EC8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MCQ MODEL

https://www.sanfoundry.com/analog-communications-questions-answers-source-
information/

1.FM stands for ________

a) Frequency Modulation
b) Frequency Modulator
c) Frequent Frequent Multiplier
d) Frequency Mixer

Answer: a

Explanation: FM stands for Frequency Modulation. It is the encoding of information on a carrier wave by
varying its frequency with respect to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. Rest other
options are the components used in the process of frequency modulation.

2. The minimum height of antenna required for transmission in terms of ʎ is ________

a) 3ʎ⁄2
b) ʎ⁄4
c) 2ʎ
d) ʎ

Answer: b
Explanation: For effective transmission, height of antenna should be one-forth of ʎ.
(H = ʎ⁄4 where ʎ = c⁄f). The reason for maintaining antenna height to ʎ/4 is for matching impedance. It
means that the antenna is atleast 1/4th above ground level.

3. What is Demodulation?
a) Process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform
b) Recovering information from a modulated signal
c) Process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce a new signal
d) Involvement of noise

Answer: b
Explanation: Demodulation is the process of recovering information from a modulated carrier wave while it
is modulation in which properties of a periodic waveform is varied. A modulator is a device that performs
modulation while the demodulator performs demodulation. A modem can perform both functions.

4. Amplitude Modulation suffers from ________

a) Side-band Suppression
b) IntraPulse Modulation
c) Cross Modulation
d) Carrier Suppression

Answer: c
Explanation: Cross modulation generally occurs in receivers receiving an AM signal in the presence of
other strong AM signal. The modulation from the strong signal cross modulates and appears on the
weaker signal being received.
5. Telephones send information through wires in form of ________
a) radio signals
b) electrical signal
c) electromagnetic waves
d) microwaves

Answer:b
Explanation: A telephone converts sound waves into electrical signals which are suitable for transmission
over long distances, where it is converted to sound waves again, through a transducer. The essential
components of a telephone are a microphone which acts as a transmitter and an earphone which acts as
a receiver.

6. The ability of receivers to select the wanted signals among various incoming signal is called ________
a) Selectivity
b) Fidelity
c) Sensitivity
d) Modulation

Answer:a
Explanation: The ability of receiver to select wanted signal from various incoming signals is called
selectivity. It rejects the other signals at closely lying frequencies. Sensitivity is the ability of the receiver to
amplify weak signals. Fidelity is the feature of receiver to reproduce all modulating frequencies equally.
While modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of carrier signal with respect to the
modulating signal.

7. Which device is used for tuning the receiver according to incoming signal (especially in TV)?
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Zener diode
d) Varacter diode

Answer:d
Explanation: Varactor diode is a diode working in the reverse-bias because of which no current flows
through it. It has variable capacitance which varies with applied voltage. Varactor diodes are mainly used
in Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) and RF Filters for tuning the receiver to the incoming signal or
different stations.

8. Notch is a ________
a) High pass filter
b) Low pass filter
c) Band stop filter
d) Band pass filter

Answer: c
Explanation: Notch filter is a band stop filter that allows most frequencies to pass through it, except
frequencies in a specific range. It is just opposite of a band-pass filter. High pass filter allows higher
frequencies to pass while Low pass filter allows lower frequencies to pass through it.

9. Sin wave is ________

a) Aperiodic Signal
b) Periodic Signal
c) Random Signal
d) Deterministic Signal

Answer: b
Explanation: Periodic signal is that which repeats itself after a regular interval. Sin wave is a periodic
function since it’s value can be determined at any point of time, as it repeats itself at a regular interval.
Aperiodic Signal does not repeat itself at regular interval of time. Random signals are the signals which
have uncertain values at any time. While Deterministic signals are the signals which are constant over a
period of time.

10. Noise is added to a signal ________

a) In the channel
b) At receiving antenna
c) At transmitting antenna
d) During regeneration of information

Answer: a
Explanation: Noise is an unwanted signal that gets mixed with the transmitted signal while passing
through the channel. The noise interferes with the signal and provides distortion in received signal. The
transmitting antenna transmits modulated message signal while the receiving antenna receives the
transmitted signal. Regeneration of information refers to demodulating the received signal to produce the
original message signal.

