QUARTER 3 WEEK 3

Time Learning Area Learning Competency Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery

Reading and Evaluate a written text based on its LESSON 1: Answer the following; Submit output in the
Writing Skills properties (organization, coherence  Activity 1 - 6 drop center on the
9:30 – and cohesion, language use and scheduled time and date.
11:30 mechanics)

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Les
son
READING AND WRITING
SKILLS

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 LESSON: Reading & Thinking Strategies: Properties of a Well-Written Text

 What’s New
When you have already gathered enough materials in developing your paragraphs or texts, the next step is
to organize properly. Then you need to determine which ideas should be used in the beginning, middle and end of
your texts—coherence and cohesion should be considered in arranging your ideas. The mechanics of writing
should be observed too, like capitalization, contractions and punctuation marks. Lastly, you need to determine the
type of language you are going to use for you to be able to communicate with your target audience. All of the
things mentioned above is what this module is all about.

 What I Need to Know

By the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. discuss the meaning and components of a well-written text;
2. explain the steps in achieving a well-written text;
3. read and explore texts and determine if they are well-written or not;
4. create a well-written text; and
5. reflect on your learning on the properties of a well-written text

 What I Know
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you already know. Read the statements carefully, and
determine what is being referred to, then write your answers on the blanks provided before each number.

____________________1. This is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
____________________2. This refers to when the details of a paragraph are arranged according to the order
in which they happened.
____________________3. It is a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate and capitalize.
____________________4. This means that the sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them
easily understood by the reader.
____________________5. To attain this property, one must be consistent with the use of pronouns.

LESSON 2:1 Reading & Thinking Strategies: Organization,

Coherence and Cohesion

For a text to be well-written, one must keep in mind these three properties:

 Organization - this is the structural framework for writing. It is important to effective writing because it
provides readers with a framework to help them fulfil their expectations for the text. This is the logical
progression and completeness of ideas in a text.
Organization is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
 Coherence – by coherence we mean that every part of a composition must contribute to one main
unifying thought, which means that the various parts of a text must follow one another in an order which
makes their relationship clear.
 Cohesion - means that the overall text has meaning.

 What’s New

Text organization is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through it. This
property makes a text readable and its message clear. Organization can be achieved through the following
techniques:
 Physical format
 Signal words
 Structure

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1. Physical Format
The format is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in how the
text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points or font emphasis. However, use this
technique with discretion as improper or superfluous formatting can be confusing.

Example:
Marxist ideology has three main theories. Historical materialism purports that all the features of society
can historically be traced back to economic activity. Social class in capitalist societies is what produces unjust
structures of power that exist today. Socialism would be the next rational step for the development of human
society.

Explanation:
The words in bold are the three most important Marxist theories that the first sentence is referring to. By
emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the correct term for the concepts along with their definitions;
this would also aid in remembering the theories since they stick out from the rest of the text.

2. Signal Words
Signal words are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from
one point to another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration,
question and answer).

Example:
Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly influenced me as a fictional writer. First, his use of the
unreliable narrator fascinated me, and I have written similar characters in my works. Second, the theme of
patriarchal oppression can also be found in the stories I write. Third, the novel’s stunning twist is something that
I have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am extremely grateful to have encountered Palahniuk’s genius early in my
writing career.

Explanation:
By using sequential signal words (first, second and third) before the beginning of every sentence, the
reader can follow what seems to be the writer’s list of three reasons why the novel influenced him. The word thus
also signals the conclusion and the end of the list.

3. Structure
The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the following:
Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook
Middle: supporting details
End: conclusion, summary, final message

Example:
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an “aura,” this appears as a rainbow of light around the
body that can be seen by individuals with clairvoyant abilities. The colors change depending on one’s mood,
health, and thoughts. Some scientists believe that the existence of the aura has something to do with the
electromagnetic fields produced by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether auras are real or not, the fact
remains that there are forces everywhere that are real even though we cannot see them.

Explanation:
Organization in this paragraph is not readily noticeable as it does not use cues like formatting or signal
words. However, the text is organized in this way:
Beginning: Introduce topic of aura
Middle: Definition and evidence of existence of auras
End: Ending message about forces in the world

 What I Have Learned

 By adhering to the structure, the writer can produce a text that is still easy to follow. The topic, supporting
details and concluding message is still clear to the reader.
 Text organization makes a text easy to read. It prevents the reader from becoming confused by a jumble of
words, sentences, and paragraphs that are in no particular order.
 Organization can be achieved through the physical format, signal words, and structure.

