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Citing Sources
Follow a style and include credits to other writers' works

 
Select a Style Manual
 

Most schools, colleges, universities and businesses have a preferred style. Find out which style
manual you are expected to use.  If one has not been selected, choose one yourself and stick to that
particular style.  Most style manuals have an online version as well as a printed manual.  The online
versions require annual fees and may offer extra Q & A services.  The printed manuals involve a one
time fee and need replacing as new versions are released. 

The following are some style manuals recommended by scholarly associations for preparing
manuscripts, research papers and other publications. The books (manuals) outline the mechanics of
writing, such as punctuation, quotation, and documentation of sources. They exist in both in print and
on the web (usually available by online subscription).

Some Preferred Manuals

AP, The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, usually called the AP
Stylebook, is a style and usage guide used by newspapers and the news industry in the United
States. The book is updated annually by Associated Press editors, usually in June. Reporters, editors
and others use the AP Stylebook as a guide for grammar, punctuation and principles and practices of
reporting.

 The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Edited by Thomas Kent et

al., 51st ed., AP, 2016.

 Associated Press Stylebook. AP, 2013, www.apstylebook.com.

APA, American Psychological Association, style is a set of rules that authors use when submitting
papers for publications in APA journals. The APA states that they were developed to assist reading
comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and to "move the
idea forward with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision."

 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed., American

Psychological Association, 2009.

 APA Style. American Psychological Association, 2016, www.apastyle.org.

 
Chicago Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style, is a style guide for American English. It has been
published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. It is a widely used and respected style
guide, and it is preferred by many for American English style, grammar, and punctuation. Including
over 850 pages, it is very complete with a lot of information not found in the other style manuals.

 The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed., U of Chicago P, 2010.

 The Chicago Manual of Style Online. U of Chicago P,

2013, www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html.

Gregg, The Gregg Reference Manual, is a manual of style, grammar, usage and formatting.  The
book, named after John Gregg, is written by William A. Sabin. The manual is written for students,
business professionals and editors who are preparing material for distribution or publication. The
manual contains detailed answers and examples that are often not available in other style manuals. 

 The Gregg Reference Manual:A manual of Style, Grammar, Usage, and Formatting.

Edited by William A. Sabin, 11th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.

MLA, The Modern Language Association of America, is a professional association in the United

States for scholars of language and literature. MLA style is a system for documenting sources in
scholarly writing.  It is primarily used by academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who
study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative
literature. 

 MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

 Modern Language Association. 2013, www.mla.org.

NYTM, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the
Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative Newspaper is a style guide created in 1950
by editors at the newspaper and revised in 1974, 1999, and 2002 by Allan M. Siegal and William G.
Connolly.

The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. By Allan M. Siegal, William G. Connolly, Revised
by Philip B. Corbet et al., 5th Ed. Three Rivers Press, 2015.

In-text Citation
Let your reader know where you found information

Two Steps

Borrowing information, not personally gathered or self-generated, requires a path to its source.

Step 1 :   An in-text citation — insert a short reference in the body of your paper after the
borrowed information.

Step 2:    A Works Cited page — include a formatted list of sources on a separate page at the end
of the paper.

 
 In-Text Citation

Including a citation note after a sentence or paragraph is an immediate way of letting the reader know
where to find the information. 

(1) If the author's name appears in an introductory statement, then include the page number at
the end of the quoted information.

According to Hogue, the purpose of an in-text citation is to refer the reader to the works-cited list at
the end of your paper. In-text citations are also called parenthetical references because they are
enclosed in parentheses.  Place in-text citations immediately after the borrowed information, usually
at the end  of a sentence before the final period. (533)

(2) If the author's name or work is not mentioned specifically, include the author's last and page
number. 

The purpose of an in-text citation is to refer the reader to the works-cited list at the end of your paper.
In-text citations are also called parenthetical references because they are enclosed in parentheses. 
Place in-text citations immediately after the borrowed information, usually at the end  of a sentence
before the final period.  (Hogue 353).

The name or phrase provided in the in-text citation should be the first element that appears as the
corresponding entry in the Works Cited list.

 Author already introduced—(533)

 One Author—(Hogue 533) 

 Two Authors—(Hogue and Hall 533) 

 Multiple Authors—(Hogue et al. 533)

 Multiple pages—(Hogue 533-8)

 Same author; two different works—(Tannen, Gender 220) (Tannen, You Just 47) Include a

short name for each work to differentiate it.

 No author, encyclopedia, dictionary—("earthquakes" 212) Include the first word of the title

as it appears in your Works Cited list.

 Audio or video recording—(Ryan 2:11:22) If relevant, include the time marker in the video

or audio recording.

Works Cited
Give your reader a direct path to the resource you used

Works Cited List / Page

List all the sources that you actually used in your paper. (Don't include sources that you read but
didn't use.) Place the list at the end of the paper or writing on its own page.

 Format the Works Cited page with one-inch margins (and same headings, margins and

numbering used in previous pages.

 Center the words — Works Cited (no italics or quotation marks).

 Double space the lines.

 Indent the second line.

