 Human development  Each phase of development has

– a progressive series of changes occurs hazards

as a result of maturation and experience Each stage in the life span of an individual
- Pattern of “constancy ad can be associated with specific
changes across the life span” developmental; such hazards may involve
and identifies the processes adjustment problems.
that account patterns,  Development is aided with
Newman and Newman 2015 stimulation .
- Developmental Changes. A large part of human development occurs
- enable the people to adapt to the as a product of maturation and
environment in which they live, through a environmental experiences, and in relation
process called self- realization or self- to this, much can be done to aid
actualization ( DeRobertis, 2008) development so that it will reach its full
potential. This can be achieve by directly
self- realization- plays an important role in encouraging an individual to utilize an
ensuring one’s mental being, individuals ability, which is in the process of
who make good personal and social development.
adjustment  Development is affected by
 Early foundations are critical. cultural changes.
 Attitudes, habits, and patterns of An individual’s development often conforms
behavior that have been established to cultural standards; hence, changes in
in the early years of one’s life largely these standards can also affect one’s
determine the success of individuals developmental pattern.
in adjusting to life as they grow older  There are social expectations for
 Roles of maturation and learning every stage of development.
in development. All cultural groups expect their members to
Maturation – the process by which familiarize themselves with essential skills
individual’s inherent traits are developed and acquire certain approved behavioral
Learning – is the product of the exercise patterns at various age during one’s lifetime.
and effort spent by the individual to achieve  There are common traditional
development beliefs about people of all ages.
 Development follows a definite Beliefs concerning physical and
predictable pattern. psychological characteristics do affect the
- patters of physical, motor, speech and judgment of others and their subsequent
intellectual development, and such self- evaluations
development follows a pattern similar to  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES ON
everyone, unless there are extenuating HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
factors that hamper this process  PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
 All individuals are different.  Sigmund Freud – argued that
No two individuals can be 100% biologically childhood experiences and
and genetically similar, even in the case of unconscious desires ultimately
identical twins. influence our behaviors as adults
Such difference increases as children  Erik Erikson (Neo- Freudian) –
develop from childhood, move on to introduced his eight-stage theory of
adolescence, and eventually old age psychosocial development
 Each phase of development has a  Freud’s theory of psychosexual
characteristic behavior. development
Every stage of development includes a set  Human personality is develop
of behaviors that can only be observed in a throughout one’s childhood.
particular stage  In behavioral development in terms
of a series of so-called
 “Psychosexual stages”, in which  Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
conflict that arise in each development
developmental stage may have a  The influence of social experience
lifelong influence on one’s on our development across the
personality and behavior whole human lifespan
(Cherry,2015).  “Ego identity” is the conscious sense
 Stages of psychosexual of self that we develop through
development social interaction”(Cherry,2015b)
 ORAL STAGE (Birth to 18 months)  According to Erikson, the ego
 The infant derives pleasure from oral identity constantly changed]s due to
stimulation(sucking& rooting). new information and experiences
 Develop trust and comfort with an accumulate through daily
adult providing oral stimulation (e.g. , interactions with others.
feeding the child)  Stages in the human lifespan
 ANAL STAGE ( 18 months to 3  PRENATAL PERIOD- it begins at
years) conception and ends at birth
 The child experiences pleasure in 270 to 280 days or 9
eliminating or retaining feces. months
 He/she become obsessed with  INFANCY- occurs from birth to the
perfection, order, cleanliness, and end of second week
control as an adult. - short developmental period, time
 Stages of psychosexual of extreme
development adjustment & hazardous period
 Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)  BABYHOOD- end of second week
 Child’s focus on sexual interest, until the end of child’s
stimulation, and excitement in second year
relation to the genital area. - true foundation of age, makes
 It lays the foundation of one’s the beginning of socialization
gender identity. and creativity
 Latency Stage ( 5 or 6 years to  EARLY CHILDHOOD- from 2 to 6
puberty) year (preschool age)
 It begins when children enter school -
and become more focus on peers, problematic/troublesome age
personal interest, hobbies , along  LATE CHILDHOOD- 6 to 10 or 12
with greater social exposure. years (elementary years)
 Confidence as well as social and - “ gang “ age , seek conformity and be in
communication skills(Cherry,2015a) group
 Stages of psychosexual  Stages in the human lifespan
development  PUBERTY OR
 Genital Stage ( Puberty to PREADOLESCENCE- 12 to 13 or
Adulthood) 14 years
 Child undergoes the physiological - Rapid growth and change and
maturation of system of sexual occurs at a variable age
functioning and associated hormonal  ADOLESCENCE- 13 or 14 to 18
system leading to intensified drives years a transitional period that the
and impulses. child searches for his identity and
 Separation from one’s attachment to cross over adulthood
his/her parents and the achievement  EARLY ADULTHOOD- 18 to 40
of mature relationship as well as year, productive age, a period of
adult roles and duties. emotional tension or social isolation
and a time of commitment
  MIDDLE AGE- 40 to 60 years, it is a
time of stress and transition  Five stage pyramid
 OLD AGE OR SENESCENCE- 60 (maslow’s theory)
years to one’s death, period of  The need theory of human
decline which people are judged by motivation
different criteria based on prevalent  This theory states that throughout
stereotypes of old people one’s life, desires, wishes and drives
 Human behavior that are collectively called “needs”,
BEHAVIOR motivate every individual.
 It refers to the action of an organism 1. Biological and Physiological needs:
or system usually in relation to its food, drink, air, shelter. warmth, sex,
environment. sleep
 A voluntary or involuntary attitude of 2. Safety needs: security, order, law,
a person to adapt and fit society’s stability, freedom from fear,
values and ideas of what is right and protection from the elements
wrong. 3. Love and belongingness needs:
 It is the way a person reacts to affection and love from work group,
different situations and can be family, friends, peers, romantic
affected by many things such as relationship, friendship
change of circumstances. 4. Esteem needs: achievement,
 COMMON PERSPECTIVE IN THE independence, mastery, status,
STUDY OF HUMAN BehaVIOR dominance, self-respect, prestige
 NEUROLOGICAL- human actions and respect from others
in relation to events inside the body, 5. Self-actualization needs: realization
especially brain and nervous system of one’s personal potential and self-
 BEHAVIORAL- focuses on external fulfillment, seeking personal growth
activities that can be observed and and peak experiences
measured  psychodynamics
 COGNITIVE- how the brain  It means the “ motivation to action”
processes and transforms  Human behavior in terms of the
information in various ways personality of the inner self.
