Dynamics LAB Report

Rajak Priyanshu Sunil

ME18BTECH11030

Experiment 2: Mechanism Experiments

Geneva Mechanism
Objectives:
 To show the circular motion of the drive unit that is transformed into the intermittent
motion of the star wheel.
 To show how the star wheel is caused to accelerate and decelerate during the
transmission process.
 To see how the star wheel is rigidly locked while the crank pin moves through its free
orbit.

Geneva Mechanism Working:

Geneva is a gear mechanism that translates rotational motion to intermittent

rotatory motion. It has a star wheel and a driving wheel. The rotatory drive
wheel has a pin that reaches the slot of the star wheel by advancing it by one
step. the drive wheel also has a raised circular blocking disc that locks the star
wheel in position between steps. when the drive wheel rotates 120 degrees star
wheel rotates 60 degrees.

Apparatus:
Driving Wheel, Star Wheel, Scale.

Procedure:
 Before starting the experiment, we first calibrate the driving wheel and driven wheel
at exact positions so that backlash can be avoided.
  Then we start rotating the driving wheel using the knob and take the readings of
changing angle of rotation of the star wheel with respect to the angle of the driven
wheel and note the observations.

Observation Table:

Angle of Star Wheel Angle of Driving Unit

0 0
5 35
10 50
15 55
20 60
25 65
30 70
35 75
40 80
45 85
50 95
55 110
60 120

Plot:

Star Wheel Angle Vs Driving Unit Angle Change in Star wheel w.r.t Driving wheel
140 120 1.2
120 110
95 1
Driving Unit Angle

100 75 80 85 0.8
65 70
Change

80
50 55 60 0.6
60 35
40 0.4
20 0 0.2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 35 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 95 110 120
Star Wheel Angle Driving unit Angle

Conclusion:
 From the 1st Graph we observe that upto about 50 degrees of driving angle we need to
increase it a lot for star wheel to rotate for just 5 degree.
 After that for upto 85 degrees there is linear increase in both the angles i.e. the output
is constant for constant input.
 Then after 85 degrees of Driving angle it again needs to be increased a lot for just 5
degrees of rotation of star wheel indicating an intermitted motion.
 We can observe second graph that angular difference increases from 35 degrees to 50
degrees then slope increases we can say star wheel is accelerating.
 It accelerates upto 55 degrees then difference is constant upto 85 degrees.
 After 85 degrees from the graph we can observe there is deceleration upto 95 degrees
then again acceleration occurs so, slope becomes positive.

Quick Return Mechanism

Objectives:
 To show a quick return mechanism at work and record the relationship between the
rotation of the crank and movement of the slide.
 To find the quick return ratio.
 To find the Stroke length of the quick return mechanism.

Theory:

The quick return mechanism is a crank and slotted lever mechanism. A quick
return mechanism is an apparatus to produce a reciprocating motion in which
the time taken for travel in return stroke is less than the forward stroke. this is
also known as the slider-crank mechanism. When we rotate the crank slotted bar
transfers the rotatory motion into translating motion so, the slider slides forward
and return back. minimum and maximum position of the ram occurs when the
slotted lever is tangential to the circular crank. Ram moves from the minimum
position to the maximum in a line.

Apparatus:
Crank, slotted lever, slider(ram)

Procedure:
 The crank rotates along its axis and is fixed at the centre.
 A pin that connects the crank and slotted lever helps to convert the rotational motion
of the crank to the translatory motion of the slider.
 The slotted lever is connected to the slider which slides from the minimum position to
maximum as we move the crank.
 Observing the position of the slider with respect to the angle of the crank and is given
below.

Geometrical Data:
 Radius of the crank: 20 mm (center of pivot joint to the center of crank pin.)
 Length of the rocker: 125 mm (center to center of pivot joint)
 Length of the fixed link: 60 mm (center to center of pivot joint)

Calculations:
The angle between the line passes through the centre of the crank and slotted
lever at its maximum position is calculated as:

θ=si n−1 ( 20 / 60 )=sin−1 ( 1 / 3 )=19.47o

Stroke Length=2× 125× sin θ=2 ×125 × (⅓ ) =83.33 mm

Angle rotated by crank ∈Return Stroke=2× ( 90−θ )=141.06o

Angle rotated by crank ∈Forward Stroke=360−θ

¿ 360−141.06
¿ 218.94
218.94
Quick Return Ratio ( QRR )= =1.55
141.06

Observation Table:
Crank rotation (in Deg) Slider displacement (mm)
0 0
10 0
20 5
30 7
40 11
50 15
60 21
70 26
80 32
90 38
100 44
110 50
120 55
130 60
140 66
150 71
160 76
170 78
180 82
190 84
200 85
210 86
220 86
230 83
240 77
250 70
260 60
270 50
280 40
290 30
300 17
310 10
 320 5
330 3
340 1
350 0
360 0

Results:
1) Quick return ratio is given by the ratio of time taken in forward stroke to that of time
taken for return stroke. This can also be found by ratio of angle covered in forward
stroke to angle covered in return stroke.
From data we see that upto 220 degree the slider displacement increases and so it is in
forward stroke and remaining is return stroke. So,

TimeforForwardStroke AngleforForwardstroke 220o

QRR= = = =1.57
TimeforReversestroke AngleforReverseStroke 140o

2) The Stroke Length (S) for experiment is given as the difference between the highest
slider displacement and the lowest slider displacement. Therefore

S=86−0 mm=86 mm

3) Plot between crank rotation and slider displacement

Crank angle Vs Slider Displacement

100
90
80
Slider Displacement

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Crank angle

Conclusions:
 From graph we can observe forward stroke takes more crank rotation than backward stroke
and this is because of difference in lengths of arcs between two extremes and that is how this
mechanism works.
 Stroke length and QRR obtained from experimental observations and theoretically are
closer. The difference that occurs here may be due to the neglected forces like
friction, compressions, imperfect geometries, etc
Double Hooke’s joint
Objectives:
To show the application of Double Hooke’s joint in power transmission between the
shafts.

