1.

1 Introduction:
Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods
of time that range from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in the average weather
conditions or a change in the distribution of weather events with respect to an average, for
example, greater or fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific
region, or may occur across the whole Earth.
In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, climate change usually refers
to changes in modern climate. It may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more
generally known as global warming or anthropogenic global warming (AGW).
1.2.History :
Are We Changing Planet Earth and Can We Save Planet Earth?
are two programmes that form a documentary about global warming, presented by David
Attenborough. They were first broadcast in the UK on 24 May and 1 June 2006 respectively.
Part of a themed season by the BBC entitled "Climate Chaos", the programmes were produced in
conjunction with the Discovery Channel and the Open University. They were directed by Nicolas
Brown and produced by Jeremy Bristow. The music was composed by Samuel Sim.
Attenborough undertook the assignment in between his 'Life' series Life in the Undergrowth and
Life in Cold Blood. Around the same time, the naturalist also narrated Planet Earth.

The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when
natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first
identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse
gases could change the climate, but the calculations were disputed. In the 1950s and 1960s,
scientists increasingly thought that human activity could change the climate on a timescale of
decades, but were unsure whether the net impact would be to warm or cool the climate. During
the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. In the 1980s the
consensus position formed that human activity was in the process of warming the climate,
leading to the beginning of the modern period of global warming science summarized by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Paleoclimate change and the natural greenhouse effect, early
and mid 1800s
Erratics, boulders deposited by glaciers far from any existing glaciers, led geologists to the
conclusion that climate had changed in the past.
Main articles: paleoclimatology, ice age, and greenhouse effect
Prior to the 18th century, scientists had not suspected that prehistoric climates were different
from the modern period. By the late 18th century, geologists found evidence of a succession of
geological ages with changes in climate. There were various competing theories about these
changes, and James Hutton, whose ideas of cyclic change over huge periods of time were later
dubbed uniformitarianism, was among those who found signs of past glacial activity in places
too warm for glaciers in modern times.1
Although he wasn't a scientist, in 1815 Jean-Pierre Perraudin described for the first time how
glaciers might be responsible for the giant boulders seen in alpine valleys. As he hiked in the Val
de Bagnes, he noticed giant granite rocks that were scattered around the narrow valley. He knew
that it would take an exceptional force to move such large rocks. He also noticed how glaciers
left stripes on the land, and concluded that it was the ice that had carried the boulders down into
the valleys.2
His idea was initially met with disbelief. Jean de Charpentier wrote, "I found his hypothesis so
extraordinary and even so extravagant that I considered it as not worth examining or even
considering."3 Despite Charpentier rejecting his theory, Perraudin eventually convinced Ignaz
Venetz that it might be worth studying. Venetz convinced Charpentier, who in turn convinced
the influential scientist Louis Agassiz that the glacial theory had merit.
Agassiz developed a theory of what he termed "Ice Age" — when glaciers covered Europe and
much of North America. In 1837 Agassiz was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had
been subject to a past ice age.4 William Buckland had led attempts in Britain to adapt the
geological theory of catastrophism to account for erratic boulders and other "diluvium" as relics
of the Biblical flood. This was strongly opposed by Charles Lyell's version of Hutton's
uniformitarianism, and was gradually abandoned by Buckland and other catastrophist geologists.
A field trip to the Alps with Agassiz in October 1838 convinced Buckland that features in Britain
had been caused by glaciation, and both he and Lyell strongly supported the ice age theory which
became widely accepted by the 1870s.[1]
In the same general period that scientists first suspected climate change and ice ages, Joseph
Fourier, in 1824, found that Earth's atmosphere kept the planet warmer than would be the case in
a vacuum, and he made the first calculations of the warming effect. Fourier recognized that the
atmosphere transmitted visible light waves efficiently to the earth's surface. The earth then
absorbed visible light and emitted infrared radiation in response, but the atmosphere did not
transmit infrared efficiently, which therefore increased surface temperatures. He also suspected
that human activities could influence climate, although he focused primarily on land use
changes. In a 1827 paper Fourier stated, "The establishment and progress of human societies, the
action of natural forces, can notably change, and in vast regions, the state of the surface, the
distribution of water and the great movements of the air. Such effects are able to make to vary,
in the course of many centuries, the average degree of heat; because the analytic expressions
contain coefficients relating to the state of the surface and which greatly influence the
temperature."[5]
John Tyndall took Fourier's work one step further when he investigated the absorption of heat in
different gases.[6]

1
Young, Davis A. (1995). The biblical Flood: a case study of the Church's response to
extrabiblical evidence. Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0719-4.
http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p82.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
2

4
First calculations of human-induced climate change, late
1800s

In 1896 Svante Arrhenius calculated the effect of a doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide to be an
increase in surface temperatures of 5-6 degrees Celsius.
By the late 1890s, American scientist Samuel Pierpoint Langley had attempted to determine the
surface temperature of the moon by measuring infrared radiation leaving the moon and reaching
the earth.[7] The angle of the moon in the sky when a scientist took a measurement determined
how much CO2 and water vapor the moon's radiation had to pass through to reach the earth's
surface, resulting in weaker measurements when the moon was low in the sky. This result was
unsurprising given that scientists had known about the greenhouse effect for decades.
Meanwhile, Swedish scientist Arvid Högbom had been attempting to quantify natural sources of
emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for purposes of understanding the global carbon cycle.
Högbom decided to compare the natural sources with estimated carbon production from
industrial sources in the 1890s.[8]
Another Swedish scientist, Svante Arrhenius, integrated Högbom and Langley's work. He
realized that Högbom's calculation of human influence on carbon would eventually lead to a
doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and used Langley's observations of increased infrared
absorption where moon rays pass through atmosphere at a low angle, encountering more CO2, to
estimate an atmospheric warming effect from a future doubling of CO2. He also realized the
effect would also reduce snow and ice cover on earth, making the planet darker and warmer.
Adding in this effect gave a total calculated warming of 5-6 degrees Celsius. However, because
of the relatively low rate of CO2 production in 1896, Arrhenius thought the warming would take
thousands of years and might even be beneficial to humanity.[8]
Controversy and disinterest, early 1900s to mid 1900s
Arrhenius' calculations were disputed and subsumed into a larger debate over whether
atmospheric changes had caused the ice ages. Experimental attempts to measure infrared
absorption in the laboratory showed little differences resulted from increasing CO2 levels, and
also found significant overlap between absorption by CO2 and absorption by water vapor, all of
which suggested that increasing carbon dioxide emissions would have little climatic effect.
These early experiments were later found to be insufficiently accurate, given the instrumentation
of the time. Many scientists also thought that oceans would quickly absorb any excess carbon
dioxide.[8]
While a few early 20th-Century scientists supported Arrhenius' work, including E. O. Hulburt
and Guy Stewart Callendar, most scientific opinion disputed or ignored it through the early
1950s.[8]
Concern and increasing urgency, 1950s and 1960s
Better spectrography in the 1950s showed that CO2 and water vapor absorption lines did not
overlap completely. Climatologists also realized that little water vapor was present in the upper
atmosphere. Both developments showed that the CO2 greenhouse effect would not be
overwhelmed by water vapor.[8]
Scientists began using computers to develop more sophisticated versions of Arrhenius' equations,
and carbon-14 isotope analysis showed that CO2 released from fossil fuels were not immediately
absorbed by the ocean. Better understanding of ocean chemistry led to a realization that the
ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide. By the late 1950s, more
scientists were arguing that carbon dioxide emissions could be a problem, with some projecting
in 1959 that CO2 would rise 25% by the year 2000, with potentially "radical" effects on climate.
[8]

By the 1960s, aerosol pollution ("smog") had become a serious local problem in many cities, and
some scientists began to consider whether the cooling effect of particulate pollution could affect
global temperatures. Scientists were unsure whether the cooling effect of particulate pollution or
warming effect of greenhouse gas emissions would predominate, but regardless, began to suspect
the net effect could be disruptive to climate in the matter of decades. In his 1968 book The
Population Bomb, Paul R. Ehrlich wrote "the greenhouse effect is being enhanced now by the
greatly increased level of carbon dioxide... [this] is being countered by low-level clouds
generated by contrails, dust, and other contaminants... At the moment we cannot predict what the
overall climatic results will be of our using the atmosphere as a garbage dump."[9]
Scientists increasingly predicting warming, 1970s

