Scaffolding

Code of Practice

2021

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 1 of 77

This Queensland code of practice has been approved by the Minister for Education and
Industrial Relations under section 274 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011.

This code commenced on 1 July 2021 with the exception of section 2.7.1.1 of the code which
has a delayed commencement. Section 2.7.1.1 sets out that where there is a change in
direction between landings, any difference in step height from the scaffold stair to an access or
egress point should be minimised so that it is no more than 300mm. Section 2.7.1.1 applies to
stand-alone scaffolding where erection commences 12 months after 1 July 2021.

PN12684
ISBN Creative Commons
This copyright work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International
licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit creativecommons.org/licenses. In essence, you are free to copy,
communicate and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the work to Safe Work
Australia and abide by the other licence terms.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 2 of 77

Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................................................ 6
Scope and application .................................................................................................. 6
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7
1.1 What is scaffolding?............................................................................................... 7
1.2 What is construction work? .................................................................................... 7
1.3 Who has health and safety duties in relation to scaffolding work? ......................... 7
1.4 What is involved in managing risks associated with scaffolding work? .................. 8
1.4.1 Consulting workers .......................................................................................... 9
1.4.2 Consulting, cooperating and coordinating activities with other duty
holders ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Information, training, instruction and supervision ................................................. 10
1.5.1 High risk work licences .................................................................................. 11
1.5.2 Competency .................................................................................................. 11
2. Planning and design ............................................................................................... 12
2.1 Planning construction activities ............................................................................ 12
2.1.1 WHS management plans .............................................................................. 12
2.1.2 Safe work method statements ....................................................................... 12
2.1.3 Scaffold plans................................................................................................ 13
2.2 Design ................................................................................................................. 13
2.3 Foundations ......................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Ground conditions ......................................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Loadings........................................................................................................ 16
2.3.3 Soleboards and baseplates ........................................................................... 19
2.4 Stability ................................................................................................................ 20
2.4.1 Tying ............................................................................................................. 20
2.5 Perimeter containment screening ........................................................................ 21
2.6 Working platforms ................................................................................................ 22
2.7 The work environment ......................................................................................... 24
2.7.1 Access and egress ........................................................................................ 24
2.7.2 Lighting ......................................................................................................... 26
2.7.3 Maintaining a safe work environment ............................................................ 26
3. Hazards .................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Working near energised overhead electric lines .................................................. 27
3.2 Mobile plant and traffic ......................................................................................... 29
3.3 Fixed plant ........................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Mixing scaffold components ................................................................................ 29
3.5 Falls from height .................................................................................................. 30
3.5.1 Risk of a fall at any height ............................................................................. 30
3.5.2 Risk of a fall when erecting scaffold .............................................................. 31
3.5.3 Risk of a fall when dismantling scaffold ......................................................... 31
3.5.4 Fall arresting platforms .................................................................................. 31
3.5.5 Edge protection ............................................................................................. 32
3.5.6 Fall-arrest systems ........................................................................................ 32
3.6 Falling objects ...................................................................................................... 33
3.6.1 Preventing objects from falling ...................................................................... 34
3.6.2 Gaps ............................................................................................................. 34
3.7 Scaffold collapse.................................................................................................. 35

