Module 1

Section 1

Concepts
of
Globalization
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Lorenz is a college student. He drinks Milo with his usual

corned beef, egg, and rice for breakfast every school day. While
eating, he watches Cartoon Network on cable TV to make his
morning light. Afterwards, he rushes to brush his teeth using
Colgate. Then, he is good to go. Once inside the university
campus, he sends an I-am-at-school message to his mom using
his new iPhone X. Likewise, he sends his “Hi” message to his
special friend via his Samsung Galaxy S9. More so, Lorenz and
his friends love to wear Vans schoolbags. They love to hang out
in their favorite fast food store, McDonalds, and happily eat
their favorite burger, chicken nuggets, and Coke float. He talks
to his dad who works in Dubai via Skype on Monday, Thursday,
and Saturday nights.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Economic Imperialism
➢is a situation in which one nation
assumes economic power or
influence over the others.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

“Americanization”
of contemporary
Filipinos
 What is Globalization?
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑Globalization is phenomenon.
❑It is something that is difficult to understand.
❑According to Reich (1998), it is a term whose
meaning is obscure.
❑According to Schottle (1995), “globalization
stands for quite a large public spread across the
world as one of the defining terms of the 20th
century social consciousness.”
 What is Globalization?
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑Rosenau (1996) recognizes globalization that is not the same as

globalism which points our aspirations for an end state of affairs
wherein values are shared by or pertinent to all the world’s five
billion people, their environment, their roles as citizens,
consumers, and producers with an interest in collective action
designed to solve common problems. Nor it is universalism.
o Universalism is the values that embrace all humanity.
 What is Globalization?
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑According to McGrew(1990), globalization is described as

something that is comprised of multiple sameness and
interconnectedness that go beyond the nation states.
o It is a process in which individuals and organizations in one
part of the world are affected by the activities, affairs, and
convictions on another part of the globe.
❑According to Cerny (1997), globalization is a cluster of economic
and political frameworks and procedures deriving from the
changing marks of the interests and assets that comprise the
foundation of the international political economy--- specifically,
the expanding structural differences of those interests and
assets.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑Globalization as a PROCESS

❑Globalization as a CONDITION

❑Globalization as an IDEOLOGY
 Globalization as a Process
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❖Freeden (2003) posits that globalization

denotes a range of processes nesting
under one rather unwieldy epithet.
o Global flows occur in different physical
and mental dimensions.
 Globalization as a Process
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

o According to him, different kinds of

globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration that
Arjun Appadurai he calls “scapes”.
Anthropoligists
▪ Ethnoscapes
o He proposed five (5) ▪ Technoscapes
dimensions of global ▪ Mediascapes
cultural flow namely: ▪ Financescapes
▪ Ideoscapes
 Globalization as a Process
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❖For Steger (2005 & 2014a)

• The term globalization should be limited
to a set of intricate social processes that
modify prevailing social statuses based
on modern regime of self-dependent
nation-states.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❖ Definition of Globalization for a number of

scholars:
o A multidimensional group of social
procedures that build, accelerate, elaborate,
and intensify worldwide interactions while, at
the same time, nurturing in people an
increasing consciousness of deepening
linkages between the local and far-off.
 Globalization as a Condition
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❖Steger (2005)
globalization
as a
condition
denotes "future social condition
Steger (2005)
characterized by thick economic, political,
and cultural interconnections and global
flows that make currently existing political
borders and economic barriers irrelevant."
 Globalization as a Condition
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up
 Globalization as an Ideology
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

IDEOLOGY
▪ is dogmatic.
▪ for others, it connotes political sophistication.
▪ May also refer to the dominant modes of thought (Gerring,
1997).
▪ Steger (2014b) defines ideology as a system of widely
shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and
values, and ideals accepted as truth by some groups.
▪ is defined by core claims. Since globalization has core
claims; hence, it is an ideology.
 Globalization as an Ideology
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❖ Steger (2014b)
globalization
as an ideology
Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets;

Five Globalization is inevitable and irreversible;

Core Nobody is in charge of globalization;

Claims Globalization benefits everyone; and

Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the

world.
 Globalization For Political Scientist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

oServes as a challenge to nation-states.

oThe strengthening of regional blocks like EU,
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), and the UN is gaining a stable ground.
oThe emergence of global political norms is
evident.
• For instance, the norm that each country is entitled
to the exploitation of human natural resources for
its own growth (Giensen & Pijl, 2006).
 Globalization For Political Scientist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

o The emergence of global corporations.

• Businessmen and investors can already demand what they want
from the nation-state that would advance their interests.
• Some of them prefer to go to countries where they can earn more
with the least cost.
• some corporations have bigger revenues than the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of some countries (Trivett, 2011).
For example.
✓ In 2010, Microsoft's revenue of $62.48 million is bigger than Croatia's
$60.59 million GDP.
✓ In 2018, according to Fortune. Microsoft ranked 30th biggest
corporation with $89.95 million revenue.
 Globalization for an Economist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑means increase of free of trade, speed of

trade, global economic organization, and
regional trade blocks.
• The expansion of free trade allows governments
not to restrict the importation of products nor
impede the export of local products. Importing and
exporting are done in just a millisecond through
technology and the internet.
 Globalization for an Economist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❖ Intense establishment of economic organization.

International World Trade
Monetary Fund World Bank (WB) Organization
(IMF), (WTO)

International
Labor European Free
Organization Trade Area Mercusor
(EFTA) a customs union among
(LOL) Brazil, Argentina,
Uruguay, Paraguay, and
Venezuela.
ASEAN Free
Trans-Pacific
Trade Area
Partnership.
(AFTA),
 Globalization For Culture And Communications Experts
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑Globalization refers to the concept of a global village.

▪ Through globalization, the world has become a borderless
world.
▪ Communication technology makes the world shrink.
• McLuhan (1964) believes that media has connected
the world in ways that created a global village.
 Globalization For Culture And Communications Experts
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

❑Globalization is referred to as cultural imperialism.

• The conviction that there is a “better” culture.
• Some cultures see other cultures as superior to
theirs, forming inferior or nondominant cultures. In
cultural globalization, therefore, the spread of
popular culture (e.g., music, art, literature, fashion,
lifestyle, etc.) flows from dominant to nondominant
cultures (i.e., from developed to developing
nations).
 Working Definition Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

"Globalization
refers to the expansion and
intensification of social
relations and
consciousness across
world-time and world-
space (Steger, 2013)."
 Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

1. Globalization has various forms of

connectivity

Four 2. Globalization allows for the expansion

and stretching of social relations
Attributes
Of
3. Globalization intensifies and accelerates
Globalization social exchanges and activities

4. Globalization occurs worldwide

 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

1. Globalization has various forms of connectivity.

➢ These forms, enabled by various factors,
• ECONOMIC pressures, or media, affect different degrees of
• POLITICAL interconnection.
✓ To illustrate, a Filipino minimum wage earner
• CULTURAL may suffer from a slight price hike of basic
commodities while his neighbor who earns
above the minimum might not be affected by
the said increase. This adjustment in prices of
commodities can be caused by national and
international economic and political events.
 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

2. Globalization allows for the expansion and stretching of social

relations.
▪ These can be observed in the existence of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) that operate in the local, regional, and
international setting.
✓ For instance, the Philippine National Red Cross is an affiliate of the
International Committee of the Red Cross, a humanitarian institution
based in Switzerland.
✓ Social relations can also be seen in the establishment of sister-city
relationships such as the cooperation between Cebu City and
Haarlemmermeer City of the Netherlands.
▪ In addition, social relations manifest in the establishment of government
associations and presence of multinational companies in the
Philippines.
 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion

3. Globalization intensifies and accelerates social exchanges and activities.

Live snail mail social

telecast to email media

In the early 1990s, some Filipinos Mail can be sent

could watch international television
shows only a week after the episode instantly unlike the mail Builds global
courier-delivered letters
community
aired. Cable TV and internet live
streaming allow Filipinos to watch
shows as soon as they are released. of the 1980s.
 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

4. Globalization occurs worldwide

▪ Every person is a global citizen because he or she thinks about the issues of the
world.
✓ For example, Europeans and Americans used #prayformarawi in social media to
show their concern for the victims of the Marawi City siege in May 2017.
✓ Another instance is when teenagers associate themselves with global trends
like K-Pop.
• They imitate the way their K-Pop idols dress up, dance, and even talk.
▪ Global citizens also assume a sense of responsibility in global matters.
✓ One good example is the participation of global citizens in Earth Hour every 3rd
Sunday of March and the expression of concern from the international
community for the alleged human rights violations of the current administration
in the Philippines.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

The definition and conceptualization of globalization

may come from the different lenses but an
interdisciplinary definition is necessary. Some
scholars consider it as a process, a condition, or an
ideology. Experts from different fields of social
sciences also define globalization based on their
specialization of expertise. But a working definition
has encompassed all definitions of and notions about
globalization. Steger’s definition is the most unbiased
working definition.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up