Mean temperature anomalies during the period 1965 to 1975 with respect to the average
temperatures from 1937 to 1946. This dataset was not available at the time.
Main article: global cooling
Scientists in the 1970s started to shift from the uncertain leanings in the 1960s to increasingly a
prediction of future warming. A survey of the scientific literature from 1965 to 1979 found 7
articles predicting cooling and 44 predicting warming, with the warming articles also being cited
much more often in subsequent scientific literature.[10]
Several scientific panels from this time period concluded that more research was needed to
determine whether warming or cooling was likely, indicating that the trend in the scientific
literature had not yet become a consensus.[11][12] On the other hand, the 1979 World Climate
Conference of the World Meteorological Organization concluded "it appears plausible that an
increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the
lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes....It is possible that some effects on a regional
and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before
the middle of the next century."[13]
In July of 1979 the United States National Research Council published a report, [14] concluding
(in part):
When it is assumed that the CO2 content of the atmosphere is doubled and statistical thermal
equilibrium is achieved, the more realistic of the modeling efforts predict a global surface
warming of between 2°C and 3.5°C, with greater increases at high latitudes. …
… we have tried but have been unable to find any overlooked or underestimated physical effects
that could reduce the currently estimated global warmings due to a doubling of atmospheric CO2
to negligible proportions or reverse them altogether. …
The mainstream news media at the time did not reflect scientific opinion. In 1975, Newsweek
magazine published a story that warned of "ominous signs that the Earth's weather patterns have
begun to change," and reported "a drop of half a degree [Fahrenheit] in average ground
temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere between 1945 and 1968."[15] The article continued by
stating that evidence of global cooling was so strong that meteorologists were having "a hard
time keeping up with it."[15] On October 23, 2006, Newsweek issued an update stating that it had
been "spectacularly wrong about the near-term future".[16]
Climate change scientific consensus begins development,
1980-1988

James Hansen during his 1988 testimony to Congress, which alerted the public to the dangers of
global warming.
By the early 1980s, the slight cooling trend from 1945-1975 had stopped. Aerosol pollution had
decreased in many areas due to environmental legislation and changes in fuel use, and it became
clear that the cooling effect from aerosols was not going to increase substantially while carbon
dioxide levels were progressively increasing.
In 1985 a joint UNEP/WMO/ICSU Conference on the "Assessment of the Role of Carbon
Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts" assessed
the role of carbon dioxide and aerosols in the atmosphere, and concluded that greenhouse gases
"are expected" to cause significant warming in the next century and that some warming is
inevitable.[17] In June 1988, James E. Hansen made one of the first assessments that human-
caused warming had already measurably affected global climate.[18]
Modern period: 1988 to present
Main articles: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Scientific opinion on climate
change , and global warming
Both the UNEP and WMO had followed up on the 1985 Conference with additional meetings. In
1988 the WMO established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change with the support of
the UNEP. The IPCC continues its work through the present day, and issues a series of
Assessment Reports and supplemental reports that describe the state of scientific understanding
at the time each report is prepared. Scientific developments during this period are discussed in
the articles for each Assessment Report.
Discovery of other climate changing factors
Methane: In 1859, John Tyndall determined that coal gas, a mix of methane and other gases,
strongly absorbed infrared radiation. Methane was subsequently detected in the atmosphere in
1948, and in the 1980s scientists realized that human emissions were having a substantial impact.
[19]