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 3 of 77

 3.8 Unauthorised access, use or alteration ................................................................ 35
3.9 Scaffold quality .................................................................................................... 35
3.10 Ground conditions .............................................................................................. 36
3.11 Hazardous manual tasks ................................................................................... 36
3.11.1 Examples of design controls ....................................................................... 36
3.11.2 Examples of administrative controls ............................................................ 37
3.12 Fire and explosion ............................................................................................. 37
4. Erecting, altering or dismantling scaffold ............................................................. 38
4.1 Safe erection of scaffold ...................................................................................... 38
4.2 Scaffold alteration ................................................................................................ 39
4.3 Safe dismantling of scaffold ................................................................................. 39
5. Types of scaffold ..................................................................................................... 40
5.1 Independent scaffold ........................................................................................... 40
5.1.1 Birdcage scaffold ........................................................................................... 40
5.1.2 Tower scaffold ............................................................................................... 41
5.1.3 Mobile scaffold .............................................................................................. 41
5.1.4 Hung scaffold ................................................................................................ 42
5.2 Single pole scaffold .............................................................................................. 43
5.3 Suspended (swing-stage) scaffold ....................................................................... 43
5.3.1 Design issues ................................................................................................ 44
5.3.2 Counterweight calculation ............................................................................. 44
5.3.3 Method of fixing needles ............................................................................... 44
5.3.4 Suspension systems ..................................................................................... 45
5.3.5 Scaffold hoists ............................................................................................... 45
5.3.6 Cradles .......................................................................................................... 45
5.3.7 Trolleys.......................................................................................................... 46
5.3.8 Fall-arrest and travel restraint harness systems............................................ 46
5.4 Complex scaffolds ............................................................................................... 46
5.4.1 Cantilever scaffold ......................................................................................... 46
5.4.2 Hanging bracket scaffold ............................................................................... 47
5.4.3 Spur scaffold ................................................................................................. 47
5.5 Scaffolding for demolition work ............................................................................ 47
6. Inspection and maintenance procedures .............................................................. 49
6.1 Frequency of inspection of scaffold ..................................................................... 49
6.2 Structural inspection of scaffolding components .................................................. 49
6.3 Hand over inspections ......................................................................................... 50
Appendix 1: Dictionary ............................................................................................... 51
Appendix 2: Inspection checklist............................................................................... 55
Appendix 3: Published technical standards ............................................................. 57
Appendix 4: Scaffold handover certificate – scaffold over four metres ................. 58
Appendix 5: Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage) scaffolds ................. 59
Swing-stage advice.................................................................................................... 61
A5.1 Equipment supply advice ............................................................................... 61
A5.2 Scaffold environment advice .......................................................................... 62
A5.3 Installation design advice ............................................................................... 62
A5.4 Scaffold erection advice ................................................................................. 63
A5.5 Electrical installation advice ........................................................................... 64
A5.6 Scaffold operation advice............................................................................... 65
A5.7 Boatswain’s chair operation advice................................................................ 66
PCBU checklists ........................................................................................................ 67

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 4 of 77

 A5.8 Swing-stage scaffold supplier checklist ......................................................... 67
A5.9 Swing-stage scaffold principal contractor / body corporate checklist ............. 67
A5.10 Swing-stage scaffold erection and installation checklist .............................. 68
A5.11 Swing-stage scaffold electrical installation checklist .................................... 68
A5.12 Swing-stage scaffold handover checklist ..................................................... 69
A5.13 Swing-stage scaffold and boatswain’s chair operation checklist .................. 69
A5.14 Unattended swing-stage scaffold checklist .................................................. 70
A5.15 Inspection, servicing and maintenance checklist ......................................... 70
Verification forms ....................................................................................................... 71
Principal contractor or building owner swing-stage statement ............................... 72
Competent person benchmarks for swing-stage set-up verification ....................... 73
Swing-stage suspension system verification statement ......................................... 75

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 5 of 77

Foreword
This Scaffolding Code of Practice is an approved code of practice under section 274 of the
Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (the WHS Act).

An approved code of practice is a practical guide to achieving the standards of health,

safety and welfare required under the WHS Act and the Work Health and Safety Regulation
2011 (the WHS Regulation).

Under section 26A of the WHS Act duty holders must comply with an approved code
of practice or follow another method, such as a technical or industry standard, if it
provides an equivalent or higher standard of work health and safety than the
standard required in this code.

A code of practice applies to anyone who has a duty of care in the circumstances described
in the code. In most cases, following an approved code of practice would achieve
compliance with the health and safety duties in the WHS Act, in relation to the subject
matter of the code. Like regulations, codes of practice deal with particular issues and do not
cover all hazards or risks which may arise. The health and safety duties require duty
holders to consider all risks associated with work, not only those for which regulations and
codes of practice exist.

Codes of practice are admissible in court proceedings under the WHS Act and WHS
Regulation. Courts may regard a code of practice as evidence of what is known about a
hazard, risk or control and may rely on the code in determining what is reasonably
practicable in the circumstances to which the code relates.

An inspector may refer to an approved code of practice when issuing an improvement or

prohibition notice. This may include issuing an improvement notice for failure to comply with a
code of practice where equivalent or higher standards of work health and safety have not been
demonstrated.

Scope and application

This code provides practical guidance to persons conducting a business or undertaking on how
to comply with their health and safety duties relating to scaffolds, scaffolding and scaffolding
work.

How to use this code of practice

In providing guidance, the word ‘should’ is used in this code to indicate a recommended
course of action, while ‘may’ is used to indicate an optional course of action.