 What Is It?

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Activity 1: Identify the signal words and phrases that the author has used for arranging the details in the
paragraphs. Write the answer on your answer sheet.

Northern Mindanao is a region rich in culture, which can be seen in their numerous festivals. One of the
most popular festivals in the region is the Higalaay Festival in Cagayan de Oro City. They celebrate the feast day
of St. Augustine every 28th day of August. Another festival is Kaamulan festival in Bukidnon. It is an ethnic
cultural festival wherein people allocate a relative amount of their time to remember the culture and traditions of
the seven ethnic tribes in their area. It is also considered as a thanksgiving festival to celebrate their bountiful
harvest. Moreover, another famous festival in the region is the Lanzones festival in Camiguin, which is a 4-day
celebration of this fruit. It is held every 3rd week of October. It is essential to note that the sweetest Lanzones can
be found in the islands of Camiguin. Regularly celebrating different causes as one whole community shows that
the citizens of Region 10 value camaraderie and friendship.

Some parts of this region are known to have preserved their tribal beliefs and customs. An example is the
Higaunon, a mountain tribe in Bukidnon. Apparently, they still believe in the existence of spirits and gods.
Furthermore, they have a god for each element. Another superstition is they need to please the spirits so they will
experience something good in return. People in this tribe still live according to their traditions with farming as
their primary source of income. Additionally, the ancestors of its current inhabitants mentioned that the region
was occupied by four tribes but when northern-central Mindanao was divided into provinces, migrants from
Visayas and Luzon began to dominate the region. Since that happened, the tribal communities went to the
mountains and forests to continue living out their cultural heritage.

The region’s culture can also be seen in their establishments and churches. These include: the Immaculate
Conception Parish Church in Misamis Oriental, Macapagal-Macaraeg Heritage House in Lanao Del Norte,
General MacArthur Maker and Saint Augustine Cathedral in Cagayan de Oro. These places represents a glimpse
of Northern Mindanao’s history because the events that occurred in these locations moulded Region 10 to be what
it is today. The province of Camiguin is home to century old churches such as the Santo Rosario Church and Old
Catarman Church Ruins. Baylao Church is considered as a miraculous place because a lot of individuals connect
it to how its existence saved numerous lives during the eruption of Mount HibokHibok. Besides that, there are
also a lot of ancestral homes that can be found in this region that date back all the way to the Spanish era.

 What’s New

And if there is ORGANIZATION, there is…

 Coherence and Cohesion – by coherence we mean that every part of a composition must contribute to
one main unifying thought, which means that the various parts of a text must follow one another in an
order which makes their relationship clear. On the other hand, cohesion means that the overall text has
meaning.

A text with coherence has ideas that are logically sequenced in a way that is easy to follow for the
reader. Although without cohesion, no central concept links all these ideas together. The main point of the text
remains unclear for readers.

Example:
My favorite painting is “The Weeping Woman” by Pablo Picasso, which is an intriguing painting that
symbolizes suffering. As a result, I love bright primary colors, so I wear a lot of shocking yellows, blues, and
reds. Also, as an outgoing person, I enjoy performing for large crowds. In the end, people should not judge an
artist’s talent based on one standard.

Explanation:
Connecting words in the text suggest a sequence of ideas that the writer wants to convey. “As a result”
implies an effect of the previous statement while “in the end” indicates the conclusion. However, the writer jumps
from one topic to another resulting in a lack of cohesion. For instance, the writer talks about his or her favourite
colors “as a result” of Picasso’s painting even though they are not connected in any way. It can be inferred that
the choice of favourite colors was inspired by the colors of the painting, but the writer does not make this clear.
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Cohesion and Coherence
A text with both cohesion and coherence has a central concept linking all the ideas in the text, and
these ideas are presented in a logical manner. The main point is clear, and the text is easy to follow and
understand.

Example:
International Women’s Day is celebrated on the 8th of March of every year. It began as a Socialist political
event in several Western countries. Then, other countries also started celebrating the holiday just as a way to
express their love for women. Currently, the United Nations observes the holiday as a way to bring to light
women’s issues around the world.

