഥ
-(P1 – P2) = (x1 – x2)
𝑅2
Take the negative to RHS
8μ𝑢
ഥ
(P1 – P2) = (x2 – x1)
𝑅2
8μ𝑢
ഥ
(P1 – P2) = L
𝑅2
8μ𝑢
ഥ
(P1 – P2) = L
𝐷 2 /4
32μ𝑢
ഥL
(P1 – P2) =
𝐷2
(P1 – P2) 32μ𝑢
ഥL
= =hf Hagen Poiseuille Equation
ρ𝑔 𝐷2 ρg
A pipe of 60 mm diameter and 450 m long slopes upwards at 1in 50. An oil of viscosity 0.9 Ns/m2 and specific gravity 0.9
is required to be pumped at the rate of 5 liters/sec.
An oil with ρ=900kg/m3 and μ=0.18kg/ms flows through an inclined pipe. Two sections, section 1 and
section 2 are 10 m apart. Assume steady laminar flow.
a) Check whether flow is up or down.
b) Compute hf between 1 and 2. Viscosity is Pa.s
1 Pa = 1 N/m² = 1 (kg·m/s²)/m² = 1
c) Compute the discharge Q. kg/m·s²
d) Velocity, V.
e) The Reynolds number.
Given following inputs: P1=350000Pa, Z1=0.0, P2=250000Pa, D=6cm.
Z2=10sin40ο=6.43m
4
=