This code also includes various references to provisions of the WHS Act and WHS
Regulation which set out the legal requirements. These references are not exhaustive. The
words ‘must’, ‘requires’ or ‘mandatory’ indicate that a legal requirement exists and must be
complied with.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 6 of 77

1. Introduction
1.1 What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding means:
• the individual components of plant (e.g. tubes, couplers or frames and materials that when
assembled form a scaffold)
• a temporary structure specifically erected to support access or working platforms.

Scaffolding work means erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure that is or has
been erected to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more than four
metres from the platform or the structure.

1.2 What is construction work?

WHS Regulation section 289: Construction work means any work carried out in connection
with the construction, alteration, conversion, fitting-out, commissioning, renovation, repair,
maintenance, refurbishment, demolition, decommissioning or dismantling of a structure.

Construction work includes:

• installation or testing carried out in connection with an activity referred to in the definition
• the removal from the workplace of any product or waste resulting from demolition
• the prefabrication or testing of elements at a place specifically established for the
construction work, for use in construction work
• the assembly of prefabricated elements to form a structure, or the disassembly of
prefabricated elements forming part of a structure
• the installation, testing or maintenance of an essential service for a structure
• work connected with an excavation
• work connected with any preparatory work or site preparation including landscaping as part
of site preparation carried out in connection with an activity referred to in the definition
above
• an activity referred to in the definition carried out on, under or near water including work on
buoys and obstructions to navigation.

In addition, scaffolding work may include construction work that is defined as high risk
construction work in the WHS Regulation for which a safe work method statement (SWMS)
must be prepared before the work starts (see Section 2.1.2 of this code for more information on
SWMS requirements).

1.3 Who has health and safety duties in relation to

scaffolding work?
A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) has the primary duty to ensure,
as far as reasonably practicable, workers and other people are not exposed to health and
safety risks arising from the business or undertaking.

This duty requires the person to manage risks by eliminating health and safety risks so far as is
reasonably practicable, and if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risks, by
minimising those risks so far as is reasonably practicable.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 7 of 77

It also includes ensuring, so far as is reasonably practicable the:
• design, provision and maintenance of safe scaffolding plant and structures
• safe erection, alteration, dismantling and use of scaffolding
• safe use, handling, storage and transport of scaffolding plant.

The WHS Regulation includes specific duties for a PCBU with management or control of a
construction workplace, plant, powered mobile plant and plant that lifts or suspends loads.

Designers, manufacturers, suppliers and importers of plant or structures, including

temporary structures, must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the plant or structure is
without risks to health and safety. This duty includes providing information to manufacturers so
that plant can be manufactured and erected to the design specifications. Designers must give
the person who commissioned the design of the temporary structure a written safety report.

People installing, constructing or commissioning plant or structures must ensure, so far as

is reasonably practicable, all workplace activity relating to the plant or structure including its
installation, use, decommissioning or dismantling is without risks to health or safety.

Officers, such as company directors, have a duty to exercise due diligence to ensure that
the business or undertaking complies with the WHS Act and WHS Regulation. This
includes taking reasonable steps to ensure that the business or undertaking has and uses
appropriate resources and processes to provide and maintain a safe work environment.

Workers and other people at the workplace must take reasonable care for their own
health and safety, cooperate with reasonable policies, procedures and instructions and not
adversely affect other people’s health and safety.

1.4 What is involved in managing risks associated with

scaffolding work?

WHS Regulation section 297: A PCBU must manage risks associated with the carrying out of
construction work.

WHS Regulation section 34-38: To manage risk, a PCBU must:

• identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to risks to health and safety
• eliminate risks to health and safety so far as is reasonably practicable
• if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate risks to health and safety—minimise those
risks so far as is reasonably practicable by implementing risk control measures according to
the hierarchy of control in WHS Regulation 36
• ensure the control measure is, and is maintained so that it remains, effective
• review and as necessary revise control measures implemented to maintain, so far as is
reasonably practicable, a work environment that is without risks to health or safety.

To properly manage risks, a person must:

• identify hazards – find out what causes the harm
• assess risks that may result because of the hazards – understand the nature of the harm
that could be caused by the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it
happening
• decide on control measures to prevent, or minimise the level of the risks and implement
control measures
• monitor and review the effectiveness of the measures.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 8 of 77

Control measures to manage the risk of falls (see WHS Regulations 78 and 79) must be
implemented in an order of priority and before work commences. The following example
illustrates the order of priority where there is a risk a person could fall.