Explanation:
The main topic of the text is International Women’s Day, which was stated in the first sentence. The
paragraph proceeds to outline the history of the holiday starting from some Western countries and its spread to
other nations. It ends with the current way that the whole world celebrates the day. The writer can present
different ideas about the holiday in a logical manner and without veering away from the topic.
Remember the following when trying to evaluate if your text has cohesion and coherence:

 A text with cohesion but no coherence is difficult to follow.

 A text with coherence but no cohesion has no definite point.
 A text with both cohesion and coherence is logically sequenced and stays on topic.

What Is It?
Activity 2: Create a coherent paragraph by arranging the following jumbled sentences. Then write your arranged
paragraph on your answer sheet. Don’t forget to observe proper mechanics in writing your paragraph!

1. -In these areas, 70 % of the agricultural land suffers from dryness and lack of irrigation.
-As a result, the crops are usually marginal with hardly enough production to feed the farmer’s family.
-The first fact to consider is that over 60% of the population lives in rural communities.
-In my country, one of the most urgent problems facing the government today relates to agriculture.
-And without irrigation, agricultural production is wholly dependent on the uncertain rainfall.
-To understand the nature of this problem, one has to look at some facts.

2. -To solve the problem of overpopulation, he devised a great war, which would sweep like a conflagration
over Greece.
-This was the Trojan war.
-Zeus, the ruler of the gods, seemed to have realized that the earth was getting terribly overcrowded.

Activity 3: Read each of the following paragraphs. Identify the sentence that does not belong to the paragraph, to
make it more coherent and cohesive. Write the answer on your yellow paper.

1.  Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both are bodies of water, but
oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are
usually surrounded by land, while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living
in them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of
life. When it is time for a vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy. I want to swim in the lake.

2. Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink, and purple
swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a blender. Sunset is the opposite of sunrise.
The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in
prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that still must be
done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does set.

3. Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all of the items that do not have a proper place
to the center of the room. Get rid of at least five things that you have not used within the last year. Take out
all of the trash, and place all of the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the items
you had placed in the center of the room, for any remaining items, see if you can squeeze them in under your
bed or stuff them into the back of your closet. 5s is a Japanese cleaning system. See, that was easy!
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 LESSON 2:1 Reading & Thinking Strategies: Language Use and
Mechanics

 Language Use – refers to the appropriateness of word/vocabulary use. An effective language is specific,
concise, familiar, correct and appropriate.

It is important that you make good choices when it comes to language use because how you use
language affects the tone of the text and the readers’ interpretation of it. Before writing, you have to think
about and consider your target audience.
Determine when it is appropriate to use formal language or when informal language is
acceptable.

Informal language is usually used in writing for oneself or in writing to family, friends, and colleagues.
On the other hand, formal language is used in writing academic, business, and official texts.
Examples:

 We asked the secretary to call the professor and get her permission for us to continue our research.
 We requested that the secretary contact the professor and obtain her permission for us to continue our
research.
Explanation:
In the first sentence, the writer used casual words such as asked, call, and get permission, which made the
sentence informal. The second sentence used more serious words such as requested instead of asked, contact
instead of call, and obtain permission instead of get permission. This sentence is formal and is appropriate to use
when talking or writing to a person of authority.
When you write, you should also make sure that the language you use is **direct and simple rather than
complicated so that readers would easily understand the text.** If your readers are the youth, then you should use
words that are familiar to young people.

Example:
Why Sunglasses Are a Must-Have for Kids (An Excerpt)
(NewsUSA) Most parents know how damaging the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can be to our skin, which
is why they dutifully slather sunscreen on their kids during the summer. But one thing that often gets overlooked
is protecting their children’s eyes. According to vision-care experts, kids receive three times more UV exposure
than adults annually, yet less than 30 percent of parents currently protect their children’s eyes with sunglasses.
The reason for concern is that children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the sun’s rays because
their ocular lenses are not mature enough to filter UV light as effectively as adults, causing damage to the retina.
“Everyone buys into what happens to your skin when it comes to sun damage, but many parents are really
surprised to learn about the cumulative UV damage to the eyes,” Dawn Hartman, an optometrist at Columbus
Ophthalmology Associates in Columbus, Ohio, told the Wall Street Journal in an interview. But the right
sunglasses can help, as parents become more aware that protection from the sun is not just skin deep.
Source: 
(USA, NEWS USA, 2016)
http://www.copyrightfreecontent.com/health/why-sunglasses-are-a-must-have-for-kids/

Explanation:
The entire text uses simple words. This lets readers easily understand the significance of letting kids wear
sunglasses. There were a few technical scientific terms that were necessary to mention in the text, such
as ultraviolet radiation, ocular lenses, and retina. However, the message of the text is still easy to grasp.