 PSYCHOANALYTICAL- emphasizes  The concept of subjective life and
unconscious motives stemming from inner forces within, called “mental
repressed sexual and aggressive personality”
impulse in childhood  The mind has three levels by which
 HUMANISTIC- it focuses on the its psychic forces operate, namely,
subjects experiences, freedom of the ID, EGO, and SUPER EGO.
choice and strong motivation to  Causes of conflict in human
achieve self- actualization behavior
 Factors that affect human behavior  PHYSICAL CAUSES- refer to
 HEREDITY- determine by genes, natural causes like typhoon,
which are segment of cell structure earthquake, fire, flood, and storm
called chromosomes, by which  SOCIAL CONFLICTS- these are
parents pass on traits to their restriction or rules in the home,
offspring school, workplace, and community
 ENVIRONMENT- factors consist of  ECONOMIC CONFLICTS- these are
the conditions that surround and result from one’s inability to acquire
influence an individual materials things because of poverty
 LEARNING- process by which or other financial obligations
behavior change as a result of  Two basic types of human behavior
experience or practice  Other types of behavior
  HABITUAL – motor, emotional, middle range of intelligence, but few
language are abnormally stupid.
 INSTINCTIVE – unlearned behavior - 2. Deviation from Social Norms
 SYMBOLIC – substitute behavior - Behavior that deviates from the
 COMPLEX- two or more habitual standard is considered to be
behaviors that occur in one situation abnormal. But those standards can
 STIMULANTS OF HUMAN change with time and vary from one
BEHAVIOR society to another.
 SENSATIONS- feelings or - 3. Maladaptive behavior- third
impressions of stimuli that may be criterion is how the behavior affects
delivered via ff. sources: the well-being of the individual and/
 Olfactory – or social group.
smell - Maladaptive to One’s self – It
 Cutaneous- refers to the inability of a person to
touch reach goals and adapt the demands
 Auditory- of life.
hearing - Maladaptive to Society – It refers
 Gustatory- to a person’s obstruction or
taste disruption to social group functioning
 Visual- sight  4. Personal Distress- abnormality in
 PERCEPTION – refers to one’s terms of the individual’s subjective
knowledge of various stimuli from feelings, personal distress rather
the environment or external sources than the behavior.
 AWARENESS – psychological  “Mentally ill” feel miserable, anxious,
activity that occurs in accordance depressed and may suffer insomia
with the interpretation and
experience of various stimuli  Four categories of abnormal
 Personality dimension that affect behavior
human behavior  1. LONG PERIOD OF
 DISCOMFORT- this distress is real,
 Abnormal behavior related or threatened event and
 A kind of behavior that fails to meet passes away in time. E.g. death of
the characteristics of normal person. love one
ABNORMALITY – deviating from the  2. IMPAIRED FUNCTIONING-
normal or differing from the typical passing period of inefficiency and
( aberration) , is a subjectively defined prolonged inefficiency E.g. brilliant
behavioral characteristic, assigned to those person fail in class
with rare or dysfunctional conditions  3. BIZARRE BEHAVIOR- no rational
ABNORMALITY (legal definition) – basis seems to indicate that the
declares that a person is insane when he is individual is confused. The
not able to judge between right and wrong, psychoses frequently result to
but this criterion is not used by psychologist. hallucinations or delusion.
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - scientific study of  4. DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR- means
mental, emotional & behavioral disorders as impulsive, apparently uncontrolled
well as abnormal or maladaptive behavior behavior that disrupts the lives of
 Criteria used in determining others or deprive them of their
abnormal behavior human rights E.g. anti-social
 1. Deviation from Statistical Norms disorder
- Abnormal means “ away from  MENTAL DISORDER
norm” . Most people fall in the  Is The Significant Impairment In
Psychological Functioning
 A. PSYCHOTIC DISORDER- a  mCNAUGHTON rule
severe mental disorder  A standard to be applied by the jury,
characterized by a retreat from after hearing the testimony from
reality, by hallucinations, delusion prosecution and defense experts.
and social withdrawal. The rule created a presumption of
 B. ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDER- sanity, unless the defense proved “at
mental or emotional problem caused the time of committing the act, the
by brain disease or injuries accused was laboring under such a
 C. SUBSTANCE-RELATED defect of reason, from disease of the
DISORDER- an abuse or mind, as not to know the nature &
dependence on a mood-or-behavior- quality of the act h was doing or, if
altering-drug. he did know it, that he did not know
 D. MOOD DISORDER- a what he was doing is wrong”.
disturbance in mood, such as  A person is exempted to a crime
depression or mania he/she does not know right or
 E. ANXIETY DISORDER- disruptive wrong.
feeling of fear, apprehension, or  psychosis
anxiety, or a distortion in behavioral  It came from the word “psyche”, for
anxiety mind/soul, and “-osis” , for abnormal
 Mental disorder condition
 F. SOMATOFORM DISORDER- this  The abnormal condition of mind, and
is a physical symptom that mimics a is a generic psychiatric term for a
disease or an injury for which there mental state often described as
is no identifiable physical cause. involving a “ loss of contact with
 G. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER- it is reality”
a temporary amnesia, multiple  People suffering from psychosis are
personality, or depersonalization. said to be psychotic.
 H. PERSONALITY DISORDER- it is  Disorientation of time, place and/ or
a maladaptive personality pattern person: delusion (false belief);
 I. SEXUAL AND GENDER hallucination (false perception);
IDENTITY DISORDER- any of the bizarre behavior; inappropriate
wide range of difficulties with sexual emotion responses; distortion of
identity, deviant sexual behavior, or thinking, association, and judgment.
sexual adjustment.  Symptom of psychosis
 J. NEUROSIS- an outdated term  1. INVOLUTIONAL REACTION –
once used to refer, as a group, to demonstrate severe depression
anxiety disorder, somatoform during the involution period without
disorder, and some form of previous history of psychosis.
depression.  2. AFFECTIVE REACTION – this is
 insanity the present of inappropriately
 It is a legal term that refers to the exaggerated mood and marked
mental inability in managing one’s change in activity level
affair or to be aware of the  3. MANIC-DEPRESSIVE
consequences of one’s action. REACTION- shows cyclical
 Durham rule disturbances involving various
 It states that, “an accused is not combination of alteration between
criminally responsible if his unlawful excitement and delusional optimism
act is the product of mental disease on the one hand immobilizing,
or mental defect.” delusional depression on the other.
 This rule also applies to irresistible  4. SCHIZOPHRENIC REACTION-
impulse. are bizarre behavior; disturbances of
 thought and reality testing; emotional one who describe the symptom as
withdrawal; and varying levels of either “positive” or “negative”.
psychotic thinking behavior.  Types of schizophrenia
 Classification of psychosis  SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA – This
 1. ORGANIC/ SOMATOGENIC- manifest a gradual decline of interest
psychoses are due to a wide variety and ambition. The person withdraws
of causes; however, damage or from almost all social contrast and
injury to the brain or other parts of becomes increasingly irritable and
the central nervous system is always inattentive.
involved.  HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
 A. Psychoses associated with toxins. (DISORGANIZED
 B. Psychoses associated with SCHIZOPHRENIA)- It usually begins
infectious disease in early adolescence and develop
 C. Psychoses associated with old gradually in time. The person may
age. be prone to fits of laughter or
 D. Psychoses associated with head childish giggling and grimacing for
injuries. hours without apparent reason.
 2. FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSIS-  CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA-
serious mental disorder involving the This is marked by cycles of
total personality with no observable psychomotor reactions in stupor and
tissue damage. excitement phases.
 These ailments are believed to result  PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA- This
from years of living under emotional is marked by hallucinations and
stress. delusions that are illogical and
 It can also relate to an obsolete term loosely organized, as well as
“ once used to denote schizophrenia grandiose and/ or persecutory in
and other mental disorders before nature.
modern science discovered a  SCHIZOPHRENIA
biological component to some HALLUCINATIONS
aspects of each disorder.  1. TACTILE (TOUCH) – have
 Forms of functional psychosis sensation that they are things
 SCHIZOPHRENIA  2. VISUAL (SIGHT) – to see things
 Greek word “schizo” (split) and that are not really there
“phrene” (mind); hence the term is  3. AUDITORY (HEARING) – hear
used to describe the fragmented sound that others cannot hear
state of mind of people suffering  4. OLFACTORY (SMELL)- usually
from such a disorder. fouling smell that others cannot
 It is a psychotic condition that is smell
characterized by one’s withdrawal  5. COMMAND (HEARING) –
from reality, indifference toward daily commands the person to do
problem. something he would not ordinarily do
 Dr. Emile Kraepelin, first identified  Characteristic of schizophrenia
the disease in 1887 and used the  1. DISTURBANCE OF THOUGHT
term “dementia praecox” considered AND ATTENTION –
this disease as a discrete mental  A. PERSECUTORY DELUSION –
illness. they believe that he is being talked
 In 1911, the Swiss psychiatrist, about, spied upon, or their death
Eugen Bleuler coined the term being planned
schizophrenia to describe the  B. DELUSION OF REFERENCE –
condition of individuals who showed schizophrenic gives personal
symptoms of the disease. He is the
 importance to completely unrelated nausea
incidents, objects, or people difficulty sleeping
 2. DISTURBANCE TO  paranoia
PERCEPTION – the world seem to  This is another type of psychotic
be different their bodies are longer, reaction, the main symptom of which
color seem to be more intense and is characterized by suspicion
they cannot recognize themselves in  Types of paranoia
a mirror  PERSECUTORY PARANOIA-
 Characteristic of schizophrenia having delusions of persecution,
 3. DISTURBANCES OF AFFECT – person believes that some people
excessive lack of correlation are plotting to harm him/her in some
between an individual is saying an way
emotion that they express  LITIGIOUS PARANOIA- having
 4. WITHDRAWAL FROM REALITY delusion of both persecution and
– individual becomes absorbed in grandeur; a person may go to great
his inner thoughts and fantasies lengths to bring alleged persecutors
 5. DELUSION AND to court
HALLUCINATION  EROTIC PARANOIA- also called
 Affective disorder amorous paranoia, this refers to
 Affective reaction of manic- having delusions that a certain
depressive psychosis are often person is in love with him.
characterized by periods of  EXALTED PARANOIA- grandiose
depression or elation or both. delusions and believes himself as
 Symptoms typically affects one’s someone with great power or
mood, hence affective disorders are importance, usually a social reformer
so called mood disorders that can be or religious crusader.
anywhere from mild to severe.  JEALOUS PARANOIA- the state of
 There are effective medication and having extreme and irrational
psychotherapy treatments from this. jealousy.
 Type of affective disorder  Anti-social personality
 DEPRESSION – feeling of extreme  A person with an anti-social
hopelessness and sadness personality is a mentally-disturbed
E.g. suicidal thoughts, lack of energy, person who is opposed to the
feeling of guilt, Normal principles upon which a
 BIPOLAR DISORDER- alternating society is based.
period of depression and periods of  Characteristic of an anti-social
mania personality
E.g. chronic mood swing, less sleep and  SOCIOPATH- refers to a person
feeling of exaggerated self-confidence, who dislike any sense of social or
impulsiveness or aggression moral responsibility due to mental
 Anxiety disorder illness.
 It is characterized by feeling of  PSYCHOPATH- refers to a person
anxiety, fear, and nervousness with personality disorder that is
E.g. constant worrying characterized by anti-social
irritability behavior, indifference to immorality,
obsessive thoughts and abnormal changes in mood or
restlessness and trouble activity.
concentrating E.g. classic manipulator or con artist
trembling  neurosis
sweating, shortest of breath and  A class of functional mental disorder
rapid heart rate involving distress but neither
 delusion nor hallucinations, whereby continuous vomiting
behavior is not outside socially loss of voice
acceptable norms. head and hand tremors
 It is known as psychoneurosis or  Forms of hysteria
neurotic disorder, and thus those  AMNESIA – This is a disorder
suffering from it are said to be wherein the individual cannot recall
neurotic. his or her name and remembers little
 It involves impaired social, or nothing about the past in varying
intellectual and/ or vocational levels of intensity
functioning without disorganization  TYPES OF AMNESIA
of personality or loss contact with ANTEROGRADE – inability to retain
reality. information, which has been seen or read
 Symptom of neurosis RETROGRADE- inability to recall
 1. ANXIETY REACTION- has any event (and details thereof) that took
diffused fearfulness, tension, and place during a certain period
restlessness with sometimes LOCALIZED- inability to recall
snowball into episodes of panic events and details that are related to a
 2. DISSOCIATIVE REACTION- is a particular situation
massive repression of dissociation of  fugue
certain aspect of experience or  A type of amnesia wherein one
memory varying in intensity from wanders away from home or usually
sleepwalking to amnesia and surroundings; often the person has
multiple personality disturbances no recollection as to how he came to
 3. CONVERSION REACTION- be there when sets in.
illustrates symbolic resolution of  Multiple personality
conflict that imitates the effects of  This is a dramatic form of hysteria, in
physical illnesses like paralysis, which the patient develops two or
blindness, anesthesia, etc. more separated and very distinct
 4. PHOBIC REACTION- refers to the personalities.
intense irrational fear of specific  somnambulism
objects or events that may have  This is a dreamlike state in which the
symbolic significance on the afflicted person walks about and carries on
individual. certain activities that he eventually
 5. OBSSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE fails to remember when he wakes
REACTION- has repetitive, irrational up.
thoughts and actions which usually  PSYCHASTENIA
involve some symbolic effort at  This is a type of psychoneurotic
conflict resolution condition that is accompanied by a
 6. DEPRESSIVE REACTION- vast range of mental and emotional
depression, usually accompanied by symptoms that cannot be controlled
guilt, feelings of inferiority and  The person is fear-ridden by
anxiety obsessions, compulsion, or
 Hysteria unreasonable dread or phobia.
 A type of anxiety reaction, in which  Forms of psychastenia
the individual manifest one or more  A. PHOBIA- the irrational or
symptom that are often associated exaggerated fear of an object,
with organic disease. person, act or situation.
E.g. paralysis of limbs  Reason of fear do not
deafness make sense.
blindness  One’s fear paralyzes
intense aches and pains instead of enhances
 one’s ability to deal  These are manifested in situation, in
with the problem. which the individual fears for his/her
 The fear seems to be safety.
caused by the threat  Operational fatigue
of self-destructive  Otherwise known as war neurosis,
aggression that may this is manifested in response to a
take place. battle environment
 Top 10 phobias  Criminal behavior
 Arachnophobia – fear of spiders  It refers to acts that place the actor
 Ophidiophobia- fear of snakes at risk of becoming a focus of the
 Acrphobia – fear of heights attention of criminal and juvenile
 Agoraphobia- fear of open or justice professionals.
crowded spaces LEGAL DEFINITION:
 Cynophobia- fear of dogs  It refers to the actions that are
 Astraphobia- fear of thunder and prohibited by the state and punish
lightning under the law.
 Claustrophobia- fear of small  Origins of criminal behavior
spaces  1. BIOLOGICAL FACTOR – heredity
 Mysophobia- fear of germs as a factor implies that the criminal
 Aerophobia- fear of flying acts are unavoidable, inevitable
 Trypophobia- fear of holes consequences of the bad seed or
 obsession bad blood.
 This refers to an idea or series of  A. Born Criminal by Cesare
ideas that recur very frequently that Lombroso.
they interfere with the ability of an  B. Physique and Crime by Cesare
individual to think and/or function Lombroso’s Anthropology.
normally  C. Duke and Kalikkak Study by
 compulsion Richard Dugdale and Henry
 This is an irresistible tendency to Goddard.
perform an act or ritual, which an  D. Eysenck’s Theory of personality
individual feels compelled to carry and crime
out although it is recognized as  2. PERSONALITY DISORDER
irrational; a person must perform an FACTOR – refers specifically to an
act and give in to the urge in order to individual who exhibits a pervasive
reduce the tension pattern of disregard and violation of
 Examples of compulsion rights of others that begins in
 SUICIDAL MANIA- the impulse to childhood or early adolescence and
take one’s life continuous to childhood
 HOMICIDAL MANIA- the impulse to  Origins of criminal behavior
kill  3. LEARNING FACTOR – explains
 DIPSOMANIA- the impulse to drink that criminal behavior is learn
liquor primarily by observing or listening to
 MEGALOMANIA- the impulse to people around us
amass great fame or power  A. Differential Association Theory by
 KLEPTOMANIA- the impulse to steal Edwin Sutherland
 PYROMANIA- the impulse to set  B. Imitation Theory by Gabriel Tarde
things on fire  C. Identification Theory by Daniel
 ARITHMOMANIA- the impulse to Classer
count everything  personality
 Traumatic neuroses
  It refers to the sum total of typing  E. SECONDARY TRAITS- These
ways of acting, thinking, and feeling are traits that are inconsistent or
that makes each person unique. relatively superficial.
 INTROVERT -  Lewis goldberg’s trait theory
a person (Big five or five factor)
whose  A. EXTRAVERSION – This
attention is dimension contracts such traits as
focus inward sociable, outgoing, talkative,
( shy, reserved, self centered person) assertive, persuasive, decisive, and
 EXTROVERT active with more introverted traits
- a person such as withdrawal, quite, passive,
whose retiring and reserved.
attention is  B. NEUROTICISM – People high on
focus inward neuroticism are prone to emotional
( bold and outgoing person) instability (moody, irritable, nervous,
 Six approaches of personality and prone to worry)
 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY –  C. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS – This
argue that people’s unconscious factor differentiates individuals who
minds are largely responsible for are dependable, organized, reliable,
important differences of their responsible, thorough, hard-working,
behavior styles and preserving from those
 childhood experiences as critically undependable, disorganized,
important in shaping adult impulsive, unreliable, irresponsible,
personality careless, negligent and lazy.
A. ID – pleasure principle ( selfish,  Lewis goldberg’s trait theory
childish, primitive) (Big five or five factor)
B. EGO – reality principle (scene of  D. AGREEABLE – This factor is
time and place) composed of a collection of traits
C. SUPEREGO – conscience of man that range from compassion to
( internalizes societal and parental antagonism towards other. (pleasant
standards of “good” or “bad”, “right” person, good-natured, warm,
or “wrong” symphathenic and cooperative)
 Six approaches of personality  E. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE –
 2. TRAIT APPROACH – identify This factor contrast individuals who
where a person might lie along are imaginative, curious, broad-
continuum of various personality minded, and cultured with those who
disorder are concrete-minded and practical.
According to Gordon Allport (1961)  Hans eysenk’s personality trait
 A. COMMON TRAITS – These are  A. EXTROVERTS – These are
personality traits are shared by most persons that are sociable, out-going,
members of a particular culture. and active
 B. INDIVIDUAL TRAITS – These are  B. INTROVERTS – Persons of these
personality traits that define a traits are withdrawn, quite, and
person’s unique individual qualities. introspective
 C. CARDINAL TRAITS – These are  C. EMOTIONALLY UNSTABLE-
personality traits that are so basic This refers to persons that are
that all person’s activities relate to it. anxious, excitable, easily disturbed
 D. CENTRAL TRAITS – These are
core traits that characterize an  Four basic types of temperament
individual’s personality.  MELANCHOLIC – sad, gloomy
 CHOLERIC – hot-tempered, irritable
  PHLEGMATIC – sluggish, calm It posits that emotional experience is largely
 SANGUINE – cheerful, hopeful due to the experience of bodily changes.
 Biological approach  2. CANNON- BARD THEORY
 It is a perspective that emphasizes (WALTER CANNON AND PHILIP
the role of biological and heredity as BARD) This suggests that people
the key of understanding approach. feel emotions first and then act upon
 Humanistic approach them. Emotion is the result of one’s
 It identifies personal responsibility perception of their reaction, or
and feelings of self- acceptance as “bodily change”.
the key causes of differences in  3. TWO FACTOR THEORY
personality. (SCHACHTER & SINGER) Emotion
 Behavior/social learning approach is the cognitive interpretation of the
 Explains consistent behavior physiological response.
patterns as the result of conditioning Most people consider this to be “common
and expectation sense” theory to
 BEHAVIORAL PERSONALITY explain physiological changes; their
THEORY- It is model of personality physiology changes as a
that emphasizes learning and result of their emotion.
observable behavior.  conflict
 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- It is  It is a stressful condition that occurs
an explanation of personality that when person must choose between
combines learning principles, incompatible or contradictory
cognition, and the effects of social alternatives.
relationship.  It is the most common of four
 SELF-REINFORCEMENT- This is sources of frustrations.
the praising on rewarding oneself for  Psychological conflict
having made a particular response. (internal conflict)
 IDENTIFICATION- It is a feeling  It could be going inside the person
from which one is emotionally and no one would know (instinct
connected to a person and a way of may be odd with values).
seeing oneself as himself  Freud would say unconscious id
E.g. The child admires adult who love and battling superego and further
care for him and encourage imitation. claimed that our personalities are
 Cognitive approach always in conflict.
This perspective emphasizes the role of  Social conflict
mental processes that underlie behavior.  A. INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT –
 emotion two individuals against you
 It refers to the feelings affective  B. INTER-GROUP STRUGGLES –
responses as a result of us against them
physiological arousal, thoughts and  C. INDIVIDUAL OPPOSING A
belief, subjective evaluation and GROUP – me against them
bodily expression.  D. INTRA-GROUP CONFLICT –
 A state of facial expression, gesture, members of group of all against
posture, and subjective feelings. each other on a task
 It derived from the French word  Approach - avoidance
“émouvoir”.  A. APPROACH – APPROACH
 Theories of emotion CONFLICT – two desirable
 1. JAMES-LANGE THEORY activities but cannot pursue
(WILLIAM JAMES AND CARL simultaneously
LANGE)
  B. AVOIDANCE – APPROACH B. Difficulty in sleeping F.
CONFLICT – two unattractive Feeling hopeless
alternatives C. Low energy or fatigue
 C. APPROACH- AVOIDANCE D. Low self-esteem
CONFLICT – an attractive and  Psychotic depression
unattractive parts to both sides  A severe depressive illness is
 D. MULTIPLE- APPROACH- accompanied by some form of
AVOIDANCE CONFLICT – it is the psychosis, such a break with reality,
most difficult to resolve hallucinations, and delusion.
 depression  Postpartum depression
 It is an illness that causes a person  The major depressive episode that
to feel sad and hopeless much of the occurs after having a baby. A new
time. mother develops a major depressive
 A feeling of sadness, grief, or low episode within 1 month after
enery. delivery.
 Symptoms of depression  10- 15% of women experience this
 A. Think and speak more slowly than depression
normal.  POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS -
 B. Have trouble concentrating, a severe depression that she
remembering, and making decisions. act strangely, see or hear things that
 C. Having changes in their eating aren’t there
and sleeping habits.  Seasonal affective disorder
 D. Lose interest in things that they  This is characterized by the onset of
enjoyed before they were a depressive illness during the
depressed. winter months, when there is less
 E. Having feelings of guilt and natural sunlight.
hopelessness, wondering in life is  The depression generally lifts during
worth living. spring and summer.
 F. Think a lot about death and  It can be treated with light therapy,
suicide. but half of those do not respond to
 G. Complain about problems that light therapy.
don’t have a physical cause, such as  Anti-depressant medication and
headache and stomachache. psychotherapy can reduce SAD
symptoms, either alone or in
 Forms of depression combination with light therapy.
 1. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE  Bipolar disorder
DISORDER ( MAJOR ( manic-depressive illness)
DEPRESSION)-  It is characterized by cycling mood
It is characterized by a combination of changes- from extreme highs
symptoms that interfere with a person’s (mania) to extreme low (depression).
ability to work, sleep, eat and enjoy once  Endogenous depression
pleasurable activities. Disabling and  Endogenous means with from within
prevent a person to function normally. the body.
2. DYSTHYMIC DISORDER – The  This type of depression is defined as
symptoms do not occur for more than 2 feeling depressed for no apparent
months at a time. reason.
Manifest nearly constant depressed mood  Situational depression / reactive
for at least 2 years accompanied by at least depression
2 or more  It is sometimes called
A. Decrease or increase in eating E. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER WITH
Difficulty in concentrating DEPRESSED MOOD.
  It develops in response to a specific Dangerous actions
stressful situation or event (loss of  frustration
jobs and relationship ending)  It is a negative emotion state that
 These occurs within 3 months of the occurs when one is prevented from
stressor and last no longer than 6 reaching a goal
months after the stressor has ended.  An unpleasant state of tension and
 Agitated depression heighted sympathetic activity,
 It is characterized by agitation such resulting from blocked goal.
as physical and emotional EXTERNAL FRUSTRATION- outwardly
restlessness, irritability, and insomia, perceivable conditions that impedes
which is the opposite of many progress toward goal
depressed individuals who have low PERSONAL FRUSTRATION- individual’s
energy and feel showed down inner characteristic that impedes progress
physically and mentally toward a goal
inappropriate social behavior.  Sources of frustration
 stress  1. PHYSICAL OBSTACLES –
 It refers to the consequence of the prevents a person from doing his
failure of an failure of an organism – plans or fulfilling his wishes
human – or animal – to respond  2. SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES –
appropriately to emotion or physical restrictions from other people,
threats, whether actual or imagined. customs, law of social being
 Middle english destresse, derived  3. PERSONAL SHORTCOMINGS-
via Old French from the Latin handicapped by diseases, blindness,
stringere, to draw tight. deafness or paralysis
 Hans Selye coined the word stress  4. CONFLICT BETWEEN MOTIVES
in 1930. - wanting to leave to college foe a
 STRESSOR – is anything (physical year to try painting, but also want to
or psychological) that produces please one’s parents by remaining in
stress (negative or positive) school
 Types of stress  Coping mechanism
 1. EUSTRESS  It refers to an individual way of
(POSITIVE) Eu Greek reacting to frustration.
word “well” or “good”  These are unconscious
According to Richard Lazarus (1974), it is a psychological strategies brought into
stress that is healthy, or gives one a feeling play by various entities to cope with
fulfillment or other positive feeling. reality and to maintain self-image.
Eustress is a process of exploring potential  Acting out
gains.  Acting out the desires that are
 2. DISTRESS forbidden by the Super Ego and yet
(NEGATIVE) – desired by Id.
Persistent stress that  We thus cope with the pressure to
is not resolved do what we believe is wrong by
through coping or giving in to the desire.
adaptation, deemed  Aim inhibition
distress.  Sometimes we have desires and
EFFECTS OF STRESS: goals that we believe or realize that
Ineffective at task we are unable to achieve.
Self-defeating behavior  We lower our sight, reducing our
Transitional suicidal behavior goals that we believe is actually
Accidents more possible or realistic.
Loss of interest  altruism
 Avoid your own pains by avoid the conflict that this would
concentrating on the pains of others. cause.
 Maybe you can heal yourself and  emotionality
feel good by healing them and  When we become stressed or
helping them to feel good. tension is caused, a number of
 attack negative emotions may start to build,
 When we feel threatened , we will including anger , frustration, fear,
attack back. jealousy and so on.
 best form of defense  When we display emotions it can
 avoidance affect others around us, arousing
 We simply avoiding having to face similar or polar feelings
uncomfortable situations, things, or  Fantasy or day dreaming
activities  When we cannot achieve or do
 COMPARTMENTIZATION something that we want, we channel
 It is a “divide or conquer” process of the energy created by the desire into
separating thoughts that will conflict fantastic imaginings.
with one another.  It can provide temporary relief from
 compensation the general stresses of everyday
 When a person has a weakness in living.
one area, they may compensate by  Fight-or-flight reaction
accentuating or building up strengths  When we perceive a significant
in another area. threat to us, then our bodies get
 conversion ready either for a fight to the death
 It occurs where cognitive tensions or a desperate flight from certain
manifest themselves in physical defeat by a clearly superior
symptom. adversary.
 The symptom may well be symbolic  It also happens when the creative
and dramatic and it often acts as a new idea makes us feel uncertain
communication about the situation. about things of which previously
 Extreme symptom : paralysis, were sure.
deafness, blindness, having seizure  Help-rejecting complaining
 Lesser symptom: tiredness,  A person becomes upset or
headaches, twitches otherwise elicits supporting actions
 denial from other people.
 It is simply refusing to acknowledge  When helpful suggestions or other
that an event has occurred comfort is offered, however, they
 The person affected simply acts as if reject this and return to their
nothing has happened, behaving in complaint.
ways what others may see as  idealization
bizarre.  It is the over-estimation of the
 displacement desirable qualities and
 It refers to the shifting of actions underestimation of the limitations of
from desired target to a substitute the desired thing.
target when there is some reason  We also tend to idealize those things
why the first target is not permitted that we have chosen or acquired.
or not available.  identification
 dissociation  It occurs when the person charges
 It involves in separating a set of apparent facets of their personality
thoughts or activities from the main such that they appear to be more
area of conscious mind, in order to like other people.
 This is the process may be copy  When a person feel stressed, one
specific people or it may change to way to avoid dealing with the real
an idealized prototype. issues is to provoke others into
 intellectualization some kind of reaction.
 This refers to “flight into reason”,  The attention can be put on the
where the person avoids other person and away from the
uncomfortable emotions by focusing originator’s stress.
on facts and logic.  Reaction formation
 The situation is treated as an  It occurs when a person feels an
interesting problem that engages the urge to do or say something and
person into on a rational basis, while then actually does or says
the emotional aspects are something that is effectively the
completely ignored as being opposite of what they really want.
irrelevant.  rationalization
 introjection  When something happens that we
 When we take on attributes of other find difficult to accept , then we will
people who seem able to cope with make up logical reason why it has
the situation than we do. happened.
 Passive aggression  regression
 “Attacking others in passive means.  It involves taking the position of a
 When a person is asked to do child in some problematic situation,
something which they want to avoid rather than acting in a more adult
for some reason (such as other way.
priority to work).  Regressive behavior can be simple
 Appearing to agree but not making and harmless, such a person who is
any real commitment, they can avoid sucking a pen ( Freudian Regression
the action. to oral fixation) , or may be more
 Post-traumatic growth dysfunctional, such as crying or
 An individual who was suffered a using petulant arguments.
traumatic experience somehow finds  repression
way to turn it into something good.  It involves placing uncomfortable
 Interpersonal relationship are thoughts in relatively inaccessible
improved, with friends and family areas of the subconscious mind.
valued more and more time being  The level of “forgetting” in repression
spent in helping others. can vary from a temporary abolition
 Self-perception changes through the of uncomfortable thoughts to high
increase in resiliency gained from level of amnesia.
realizing you can cope with  Self-harming
hardship.  The person physically deliberately
 projection hurts himself in some way otherwise
 When a person has uncomfortable puts themselves at high risk of harm.
thoughts or feelings, they may  somatization
project these onto other people,  It occurs where a psychological
assigning the thoughts or feelings problem turns into physical and
that they need to repress to a subconscious symptoms.
convenient target  This can range from simple twitching
 We assume that they are like us, to skin rashes, heart problems and
and in doing so we allow ourselves worse.
to ignore those attributes they have  sublimation
with which we are uncomfortable.
 Provocation or free floating
 It is the transformation of unwanted  SPIRITUAL GROWTH – Finding
impulses into something less ways of turning the problem into way
harmful. to grow “spiritual” of “emotional”
 This can be simply distracting  Personality disorder
release or may be constructive and  It is a long standing pattern of
valuable piece of work. maladaptive behavior.
 suppression  One’s personality results in personal
 When a person consciously and distress or significant impair social or
deliberately pushes down any work functioning.
thought that leads to feelings of  It is a psychological disorder that is
anxiety. believed from personalities that
 Actions that take the person into developed improperly during
anxiety-creating situations may also childhood.
be avoided.  Odd or eccentric behavior
 substitution  1. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY
 This take something that leads to DISORDER (SPD)- Somber, aloof
discomfort and replace it with and often referred as “loners”.
something that does not lead to  A. Social isolation and lack of desire
discomfort for close personal relationship.
 symbolization  B. Prefers to be alone and seem
 It is a way of handling inner conflicts withdrawn emotionally embedded
by turning them into distinct  C. They seem indifferent to praise or
symbols. criticism to others.
 Symbols are often physical items,  Odd or eccentric behavior
although there may be symbolic acts  2. PARANOID PERSONALITY
and metaphoric ideas. DISORDER (PPD) – prone to
 trivializing unjustified angry or aggressive
 When we are faced with a outbursts when they perceive others
disappointment over something that as disloyal, deceitful, those with PPD
is important to us, we are faced with more often emotionally “cold” or
the problem of having our excessively serious.
expectations and predictions  A. Feeling of constant suspicion and
dashed. distrust toward people.
 To make something a joke , laughing  B. Others look evidence for their
it off suspicions.
 undoing  C. Hostile towards others and react
 It refers to performance of an act to angrily to perceived insult.
“undo” a previous unacceptable act  Odd or eccentric behavior
or thought.  3. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY
 Confession : including that done in DISORDER (SPD)- need for
the church to a priest or a secret isolation as well as odd, outlandish,
admission to a close friend. or paranoid beliefs and less severe
 Positive coping in schizophrenia.
 IMMEDIATE PROBLEM-SOLVING –  A. Engage in odd thinking, speech
Seeking to fix the problem that is the and behavior.
immediate cause of difficulty.  B. Ramble or use of words and
 ROOT-CAUSE SOLVING – Seeking phrases in unusual way.
to fix underlying cause such that the  C. They believe that they have
problem will never recur. magical control over others.
 BENEFIT-FINDING – Looking for
the good things amongst the bad.
 D. Uncomfortable with close as they afraid that work completed
personal relationship and tend by others will not be done correctly.
suspicion to others.  SEXUALITY
 Dramatic, emotional, or erratic  The behavior associated with the
behavior relation between sexes and their
 1. ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY respective reproductive organs.
DISORDER- is characterized by lack  NORMAL SEXUALITY
of empathy or conscience, a  Sexual completion that leads to a
difficulty controlling impulses and mature and well-adjusted individual,
manipulative behavior capable of entering relationship with
 Anti-social behavior in people less a member of opposite sex and
then 18 yrs. Old called conduct physically and mentally stable
disorder. satisfying heterosexual needs.
 2. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY  SEXUAL DYSFUNTION
DISORDER- highly sensitive to These are disorders related to a particular
rejection and fear of abandonment phase of sexual response cycle. It includes
may result in frantic efforts to avoid sexual identity, sexual performance and
being alone, such as suicide threat sexual aim.
and attempts.  DYSFUNCTION OF SEXUAL
 Dramatic, emotional, or erratic DESIRE
behavior  1. HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE
 3. NARCISSICTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER – Lack of sexual drive
DISORDER- extremely self- or interest to sexual ability
absorbed, intolerant of others’  2. SEXUAL AVERSION DISORDER
perspectives, insensitive to others’ – Desire to avoid genital contact with
need and indifferent to the effect of sexual partner, persistent feeling of
their own egocentric behavior. fear engaging sex
 4. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY  Dysfunction of sexual arousal
DISORDER – exhibit a pervasive  1. MALE ERECTILE DISORDER –
pattern of excessive emotionality inability to maintain or achieve an
and attempt to get attention in erection
unusual ways, such as bizarre  2. FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL
appearance or speech DISORDER – none responsive to
 Anxious and fearful behavior erotic stimulation both physically and
 1. AVOIDANT PERSONALITY emotionally.
DISORDER – hypersensitive to  Dysfunction of orgasm
rejection and unwilling to social risks  1.PREMATURE EJACULATION–
with high level of social discomfort, unsatisfactory brief period between
timidly, fear of criticism, avoidance of the beginning
activities that involve inter personal  2. MALE ORGASMIC DISORDER–
contact. inability to ejaculate during sexual
 2. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY intercourse
DISORDER- exhibit a pattern of  3. FEMALE ORGASMIC
needy and submissive behavior, and DISORDER – difficulty achieving
rely on other to make decision. orgasm, either manually or during
 3. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE sexual intercourse
PERSONALITY DISORDER-  Sexual pain disorder
individuals with OCPD, also called  1. VAGINISMUS – involuntary
Anankastic Personality Disorder muscle spasm at the entrance to the
 It focus on order and perfection vagina that prevents penetration
preferring to control working alone,
  2. DYSAREUNIA – painful coitus  3. ANASYRMA – lifting of skirt
that may have either an organic or without underwear, to expose
psychological basis genitals
 Hyper sexuality  4. MARTYMACHLIA – sexual
 1. NYMPHOMANIAC ( FUROR attraction to having others watch the
UTERINUS ) – a female execution of sexual act
psychological disorder characterized  Fetishism
by overactive libido and obsession to  Experience sexual urges with non-
sex living things.
 2. SATYRIASIS- a male disorder  Types of fetishism
obsession to sex  1. SEXUAL TRANSVERTISM
 Choice of sexual partner FETISHISM – transvestic fetishism
 1. INFANTISEXUAL – sexual desire begins in adolescence, usually
towards an immature person around onset of puberty.
 2. BESTOSEXUAL- sexual desire  Most practitioners are male aroused
towards animals when wearing, fondling, seeing
 3. AUTOSEXUAL- a form of self- female clothing.
abuse or solitary vice carried out  2. FOOT FETISHISM – sexually
without the cooperation of another aroused by viewing, handling,
person licking, sniffing, or kissing the feet
 4. GERONTOPHILIA – sexual desire and toes of other person or their own
toward an elder person fit
 5. NECROPHILIA – sexual  3. TICKLING FETISHISM – gaining
perversion that is characterized by a specific sexual thrill fro either
erotic desire or actual sexual tickling a sexual partner of subjected
intercourse with a corpse tickling themselves, usually point of
 6. INCEST - sexual relations helpless laughter
between person who, by reason of  4. WET AND MESSY FETISH
blood relationship, cannot legally (WAM) – getting arouse by
marry substance applied on the body like
 Paraphilia mud, shaving foam, pudding,
 Para ( Greek word )- over custard or chocolate. It includes wet
 Philia (Greek word ) – friendship clothes, or any combination of the
A rare mental disorder term recently used to above
indicate sexual arousal in response to  Major categories of wam
objects or situations.  1. MESSY – largely opaque
EXHIBITIONISM – Indecent exposure of substance not usually used in the
one’s genital organ in public places and in fashion. (includes food-, gelatin,
the presence of other person, usually those shaving cream, cream pies )
of the opposite sex  2. WET – images of people
 Types of exposure completely soaked clothing
 1. FLASHING – display of rare  3. QUICKSAND – images of people
breast and or buttocks by a woman sinking in quicksand, female
with an up-and-down lifting of skirt characters sink up to their chest and
and/or bra or a person exposing their breast is their favorite
and/or stroking his/ her genitals  4. UNDERWATER ( AQUAPHILIA) –
 2. MOONING – display of bare images of people swimming or
buttocks while bending down by the posing underwater and underwater
pulling down of trousers or sex
underwear  Frotteurism/ frottage
  The act of obtaining sexual arousal  Is the practice of sex between
and gratification by rubbing one’s humans and animals
genitals against public places or  urophilia
crowds  Sexual arousal and facilitation or
 pedophilia attainment of orgasm is response to
 It refers to child sexual abuse being urinated or swallowing urine
 Greek word “paidophilia” pais – child  gerontophilia
philia -  Sexual preference to the elderly and
friendship at may at time explain the sadistic
 masochism attack made upon them
 Involves acts in which a person  mysophilia
derives sexual excitement of being  Gratification by filth surrounding
humiliated , beaten, bound or  Put simply, getting horny from
otherwise abused smelling, chewing or rubbing against
 sadism dirty underwear
 act attaining sexual pleasure by the  Greek word “mysos” - uncleanness
infliction of pain and suffering upon  hypoxyphilia
another person  Is the desire to achieve an altered
 Marquis de Sade – a prolific French state of consciousness as an
writer of Sadistic Novel enhancement to the experience of
 Voyeurism (peeping tom) orgasm
 French word “ voyeur” – one who  The individual used drug such as
looks nitrous oxide to produce “ hypoxia
 Act of reaching sexual gratification or a high” due to lack of oxygen in
by watching or observing the subject the brain
from a distance use of peep-holes,  Mode of sexual expression
two- way mirror, hidden cameras ,  1. ORALISM (IRRUMATION)- The
secret photography and other use of mouth as a way sexual
devices. gratification , such as fellatio,
 Scatologia (coprolalia) cunnilingus, and anilingus.
 Deviant sexual practice in which  2. SADO- MASOCHISM - Pain and
sexual pleasure is obtained through cruel acts as a factor for gratification,
the compulsive use of obscene such as sadism and masochism.
language  3. FETISHISM – A form of sexual
• TELEPHONE SCATOLOGIA – perversion , in which the real and
satisfies the desire through obscene fantasized presence of an object or
telephone calls bodily part is necessary for sexual
• COPROPRAXIA – performing stimulation or gratification.
obscene or forbidden gesture  AS TO NUMBER
• COPROGRAPHIA- making obscene  1. TROILISM – a form of sexual
writings or drawing perversion, in which three persons
 Necrophilia participate in the sexual orgy
 Ancient Greek word “nekros” – (Suixante-Neve)
corpse or dead  2. PLURALISM – a form of sexual
 Sexual attraction to dead persons or deviation, in which a group of
corpses persons participate in the sexual
 coprophilia orgy (Sexual Festival)
 Sexual gratification to feces  Don juanism
 Greek word “ kopros” - excrement  A form of sexual deviation that is
 Zoophilia/ bestiality characterized by promiscuity and
 seduction of many women as part of
a male’s sexual career.
 Other related sexual terms
 A. MASTURBATION (SELF-
MANIPULATION) – It refers to the
induction of a state of erection of the
genital organs and the achievement
of orgasm by manual or mechanical
stimulation
 B. RAPE – A condition whereby an
individual forces another person to
engage in sexual act.
 C. HOMOSEXUALITY – This refers
to any parson who prefers to form
relationship and to have sex with
their own sex.
 Gender identity disorder
 It exist when a person, male of
female , experiences confusion,
vagueness or conflict in their
feelings about their own sexual
identity.