 List all pages used in a particular resource inclusively. (If pages 25 – 30 are used, list on

your Works Cited pages as 25 – 30. )

 Capitalize each word in the title except articles, prepositions and conjunctions unless it is

the first word of the title. (The Coming of Age in Samoa).

 List sources alphabetically.

A  full citation of the source should be listed in the Works Cited section at the end of the writing.

(at end of paper)

Works Cited

 Hogue, Ann. The Essentials of English: a writer's handbook. Pearson Education, 2003.

MLA 8th Edition Changes (1 Apr. 2016)

One format for all media types

Works Cited: MLA 8th Edition Changes in Formatting of Resources

The new edition is not centered of publication formats. Rather it is centered on the elements common
to most publications: author, title, etc. That is, there are no special instructions for a particular media
type (e.g., book, magazine, journal, tweet). And there may be more than one way to document a
publication; the important thing is that enough information is provided so that the reader can find the
source.

The MLA 8th Edition includes the following:

 One standard citation format applies to every source type.  (A universal format for books,

periodicals digital images, journals, websites, tweets, and so on.)

 Inclusion of the initial article in a title (e.g., The Iliad rather than Iliad)  if there is one.

 Inclusion of "containers" in citations.  (e.g., A TV episode is contained in a TV series

container, and Netflix, for example, could be the container for the television series.)

 Ability to use pseudonyms for author names (e.g., @POTUS [President of the United

States]), especial common in social media.

 Volume and number marked with vol. and no. These were previously marked as 20.5 in

journals.

 Inclusion of URL with the omission of http:// or https:// .

 Omitting publisher from periodicals and websites when the publisher is the same as the title

or site name.
 Omitting city of publication (Include only if the version differs.)

Abbreviations include the following: U (U of Texas), UP (University Press),  Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr.,
May, June, July, Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec., ch. (chapter), p. (page) pp. (pages), par. (paragraph),
sec. (section), dept. (department), ed. (edition), rev. (revised), vol. (volume), no. (number, issue), et
al. (and others), e.g. (example), i.e. (clarification), circa (approximate before a date). (MLA 96)

 MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

One Citation Format

For all media types

 Author.  "Title of Source." (contained work) Title of Source(independent work). Title

of Container 1, Other Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication

Date, Location. 

[Title of Container 2, Other Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher,

Publication Date, Location.]

Punctuate each element:

 Place a period after the Author, Title of Source (if it is in quotes, part of a larger work), and

last item in the container.

 Place a comma after the items that follow (and modify) the container. The last item in the

container is followed by a period.

Elements

AUTHOR.

Author: Hall, Michael. (2) Hall, Michael and Alexis

Hall. (3+) Hall, Michael, et al.

Username: janorwell86  (username on a website

or listerv)

Handle: @POTUS (President of the United

States) as in Twitter

No author: Skip. Begin with title.

TITLE OF SOURCE..
A title is placed in quotation marks if the source is part of a
larger work. (e.g., essay, story, poem, chapter, song,
photograph or scene). A title is placed in italics if the title is
self-contained (e.g., a book, an album, a play, a movie.)
When a work that is normally independent appears in a
collection, the title of the work remains in quotes
("Sunflowers." Arles Sunflowers, by Van Gogh).
SMALLER / DEPENDENT WORK

Chapter title: "The Power of Context."

Song title: "Every Breath You Take."

Photograph title: "Texas 2006."

Scene title: "Strange Attacks."

Email title: "Re: Board Meeting on Team

Building."

Tweet title: "Love the way you sang that on

#VoiceFinale."

Facebook title: "Ha ha! I love your expression in

this photo."

LARGER / INDEPENDENT WORK

Book title: The Tipping Point.   (Include initial

article "The" or "A".)

Album title: Synchonicity.

Painting title: Sunflowers.

Movie title: The Birds.   

Image without title: Provide a short description

(no quotes)

CONTAINER,

The title element of the containserthe titled source: chapter,

song, photo, painting, scene, post. It is placed in italics or
and followed by a comma.
CONTAINER OF SMALLER PREVIOUSLY
MENTIONED WORK IN QUOTES

Book title: The Tipping Point, 

Album title: Synchronicity,    

Series of Photographs: America by Car,  

Series of Paintings: Arles Sunflowers,    

Movie title: The Birds,   

Website: Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter (posting

services)   

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS.

By: By Oliver Saks,  (Use if your in-text citation

causes you to list the publication by title rather than
author.)

Edited: Edited by Joseph Gibaldi,  (First, Last

name)

Directed: Directed by Stanley Kubrick,

Performance: Performance by Elizabeth Taylor,

Produced: Produced by Steven Spielberg,

Others: Adapted by, Illustrated by, Introduction by,

Forward by, Dedication by, Narrated by, Translated by,
Uploaded by, Received by (email)

VERSION

Edition: 2nd ed.,  (3rd ed., Kindle ed., iBook ed.,

Expanded ed., Updated ed., )

Version: version 2,   (unrated version, unabridged

version, remastered version, X-rated version, director's
cut)

Others: Revised, Radio Edit, Authorized King

James Version, Annotated Version

NUMBER.

