0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views40 pages

Pipe Flow

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views40 pages

Pipe Flow

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

FLOW IN PIPES

❑ Introduction
▪ Water naturally flows through open channels such as rivers and streams.
▪ For purposes like irrigation, water distribution is often managed through canals
▪ But many times we also need the help of Pipe ( e.g. For drinking water supply etc or waste water
transport or oil)
▪ Closed conduit is needed when no interaction with anything outside is desired
❑ Comparison Between Open Channel Flow and Pipe Flow

❑ OCF must have a Free Surface ❑No free Surface


❑Water is flowing full and subjected to
❑Subjected to atmospheric pressure hydraulic pressure
❑Driving force is the gravity force ❑ The main driving force is pressure
difference although gravity may also be
contributing to the flow

River Water Supply : Pipe Network


Hydraulic of Pipe

❑ When water flow through pipe, there will resistance offered by the pipe and viscosity of the fluid, in that
way some energy will be loss.
❑ Available energy will gradually reduce then if we do not design the pipe in a proper way, water may not
flow up to or desired point.
❑ When designing the pipe network, another important to note is the pressure that is been created inside the
pipe.
❑ If the pressure is very high, and if the pipe material is not sufficient, not of sufficient strength, then the pipe
may burst.

Pipe burst
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL)

EGL is a line
representing the total
head available to the
fluid
HGL is a line
representing total head
minus the velocity
head
Piezometric Head

❑ Piezometric head is the sum of the pressure head and datum head.

❑ Piezometric head is important in the analysis of Pipe Flow.

❑ The diameter of the pipe at section 1 and section 2 will be same unless it’s a
converging or diverging pipe. That mean discharge flowing through the pipe is
constant, then velocity will also be constant.

❑ Therefore velocity between upstream point and downstream point may not have much
difference.

❑ So any energy difference in the pipe flow is because of Piezometric head


Dimensionless Number
❑ Incase of Open Channel Flow, Gravity is the dominant force, hence Froude number

❑ In pipe flow, Viscous force is Dominant, hence Reynold number


Reynold Experiment
Osborne Reynold in 1883 demonstrated that there are two types of flow through a simple Experiment
Reynold Number

ρ 𝑉𝐷
Re= µ

L in Reynold number is not length of the pipe. It


FOR OPEN CHANEL FLOW is a characteristics length.
FOR PIPE FLOW In case of pipe, this characteristic length is
Re < 500, laminar represent by diameter of the pipe.
Re < 2000, laminar
Re> 4000, Turbulent Re> 2000, Turbulent
What is the Significance of Reynold Number ?

❑ It is important to know whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, because the


resistance offered by the pipe to the flow incase of laminar flow will be different
from that of turbulent flow .

❑ When we say that resistance offered is different that mean the energy loss is
different

❑ So to calculate the energy loss, we have different equation for laminar and turbulent
flow.
Frictional Resistance- Recall

❑ In pipe flow, flow from one point to another depends on the difference of energy
level between the two points.

❑ The pipe boundary and fluid viscosity offer resistance to flow

❑ Fluid needs to work to overcome these resistance, thus energy got consumed

❑ Therefore estimating head loss in a pipe is very important

❑ Resistance offered to the flow depends on the types of flow


Fluid Friction for Laminar Flow
❑ Proportional to Velocity of Flow

❑ Independent of the Pressure ( fluid is always under pressure in pipe flow but friction loss is
independent of the amount of pressure in laminar flow)

❑ Proportional to the contact surface area (Longer pipes increase frictional loss because there is
more surface area in contact with the fluid, leading to more resistance due to viscous shear)

❑ Independent of the nature of Surface i.e. roughness ( In laminar flow, a layer is formed
on the boundary of the pipe which is at rest (no slip boundary condition). Water is
laminar flow is flowing layer by layer. So this make the situation as if water is flowing
over the static layer)

❑ Effected by variation of temperature (change of temperature leads to change of viscosity).


More temperature less viscous for Liquid
Fluid Friction for Turbulent Flow

❑ Proportional to Velocityn ( n varies from 1.71 to 2). n is often considered as 2 to be on safe


side. So we can say proportional to square of velocity

❑ Independent of the Pressure

❑ Proportional to the density of the fluid

❑ Proportional to the contact surface area

❑ Depend on the nature of Surface (water is not flowing in layer, the fluid particle are
always mixing, so the fluid contacting with the surface will again mix with other
layers). Incase of friction formula for Turbulent, roughness parameter will come.