Where this is not Where this is not practical,

practical, prevent a fall arrest a fall and prevent or As a last resort and/or
For example, through the minimise injury from the to complement higher
Design and planning
use of edge protection, or arrested fall order control
Eliminate the risk during measures implement
a cover placed over an For example, through the use
the design and planning administrative
opening. of a fall arresting platform.
stage. controls.

Guidance on the general risk management process is available in the How to manage work
health and safety risks Code of Practice.

Hazards associated with work involving the erection, alteration and/or dismantling of scaffolding
are discussed in Sections 3 and 4 of this code.

1.4.1 Consulting workers

WHS Act section 47(1): The PCBU must, so far as is reasonably practicable, consult with
workers who carry out work for the business or undertaking who are, or are likely to be, directly
affected by a matter relating to work health or safety.

WHS Act section 48(2): If the workers are represented by a health and safety representative,
the consultation must involve that representative.

Consultation involves sharing of information, giving workers a reasonable opportunity to

express views and taking those views into account before making decisions on health and
safety matters.

Consultation with workers and their health and safety representatives is required at each step of
the risk management process. In many cases decisions about construction work and projects
are made before engaging workers so it may not always be possible to consult with workers in
these early stages. However, it is important to consult with workers as scaffolding work
progresses. By drawing on the experience, knowledge and ideas of workers, a PCBU is more
likely to identify hazards and choose effective control measures.

A PCBU should encourage workers to report hazards and health and safety problems
immediately so the risks can be managed before an incident occurs and a PCBU must consult
workers when proposing any changes to the work that may affect their health and safety.

1.4.2 Consulting, cooperating and coordinating activities with other duty

holders
WHS Act section 46: If more than one person has a duty in relation to the same matter, each
person with the duty must, so far as is reasonably practicable, consult, cooperate and
coordinate activities with all other persons who have a duty in relation to the same matter.

Sometimes a PCBU may share responsibility for a health and safety matter with other business
operators who are involved in the same activities or who share the same workplace. In these
situations, the PCBUs must exchange information to find out who is doing what and work
together in a cooperative and coordinated way so that all risks are eliminated or minimised as
far as reasonably practicable.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 9 of 77

Further guidance is available in the Work health and safety consultation, cooperation and
coordination Code of Practice.

1.5 Information, training, instruction and supervision

WHS Act section 19(3)(f): A PCBU must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the
provision of any information, training, instruction or supervision that is necessary to protect all
persons from risks to their health and safety arising from work carried out as part of the conduct
of the business or undertaking.

WHS Regulation section 39(2) and (3): A PCBU must ensure that information, training and
instruction provided to a worker is suitable and adequate having regard to the:
• nature of the work carried out by the worker
• nature of the risks associated with the work at the time of the information, training and
instruction
• control measures implemented.

The person must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the information, training and
instruction provided under this regulation is provided in a way that is readily understandable by
any person to whom it is provided.

WHS Regulation section 317(1): A PCBU must not direct or allow a worker to carry out
construction work unless the worker has successfully completed general construction induction
training and if the worker completed the training more than two years previously—the worker
has carried out construction work in the preceding two years.

All persons who may be exposed to work health and safety risks resulting from scaffolding work
must be provided with information and training that is specific to the scaffold that is being used.

Such training and information should include details of:

• the scaffold, tasks, activities and components
• any scaffold plan
• the way the manufacturer or designer of the scaffold intended the system to be erected,
installed, used, moved, altered or dismantled
• specific training and information required to undertake or participate in specific tasks or
activities
• control measures to minimise exposure to the risks, correct use of controls, and how to
ensure they are kept in full working order
• safe working procedures, including the use of mechanical aids and devices, where
appropriate
• how to use and maintain equipment, including any specific conditions and prohibitions on
the use of equipment – reference should be made to operating manuals
• any special safety information needed such as safety precautions for working under certain
conditions
• personal protective equipment required, including instruction in fitting, use, cleaning,
maintaining and storing this equipment
• how accidents have occurred in the past involving the same work process or processes.

Persons involved in scaffolding work should also be provided with more general work health
and safety information and training including:
• the effects of noise on their hearing and health
• Queensland’s work health and safety legislation, including relevant parts of this code of
practice
• the workplace’s health and safety policies, and relevant procedures and SWMS
• the risk management process

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 10 of 77

• inspection and maintenance programs in place at the workplace
• how to access information such as manufacturer's instructions about hazards
• emergency procedures, including persons with specific emergency roles and
responsibilities.

1.5.1 High risk work licences

WHS Regulation section 81: A person must not carry out a class of high risk work unless the
person holds a high risk work licence for that class of high risk work, except as provided in
section 82 WHS Regulation.

In performing scaffolding work where a person or thing may fall more than four metres from the
scaffold, a scaffolder must hold a basic, intermediate or advanced high risk work licence as
specified under Schedule 3 of the WHS Regulation. Only a person who holds a qualification set
out in Schedule 4 of the WHS Regulation may apply for a high risk work licence.

A PCBU must not direct or allow a worker to carry out high risk work unless the person sees
written evidence that the worker has the relevant high risk work licence. The PCBU must keep a
record of this written evidence.

A high risk work licence expires five years after the date it is granted.

1.5.2 Competency
A person is not required to hold a high risk work licence for scaffolding work if a person or
thing may fall four metres or less from the scaffold. However, PCBUs and principal
contractors still have a general duty to ensure the workplace health and safety of
themselves, workers and other persons. This includes ensuring any person performing
scaffolding work is competent. The person should receive information, instruction, training
and supervision in the safe erection, dismantling, maintenance and alteration of the
scaffold.

‘Competent person’ is defined in the dictionary in Appendix 1.

1.5.3 Trainees

WHS Regulation section 82(1): A person who carries out high risk work is not required to be
licensed if the work is carried out:
• in the course of training towards a certification in order to be licensed to carry out the high
risk work
• under the supervision of a person who is licensed to carry out the high risk work.

A person is a trainee if they are enrolled in an applicable high risk work course and under direct
supervision from a suitably licensed person. Trainees must be trained to the relevant unit of
competency; this means the trainee must receive training involving both theory and practical
demonstration. The training must be provided by a registered training organisation with the
assessment administered by a Workplace Health and Safety Queensland accredited high risk
work assessor.

A PCBU must ensure that a person supervising the work of a trainee, provides direct
supervision. Direct supervision means the oversight of the trainee’s work for the purposes of
directing, demonstrating, monitoring and checking the work in a way appropriate to the trainee’s
level of competency and ensuring a capacity to respond in an emergency situation.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 11 of 77

2. Planning and design
The following section provides general advice regarding the safe construction of basic
types of scaffolds. Further information about particular types of scaffold can be found in
Section 5 Types of scaffold.

2.1 Planning construction activities

Planning before scaffolding work starts can help eliminate many of the associated health
and safety risks. An effective plan will help identify ways to protect persons who are:
• erecting, dismantling, maintaining and altering the scaffold
• using the scaffold
• near the scaffold (e.g. other workers and members of the public).

Scaffold plans, WHS management plans, and SWMS for high risk construction activities,
are tools that can be used to safely plan and manage work on scaffolds and help in
meeting health and safety duties under the WHS Act.

2.1.1 WHS management plans

WHS Regulation section 309: A principal contractor for a construction project1 must prepare a
written WHS management plan for the workplace before work on the project commences.

The plan should be easy to understand and must be readily available for the length of the
project. The principal contractor cannot allow work to start unless the plan has been discussed
with, or a copy given, to all relevant people. The plan must include:
• the names, positions and health and safety responsibilities of all persons at the workplace
whose positions or roles involve specific health and safety responsibilities in connection with
the project
• the arrangements in place, between any PCBUs at the workplace where the construction
project is being undertaken, for consultation, cooperation and the coordination of activities in
relation to compliance with their duties under the WHS Act and WHS Regulation
• the arrangements in place for managing any work health and safety incidents
• any site-specific health and safety rules, and the arrangements for ensuring that all persons
at the workplace are informed of those rules
• the arrangements for the collection and any assessment, monitoring and review of SWMS at
the workplace.

The principal contractor for a construction project must review and, as necessary, revise the
WHS management plan if there are changes in how risks will be managed, as well as ensuring
that all relevant people are informed of the revisions.

2.1.2 Safe work method statements

WHS Regulation section 299: A SWMS must be prepared for high risk construction work
before work starts.

1A construction project is a project that involves construction work where the cost of the construction
work is $250,000 or more (section 292 WHS Regulation).

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 12 of 77

Work on scaffolds is considered high risk construction work where it involves the risk of a
person falling more than two metres. A range of other activities that are considered high risk
construction work are listed under section 291 of the WHS Regulation.