Volume: vol. 3,  (3rd ed., Kindle ed. iBook ed., and
so on)

Number: no. 22  (use "no." for issue)

Other: season 3, episode 4

PUBLISHER.

Publishing Company: Green Day Books, 

(without LLC or Inc.)  Oxford UP  (Shorten "University
Press" to UP.)

Distributor: A & M Records, Universal Pictures, 

Walt Disney Pictures/Pixar Animation Studios

Exhibitor: National Gallery, London,

Website: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Blog site: Medium

PUBLICATION DATE.

Date of Publication: 6 Mar. 2016,

Year of Publication: 2016,

LOCATION.

Page: p. 12.  (pp. 12–15  [pages], par. 3 

[paragraph] )

URL: www.apple.com.  ( URL or DOI, Digital

Object Identifier, number or "permalink")
 Time Code: 11: 22:05. (a location specifying—
hour, minute, second—in a media player)

City (gallery): The Louvre, Paris.

CONTAINER 2

Container 2 is something that holds the content of Container

1. Typically, it is a database, a network of content, a content
manager, a multi-volume book, a collection of short stories
or poems, a television series, or even a website.
TITLE OF CONTAINER 2

Database:  JSTOR, EBSCOHost, ProQuest,

ERIC, COCA, PubMed, WorldCat,

Music: iTunes, Spotify, Pandora

Video: Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Video, HBO,

Books: Gutenburg Project, Google Books,

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS (if needed)

VERSION  (if needed)

NUMBER  (if needed)

PUBLISHER  (if needed)

PUBLICATION DATE  (if needed)

LOCATION

URL.

Permalink.  (a link that remains the same whether

or not the website organization changes)

DOI    Digital Object Identifier.   (Read about DOI

links in Works Cited below.)

OPTIONAL ELEMENTS

Accessed on 15 Aug. 2016. (This is especially

useful for sites whose content may change, expire or be
deleted.)

Date of original publication (include this if it will

help the reader find the source or provide insight to its
creation.)

City of publication (Include for books published

before 1900, a book  with differing versions based on
location.

Other facts about the source (multi-volume

publication.)

An unexpected type of work (a lecture, an

address, a transcript.)
 Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
International (Creative Commons permission for usage.)
(MLA 50)
 

See sections below:  Books |  Periodicals | Visual Arts | Audio Performances | Film & Video

Recording | Social Media | Other Resources

"MLA Practice Template." MLA Handbook, 8th ed., Modern Language

Assoc., style.mla.org/files/2016/04/practice-template.pdf.

Books (MLA 8th Ed. Format)

Cite a page, chapter, book or database of books

BOOK–PRINT

Basic information a reader needs to

find the titled source.
AUTHOR

Gladwell, Malcom.
TITLE OF SOURCE

"The Power of Context."

TITLE OF CONTAINER

The Tipping Point,

CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

NUMBER

PUBLISHER

Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and

Company,
PUBLICATION DATE

2000,
LOCATION

pp. 169–92. 

BOOK–ELECTRONIC

Basic information a reader needs to

find the titled e-source.
AUTHOR
Gladwell, Malcom.
TITLE OF SOURCE

"The Power of Context."

TITLE OF CONTAINER

The Tipping Point,

CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

Kindle Version,
NUMBER

PUBLISHER

Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and

Company,
PUBLICATION DATE

2006,
LOCATION.  

pp. 169–92. 

Printed Books

Reference Book
 "complement." The American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1997. 

Chapter in a Book
 Gladwell, Malcom. "The Power of Context." The Tipping Point,Back Bay Books/Little,

Brown and Company, 2000, pp. 169-92. 

Book
 Hitchcock, Alfred. Alfred Hitchcock's Ghostly Gallery. Random House, 1962. 

 Holloway, Susan D., et al. Through My Own Eyes: Single Mothersand the Cultures of

Poverty. Harvard UP, 1997.

 Stewart, David W. and David H. Furse. Effective Television Advertising: A Study of

1000 Commercials. Lexington Books, 1986.

 The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

 
 Electronic Books (Online Reference, eBooks/Readers, Public Databases, Project Gutenberg)

 "complement". Dictionary.com Unabridged, Random House, 9 Aug.

2016, dictionary/browse/complement.

 Gladwell, Malcom. The Tipping Point. Kindle Edition, Little, Brown and Company,

2000. 

 Austen, Jane. The Complete Novels Of Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Sense and

Sensibility and Others. Harper Collins, 18 Mar. 2014. Google

Books, play.google.com/store/books/details/Jane_Austen_The_Complete_Novels

_Of_Jane_Austen?id=IMv3AgAAQBAJ&hl=en.

 Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. EPUB version, EBook #74, 20 Aug.

2006, Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74.epub.images?

session_id=bb50952e4f1814e6c0e710bef5865d6d2240896b.

Listing a Repeated Author

 Sacks, Oliver. On the Move: A Life. Knopf, 2015.

 ———. "My Periodic Table." Gratitude, Knopf. 2015.   (See three em dash.)