❑ Effected slightly by variation of temperature (the viscosity become more significant when
the fluid is moving in layer)
❑ Consider a horizontal pipe of radius R.
❑Consider a fluid element of radius r.
❑Let length of the fluid element be dx.
.

Consider that this fluid element is steady state. Hence the acceleration is zero. That mean it is moving at a uniform
velocity
.

r
.r

R
dx y = R-r
.

.
The forces acting on the fluid element are

1. Pressure force in both direction


2. Shear force

Shear force Fs = Shear stress  Contact Area (area where shear stress act= Circumference times length )

Fs= τ  2 π r dx
Fs = 2 π r dx τ
Fs = 2 π r dx τ
Pressure force = Pressure  Sectional Area
Say the Pressure is P
Pressure force at A,

FA = P πr 2

Pressure force at B, We can write in term of pressure gradient

Pressure is a compressive stress, always


act normal to the control volume
𝑑𝑃
FB = (P + dx) π r 2
𝑑𝑥
Equilibrium condition, summation of all force = 0

FA − FB - FS = 0
𝑑𝑃
π r P − (P +
2
𝑑𝑥)π r - 2 π r dx τ = 0
2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑃
πr P − πr P - πr
2 2
𝑑𝑥 - 2π r dx τ = 0
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑃
- πr 𝑑𝑥 – 2 π r dx τ = 0
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑃
2πrτ=-πr
𝑑𝑥

2
τ= -π r dP
2 π r dx
r −dp
τ= ………………..(1)
2 𝑑𝑥
Shear Stress diagram

❑ From Equation 1, shear stress varies linearly with r

❑ Also when r= 0, shear stress is 0


Velocity distribution diagram

❑ Because there is shear stress, we can apply Newton’s law of viscosity

τ = μ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
❑ This equation is used for shear stress from the bottom surface of the pipe. But here we are talking about a fluid
element

So value of y = R- r
dy=-dr, R is constant

τ = μ - 𝑑𝑢 ………………..(2)
𝑑𝑟
❑ Equate equations 1 and 2
❑ To find out velocity distribution we have to integrate with respect to r

………………..(3)
❑ To find out the value of C we need to apply boundary condition

Substitute the value of C in equation 3

This shows that velocity distribution is parabolic in nature


❑ Distribution of shear stress and velocity Profile in Laminar flow
Maximum and Average Velocity
❑ Discharge over the entire pipe
❑ To find pressure drop along a certain length of a pipe

1 2

L
x1
x2
❑ From average velocity equation

𝑑𝑃 8μ𝑢

- =
𝑅2
𝑑𝑥
Integrate between Section 1 and 2

8μ𝑢

-(P1 – P2) = (x1 – x2)
𝑅2
Take the negative to RHS
8μ𝑢

(P1 – P2) = (x2 – x1)
𝑅2
8μ𝑢

(P1 – P2) = L
𝑅2
8μ𝑢

(P1 – P2) = L
𝐷 2 /4
32μ𝑢
ഥL
(P1 – P2) =
𝐷2
(P1 – P2) 32μ𝑢
ഥL
= =hf Hagen Poiseuille Equation
ρ𝑔 𝐷2 ρg
A pipe of 60 mm diameter and 450 m long slopes upwards at 1in 50. An oil of viscosity 0.9 Ns/m2 and specific gravity 0.9
is required to be pumped at the rate of 5 liters/sec.

i. Is the flow laminar ?


ii. What is the pressure difference required to maintain this condition ?
iii. What is the center line velocity and the velocity gradient at pipe wall
To find pressure difference.
Apply Bernoulli’s equation at section 1 and 2.
GATE QUESTION
Example (Adopted from FM White’s Fluid Mechanics)

An oil with ρ=900kg/m3 and μ=0.18kg/ms flows through an inclined pipe. Two sections, section 1 and
section 2 are 10 m apart. Assume steady laminar flow.
a) Check whether flow is up or down.
b) Compute hf between 1 and 2. Viscosity is Pa.s
1 Pa = 1 N/m² = 1 (kg·m/s²)/m² = 1
c) Compute the discharge Q. kg/m·s²

d) Velocity, V.
e) The Reynolds number.
Given following inputs: P1=350000Pa, Z1=0.0, P2=250000Pa, D=6cm.
Z2=10sin40ο=6.43m
4
=

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy