1. Who gave the fundamental principle of straightness measurement?

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a) Bryan
b) Moire
c) Euler
d) Amedeo
Answer: a
Explanation: Fundamental principle of measurement of straightness is given by Bryan.
According to this principle, “A straightness measurement system should be in line with the
point at which it is to be measured”
2. Which of the following represents the quality of straightness in precision
engineering?
a) Spirit level
b) Straight edge
c) Autocollimator
d) Dial indicator
Answer: b
Explanation: At many places, it is necessary that the surface must be straight e.g. in lathe
machine it is required that the tool must move in straight path. Straight line is the basis of
most methods of measurements.

3. What is the tolerance of the straightness of a line?

a) Maximum deviation from the straight line joining two extremities
b) Maximum deviation from the middle point of straight line joining two extremities
c) Minimum deviation from the straight line joining two extremities
d) Minimum deviation from the middle point of straight line joining two extremities
Answer: a
Explanation: The tolerance on the straightness of a line can be defined as the maximum
deviation in relation to the reference straight line joining the two extremities of the line to
be checked. Tolerance is used to confirm that a part is uniform over a surface. More
straightness is present with less tolerance.
4. For checking straightness, straight edge is placed over a surface and these two
are viewed against the light. Which of the following option true if colour of light is
red?
a) Gap between 0.12 to 0.17 mm
b) Gap between 0.2 to 0.7 mm
c) Gap between 1.7 to 2 mm
d) Gap between 0.0012 to 0.0017 mm
Answer: d
Explanation: Straight edge and surface are viewed against the light. The gap between surface
and straight edge should be negligible small for perfect straight surfaces and the
measurement of straightness is observed by seeing the colour of light produced due to
interference caused by diffraction of light.
5. What is the name of a pair of straight edges?
a) Drum sticks
b) Lower pair
c) Winding sticks
d) Self closed pair
 Answer: c
Explanation: Straight edge is a measuring tool consist of a steel and is used to check the
straightness. Straight edges are used in machining industry and automotive service. Winding
stick is a pair of straight edges which are used in woodwork.
6. What is the position of straightness interferometer in straightness measurement
optics?
a) Before laser head
b) After straightness reflector
c) Between laser head and straightness reflector
d) No need of interferometer
Answer: c
Explanation: Straightness interferometer is placed between laser head and reflector. Beam
from the laser passes through the interferometer which splits it into two beams which
diverge at an angle and are directed to the reflector. The beams are then reflected from the
reflector and return to the interferometer along a new path.

7. What is the range of straightness measurement in straightness measurement

optics?
a) ±2.5 mm
b) ±5 mm
c) ±10 mm
d) ±20 mm
Answer: a
Explanation: To measure straightness errors in a linear axis, straightness measurement
optics are used. For both short range and long range measurement, length of straightness
measurement is ±2.5 mm.
8. Which of the following is not the factor affecting the accuracy of straightness
measurement by optics?
a) Air turbulence
b) Optics fixed rigidly
c) Slope error
d) Localised heat sources
Answer: b
Explanation: Factors affecting the accuracy of straightness measurement by optics are Air
turbulence, Mechanical vibrations, Optic errors, Slope errors, Optics not fixed in the correct
position, Optics not fixed rigidly, Localised heat sources etc.

9.  At which part of the precision straight edge is generally lapped?

a) Edges only
b) Base only
c) Base and edges both
d) All over the surface
Answer: a
Explanation: Straight edges are extremely useful for setting up machines such as planers.
Precision straight edges are hardened and lapped on the edges by a small radius, which
makes a blunt knife edge straight to a few thousands of an mm.
10. For checking the flatness, which of the following is used to mark the surface?
a) Scriber
 b) Prussian blue
c) Alcohol
d) Ruler
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Prussian Blue is used to mark the surface. When rubbed against another flat
surface, the distribution of color on the other surface gives a rough idea of flatness of the
surface.