Other focuses  include listing first, the author, editor, translator, or person introduces the book
(writes the "forward").

 Homer, The Iliad. Translated by Fagles, reissue edition, Penguin Classics, 1998. 

 The Iliad. By Homer, translated by Fagles, reissue edition, Penguin Classics, 1998. 

 Fagles, Robert, translator, The Iliad. By Homer, reissue edition, Penguin Classics,

1998.

 Knox, Bernard, introduction, The Iliad. By Homer, translated by Fagles, reissue edition,

Penguin Classics, 1998.

MLA Book Citation – Drag and Drop Practice.

Periodicals(MLA 8th Ed. Format)

Cite a magazine, newspaper, journal or blog

PERIODICAL/JOURNAL–PRINT
Basic information a reader needs to
find the titled source.
AUTHOR

Hodnett, et al.
TITLE OF SOURCE

"Effectiveness of Nurses as Providers

of Birth Labor Support in North
American Hospitals."
TITLE OF CONTAINER

JAMA,
CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

NUMBER

vol. 288 no. 11,

PUBLISHER

American Medical Association,  (may

be omitted)
PUBLICATION DATE

2002,
LOCATION.

pp. 1373-81.

PERIODICAL/JOURNAL–
ELECTRONIC

Basic information a reader needs to

find the titled e-source.
AUTHOR

Hodnett, et al.
TITLE OF SOURCE

"Effectiveness of Nurses as Providers

of Birth Labor Support in North
American Hospitals."
TITLE OF CONTAINER

JAMA,
CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

NUMBER

vol. 288 no. 11,

PUBLISHER

PUBLICATION DATE
2002,
LOCATION  

pp. 1373-81.
CONTAINER 2

PubMed/NLM,
LOCATION

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/122342
31.
 

Periodicals

 Underwood, Ann and Karen Springen. "Certified Organic." Newsweek, 3 Sept. 2002,

pp. 1373-81.

 Schevitz, Tanya. "Universities Face Student Deluge." San Francisco Chronicle, late

edition, 4 Sept. 2009, p. C12.

 Hodnett, et al. "Effectiveness of Nurses as Providers of Birth Labor Support in North

American Hospitals." JAMA, vol. 288, no. 11, 2002, pp. 1373-81.

 Hodnett, et al. "Effectiveness of Nurses as Providers of Birth Labor Support in North

American Hospitals." JAMA, vol. 288, no. 11, 18 Sept.

2002. PubMed/NML, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12234231. Accessed 9 Aug.

2016.

 Cowley, Jeffrey. "Certified Organic." Newsweek, 29 Sept.

2002, www.newsweek.com/certified-organic-145059.

 Vaznis, James. "Boston Columnist Resigns Amid New Plagiarism Charges." Boston

Globe, 1 Aug. 2013, www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/07/31/boston-principal-

resigns-amid-new-plagiarism-allegations/FT5A0Xx3datHaz98UgWopN/story.html. 

 Schevitz, Tanya. "Universities face student deluge." SFGate, 23 Sept.

2002, www.sfgate.com/education/article/Universities-face-student-deluge-State-

hasn-t-2767621.php.

 Ellingsen, Eric. “In the Listenings: The Gold Waxes.” World Literature Today, vol. 89,

no. 1, 2015, pp. 30-32. JSTOR, doi:10.7588/worllitetoda.89.1.0030.

 Fogarty, Mignon. "Avoid This Common Passive Voice Mistake!" Grammar Girl: Quick

and Dirty Tips. Macmillan Holdings, 14 Nov.

 2013, quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/avoid-this-common-passive-

voice-mistake.

MLA Magazine Citation – Drag and Drop Practice.

MLA Journal Citation – Drag and Drop Practice.

Visual Arts(MLA 8th Ed. Format)

Cite a painting, lithograph, photograph, sculpture, mural and more

Citing a Work of Art

VISUAL ARTS–MEDIA

Basic information a reader needs to find

the titled source.
AUTHOR

Van Gogh, Vincent.

TITLE OF SOURCE

Sunflowers.
TITLE OF CONTAINER

CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

NUMBER

NG3863,
PUBLISHER

PUBLICATION DATE

1888,
LOCATION. 

National Gallery, London.

VISUAL ARTS–ELECTRONIC

Basic information a reader needs to find

the titled e-source.
AUTHOR

Van Gogh, Vincent.

TITLE OF SOURCE

"Sunflowers."
TITLE OF CONTAINER

The Arles Sunflowers,

CONTRIBUTORS
 VERSION

NUMBER

NG3863,
PUBLISHER

PUBLICATION DATE

1888,
LOCATION

www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vinc
ent-van-gogh-sunflowers.
 

If a work of art is part of a series, it is placed in quotes, "Title of Source", and the name of the series is
italicized, Container of Series. Otherwise, the work of art is placed in italics.

Visual Arts  

Paintings
 Van Gogh, Vincent. Sunflowers. 1888, National Gallery, London. 

 Van Gogh, Vincent. "Sunflowers." The Arles Sunflowers, 1889, National Gallery,

London, www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vincent-van-gogh-sunflowers. 