You should also be sensitive enough to use unbiased language so that you will not offend any individual or
any particular group of people. Unbiased language is language that is free of racial bias, free of religious bias,
and free of gender bias.
Examples:

 A teacher should make it a point to motivate her students.

 Teachers should make it a point to motivate their students
Explanation:

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 In the first sentence, the pronoun used is she, but teachers may also be male, so the statement shows
gender bias. The second sentence, on the other hand, makes use of the gender-neutral pronoun their, making it
unbiased.

Proper Language Use

Proper language use allows you to capture the message that you want to convey to your readers. It is all
about choosing the right words that accurately capture your ideas.
However, writers sometimes encounter problems with the following:
 Misused Words
 Words with Unwanted Connotations
 Technical or Highfalutin Words

Misused Words
A writer might sometimes use a word incorrectly, and this occurs when the word does not mean what he
or she thinks it does. So, it is important to be certain of the definition of a word before using it; this often
happens with words that sound or look alike.
Example:
There are many behaviors that past societies considered legal but are now deemed amoral including slavery,
sexism, and racism.
Explanation:
The writer confused the word “amoral” with “immoral.” The former means neither moral nor immoral
(without moral quality) while the latter means not moral. Sometimes, it is easy to guess the correct meaning of a
word just by looking at how it is spelled. The prefix a- signals that something is without such as in “anarachy”
(without a government) or “atypical” (without typical features). On the other hand, the prefix im- simply means
not such as in “imperfect” (not perfect) or “impossible” (not possible).

Words with Unwanted Connotations

There are words that take on a meaning specific to a context. Some writers might not be aware of these
connotations, so they end up using language that is unintentionally confusing, comical or even offensive to
readers.
Example:
The coast guard salvaged Priscilla and her sister after their fishing boat was damaged in the storm.
Explanation:
The word “salvage” means to save usually from the wreckage of a marine vessel. However, the Philippine
media and police often use the term to mean a violent killing, which is opposite from its traditional English
meaning. It comes from the Spanish word “salvaje” that has a meaning similar to “savage.” Thus, if the writer
produced this text for a Filipino audience, the meaning that he or she intended would be lost. Using the word
“saved” or “rescued” would remedy the issue.

Technical or Highfalutin Words

Writers want to sound smart by using words that are very technical or have deep meanings. Though some
writing genres require the use of such words, writers should still be careful about using them since they make
readers work harder to understand texts.
 Example:
There is an ongoing discourse about the antidisestablishment assemblage and the administrative political body.
 Explanation:
The text is complicated because it is filled with words that are difficult to understand. If the terms are
important to use, then the writer could define what they mean. Otherwise, the sentence could be rewritten simply
this way: There is an ongoing discussion between the opposition and the government. This sentence still “sounds
smart” but it is easier for most people to understand and it does not change the meaning of the original sentence in
any way.

REMEMBER
When you use words improperly, readers are left confused as to what you are trying to say. So, always
choose words according to their correct definition and connotation. Also, keep your language simple enough to
make your text easier for readers to understand.

 What Is It?
Activity 4: Underline the informal words in the following sentences.
1. He’s gonna be angry.
2. I wanna learn how to ski.
3. Didja like the movie?
4. We hafta leave now.
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 5. I bought ya apples and grapes.

Mechanics - refers to a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate and capitalize. Mechanics are
conventions that have to be considered in writing. Some of these conventions are spelling, punctuation,
and capitalization. It is important to know and observe these conventions in writing to avoid confusion.

Spelling
When you write, always make sure that you are consistently using one standard with regard to the spelling
of your words. Remember that there are slight differences in American English spelling and British English
spelling.

Punctuation
Punctuation is the act of using a system of symbols such as the comma, period, quotation marks, question
marks, etc. that are used to give structure to and organize a text. The use of punctuation guides the reader
regarding how the text should be read.
Examples:

 I love to paint portraits I would paint one every day if I had the time
 I love to paint portraits. I would paint one every day if I had the time.
 This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel and Corazon.
 This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel, and Corazon.

Explanation:
The first example does not make use of proper punctuation marks, while the second example presents two
sentences that are correctly punctuated. In the third example, the sentence denotes that the author’s parents are
Noel and Corazon. In the fourth example, the use of the serial comma denotes that the book is dedicated to four
persons: the author’s mom, the author’s dad, Noel, and Corazon. The simple act of adding a comma completely
changed the meaning of the statement.

Capitalization
Capitalization is the act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest of the letters are in
lowercase. There are rules in capitalization that one has to remember. Below are a few examples of words that
require capitalization:
 proper nouns  kinship names used in place of personal names
Alex, Manila and are followed by personal names
 proper adjectives Grandma, Dad, Aunt Paz, Uncle Alvin
Canadian  adjectives, verbs, adverbs, nouns, and
 days of the week pronouns in a title and the first and last word
Sunday in a title
 months of the year   Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice
January Found There (literature)
 specific course titles  historical periods, events, documents
Theater 101  Great Depression, the Renaissance, the
Constitutio
Activity 5: Put a () if the phrases or sentences are following the proper mechanics. If the words or phrases are
incorrect, rewrite them below the given items to make it correct.

_____1. San miguel Corporation

_____2. Joe said, “he is my patient.”
_____3. do you believe me
_____4. Tom Cruise won the oscar award
_____5. Hon. Juan dela Cruz
_____6. girlie is one friend i know inside and out
_____7. i am from the philippines
_____8. Anna can pass for a movie star as a deadringer of anne Hathaway.
_____9. Being the only daughter, sylvia is the apple of the eye of her father.
_____10. please keep an eye on her while I am out.

Activity 6: In not more than 10 sentences and not less than 5 sentences explain what you like or don’t like about
Senior High School. Your paragraph will be rated based on the rubric below. You may write your paragraph on
the space provided.

Point
Criteria Performance Indicators Score
s
8
 Complete and thoughtful explanation of ideas 2
CONTENT Strong organization and structure 2
Vivid supporting details included 2
Written in complete sentence 2
MECHANICS Correct and appropriate grammar, punctuation, spelling,
2
etc.
Total 10

 What I Have Learned

 Organization is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text.
 By coherence we mean that every part of a composition must contribute to one main unifying thought,
which means that the various parts of a text must follow one another in an order which makes their
relationship clear.
 On the other hand, cohesion means that the overall text has meaning.
 Language Use refers to the appropriateness of word/vocabulary usage.
 Mechanics refers to a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate and capitalize.

ANSWERS KEY
Activity 4
Pre Test 1. He’s gonna be angry.
1. Coherence Activity 3
1. I want to swim in the lake 2. I wanna learn how to ski.
2. Organization
3. Mechanics 2. Sunset is the opposite of sunrise 3. Didja like the movie?
4. Cohesion 3. 5s is a Japanese cleaning System 4. We hafta leave now.
5. Mechanics 5. I bought ya apples and grapes.
Activity 1
Another Moreover Apparently Furthermore Another Additionally
Activity 2
1. In my country, one of the most urgent problems facing the government today relates to agriculture. To understand the nature of
this problem, one has to look at some facts. The first factor to consider is that over 60% of the population lives in rural
communities. In these areas, 70% of the agricultural land suffers from dryness and lack of irrigation. And without irrigation,
agricultural production is wholly dependent on the uncertain rainfall. As a result, the crops are usually marginal with hardly
enough production to feed the farmer’s family.
2. Zeus, the ruler of the gods, seemed to have realized that the earth was getting terribly overcrowded. To solve the problem of
overpopulation, he devised a great war, which would sweep like a conflagration over Greece. This was the Trojan war.
Activity 5
1. San Miguel Corporation
2. Joe said, “He is my patient.”
3. Do you believe me?
4. Tom Cruise won the Oscar Award
5. 
6. Girlie is one friend I know inside and out.
7. I am from the Philippines
8. Anna can pass for a movie star as a dead ringer of Anne Hathaway.
9. Being the only daughter, Sylvia is the apple of the eye of her father.
10. Please keep an eye on her while I am out.

Activity 6 Answer may vary.