11. What is the advantage of superheterodyning?

a) High selectivity and sensitivity
b) Low Bandwidth
c) Low adjacent channel rejection
d) Low fidelity

Answer: a
Explanation: The main advantage of superheterodyning is that it provides high selectivity and sensitivity.
It’s bandwidth remains same. It has high adjacent channel rejection and high fidelity.

12. Relationship between amplitude and frequency is represented by ________

a) Time-domain plot
b) Phase-domain plot
c) Frequency-domain plot
d) Amplitude-domain plot

Answer: c
Explanation: Relationship between amplitude and frequency is represented by a frequency-domain plot.
Also, it represents the relation between phase and frequency. While a time-domain plot shows how a
signal varies over time.

13. What is Fidelity?

a) Equally amplifies all the signal frequencies at receiver
b) Ability of receiver to select wanted signal from various incoming signal
c) Minimum magnitude of input signal required to produced a specified output
d) Ability to amplify weak signals

Answer: a
Explanation: Fidelity is the ability of the receiver to reproduce all modulating signals, equally, without any
distortion. The ability of receiver to select wanted signal from various incoming signals is called Selectivity
while Sensitivity is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output. It is the
ability to amplify weak signals.

14. Which oscillator is used as a local oscillator in radio receiver?

a) Wien-bridge
b) Hartley
c) Crystal
d) Phase Shift

Answer: b
Explanation: Oscillator which is used as a local oscillator in radio receiver is generally a tuned circuit. This
tuned circuit consists of inductors and capacitors to determine the resonant frequency, therefore it is an
LC tuned circuit. Out of the four options, only Hartley Oscillator has an LC resonant tank circuit.

15. Process of recovering information signal from received carrier is known as ________
a) Sensitivity
b) Selectivity
c) Demodulation
d) Fidelity

Answer: c
Explanation: Demodulation means extracting information or message signal from the transmitted
modulated wave, while minimum magnitude of input signal required to produced a specified output is
known as Sensitivity. The ability of receiver to select wanted signal from various incoming signals is called
Selectivity. Fidelity means reproducing all modulating frequencies equally, without any distortion.

16.  What is the function of radio receiver?

a) to detect and amplify information signal from the carrier
b) to modulate a message signal
c) to produce radio waves
d) to convert one form of energy into other

Answer: a
Explanation: Receiver is to detect and amplify information signal from the carrier. Transmitter is used to
modulate message signal and produce radio waves. Transducer is used to convert one signal form of
energy into another form.

17Figure of merit is ________

a) Ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input signal to noise ratio
b) Ratio of input signal to noise ratio to output signal to noise ratio
c) Ratio of output signal to input signal to a system
d) Ratio of input signal to output signal to a system

Answer: a
Explanation: Figure of merit is a numerical quantity based on the characteristic of system that represents
a measure of efficiency or effectiveness. It is defined as the ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input
signal to noise ratio.

18. Superheterodyne principle provides selectivity at ________

a) RF stage
b) IF stage
c) Demodulating Stage
d) Audio Stage

Answer: b
Explanation: A superheterodyne receiver uses frequency mixing to convert the received high frequency
signal to a fixed lower intermediate frequency (IF), which can be processed more conveniently than
original received frequency. Thus, the principle of selectivity is applied at the IF stage as it consists of
very efficient filters to only select a wanted signal and pass it to the Demodulating Stage.
19. Which of the following devices is used to generate AM waves?
a) Square-law modulator
b) Reactance modulator
c) Transmitter
d) Transducer

Answer: a
Explanation: AM signals are generated by Square-law modulators. The input for generating AM signal
should be of type (A + m(t)) instead of m(t). Square-law modulator sums carrier and information signal,
then passes them through a non-linear device.

20. What is the disadvantage of FM over AM?

a) high modulating power is needed
b) requires high output power
c) large bandwidth required
d) high noise is produced

Answer: c
Explanation: Advantage of FM over AM is that the amplitude of an FM wave remains constant. In FM, the
power of transmitted wave depends on amplitude of unmodulated carrier wave and hence it is constant.
FM is less prone to noise compared to AM. However, wide-band FM has a wider bandwidth than AM as
it’s BW is given by Carson’s rule which = 2*(β+1)fm, where β = Frequency Modulation Index and fm is
frequency of modulating signal. And BW of AM = 2*f m.