 Goya, Francisco. The Family of Carlos IV. 1800, Museo del Prado, Madrid. 

 Goya, Francisco. The Family of Carlos IV. 1800, Museo del Prado,

Madrid, www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-

iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74.

Photographs
 Friedlander, Lee. "Texas 2006." America by Car, Sept. 4–Nov. 28, 2010, Whitney

Museum of American Art, New York.

 Friedlander, Lee. "Texas 2006." America by Car, D.A.P./Fraenkel, 2010. 

 Friedlander, Lee. "Texas 2006." America by Car,

2010, whitney.org/Exhibitions/LeeFriedlander/Images. 

 Koch, Alex. View of the Promenade des Anglais. Pixabay, 24 June

2015. pixabay.com/en/nice-france-sea-mediterranean-1121373.  (When there is

no title, provide a short description. Do not place it within quotes.)

 Soldon, Rodrigo. E o Rio continua lindo. Flickr, 30 Oct

2009, www.flickr.com/photos/8865243@N02/4062243066.
 

Sculpture
 Bufano, Beniamino Benvenuto. Bear and Cubs. About 1950, University of California,

Berkeley.

 "Bear and Cubs." Wikimedia Commons, uploaded by EMHawkins, 3 Feb.

2011. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BennyBufanoBearandCubs.jpg. 

 Oldenburg, Klaes and Coosje van Bruggen. Cupid's Span. 2002, Rincon Park, San

Francisco. 

 Oldenburg, Klaes and Coosje van Bruggen. Cupid's

Span. 2002, oldenburgvanbruggen.com/largescaleprojects/cupidsspan.htm.

Internet-based websites for posting paintings, photographs, and illustrations

include: Europeana, Flickr, Google Images, Open Clipart Library, Pixabay and Wikimedia
Commons.  (These are not treated as secondary containers.)

An internet-based archive for paintings and photographs is ICOM.

MLA Visual Art Citation – Drag and Drop Practice.

Audio Performances(MLA 8th Ed. Format)

Cite music, plays, operas and other performances

AUDIO–MEDIA

Basic information a reader needs to find the

titled source.
AUTHOR

Sting.
TITLE OF SOURCE

"Every Breath You Take."

TITLE OF CONTAINER

Synchronicity,
CONTRIBUTORS

Performed by The Police,  Produced by  The

Police and Hugh Padgham,
VERSION

NUMBER

PUBLISHER
A & M,
PUBLICATION DATE

1983.
LOCATION

AUDIO–ELECTRONIC

Basic information a reader needs to find the

titled e-source.
AUTHOR

Sting.
TITLE OF SOURCE

"Every Breath You Take."

TITLE OF CONTAINER

Every Breath You Take The Classics,

CONTRIBUTORS

Performed by The Police,

VERSION

stereo remastered version,

NUMBER

PUBLISHER

A & M,
PUBLICATION DATE

2003.
LOCATION

CONTAINER 2

Spotify,
LOCATION

open.spotify.com/track/0wF2zKJmgzjPTfircP
J2jg.

Performance Recording (CD, Film, LP or other)

 "Accidental Hero: Benefits of Forensics." Accidental Hero–Room 408, PBS,

2002, www.pbs.org/accidentalhero/benefits. Accessed 10 Jan. 2003.

 Beethoven, Ludwig van.The 9 Symphonies. Performed by NBC Symphony Orchestra,

conducted by Arturo Toscanini, RCA, 2003.

  Beethoven, Ludwig van.The 9 Symphonies. Performed by Vienna Philharmonic

Orchestra, conducted by W. Furtwangler, uploaded by Sam Rothstein, Youtube, 9

Feb. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzB1_2G_QX0.

 newhot5. "Jazz for Cows." Youtube, 6 Sept. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?

v=lXKDu6cdXLI.

 Sting. "Every Breath You Take." Synchronicity, performed by The Police, produced by

The Police and Hugh Padgham, A & M, 1983.

 Sting. "Every Breath You Take." Every Breath You Take The Classics, stereo

remastered version, A & M,

2003. Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/0wF2zKJmgzjPTfircPJ2jg.

 Cobain, Kurt, et al. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind, Geffen, 1991.

Internet-based music archives include: ccMister, iTunes, Jamendo, SoundCloud and Spotify.

MLA Music Citation – Drag and Drop Practice.

Film or Video Recording(MLA 8th Ed. Format)

Cite movies, TV episodes, videos and more

Citing a Movie or a Scene in a Movie

FILM

Basic information a reader needs to

find the titled source.
AUTHOR

 
TITLE OF SOURCE

"Strange Attacks."
TITLE OF CONTAINER,

The Birds,
CONTRIBUTORS,

Directed by Hitchcock, performance

by Tippi Hedron,
VERSION,

NUMBER,

PUBLISHER,

Universal Pictures,
 PUBLICATION DATE,

1963.
LOCATION.  

FILM–INTERNET COURSE

Basic information a reader needs to

find the titled e-source.
AUTHOR

 
TITLE OF SOURCE

"Strange Attacks."
TITLE OF CONTAINER,

The Birds,
CONTRIBUTORS,

directed by Hitchcock, performance

by Tippi Hedron,
VERSION,

NUMBER,

PUBLISHER,

Universal Pictures,
PUBLICATION DATE,

1963.
LOCATION.  

CONTAINER 2

Amazon Video,
LOCATION

www.amazon.com/Birds-Tippi-
Hedren/dp/B000ID37KO.
 

Video (Movie)

 Citizen Kane. Directed by Orson Welles, performances by Orson Welles, Joseph

Cotton, RKO Radio Pictures,1945.

 Ed Wood. Directed by Tim Burton, performances by Johnny Depp, Martin Landau,

Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia Arquette, Touchstone,1994.

 "Strange Attacks." The Birds, directed by Hitchcock, performance by Tippi Hedron,

Universal Pictures, 1963.

  The King's Speech. Directed by Tom Hooper, performances by Colin Firth, Geoffrey

Rush, Helena Bonham Carter, See-Saw Films, 2010.

Electronic Video (TV episode, Movie, Youtube Video)

 Benioff, David and D. B. Weiss. "Battle of the Bastards." Game of Thrones, season 6,

episode 9, 19 June 2016. HBO,www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones/episodes/6/59-59-

battle-of-the-bastards.

 “Don't Make Me Come Back There.” Orange is the New Black, season 3, episode 12,

11 Jun. 2016. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/80017459?trackId=14277283. 

 newhot5. "Jazz for Cows." Youtube, 6 Sept. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?

v=lXKDu6cdXLI.

 "Strange Attacks." The Birds. directed by Hitchcock, performance by Tippi Hedron,

Universal Pictures,1963. Amazon Video, www.amazon.com/Birds-Tippi-

Hedren/dp/B000ID37KO

Zinkova, Mila. "Blackbird Attacks People." Youtube, 2014,youtube.com/watch?v=7qQcM9yytSI.

Accessed 10 Aug. 2016.

Citations with different focuses:  (director, actor, producer)

 The King's Speech. Directed by Tom Hooper, Bedlam Productions, Ltd., See-Saw

Films, 2010.

 The King's Speech. Directed by Tom Hooper, performances by Colin Firth, Geoffrey

Rush, Helena Bonham Carter, See-Saw Films, 2010.

 Firth, Collin, performer. The King's Speech. See-Saw Films, 2010.

 Hooper, Tom, director. The King's Speech. See-Saw Films, 2010.

Online websites for posting video include: YouTube, Facebook, Vimeo, Daily Motion and Twitch.

Archives for film and video include: Amazon Video, Hulu, Netflix and SpinXpress.

Social Media(MLA 8th Ed. Format)

Email, Tweets, Listserv Comments

Citing social media comments

PAPER MESSAGES
Paper messages typically includes To, From,  Re
and Date.
AUTHOR

FROM: Michael Phelps

TITLE OF SOURCE

RE: Rio 2016

TITLE OF CONTAINER

CONTRIBUTORS

TO: Mom
VERSION

NUMBER

PUBLISHER

PUBLICATION DATE

August 3, 2016, 5:57 PM.

LOCATION 

(a physical location, on a memo pad, a sticky

note, etc.)

SOCIAL MEDIA 

Basic information a reader needs to find the titled e-

source.
AUTHOR

@MichaelPhelps.    (It is OK to use a pseudonym

as the author.)
TITLE OF SOURCE

"I am honored to lead #teamusa into opening

ceremonies!! #flagbearer #usa #rio2016."     (Place
message in quotes.)
TITLE OF CONTAINER

Twitter,    
CONTRIBUTORS

VERSION

NUMBER,

PUBLISHER

PUBLICATION DATE

3 Aug. 2016, 5:57 PM,

LOCATION 

twitter.com/MichaelPhelps/status/760852165174956
032.
 

Social Media

Tweets

A source such as Twitter or Facebook, is considered to be a service where people can author and
post content online (a normal website) rather than an archive, a storage site of content that can be
retrieved via a database. 

 @MichaelPhelps. "I am honored to lead #teamusa into opening ceremonies!!

#flagbearer #usa #rio2016." Twitter, 3 Aug. 2016, 5:57

PM, twitter.com/MichaelPhelps/status/760852165174956032.

Email

Sevastopoulos, Julie. "Re: Trump Political Cartoons." Received by M. Martinez, 15 Aug. 2016, 2:30
PM.

Listserv

Wang, Hung. "Is the verb left out in this sentence?" English Grammar & Usage StackExchange, 9
Aug. 2016, english.stackexchange.com/questions/342056/is-the-verb-here-left-out-in-the-sentence.
Accessed on 9 Aug. 2016.

Facebook

Should Facebook be italicized?  Read the following explanation of

why Facebook and Wikipedia websites are placed in italics.

 "The Italicization of Names Like Facebook." The MLA Style

Center,2016, style.mla.org/2016/02/24/the-italicization-of-names-like-facebook .