Milankovitch cycles: Beginning in 1864, Scottish geologist James Croll proposed that changes
in earth's orbit could trigger cycles of ice ages by changing the total amount of winter sunlight in
the high latitudes. His ideas were widely discussed but not accepted. Serbian geophysicist
Milutin Milanković developed these concepts in more detail in 1941 with the publication of
Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem (Canon of Insolation
of the Earth and Its Application to the Problem of the Ice Ages). Milanković's ideas became the
consensus position in the 1970s, when ocean sediment dating matched the prediction of 100,000
year ice-age cycles.
Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect. In 1975, V. Ramanathan found
that a CFC molecule could be 10,000 times more effective in absorbing infrared radiation than a
carbon dioxide molecule, making CFCs potentially important despite their very low
concentrations in the atmosphere. While most early work on CFCs focused on their role in ozone
depletion, by 1985 scientists had concluded that CFCs together with methane and other trace
gases could have nearly as important a climate effect as increases in CO2.[19]
Published works discussing the history of climate change
science
Historian Spencer Weart wrote The Discovery of Global Warming that summarized the history of
climate change science, and provided an extensive supplementary website at the American
Institute of Physics.[20]
The IPCC published a review of the later period of climate science in December 2004, "16 Years
of Scientific Assessment in Support of the Climate Convention".[21]
The American Meteorological Society published "The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling
Consensus" that focuses on the middle period in climate science.[10]
The Long Thaw by David Archer is primarily about current understanding of climate science but
also includes information about the science's history.[7]
Keeping Your Cool - Canada in a Warming World by Andrew Weaver addresses many questions
about climate science including extensive discussion of its history.
See also
 Description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in IPCC reports
 Historical climatology
 History of geology
 History of geophysics
References
1. ^ ^ a b Holli Riebeek (28 June 2005). "Paleoclimatology". NASA.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Paleoclimatology/paleoclimatology_intro.php.
Retrieved 01 July 2009.
2. ^ Imbrie, J. and K. P. Imbrie, 1979: Ice Ages, Enslow Publishers: Hillside, New
Jersey.
3. ^ E.P. Evans: The Authorship of the Glacial Theory, North American review. /
Volume 145, Issue 368, July 1887. Accessed on February 25, 2008.
4. ^ William Connolley. "Translation by W M Connolley of: Fourier 1827:
MEMOIRE sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires".
http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/fourier_1827/fourier_1827.html. Retrieved 18 July
2009.
5. ^ John Tyndall (1872) "Contributions to molecular physics in the domain of
radiant heat"DjVu
6. ^ a b David Archer (2009). The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next
100,000 Years of Earth's Climate. Princeton University Press. p. 19.
ISBN 9780691136547.
7. ^ a b c d e f Spencer Weart (2003). "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect". The
Discovery of Global Warming. http://www.aip.org/history/climate/co2.htm.
8. ^ Paul R. Ehrlich (1968). The Population Bomb. p. 52.
9. ^ a b Peterson, T.C., W.M. Connolley, and J. Fleck (2008). "The Myth of the
1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 89: 1325–1337.
doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1.
10. ^ Science and the Challenges Ahead. Report of the National Science Board.
http://www.archive.org/details/sciencechallenge00nati.
11. ^ W M Connolley. "The 1975 US National Academy of Sciences/National
Research Council Report". http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/nas-1975.html.
Retrieved 28 June 2009.
12. ^ "Declaration of the World Climate Conference". World Meteorological
Organization. http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-
3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
 13. ^ Report of an Ad Hoc Study Group on Carbon Dioxide and Climate, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts, July 23-27, 1979, to the Climate Research Board, Assembly of
Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council (1979). Carbon Dioxide
and Climate:A Scientific Assessment. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
ISBN 0309119103. http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12181.
14. ^ a b Peter Gwynne (1975). "The Cooling World" (PDF).
http://www.denisdutton.com/newsweek_coolingworld.pdf.
15. ^ Jerry Adler (23 October 2006). "Climate Change: Prediction Perils". Newsweek.
http://www.newsweek.com/id/72481.
16. ^ World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (1986). "Report of the
International Conference on the assessment of the role of carbon dioxide and of other
greenhouse gases in climate variations and associated impacts". Villach, Austria.
http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope29/statement.html. Retrieved 28 June
2009.
17. ^ "Statement of Dr. James Hansen, Director, NASA Goddard Institute for Space
Studies". The Guardian (London). http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-
files/Environment/documents/2008/06/23/ClimateChangeHearing1988.pdf. Retrieved 28
June 2009.
18. ^ a b Spencer Weart (2003). "Other Greenhouse Gases". The Discovery of Global
Warming. http://www.aip.org/history/climate/othergas.htm.
19. ^ Spencer Weart (2003). "The Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute
of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/climate/.
20. ^ "16 Years of Scientific Assessment in Support of the Climate Convention".
2004. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/10th-anniversary/anniversary-brochure.pdf. Retrieved 28
June 2008.
External links
 Joseph Fourier's 1827 article, Memoire sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des
espaces planetaires, in French and English, with annotations by William Connolley
 Svante Arrhenius' April 1896 article, On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon
the Temperature of the Ground
 How Was the Greenhouse Effect Discovered?
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science"
Categories: Climate | History of earth science | Climate history
Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users

1.3.Causes of Climate Change:

The causes of climate change can be divided into two categories
1. Human and
2. Natural.
It is now a global concern that the climatic changes occurring today have been speeded up because of man's
activities.
The natural variability and the climate fluctuations of the climate system have always been part of the Earth’s
history however there have been changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere growing at an
unprecedented rate and magnitude. The United Nations, governments and many top scientists around the world
believe that we must act now to stabilise and arrest further changes.

To understand climate change fully, the causes of climate change must be first identified. Scientists divide the
causes into two categories, natural and human causes.

 Natural Causes of Climate Change

The earth’s climate is influenced and changed through natural causes like volcanic eruptions, ocean current, the
earth’s orbital changes and solar variations.