21. Approximate range of a cordless telephone is ________

a) 900m
b) 100m
c) 1000m
d) 475m

Answer: b
Explanation: Cordless telephone is one in which the handset is portable and communicates with the body
of the phone by radio waves instead of being connected by a cord. The range depends on the quality of
instrument and is about 90m to 100m.

22. A wave is modulated by two sin waves having modulation indices of 0.3 and 0.5. Find the total
modulation index?
a) 0.1
b) 0.7
c) 0.58
d) 0.35

Answer: c

Explanation: Given that m1 = 0.3 and m2 = 0.5. Total modulation index will be equal to  . By

substituting values we have  which is equal to 0.58.

23. For 100% amplitude modulation, the power in upper sideband when carrier power is to be 100W?
a) 100W
b) 75W
c) 25W
d) 50W
Answer: c
Explanation: Modulation index, m = 100% = 1. Power in sidebands is (P cxm ⁄4). By substituting the values,
2

we have (100 x 1⁄4) which is equal to 25W.

Modulation index, m = 100% = 1.
Power in sidebands = (Pcx m /4), Pc = Power of Carrier
2

By substituting the values, we have (100 x 1/4) = 25W.

24. Scanning always takes place from ________

a) right to left
b) left to right
c) left to right for odd fields and right to left for even fields
d) left to right for even fields and right to left for odd fields

Answer: b
Explanation: Scanning is mostly used in TV to obtain continuous frames and to provide motion of picture.
Scanning always takes place from left to right.

25. Most commonly used modulation system for telegraphy is ________

a) Multi-tone modulation
b) Single tone modulation
c) PCM
d) FSK

Answer: d
Explanation: FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is a method to transmit digital signals, which are in form of
binary data. In telegraphy, a modem is used to convert binary data to FSK and vice-versa, for
communication between computers, over telephone lines. Single tone modulations deals with message
signal having single frequency component, whereas, Multi-tone modulation deals with message signal
having multiple frequency components.

26. What do you understand by the term “carrier”?

a) waveform with constant frequency, phase and amplitude
b) waveform for which frequency, amplitude or phase is varied
c) waveform with high amplitude, low frequency and constant phase
d) waveform to be transmitted

Answer: b
Explanation: A carrier wave is modulated in terms of amplitude, frequency or phase, with respect to an
input signal for conveying information. Carrier wave has generally higher frequency than the input signal.

27. According to Fourier analysis, square wave can be represented as ________

a) fundamental sine wave and even harmonics
b) fundamental sine wave and odd harmonics
c) fundamental sine wave and harmonics
d) fundamental and sub harmonic sine wave

Answer: b
Explanation: A square wave is a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform with steady frequency, in which the
amplitude alternates between a fixed maximum and minimum value. According to Fourier analysis, an
ideal square wave, with amplitude one, can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoidal waves. An
ideal square wave contains only components of odd integer harmonics.

28. Contrast function in TV is done by ________

a) Luminance amplifier
b) Schmitt trigger
c) Band Pass Filter
d) Chroma amplifier

Answer:a
Explanation: Luminance amplifier is mostly used by the Contrast Function, in TV sets. It helps to changes
the contrast or picture quality of television with respect to the received visual signals, by making the
contrast optimum.

29. FSK system involves ________

a) frequency modulation
b) pulse modulation
c) amplitude modulation
d) phase modulation

Answer: a
Explanation: FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is a method to transmit digital signals, which are in form of
binary data. FSK i.e. Frequency Shift Keying involves frequency modulation that assigns bit values to
discrete frequency while ASK assigns bit values to discrete amplitude.

30. Diameter of antenna is doubled. The maximum range will ________

a) be doubled
b) be halved
c) become four times
d) decrease to one fourth

Answer: a
Explanation: Range of antenna is directly proportional to antenna diameter. So if diameter of antenna is
doubled its range also doubled.

31. If the modulating frequency of a carrier wave varies between 700Hz and 7KHz, find it’s bandwidth?
a) 10 KHz
b) 23 KHz
c) 17.3 KHz
d) 12.6 KHz

Answer: d
Explanation: Modulating Frequency (fm) = Vmax-Vmin, where,
Vmax =Maximum Amplitude of an amplitude modulated,
Vmin =Minimum amplitude of an amplitude modulated,
fm =7KHz – 700Hz = 6.3KHz
Bandwidth = 2fm = 2 x 6.3 = 12.6 KHz.
32. A 400W carrier wave is modulated to a depth of 65%. Find the total power of modulated wave?
a) 512.5W
b) 493W
c) 484.5W
d) 609.6W
Answer: c
Explanation: Total power, Pt = Pc (1 + µ ⁄2), where Pc = Carrier Power = 400W
2

where Modulation Index (µ) = 0.65,

so Pt = 400 (1 +0.65 ⁄2). On solving it we get Pt = 484.5W.
2

33. A 1000 KHz carrier is modulated with 300 Hz, 8000 Hz and 2 KHz waves. Determine the frequencies
whose chances of occurring in output is least?
a) 1000 KHz
b) 1002 KHz
c) 998 KHz
d) 999.2 KHz
Answer: a
Explanation: Frequencies present in output are of the form f c ± fm, fc ± 2fm, fc ± 3fm. And 1000 KHz is a
multiple of none in the range. Whereas, rest options are one of the multiples in the range.

34. If average power of a transmitter is 4kW and maximum power is 20000KW. What is its duty cycle?
a) 2 x 10-3
b) 2 x 10-4
c) 3 x 10-3
d) 0.05
Answer:b
Explanation: Duty cycle is the proportion of time during which a component, device, or system is
operated. The duty cycle can be expressed as a ratio or as a percentage.

35. If modulation index of an AM wave is increased from 1.5 to 2, then the transitted power ________
a) remains same
b) increases by 20%
c) increases by 41%
d) increases by 50%
Answer: c
Explanation: When m=1.5, transmitted power

.
= 0.41 x 100
= 41%
Therefore, there is an increase in total power by 41%.

36. Which of the following stage is present in FM receiver but not in AM receiver?
a) Amplitude limiter
b) Demodulator
c) AM amplifier
d) Mixer
Answer: a
Explanation: Amplitude Limiter circuit is used in FM receiver to remove the noise or any variation in
amplitude present in the received signal. Thus, the output of the amplitude limiter has a constant
amplitude. So it is only used in frequency modulation and not in amplitude modulation.

37. For which of the modulated system, the linear amplified modulated stage is used?
a) low level amplitude modulated system
b) high level amplitude modulated system
c) high level frequency modulated system
d) low level frequency modulated system
Answer: a
Explanation: In low-level modulation, the generation of amplitude modulated signal takes place at low
power levels. The generated AM signal is then amplified using a chain of linear amplifiers, which are
required to avoid waveform distortion. Thus, linear amplified modulated stage is used in low level
amplitude modulated system.

38. When noise is passed through a narrow band filter, the output of filter should be?
a) triangular
b) square
c) parabolic
d) sinusoidal
Answer: d
Explanation: Narrow band filter is used to isolate a narrow band of frequencies from a wider bandwidth
signal. It is a combination of band pass and band reject filter. When noise gets passed through it, the
output of it should be sinusoidal.

39. A narrow band noise can exist in _________

a) AM only
b) PCM only
c) FM only
d) AM and FM both
Answer: d
Explanation: Narrow band filter is used to isolate a narrow band of frequencies from a wider bandwidth
signal. It is a combination of band pass and band reject filter. So it can be used in both AM and FM to
pass a band of frequencies or to attenuate a band of frequencies.

40. The upper and lower sideband frequencies for 5KHz amplitude modulation with a 30KHz carrier
frequency will be?
a) 35KHz and 25KHz
b) 34KHz and 24KHz
c) 25KHz and 35KHz
d) 0.35KHz and 0.25KHz
Answer: a
Explanation: Upper sideband frequency will be (30 + 5) = 35 KHz and Lower sideband frequency will be
(30 – 5) = 25 KHz.

41. Which among the following is the drawback of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)?
a) Synchronization is required between receiver and transmitter
b) Synchronization is not required between receiver and transmitter
c) Amplitude is constant
d) Instantaneous power of PPM modulated signals is constant
Answer: a
Explanation: Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is a type of modulation process in which position of the
pulse of the carrier wave is varied with respect to the instantaneous position values of the message
signal. In PPM, there is minimum noise interference but the main disadvantage of the PPM modulation
technique is that synchronization between transmitter and receiver must be needed.

42. Calculate the Nyquist rate for the signal x(t) = 12cos50πt + 7 cos75π t – 13 cos100πt.
a) 300 Hz
b) 600 Hz
c) 100 Hz
d) 150 Hz
Answer: c
Explanation: On comparing with general Equation, Acosωt and substituting ω = 2×π× f. We have f 1 = 25
Hz, f2 = 37.5Hz, f3 = 100π/2π = 50Hz.
Taking the maximum modulating frequency, fmax = 50Hz
Nyquist rate = 2 × fmax = 2 × 50 = 100 Hz.

43. What is the need of doing Pre emphasis?

a) For boosting of modulating signal voltage
b) For boosting of modulating signal frequency
c) For removing amplitude variations due to noise
d) For removing frequency variations
Answer: a
Explanation: Pre-emphasis is vastly applied in communication systems to improve signal strength before
transmission. It refers to boosting the amplitudes of the weak modulating voltages for high audio
frequencies in the range of 2 to 15KHz.
44. Amount of data transmitted for a given time is called _________
a) Noise
b) Frequency
c) Bandwidth
d) Power
Answer: c
Explanation: Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data transmitted over a particular period of time. It is
also defined as the difference of high frequency and low frequency, of a given band.

45. Consider an AM broadcast station that transmits modulating frequencies up to 10kHz. If it transmits a
frequency of 1000 kHz. Find its maximum and minimum upper and lower sidebands frequencies and also
the total bandwidth?
a) 900 KHz, 820 KHz, 1000 Hz
b) 720 KHz, 650 KHz, 1020 Hz
c) 1010 KHz, 880 KHz, 15000 Hz
d) 1010 KHz, 990 KHz, 20000 Hz
Answer: d
Explanation: Maximum Frequency, fm = (1000 + 10) KHz = 1010 KHz.
Minimum Frequency, fl = (1000 – 10) KHz = 990 KHz and,
Bandwidth = 2 * Modulating frequency = Maximum Frequency – Minimum Frequency
= (1010 – 990) KHz = 20000 Hz.

46. A superheterodyne receiver receives signal within frequency range of 120 to 180 MHz. Then the
required Intermediate frequency is _________
a) 30MHz
b) 60MHz
c) 90MHz
d) 50MHz
Answer:a
Explanation:

47. Carson’s rule is used to calculate ________

a) Bandwidth of FM signal
b) SNR
c) Modulation index of FM signal
d) Figure of merit
Answer: a
Explanation: Carson’s rule states that only (β+1) (where β = modulation index) upper and lower
sidebands along with the carrier, have significant magnitude and contain 99% of total power. Thus, as per
Carson’s rule, required bandwidth is equal to the twice of sum of the maximum frequency deviation (f d)
and the maximum modulating frequency(f m), B = 2(fd + fm)Hz.

48. What is the bandwidth of a FM wave when maximum allowed deviation is 50KHz and the modulating
signal has a frequency of 15KHz?
a) 130 KHz
b) 260 KHz
c) 65 KHz
d) 50 KHz
Answer: a
Explanation: According to Carson s rule, B = 2(fd +fm) = 2 (50 + 15) = 130 KHz.

50. For signal, m(t) = 50cos(10 × 90t + 30 sin100t), the power dissipated by the 20Ω resistor is ________
a) 100W
b) 65W
c) 74.7W
d) 62.5W
Answer: d
Explanation: In angle modulation, the amplitude of carrier remains constant and thus power depends on
amplitude only. On Comparing with the equation, m(t) = Acos(ω ct + mf sinωmt). We have A = 50,

dissipated power, 

51. VSB is generally used in ________

a) television production
b) radio transmission
c) telephonic conversations
d) long distance conversations
Answer: a
Explanation: Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB) is a type of amplitude modulation in which the carrier
and only one sideband are completely transmitted and the other sideband is partly transmitted. Thus,
television production is done using VSB modulation.

52. A helical antenna is used for satellite tracking due to its __________
a) broad bandwidth
b) circular polarization
c) linear polarization
d) good front to back ratio
Answer: d
Explanation: Helical antenna consists conducting wire. These conducting wire is wound around it in the
form of helix. It is mainly used for satellite tracking due to its good front to back ratio.

53. What is the typical bandwidth of a 2-wire telephone line?

a) 20 Hz to 6 KHz
b) 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz
c) 20 Hz to 20 KHz
d) 200 Hz to 6.5 KHz
Answer: b
Explanation: A helical antenna is an antenna made of one or more conducting wires wound in the form of
a helix. It produces circular polarization, because of which it is highly used in radio telemetry. It is mainly
used for satellite tracking due to its good front to back ratio.