11. Determination of flatness using Prussian blue is used for which kind of surfaces?
a) Small surfaces
b) Large surfaces
c) Both large and small surfaces
d) For surfaces with fine smoothness
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This method is suitable for small surfaces rather than large surface. This
method is assumptious and may give more errors in determination of flatness in large
surfaces.
12. As per IS: 2063-1962, which surface is considered as a flat surface?
a) When variation of perpendicular distance from geometrical reference plane remains
above a given point
b) When variation of diagonal distance from geometrical reference plane remains below a
given point
c) When variation of perpendicular distance from geometrical reference plane remains
below a given point
d) When variation of sides distance from geometrical reference plane remains above a given
point
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: As per IS: 2063-1962, a surface is considered flat when the variation of
perpendicular distance from geometrical reference plane parallel to the general trajectory
same as the surface to be tested remains below a given point. The reference plane can be
represented by means of surface plane or family of straight lines.
13. When the flatness is measured with the use of optical flats, at what distance bands should
be viewed?
a) Distance 10 times the diameter of optical flats
b) Distance 5 times the diameter of optical flats
c) Distance 8 times the diameter of optical flats
d) Distance 2 times the diameter of optical flats
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The bands are viewed from a distance at least 10 times the optical flat diameter
and with the line of vision are perpendicular to the flat. If the bands observed are parallel,
straight and evenly spaced, the surface is flat otherwise not.
14. Which of the following method is used for the determination of flatness when the surface is
irregular?
a) Half grid method
b) Grid method
 c) Contact method
d) Non contact method
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When the surface is irregular, contact method of testing for flatness is used. In
the contact method there is a most intimate possible contact between flat and work piece
and there will be attempt to maintain a wedge.
15. Which of the following option is true for given statements for flatness testing?
Statement 1: Straight edges can be used to check flatness.
Statement 2: Single ended straight edge can be used to determine flatness of the surface.
a) T, T
b) F, F
c) T, F
d) F, T
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Straight edges can be used to test flatness and straightness of the surfaces.
Single-edged straight edge can be used to determine flatness by applying it at different
places in different directions on the tested surface.
Which of the following option is not true for flatness testing?
a) Geometrical plane can be represented by a family of straight lines
b) Flatness can be tested by grid and half grid method
c) Three and four edge type straight edge cannot be used for this purpose
d) Geometrical plane can be represented by a surface plane
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Three and four edges straight edges can be used to test flatness by applying
prussian blue on the working edges and then drawing the straight edge across the surface.
16. What are the requirements for the measurement of flatness using light?
a) Monochromatic light and a pair of optical flats
b) Dichromatic light and sets of optical flats
c) White light and a pair of optical flats
d) Monochromatic light and sets of optical flats
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Monochromatic light and sets of optical flats are required for measurement of
flatness using light. Monochromatic light is used to get none overlapping, clear interference
pattern.
17. What is flatness error?
a) Maximum separation of a pair of parallel planes which will contain all points on the
surface
b) Minimum separation of a pair of parallel planes which will contain all points on the
surface
c) Minimum separation of a pair of perpendicular planes which will contain all points on the
surface
d) Maximum separation of a pair of perpendicular planes which will contain all points on the
surface
View Answer
 Answer: b
Explanation: Flatness error can be defined as the minimum separation of a pair of parallel
planes which will contain all points on the surface. Deviations of large surfaces from true
plane are determined by using autocollimator and spirit level.
18. Which of the following is true for testing flatness with optical flats?
a) Too large angle of work with flat is desirable
b) Number of bands appears is an indication of flatness
c) Bands are viewed as perpendicularly as possible
d) Quartz flats are very sensitive to temperature changes
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Due to very great angle between work and flats, bands will be close together
and are nearly invisible. Number of bands appear is not an indication of the surface flatness
but relates only to the wedge steepness.