There are also practical benefits to italicizing Facebook, Google+, and so on. The italicization results
in more readable prose in a tech-heavy discussion that includes many unitalicized capped terms
(acronyms, trademarks, names of companies). Further, the style allows for typographic distinction
between titles of sites and similar names of companies. Just as italics helpfully mark the difference
between The New York Times (the newspaper) and the New York Times Company, so they allow a
useful distinction in “a posting on Facebook” versus “the CEO of Facebook.”

Sanders, June. "Congratulations on the birth of your baby boy!" Facebook, received by V. Galat, 16
July. 2016.

Works Cited
Style Manuals

 The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Edited by Thomas Kent,

et al., 51st ed., AP, 2016.

 The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed., U of Chicago P, 2010.

 "DOI System Examples." International DOI Foundation, 2016, doi.org/demos.html.

 "Citation Tools." Georgetown U Library, 2017, www.library.georgetown.edu/citations.

  The Gregg Reference Manual. Edited by William A. Sabin, 11th ed., McGraw-Hill

Education, 2011.

 "MLA Practice Template – MLA Style Center." MLA,

2016. style.mla.org/files/2016/04/practice-template.pdf.

 "Works Cited: A Quick Guide – MLA Style Center." MLA, 2016. style.mla.org/works-

cited-a-quick-guide.

 "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." Purdue OWL, edited by Tony Russel et al., Purdue

U, 5 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01.

 MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.6th ed., American

Psychological Association, 2010.

Style Manual Abbreviations used in this website:

AP (The Associated Press Stylebook), APA (Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association), CMOS (The Chicago Manual of Style), GREGG (Gregg Reference Manual), MLA (MLA
Handbook)

Practice
Citation Practice

Identify the correctly written citation.

1. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence. 

2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check" button to the left or the

"Check 1-10" button at the bottom.

1.

Citation Format for Books - single author

Title: Knossos Mythology—History Guide to the Archaeological Site
Author: Antonis Vassilakis
Publisher: Adam Editions
City Published: Athens
Editor: Costas Adam
Date Published: 2002
Feedback 1 

 (a) Antonis Vassilakis. Knossos Mythology—History Guide to the Archaeological Site. Adam

Editions, 2002.

 (b) Adam, Costas. "Knossos Mythology—History Guide to the Archaeological Site." Adam

Editions, 2002.
  (c) Vassilakis, Antonis. Knossos Mythology: History Guide to the Archaeological Site, Adam

Editions, 2002.
2.

Citation Format for a Book with Multiple Authors

 
Title: Aegean Art and Architecture
Author: Donald Preziosi, Louise A. Hitchcock
Publisher: Oxford University Press
City Published: Oxford
Editor: Costas Adam
Date Published: 1999
Feedback 2 

 (a) Preziosi, Donald, Hitchcock, Louise. Aegean Art and Architecture, Oxford UP, 1999.

 (b) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A. Hitchcock. Aegean Art and Architecture,Oxford UP, 1999.

 (c) Preziosi, Donald and Hitchcock, Louise A. Aegean Art and Architecture, Oxford UP, 1999.
3.

Book with an Editor Listed Rather Than an Author

 
Title: Atlas of Classical Archaeology
Author: --
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
City Published: New York
Editor: M. I Finley
Date Publisher: 1977
Feedback 3 

 (a) Finley, M. I., editor. Atlas of Classical Archaeology, McGraw-Hill, 1977.

 (b) Unknown, Atlas of Classical Archaeology, M.I. Finley, ed., McGraw-Hill, 1977.

 (c) Atlas of Classical Archaeology, Edited by M. I. Finley, McGraw-Hill, 1977.

4.

Magazine Article  
 
Title: Palo Alto Idea House
Author: Ann Bertelsen and Daniel Gregory
Magazine name: Sunset
City Published: --
Volume: --
Date Published: September 2002
Pages: 107–108
URL: www.sunset.com
Feedback 4 

 (a) Bertelsen, Ann. "Palo Alto Idea House." Sept 2002: 107-8.

  (b) Bertelsen, Ann and Daniel Gregory. "Palo Alto Idea House." Sunset, Sep. 2002.

 (c) Bertelsen, Ann and Daniel Gregory. "Palo Alto Idea House." Sunset, Sep. 2002, pp. 107-8.
5.

Journal Article 
 
Title: Defying death after DNA damage
Author: Tina Rich, Rachel L. Allen & Andrew H. Wyllie
Associated Institution: Dept. of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
Publisher: Nature
City Published: --
Volume: vol. 407
Date Published: 12 October 2000
 
 
Feedback 5 

 (a) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie. "Defying death after DNA

damage." Nature (12 Oct. 2000): vol. 407, 777-83.

 (b) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie. "Defying death after DNA damage."  Nature.

407 (2000): 777-83.

 (c) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H. Wyllie. "Defying death after DNA

damage." Nature, vol. 407, 12 Oct 2000, pp. 777-83.

6.