Volcanic eruptions –
When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapour, dust, and ash into the
atmosphere. Large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years by increasing planetary
reflectivity causing atmospheric cooling. Tiny particles called aerosols are produced by volcanoes. Because they
reflect solar energy back into space they have a cooling effect on the world. The greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is
also produced however the CO2 produced is insignificant when compared to emissions created by humans.
(see also featured article - Do Volcanoes cause climate change)

Ocean current –
The oceans are a major component of the climate system. Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the
planet. Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Interactions between the
ocean and atmosphere can also produce phenomena such as El Niño which occur every 2 to 6 years. Deep ocean
circulation of cold water from the poles towards the equator and movement of warm water from the equator back
towards the poles. Without this movement the poles would be colder and the equator warmer. The oceans play an
important role in determining the atmospheric concentration of CO2. Changes in ocean circulation may affect the
climate through the movement of CO2 into or out of the atmosphere.

Earth orbital changes –

The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the perpendicular plane of
its orbital path. Changes in the tilt of the earth can lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of
the seasons, more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder
winters. Slow changes in the Earth’s orbit lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the
seasons over tens of thousands of years. Climate feedbacks amplify these small changes, thereby producing ice ages.
Solar variations –
The Sun is the source of energy for the Earth’s climate system. Although the Sun’s energy output appears constant
from an everyday point of view, small changes over an extended period of time can lead to climate changes. Some
scientists suspect that a portion of the warming in the first half of the 20th century was due to an increase in the
output of solar energy. As the sun is the fundamental source of energy that is instrumental in our climate system it
would be reasonable to assume that changes in the sun's energy output would cause the climate to change. Scientific
studies demonstrate that solar variations have performed a role in past climate changes. For instance a decrease in
solar activity was thought to have triggered the Little Ice Age between approximately 1650 and 1850, when
Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s and glaciers advanced in the Alps.
Current global warming however cannot be explained by solar variations. Some examples are evidenced such as
since 1750, the average amount of energy coming from the Sun either remained constant or increased slightly.
If global warming was caused by a more active sun, then scientists would expect to see warmer temperatures in all
layers of the atmosphere. They have only observed a cooling in the upper atmosphere, a warming at the surface and
in the lower parts of the atmosphere. This is due to greenhouse gasses capturing heat in the lower atmosphere. Also
climate models that include solar irradiance changes cannot reproduce last century's observed temperature trend
without including a rise in greenhouse gases.

 Human Causes of Climate Change

"It has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that the climate is changing due to man-made greenhouse gases.
We are already committed to future substantial change over the next 30 years and change is likely to accelerate over
the rest of the 21st century."
 
The Met Office, Hadley Centre, UK
 
"The Hadley Centre holds an unique position in the world of climate science. No other single body has a comparable
breadth of climate change science and modelling, or has made the same contribution to global climate science and
current knowledge."
Independent Review 2007
 
"There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human
activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation."
The Royal Society 2010

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw the large-scale use of fossil fuels for industrial activities. Fossil
fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas supply most of the energy needed to run vehicles, generate electricity for
industries and households. The energy sector is responsible for about ¾ of the carbon dioxide emissions, 1/5 of the
methane emissions and a large quantity of nitrous oxide.

Carbon dioxide is undoubtedly, the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Changes in land use pattern,
deforestation, land clearing, agriculture, and other activities have all led to a rise in the emission of carbon dioxide.
Methane is another important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. It is released from animals such as dairy cows,
goats, pigs, buffaloes, camels, horses and sheep Methane is also emitted during the process of oil drilling, coal
mining, leaking gas pipelines, landfills and waste dumps.
The certainty of global warming can be seen through some of the natural phenomenon like the effect on crops and
extreme weather conditions around the world. It is especially clear in the dramatic change of the polar caps, i.e. the
Arctic ice cap is shrinking and the Antarctica ice shelf is melting.
 
Main Contributors and Causes of Climate Change
According to the UK Government the main contributors of man made causes of climate change in the UK are:
 
* 4% of carbon emissions come from industrial processes

* 7% come from agriculture – for example methane emissions from livestock and manure, and nitrous oxide
emissions from chemical fertilizers

21% carbon emissions from transport

65% come from the use of fuel to generate energy (excluding transport)

About 40% of carbon emissions in the UK are the result of decisions taken directly by individuals. The biggest
sources of emissions for most people are likely to be:

* energy use in the home (the main use is heating)

* driving a car

* air travel

There other elements of  people's homes that contribute to climate change indirectly. Everything, from furniture to
computers, from clothes to carpets, all use energy when it is produced and transported – and this causes carbon
emissions to be released.