54. What is the ITU designation range for VHF?

a) 30 to 300 Kilohertz
b) 300 to 3000 Kilohertz
c) 30 to 300 Megahertz
d) 3 to 30 Megahertz
Answer: c
Explanation: The VHF (Very High Frequency) are frequencies in the range of 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
Frequencies in the range 30 to 300 Kilohertz belong to LF (Low Frequency) range, whereas frequencies
in the range 300 to 3000 Kilohertz belong to MF (Medium Frequency) range. Frequencies in the range 3
to 30 Megahertz belong to HF (High Frequency) range.

55. Effective noise at high frequencies is ________

a) Johnson noise
b) Flicker noise
c) transit-time noise
d) Partition noise
Answer: c
Explanation: Transit-time noise is alike to shot noise, and results if the time taken by electrons to reach
from emitter to collector is comparable to the period of signals being amplified. Thus, transit-time noise
occurs at high frequencies, whereas Flicker noise occurs below a few kilohertz and Johnson noise, also
known as thermal noise, occurs at all frequencies.
56. Which among the following is the Analog Continuous Modulation technique?
a) PAM
b) PCM
c) AM
d) PM
Answer: c
Explanation: Only AM (Amplitude Modulation) is Analog Continuous Modulation technique while rest are
Digital Modulation techniques. In AM, the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied with respect to the
instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. This is how amplitude modulation takes place.

57. If AM transmitter has low level modulation then it has ________

a) high efficiency
b) poor efficiency
c) high modulating power
d) high resistance towards noise
Answer: b
Explanation: In low-level modulation, the generated amplitude modulated signal utilizes less power,
followed by the AM signal being amplified by a chain of linear amplifiers. However, in high power
applications, the amplifiers that follow the modulator stage will be linear amplifiers which will render the
whole modulation as inefficient.

58. What do you understand by isotropic antenna?

a) it radiates its power uniformly in all directions
b) it radiates its power non-uniformly in all directions
c) it radiates its power specifically in one direction only
d) it does not radiate any power
Answer: a
Explanation: An isotropic antenna is considered to be an ideal antenna that radiates power uniformly in all
directions. Generally, this type of antenna does not exist. However, it is often used to determine certain
antenna characteristics like antenna gain.

59. In which of the modulation, the waveform is modified resulting in a signal where each quarter cycle is
transposed.
a) AM
b) FM
c) PM
d) TM
Answer: d
Explanation: In TM, the message signal is modulated by inserting inflections in the original waveform. The
waveform is modified resulting in a modulated signal where each quarter cycle is transposed in
modulation process.

60. For a low level AM system, amplifier modulated stage must have _________
a) harmonic devices
b) linear devices
c) non-linear devices
d) class A amplifiers
Answer: b
Explanation: In low-level modulation, the generation of amplitude modulated signal takes place at low
power levels. The generated AM signal is then amplified using a chain of linear amplifiers, which are
required to avoid waveform distortion. Thus, linear devices are used in low level amplitude modulated
system.

61. Which theorem states that a noiseless Gaussian channel has zero capacity?
a) Beckman-Quarles theorem
b) Bell’s theorem
c) Cameron-Martin theorem
d) Shannon-Hartley theorem
Answer: d
Explanation: According to Shannon Hartley theorem, a noiseless channel has infinite capacity.

62. A noiseless Gaussian channel has _____________

a) zero capacity
b) infinite capacity
c) small capacity
d) finite large capacity
Answer: b
Explanation: According to Shannon Hartley theorem, a noiseless channel has infinite capacity.

63. When bandwidth is the major consideration a narrow and wide band FM can be approximated to?
a) DSB-SC
b) SSB
c) VSB
d) AM
Answer: d
Explanation: For narrow and wide bands frequency modulation, modulation index is respectively smaller
and greater than 1. When bandwidth is considered it can be approximated to AM.

64. Which modulation is used in microwave band?

a) Amplitude Modulation
b) Pulse Modulation
c) Frequency Modulation
d) Phase Modulation
Answer: b
Explanation: In pulse modulation, message signal in the form of pulses are varied with respect to width,
amplitude or position. It is mostly used for radio navigation, microwave band and for many others.