19. What is the range of the diameter of optical flats used in testing the flatness?
a) 25mm to 300mm
b) 1mm to 100mm
c) 50mm to 500mm
d) 1mm to 10mm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Size of optical flats used varies from 25mm to 300mm diameter. The range is
selected to get a proper interference pattern using light
20. What is meant by roughness?
a) Minute succession of hills of different height
b) Minute succession of valleys and hills of different height and varied spacing
c) Minute succession of valleys and hills of same height and same gap
d) Minute succession of valleys of different depth
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Imperfections are bound to be on surface and they take the form of succession
of hills and valleys which vary in height and spacing which result in irregularity of the
surface. Roughness is the form of these minute imperfections.
21. Surfaces produced by straight and cylindrical grinding tools tend to create which type of
roughness?
a) Regularly spaced but directional roughness
b) Regularly spaced but non directional roughness
c) Irregularly spaced but directional roughness
d) Irregularly spaced but non directional roughness
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The roughness on the surface tends to be both irregularly spaced and
directional in straight and cylindrical grinding and in the case of boring or lapping process
the surface roughness tends to be irregular and non-directional in nature.
22. Which of the following is necessary for the complete study of surface roughness?
a) Measurement of all the components of elements
b) Analysis of all the component element
c) Assessment of the effects of combined texture
 d) Measurement and analysis of all the components and assessment of combined texture
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For the complete study of the surface roughness, it is important that the
analysis and measurement of all the component elements be made and an assessment of
the effects of the combined texture be made.
23. Which of the following is true for measurement of surface roughness?
a) 3 dimensional geometry can be easily measured
b) Direction of measurement is perpendicular to the lay
c) Direction of measurement is parallel to the lay
d) Direction of measurement is parallel to the direction of the predominant surface marking
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There are difficulties in the measurement of surface roughness in three
dimensional geometry, but for simplification purposes, it is reduced into two dimensional
geometry. To measure, the direction is generally perpendicular to the direction of the
predominant surface markings or “lay”.
24. How much a stylus instrument can be magnified to plot or find minute irregularities?
a) 50 times
b) 500 times
c) 5000 times
d) 50,000 times
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The shape of the hills and valleys is best studied in a cross-section normal to the
surface using a stylus instrument which plots a graph in which even the minute irregularities
are magnified upto 50,000 times whereas the length over which observations are made is
magnified only by 50-300 times.
25. Which of the following is true about Tomlinson surface meter?
a) It is a mechanical instrument
b) It is an electrical instrument
c) It is a mechanical cum optical instrument
d) It is an optical instrument
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The Tomlinson surface meter uses mechanical cum optical means for
magnification. It has a diamond stylus on the surface finish recorder. This instrument is given
reliable results.
26. What do you mean by dominant spacing?
a) Distance between successive peaks when irregularities are comparatively uniform in
shape and size
b) Distance between middle point of successive hills when irregularities are comparatively
uniform in shape and size
c) Distance between middle point of successive valleys when irregularities are comparatively
uniform in shape and size
d) Distance between successive peaks when irregularities are regardless of shape and size
View Answer
 Answer: a
Explanation: When the irregularities are uniform in shape and size, then the distance
between the peaks or successive peaks is described as pitch or dominant spacing. These
spacings are measured by using an instrument.
27. Which of the following is used for the direct measurement of surface quality and commonly
used in U.S.A.?
a) Profilometer
b) Tomlinson surface meter
c) Talysurf
d) Replica method
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Profilometer is most commonly used in U.S.A. It is used for direct measurement
of surface quality. It is a dynamic instrument and principle is similar to the gramophone pick-
up.
28. Which of the following parameter is important for specifying surface roughness?
a) Size of irregularity
b) Spacing of irregularity
c) Height of irregularities
d) Height, spacing and form of irregularities
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The surface roughness is concerned with both the size and the shape of the
irregularities. Both size and shape i.e. height of irregularities, their spacing and form are
important for specifying surface roughness
29. Which of the following is the best for the examination of surface finish?
a) Touch inspection
b) Visual inspection
c) Scratch inspection
d) Microscopic inspection
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Microscopic inspection is the best method for examining the surface finish.
Visual, touch and scratch inspection methods are not as accurate as microscopic. In these
methods, minute flaws can’t be detected.
30. Upto which limits irregularities can be detected with touch inspection of a surface?
a) 0.0001 mm
b) 0.001 mm
c) 0.01 mm
d) 0.1 mm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Touch inspection method can tell which surface is rougher. In this method, the
finger-tip is moved along the surface at a speed of about 25/sec and the irregularities of
about 0.01 mm can be easily detected.
31. Which of the following material is not used for rubbing on the surface to be inspected in
scratch inspection?
a) Softer material
 b) Hard material
c) Plastic
d) Lead babbitt
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In scratch inspection method, a softer material like plastic or lead babbitt is
rubbed over the surface to be inspected. It carries the impression of the scratches on it
which can be easily visualised.
32. Which of the following option is true for given statements about method of measurement of
surface finish?
Statement 1: Minute flaws can be easily detected by touch inspection.
Statement 2: Direct instrument measurement is enabled to determine a numerical value of
surface finish.
a) F, T
b) T, F
c) F, F
d) T, T
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The main limitation of the method of inspection by touch is that the degree of
surface roughness can not be assessed by this and also the minute flaws can’t be detected
by the only touch.
33. What is the limitation of microscopic inspection to check surface finish?
a) An average value is needed
b) Small portion of surface can be detected at a time
c) A master finish surface is also needed
d) It is necessary to inspect whole surface together
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Microscopic inspection method have some limitation that at a time only a small
portion of the surface can be inspected. So for inspection, several readings are required in
this method to get an average value.
34. In the method of microscopic inspection what is the angle of beam light with the work?
a) 200
b) 300
c) 600
d) 900
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In one method of microscopic inspection, a straight edge is placed on the
surface to be inspected and a beam of light is projected at about 60 degree to the work. The
shadows cast into the surface scratches are magnified and studied.
35. Which of the following is true for a method of measurement of surface finish with surface
photographs?
a) Different type of illumination is needed
b) No effect of type of illumination
c) Same type of illumination is needed
 d) Monochromatic light is needed
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In the method of surface inspection with magnified photographs of the surface
are taken with different types of illumination. After this photographs with different
illumination are studied and compared.
36. In case of vertical illumination in measuring surface finish with surface photographs, which
will appear as bright area?
a) Flat portion
b) Scratch
c) Irregularity
d) Hills
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In the inspection of surface with photographs if we use vertical illumination,
then irregularities and scratches appear as dark spots and flat portion of the surface as
bright area. But in case of oblique illumination, the case is reverse.
37. Which of the following method use pendulum in measuring the surface finish?
a) Micro interferometer
b) Wallace surface dynamometer
c) Reflected light intensity method
d) Microscopic inspection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Wallace surface dynamo meter is like a friction meter which consists a
pendulum in which the testing shoes are present which are clamped to a bearing surface
and a spring pressure which is predetermined can be applied.
38. Which of the following is not true for the method of measurement of surface finish by micro
interferometer?
a) Optical flat is used
b) Monochromatic source of light is used
c) Depth of defect can’t be measured
d) Interference lines plays an important role in identification of the defect
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In the method of inspection of surface by using micro interferometer, an optical
flat is used which is placed on the surface to be examined and illuminated by using
monochromatic light. Interference bands are studied by using a microscope. Defects or
scratches appear as interference lines extending from the dark bands into the bright bands.
39. Which of the following is the direct measure of surface finish in Wallace surface
dynamometer?
a) Time of swing
b) Angle of swing
c) Length of swing
d) Height of swing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In the case of Wallace surface dynamometer, if the surface to be tested is
 smooth, there will be less friction and pendulum swings for a longer time period. So, time of
swing of pendulum is a direct measure of surface finish.
40. Which of the following is a destructive method in measuring surface finish?
a) Gloss measurement
b) Taper sectioning
c) Diffraction technique
d) Micro interferometer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In taper sectioning method, a section is cut through the surface to be inspected
at a shallow angle, thus magnifying height variations by a factor of cot theta, and the section
is studied by optical microscope. It is an accurate but destructive method.