Theory:

A Hooke’s joint is used to connect two non-parallel and intersecting shafts. In

Automobile it is used to transmit power from the gearbox is the rear axle. The
driving shaft rotates at a uniform angular speed were as the driven shaft rotates
with continuously varying angular speed. The change in angular speed between
diving and driven shafts is due to the uneven angular speed of the central yoke.

Apparatus:
Driving shaft, Driven shaft and Central Yoke.

Procedure:
 We start rotating the driver shaft at regular intervals of angle and observe the driven
shaft and note the reading.
 Driven and the driving shaft rotates along the translating axle connected with the
central yoke.
 We take all the reading for which driven shaft rotates for regular intervals of the
driving shaft.

Observation Table:
Angle of rotation of Driver Shaft Angle of rotation of Driven Shaft
(in Deg) (in Deg)
0 0
10 6
20 10
30 16
40 22
50 28
60 36
70 44
80 54
90 70
 100 86
110 102
120 120
130 132
140 146
150 154
160 160
170 168
180 174
190 180
200 186
210 190
220 198
230 204
240 214
250 224
260 240
270 256
280 274
290 290
300 306
310 316
320 324
330 330
340 338
350 349
360 360

Plot:

Input Angle Vs Output Angle

Driver Shaft Angle Vs Driven Shaft Angle

Driven Shaft Angle (Output Angle)

375
350
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0 20 40 60 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Driver Shaft Angle (Input Angle)

Conclusions:
 From the graph we can observe that there is difference in angle of rotation of driven
and driver due to uneven angular speed of central yoke.
 There is difference in angle of rotation between driven and driver shafts as central
yoke undergoes tension and compression.
 Slope of the curve is found to be irregular as it increases and decreases at regular
intervals.
 We can also see that after one complete revolution, driver and driven shafts are at
same initial positions.

Ratchet Pawl Mechanism

Objective:
To demonstrate the basic one directional motion (converting oscillatory motion to
intermittent circular motion) of the Ratchet Pawl mechanism.

Apparatus:
Ratchet wheel, lever arm, spring and pawl.

Theory:

The Ratchet wheel usually engages with a tooth-shaped lever called a pawl.
Ratchet pawl mechanism allows intermitted motion in only one direction.it has
two pawls that only can move in opposite directions. The ratchet wheel is
connected to the ground at the centre and can rotate along its axis. when we give
the motion to the lever arm it translates motion to ratchet wheel and two pawls
restricts the motion in the opposite direction of the ratchet wheel by using spring
which is connected to pawls

Basic kinematic diagram of ratchet pawl mechanism

Conclusions:

 The motion is restricted only in one direction and it provides one way transmission
and safety against heavy loading conditions.
 Both surfaces of pawl and ratchet wheel are considered to be hardened.
 Examples of using this mechanism could be its use in fetching water from well.

Scotch-Yoke Mechanism
Objective:
To demonstrate the basic conversion of circular motion to translatory motion by using
Scotch-Yoke mechanism.

Apparatus:
Sliding yoke, rotating scotch, pin

Theory:

Scotch yoke mechanism converts rotational motion to linear motion. It consists of

two parts rotating scotch and sliding yoke. Sliding yoke is driven by a pin that is
eccentrically placed on to the rolling scotch. When we rotate the rotating scotch,
the pin attached that is attached to it converts it to linear motion. The distance it
goes from the centre will be 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡 maximum will be when 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡 becomes x and
the distance sliding yoke travels from the centre will be x. The stroke of the sliding
yoke in this mechanism will be diameter of the rotating scotch and extreme
positions will be along the horizontal axis.

Basic kinematic diagram of Scotch Yoke mechanism:

Conclusions:
 Maximum and minimum positions are the extreme positions of rotating scotch and
distance between them will be equal to diameter of rotating scotch.
 Friction between the pin and slider and slider and ground is neglected.

Screw Jack
Objective:
To understand the Screw Jack Mechanism and calculate Mechanical Advantage and
Efficiency of the mechanism for various loads.

Theory:
Screw jack is a device used to convert rotational motion to linear motion. It
utilises the property of screw thread providing a mechanical advantage. It is used
whenever there is a lift of high weights.

Formulae:

Distance moved by effort

Velocity Ratio=
Distance moved by load

Load
MechanicalAdvantage=
Efforts

WorkOutput M. A
Efficiency= × 100= × 100
WorkInput V .R

Given:

 Pitch of screw= 2.5 mm

 Circumference of string drum= 189 mm

Readings and Observations:

Load Efforts Distance Distance Velocity Mechanical Efficiency

Moved by Moved by Ratio Advantage (η)
Effort Load
6.5 N 0.79 N 378 5 75.6 8.23 10.89

5.5 N 0.6 N 567 7.5 75.6 9.16 12.12

7.0 N 0.85 N 378 5 75.6 8.23 10.89

Conclusions:

 As the ratio of distance moved by Effort and distance moved by Load is same for all
cases, velocity ratio will also be same.
 As mechanical advantage is same for 6.5N and 7N both will have same efficiency.
  5.5 N has more efficiency than other two loads.
 Load /effort that is mechanical advantage is same for 6.5N and 7N but there is change
for 5.5 N.
 As mechanical advantage is different for 5.5N we observe there is change in its
efficiency.

References: