UNIT-5

Correlation Surveying

Presented By:
Mr. Abhishek Mohapatra
Asst. Professor
Lecture Details: Mining Engineering
Correlation Surveying GIET (A)
Subject: Advanced Mine Surveying
Branch: Mining
Semester: 4th
What is Correlation survey?
PURPOSE OF MINE CORRELATION SURVEY
• To determine with a high degree of exactitude the relative positions of the underground workings and the
surface features so that the underground roadways and faces may be laid down accurately on the working
plan.

• To fix the position of railways, roads and important buildings/structures on the mine plans, so that the
statutory restrictions imposed may be strictly followed in mine workings.

• To take care of the safety and stability of the mine workings and of important surface features that are
very much jeopardized because of the disturbances and strata movement caused by mining.

• To fix the boundaries of the mine for limiting the extent of underground working.

• To mark rivers, lakes, ponds,etc on mine plan so as to make adequate precautions against inundation.

• To select suitable site for for proposed pits, drifts, or boreholes to connect with underground workings.
 MINE CORRELATION SURVEY
• Mine correlation in the context of multilevel metalliferous mining, and horizontal
coal mining is important from the point of view of accurately connecting two levels
through such cross measure drifts, or staple shafts or raises as are driven from
both the levels.
• Mine correlation involves determination of the bearing or azimuth of a line below
ground with respect to a true north and also of the co-ordinates of one of the end
stations of the line called Reference Base.
CLASSIFICATION OF MINE CORRELATION SURVEY
DIRECT TRAVERSING THROUGH ADITS OR
INCLINED DRIFTS
• Where entry to a mine is gained by means of a level or drift, correlation may be carried out
by making a precise theodolite traverse direct into the workings starting from some one line
of known bearing in the surface triangulation and making a return traverse to the initial
reference point so as to close the survey polygonally.
• In the course of the traverse, one or more underground base are established from which
future underground surveys may be carried out.
• When the surveys are plotted on a plan, the underground workings will be shown in their
true position relative to the surface features.
• The traverse must be carried out with the requisite degree of precision, particular care being
taken in (a) centring the theodolite at the various stations, (b) levelling the instrument, and
(c) measuring the length each drift.
DIRECT TRAVERSING THROUGH ADITS OR
INCLINED DRIFTS
• The angle between each pair of adjacent lines should be measured at least three times on
each face of the instrument, or by the method of repetition.
• The length of each drift should be measured several times, a spring balance being used to
ensure correct tension and proper corrections made for sag unless the steel tape rests on the
floor or is supported at short intervals.
• Special care is needed in measuring the vertical angles so that the slope length may be
reduced to their correct horizontal equivalents.
• Non-vertical shaft in metal mines, with inclination up to 85° from the horizontal, causes a
most difficult problem in correlation.
• In mines where non-magnetic minerals are being worked the actual orientation of the
underground base-line could be made by precise magnetic method.
DIRECT TRAVERSING THROUGH ADITS OR
INCLINED DRIFTS
• It would still be necessary to fix the co-ordinate position of some underground point, and as
this can not be done by plumbing, a traverse must be made down the shaft.
• The sight will be exceptionally steep and special precautions must be taken in setting up the
instrument and targets and in measuring the angles and traverse lines.
• In such cases it will be impossible to use ordinary tripods and scaffolds must be erected in the
shaft, one on which the observer can stand and another to carry a special tripod head which
has spiked feet to grip the scaffold and a centering motion.
DIRECT TRANSFERENCE OF AZIMUTH DOWN THE
SHAFT
• The method involves sighting either up and down the mine shaft with a transit instrument of some special form of
telescope.
• (a) Set out a base line in the pit bottom connected to the underground survey and line in positions of two points A
and B across the shift bottom

• (b) Plumb the theodolite over B. align the side with the base line and transit up to two targets F and G placed
across the shaft-top on girders. The use of a diagonal eye piece is necesary for these steep sights