65. In pulse transmitter, the ratio of time on to time off is called ________
a) base
b) bandwidth
c) duty cycle
d) efficiency
Answer: c
Explanation: Duty cycle is the fraction of time in which the system is active. It can also be defined as the
ratio of time on to time off of a system. At times, duty cycle, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of
time on to sum of time on and time off.

66. Signal to quantization noise ratio in PCM system depends on _________

a) sampling rate
b) signal bandwidth
c) number of quantization levels
d) nature of carrier wave
Answer: c
Explanation: Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital form of communication. For demodulation of PCM,
it is necessary to convert it into PAM. Quantization noise occurs in PCM only. Signal to quantization noise
ratio depends on the number of quantization levels.

67. Which of the following modulation is used in data communication?

a) Pulse Modulation
b) Amplitude Modulation
c) Phase Modulation
d) Frequency Modulation
Answer: a
Explanation: In pulse modulation, message signal in the form of pulses are varied with respect to width,
amplitude or position. It is mostly used for radio navigation, microwave band and for many others. It is
also highly used in data communication.
68. If peak voltage of a carrier wave is 10V, what is the peak voltage of modulating signal if modulation
index is 50%?
a) 10V
b) 20V
c) 8V
d) 5V
Answer: d
Explanation: From the relation, Modulation Index (µ) = Vm/Vc = 50% = 0.5,
where Vm = Peak voltage of modulating signal,
Vc = Peak voltage of a carrier wave = 10V,
Therefore, Vm = 10 X 0.5 = 5V.

69. 24 channels, each band limited to 3.4 KHz, are to be time division multiplexed. Find the bandwidth
required for 128 quantization level? (Given that sampling frequency is 8 KHz)
a) 2436 KHz
b) 1002 KHz
c) 1536 KHz
d) 1337 KHz
Answer: c
Explanation: N = 24, fm = 3.4 kHz
m = 128,
2n = m = 128, n = 7
But fs = 2fm, where, fs = sampling frequency
instead at 2fm 2 x 3.4 kHz 6.8 KHz.
B.W. = N(n+1)X fs = [24(7 + 1)] 8 kHz = 1536 KHz.

70. Calculate power in each sideband, if power of carrier wave is 96W and there is 40% modulation in
amplitude modulated signal?
a) 11.84W
b) 6.84W
c) 3.84W
d) 15.84W
Answer: c
Explanation: Modulation index = 0.4 and Pc = 96W. Power in sidebands may be calculated

as 

71. For 50% modulation, power in each sideband is ________ of that of carrier.
a) 10%
b) 4.32%
c) 5%
d) 6.25%
Answer: d
Explanation: Modulation index = 0.5. Power in sidebands may be calculated

as 

72. Power of carrier wave is 300W and modulation index is 0.75. Find its total power?
a) 465W
b) 384W
c) 323W
d) 502W
Answer: b
Explanation: Total power, Pt = Pc (1 + µ ⁄2), where Pc = Carrier Power = 300W
2
where Modulation Index (µ) = 0.75,

So Pt, 

73. Find the power saving for DSB-SC wave with 100% modulation?
a) 66%
b) 86%
c) 50%
d) 33%
Answer: a
Explanation: In DSB-SC carrier is suppressed.
So Total Power required in DSBSC Modulation = (u 2XPc)/2 = Pc/2
In normal AM, carrier is not suppressed.
So total power required in AM Modulation = (1+(u 2/2))XPc = 3Pc/2
Therefore, Power saving = ((Pc/2)/(3Pc/2)) x 100% = 66%.

74.If power transmitted is 45kW, field at a distance of 23km will be ________

a) 0.02
b) 0.75
c) 0.05
d) 0.03
Answer: c
Explanation: Field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted
on other charged particles or objects.

75. Find the number of pulses, if the number of level is 128 in PCM?
a) 3
b) 6
c) 4
d) 7

Answer: d
Explanation: A pulse in signal processing is a rapid, transient change in the amplitude of a signal from a
baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
Therefore,
2n = 128, so n = 7.

76. Which of the following statement is true about frequency modulation?

a) noise gets decrease if we decrease deviation
b) noise gets decrease if we increase deviation
c) noise gets decrease by maintaining deviation constant
d) noise relates parabolically to deviation

Answer: b
Explanation: In frequency modulated system, noise is inversely proportional to the frequency deviation.
Thus, if we increase deviation then the noise in system gets decreases.