41. What is the effect of improper alignment of each tooth?
a) Tooth thickness increases
b) Face width decreases
c) Load will not distributed evenly
d) Pitch of teeth reduced
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Good alignment of each tooth on a gear is essential, as otherwise the load will
not be distributed evenly over its face. It is quite probable that the load may be carried by
one edge only introducing high bearing stresses, if teeth of a gear are machined poorly.
42. Which of the following is not true about concentricity of teeth?
a) Fluctuating velocity will be noticed when not concentric
b) Can be checked by using projector
c) Inaccuracy of parts when not concentric
d) Should be tested to ensure the proper heat treatment
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Concentricity of teeth is an important item and should be checked to ensure
that the set up and equipment is in good order. When teeth are not concentric then
fluctuating velocity will be noticed on the pitch line while transmitting motion.
43. Which of the following option is true about an analytical method of inspection of gears?
a) Analytical method is widely used for industries
b) This method is fast
c) All individual elements of gear teeth are checked
d) More accurate
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Analytical method is slow and tedious and not of much use for industry. By
analytical inspection of gears we mean that all the individual elements of the gear teeth are
checked. The discrete error values of pitch, tooth profile etc can’t give a true overall
assessment of the accuracy of a gear.
44. Which of the following element is not determined by analytical inspection?
a) Profile
b) Composite vibrations
c) Spacing
 d) Pitch
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The analytical inspection of the gears consists in determination of these Profile,
Spacing, Pitch, Backlash, Runout or eccentricity or concentricity, thickness of tooth and Lead.
These teeth elements in which the errors are caused due to manufacturing errors are
determined by analytical inspection.
45. Which of the following option is correct for given statements about gear measurement?
Statement 1: Improper alignment of each teeth will cause high bearing stresses.
Statement 2: Gear blank should be tested for dimensional accuracy.
a) T, F
b) F, F
c) F, T
d) T, T
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The gear blank should be tested for dimensional accuracy and eccentricity as
outside diameter forms the datum from where the tooth thickness is measured, it forms an
important item to be controlled. It is quite probable that the load may be carried by one
edge only introducing high bearing stresses, if teeth of a gear be machined poorly.
46. Which of the following is not determined by the functional type of inspection?
a) Lead
b) Noise level
c) Variation in action
d) Vibration
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The functional inspection consists of carrying out the running test of gear with
another gear which is more accurate and is known as master gear or control gear, to
determine composite vibration, noise level, or variation in action.
47. Which of the following statement is true about inspection of gear?
a) Profile is determined by functional inspection
b) Backlash is determined by analytic inspection
c) Analytic test require running test of gear
d) Thickness of tooth is measured by functional inspection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Functional type of inspection is done by running test of gear with another gear.
It is used to determine noise level and composite variation. Analytical method is used to
determine backlash, lead and runout.
48. Which of the following machine is used for rolling tests?
a) Parkson gear tester
b) Tooth caliper
c) Base pitch measuring instrument
d) Involute profile testing machine
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Rolling test is generally performed on Parkson Gear Tester. This test reveals any
 errors in pitch, tooth form and concentricity of pitch line. Any of the above errors will cause
the variation of centre distance, when two gears are in mesh with each other.
49. If reference circle of gear is eccentric then which error is reflected by this eccentricity?
a) Cyclic error
b) Periodic error
c) Pitch error
d) Undulation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It must be emphasised that there are some in-built limitations in the gear itself
while the accuracy of measurement of gear depends upon the measuring equipment
available, such as the inability of a gear to define its own axis of rotation. Thus if the
reference circle of gear is eccentric, it would be reflected in pitch error.
50. Which of the following option is true for given statements about gear measurement?
Statement 1: There is no effect of cutter accuracy on the accuracy of gear.
Statement 2: Accuracy of individual elements is necessary for precision gears.
a) T, F
b) F, F
c) T, T
d) F, T
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The accuracy of any gear mainly depends upon the cutter accuracy and the
setting of the machine. Optical projection and rolling tests will suffice for most of the gears.
It is necessary to determine the accuracy of individual elements in the manufacture of high
precision gears.