• (c) Many pointings on the targets are made to obtain mean positions of F and G

• (d) Repeat operations (b) and (c) but with the theodolite at C

• (e) The line joining the mean positions F and G on the shaft-top then by a fine wire under tension or by coplaning
in both directions roduced
 SHAFT PLUMBING FOR CORRELATION
• In the majority of cases, correlation has to be carried out down one or more vertical shafts
and this entails the suspension of plumb lines in the shaft or shafts.
• It is desirable that the wire used in plumbing the shaft should be as fine as is consistent with
its ability to support the plumb bob so that a minimum of surface is presented to outside
influences, eg ventilation and falling water, both of which might set up oscillations of the
wire.
• Also, the smaller the diameter of the wire the easier it will be to make accurate bisection of it
through the theodolite. The most suitable type of wire is hand drawn piano wire.
• The plumb wire is lowered down the shaft with a small plumm about 2 kg weight attached to
it. When it reaches the bottom the small plummet is replaced o a larger one, which may
weigh upto 25 kg and the large plumb-bob may then be immersed in barrel of water or oil to
cut down the oscillation of the wire.
 SHAFT PLUMBING FOR CORRELATION
• The longer the wire is left in suspension it will reduce the oscillations and
eventually come to rest. It may be necessary to raise the plumb-bob from time to
time to allow for the stretch of the wire.
• Light washers may be passed through the wire at surface which will come down
the shaft bottom indicating that there are no obstruction against which the wire in
resting.
• The ventilating fan should be stopped during and at least one hour before the
correlation.
• Plumb bobs are normally made of lead which has a high density and is unaffected
by magnetic attraction. They should be symmetrical in order to aid verticality of
the wire and should be fitted with vanes to dampen the twisting motion of the
plumb bob when immersed in water or oil.
 SHAFT PLUMBING FOR CORRELATION
Limitations
• Time consuming
• Disruption of wire planes may occur due to creep, magnetic effects,etc.
• Disruption and stoppage of ventilation.
 SHAFT PLUMBING FOR CORRELATION
Two methods of shaft plumbing:-
• Correlation by plumb lines in two shafts
• Correlation by wires in a single vertical shaft.
CORRELATION BY PLUMB LINES IN TWO SHAFTS
• If both shafts are vertical, correlation may be effected by means of two plumb lines, one
suspended in each shaft.
• The position of the plumb lines at the surface is incorporated to the surface triangulation and
the length and bearing of the line joining the two wires (plumb-plane) is calculated in relation
to an assumed meridian.
• A traverse is then made underground between the two wires and their co-ordinates
calculated by reference to an assumed meridian.
• The bearing of the plumb-plane, as calculated from the surface co-ordinates of the wires is
taken as its true value and compared with the bearing of the plumb-plane, calculated from
the co ordinates of the underground traverse.
• The difference in bearing is taken to be the error in direction of the assumed underground
meridian, and the whole of the underground traverse has to be swung through this angle to
bring the surface and underground plumb-planes into coincidence.
CORRELATION BY WIRES IN A SINGLE VERTICAL SHAFT
• Where there is only one vertical shaft available for the work of correlation then the task
becomes appreciably more difficult.
• Two plumb wires must be suspended in the shaft and the ertical plane connecting these two
wires will be the plumb-plane.
• The azimuth of the plane must be determined.
• The width of this plane is very limited about 6 m.
• Any lack of verticality will cause an appreciable discrepancy in the bearing of the plumb-
plane. The discrepancy in verticality will increase with depth and therefore the deeper the
shaft the more care will be required in plumbing.
CORRELATION BY WIRES IN A SINGLE VERTICAL SHAFT
TYPES
• Co-planing Method or Exact Alignment Method
• Weisbach Triangle or Approximate Alignment Method
• Weiss Quadrilateral
CO-PLANING METHOD/EXACT ALIGNMENT METHOD