77. The difference between phase and frequency modulation ________

a) lies in the poorer radio response of phase modulation index
b) lies in the different definition of modulation index
c) is too great to make the two systems compatible
d) is purely theoretical

Answer: b
Explanation: It is the difference in definition of modulation index and also the general expression of the
modulated wave that makes it different between phase and frequency modulated systems.
78. In a frequency modulated signal, the power _________ as the modulation index increases.
a) remains constant
b) increase
c) decrease
d) becomes 0

Answer: a
Explanation: In a frequency modulated system, if we increase the modulation index the power remains
constant as the power depends only on the amplitude of the message signal.

79. Pre-emphasis circuit is used ________

a) before detection
b) after detection
c) before encoding
d) after encoding

Answer: c
Explanation: Pre-emphasis is used in frequency modulated or phase modulated transmitters to equalize
the drive power of transmitting signal in terms of deviation ratio. It is done at the transmitter. Its circuit is
used before modulation.

80. TDMA stands for ________

a) Time Division Multiple Access
b) Time Domain Multiple Access
c) Time Division Mutual Access
d) Time Domain Mutual Access

Answer: a
Explanation: TDMA stands for Time Division Multiple Access. It can be seen as a channel access method
for shared-medium networks.

81. Which term is used when signals move from one line to another?
a) path switching
b) space switching
c) line switching
d) cross-point switching

Answer: b
Explanation: Space switching is the used term for signals moving from one line to another.

82. Which term is used for moving PCM samples from one time slot to another?
a) time switching
b) space switching
c) phase switching
d) frequency switching

Answer: a
Explanation: Time switching is the used term for moving PCM samples moving from one time slot to
another.

83. How we can define the satisfactory performance of an analog microwave system?
a) carrier to noise ratio that exceeds a given value
b) carrier to noise ratio that is below a given value
c) an ERP value that exceeds a given value
d) an ERP value that is below a given value

Answer: a
Explanation: We can measure performance of an analog microwave system by calculating the carrier to
noise ratio that exceeds a given value. It gives the signal to noise ratio.
84. Which parts of a sinusoidal carrier can be modulated?
a) only amplitude
b) only frequency
c) its amplitude, frequency and direction
d) its amplitude, frequency and phase angle

Answer: d
Explanation: If the carrier wave is sinusoidal, then we can vary its amplitude, frequency, and phase in
proportion with the wave which is transmitted.

85. The power density of a flicker noise is _________

a) low at high frequencies
b) greater at low frequencies
c) greater at high frequencies
d) low at low frequencies

Answer: b
Explanation: Flicker noise is a form of noise that exhibits an inverse frequency power density curve. It
usually occurs at low frequencies. Its power density is greater at low frequencies.

86. Which device is most commonly used for detection in radio receiver?
a) Triode
b) Capacitor
c) Diode
d) Transistor

Answer: c
Explanation: In radio receivers, diode is most preferably used for detection purposes.

87. ________ modulator is an indirect way of generating FM.

a) Varactor FET
b) Reactance FET
c) Armstrong
d) Reactance bipolar transistor

Answer: c
Explanation: FM can be generated in two ways. One is direct and other is indirect way. In indirect way,
there is an Armstrong method which is used to generate FM system, while other methods stated in the
options are direct ways.

88. High IF in superheterodyne receiver ____________

a) improves fidelity
b) improves selectivity
c) improves sensitivity
d) increases tracking problems

Answer: d
Explanation: In superheterodyne receiver, most of the received signals gets amplified from intermediate
frequency (IF). High intermediate frequency helps in tracking problems.

89. If the step size of a system is 0.0721, find its quantization power?
a) 3.25 x 10-3
b) 4.33 x 10-4
c) 4.33 x 10-2
d) 3.25 x 10-1

Answer: b
Explanation: Quantization noise is a type of quantization error generated by quantization due to analog-
to-digital conversion communication systems. It is an approximate error between the analog input voltage
to the ADC and the output discritized value.
Therefore, Quantisation power = ∆2/12, where ∆=0.0721
= (0.07212)/12 = 4.33 X 10-4.

90. Find the step size of a signal with peak to peak amplitude of 8V and is quantized into 40 levels?
a) 0.8
b) 1
c) 0.2
d) 0.6

Answer: c
Explanation: Step size is the voltage difference between two consecutive digital levels. Quantization step
size is the smallest possible difference in amplitude.

Step size,