Newspaper Article 

Title: Oakland hills fire quelled – 10 acres burn

Author: Suzanne Herel, Ray Delgado
Newspaper name: San Francisco Chronicle
City Published: --
Date: Friday, Sep 20, 2002
Page: C18
URL: http://www.sfgate.com
 
Feedback 6 

 (a) Oakland hills fire quelled – 10 acres burn, San Francisco Chronicle, Friday, 20 Sept 2002: C18.

 (b) San Francisco Chronicle, "Oakland hills fire quelled -- 10 acres burn." Herel, Suzanne and Ray

Delgado, 20 Sept 2002: C18.

 (c) Herel, Suzanne and Ray Delgado. "Oakland hills fire quelled – 10 acres burn." San Francisco

Chronicle, 20 Sept 2002, p. C18.

7.

Government Web
 
Title: Mars Gullies Likely Not Formed by Liquid Water
Author: NASA
Editor:
Overall Web site: Astrobiology at NASA
Associated Institution: NASA
Date Posted or Modified: August  4, 2016
Date Visited: August 16, 2016
URL:http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/mars-gullies-likely-not-formed-by-liquid-water
Feedback 7 

 (a) "Mars Gullies Likely Not Formed by Liquid Water." Astrobiology at NASA,

2016, astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/mars-gullies-likely-not-formed-by-liquid-water.

 (b) Mars Gullies Likely Not Formed by Liquid Water, Astrobiology at NASA, NASA,

2016, astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/mars-gullies-likely-not-formed-by-liquid-water.

 (c) Mars Gullies Likely Not Formed by Liquid Water—http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/mars-

gullies-likely-not-formed-by-liquid-water
8.

Academic Website   (fictitious)

 
Title: Top Ten Ways to Improve Your Writing
Overall Site: The English Writing Center
Author: Jayne McBride
Associated Institution: Midtown College
Location: Los Angeles, California
Date Last Modified: August 1, 2016
Date Visited: August 16, 2016
URL:http://www.midtowncollege.edu/faculty/mcbridej/
Feedback 8 

 (a) McBride, Jayne. "Introduction to Writing and Composition." The English Writing Center,

Midtown College, 2016. midtowncollege.edu/faculty/mcbridej.  Accessed on 16

Aug. 2016.

 (b) "Introduction to Writing and Composition." Midtown

College, midtowncollege.edu/faculty/mcbridej.

 (c) McBride, Jayne. "Introduction to Writing and Composition." Midtown College, Los Angeles, CA.,

2016.
9.

A Wiki
 
Title: Amaranth
Authors: Wikipedia contributors
Web site Name: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Associated Institution: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
City Published: —
Date Last Modified: January 5, 2014
Year Visited: January 10, 2014
URL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth 
 
Feedback 9 

 (a) "Amaranth." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth.

 (b) Wikipedia contributors. "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.Wikipedia, The Free

Encyclopedia, 5 Jan. 2014. Web. 7 Jan. 2014.

 (c) "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth.

Accessed on 5 Aug. 2016.

10.

A Film 

Title:The Social Network

Director: David Fincher
Performers: Jesse Eisenberg, Andrew Garfield and Justin Timberlake
Writers: Aaron Sorkin (screenplay), Ben Mezrich (book)
Studio / Distributor: Columbia Pictures, Culver City, California
Feedback 10 

 (a) Fincher, David. director. The Social Network, See-Saw Films/Columbia Pictures, 2010.

 (b) The Social Network, directed by David Fincher, performances by Jesse Eisenberg, Andrew

Garfield and Justin Timberlake, Columbia Pictures, 2010.

 (c) Eisenberg, Jesse, performer. The Social Network, directed by David Fincher, See-Saw

Films/Columbia Pictures, 2010.

11.

A Painting
 
Title:The Mona Lisa
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Medium: oil on poplar [wood from a type of tree]
Subject: unknown
Date: 1504
Location captured: Italy
Current Location: The Louvre, Paris
Feedback 11 

 (a) Vinci, Leonardo da. "The Mona Lisa (1504)" , The Louvre, Paris.

 (b) Da Vinci Leonardo. The Mona Lisa, The Louvre, Paris. 1504.

  (c) Da Vinci, Leonardo. The Mona Lisa, 1504, The Louvre, Paris.
12.

A  Tweet
 
Tweet: Thanks for all the support my peeps #blessed #TeamBolt #TeamJamaica #Rio2016
Tweeter: @usainbolt (Usain St Leo Bolt)
Date: August 15, 2016, 5:44 AM
Website/APP: Twitter
Location: https://twitter.com/usainbolt/status/765016162404929536
Feedback 12 

 (a) Bolt, Usain St. Leo. Twitter, message content: "Thanks for all the support my peeps #blessed

#TeamBolt #TeamJamaica #Rio2016", 15 Aug. 2016, 5:44 AM.

 (b) @usainbolt. "Thanks for all the support my peeps #blessed #TeamBolt #TeamJamaica

#Rio2016." Twitter, 15 Aug. 2016, 5:44

AM, twitter.com/usainbolt/status/765016162404929536.  

 (c) @usainbolt (Usain Bolt) . "Thanks for all…" Twitter, 15 Aug. 2016, 5:44

AM, twitter.com/usainbolt/status/765016162404929536.