The SWMS must:

• identify the type of high risk construction work being done
• specify the health and safety hazards and risks arising from the work
• describe the measures that will be implemented to control the risks
• describe how the control measures will be implemented, monitored and reviewed.

A SWMS must, so far as is reasonably practicable, be developed in consultation with workers

and their representatives who are carrying out the high risk work.

2.1.3 Scaffold plans

A scaffold plan is to be prepared for scaffolding work above four metres (measured from the top
working platform (TWP) to the ground) and provided by the PCBU doing the scaffolding work.
All scaffolds should be built in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard (AS/NZS 1576
Scaffolding). What is constructed on site should reflect what is in the scaffold plan.

To develop an effective and useful scaffold plan consult with:

• the scaffold designer (e.g. to discuss the design loads and the capability of the structure to
support any additional loadings)
• the builder or principal contractor (e.g. to assess the location of underground drains or pits).
The work should be planned so as to avoid excavating service trenches under, through or
adjacent to scaffolds
• workers, workplace health and safety committees, and workplace health and safety
representatives, regarding erecting, dismantling, maintaining and altering the scaffold.

The scaffold plan is to include a site layout plan and sufficient detail to adequately describe
the scaffold to be erected and may include section and elevation details. It is to be made
available for inspection at the worksite. The scaffold plan should address the following
issues:
• basis of design
• foundations (including ground conditions, slope and loadings)
• supporting structure
• access and egress
• tying
• bracing
• type of scaffold
• edge protection
• number of plank levels
• number of working levels (Note: the number of working levels often varies to the number of
plank levels erected on the scaffold. This information should be clearly communicated at
handover and to the end user. Using more than the designed working levels at once will
exceed the nominated leg loads and may overload the scaffold).

2.2 Design
WHS Regulation section 243: The design of an item of plant stated in Schedule 5, part 1 WHS
Regulation must be registered. Prefabricated scaffolding must be design registered.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 13 of 77

Prefabricated scaffolding is an integrated system of prefabricated components manufactured in
such a way that the geometry of assembled scaffolds is pre-determined and can include
modular, tower, cantilever, hung and suspended scaffolds.

The person with management or control of the prefabricated scaffolding must ensure the design
registration number is kept where it is readily accessible.

WHS Act section 22: A person (the designer) who conducts a business or undertaking that
designs plant or a structure that is to be used, or could reasonably be expected to be used, as, or
at, a workplace must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the plant or structure is
designed to be without risks to the health and safety of persons who:
• use the plant or structure at a workplace for a purpose for which it was designed
• store the plant
• construct the structure
• carry out any reasonably foreseeable activity at a workplace in relation to the manufacture,
assembly or use of the plant or structure for a purpose for which it was designed, or the proper
storage, decommissioning, dismantling or disposal of the plant or structure
• are at or in the vicinity of a workplace and who are exposed to the plant or structure at the
workplace or whose health or safety may be affected by one of the above uses or activities.

The designer must:

• carry out, or arrange the carrying out of, any calculations, analysis, testing or examination that
may be necessary to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the plant or structure is
designed to be without risks to the health and safety of persons
• give adequate information to each person who is provided with the design for the purpose of
giving effect to it
• on request, so far as is reasonably practicable, give current relevant information to a person
using the plant or structure for a purpose for which it was designed or when carrying out a
reasonably foreseeable activity using the plant.

WHS Regulation section 294: A PCBU that commissions construction work (the client) in
relation to a structure must, so far as is reasonably practicable, consult with the designer of the
whole or any part of the structure about how to ensure that risks to health and safety arising from
the design during construction are eliminated or minimised so far as is reasonably practicable.

Consultation must include giving the designer any information that the person who commissions
the construction work has in relation to the hazards and risks at the workplace where the
construction work is to be carried out.

The design of the structural members and components of a scaffold should comply with the
AS/NZS 1576 series of documents.

The design of the scaffold should take into account the:

• strength, stability and rigidity of the supporting structure
• intended use and application of the scaffold
• safety of persons engaged in the erection, alteration and dismantling of the scaffold
• safety of persons using the scaffold
• safety of persons in the vicinity of the scaffold.

Design verification is a process involving the review of design documentation (scaffold plans) to
determine if the design complies with the technical design standard specified for particular plant
or structures.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 14 of 77

 An ‘engineer’ (as defined in Appendix 1), such as a suitably qualified engineer experienced in
the structural design of scaffolds, is usually responsible for verifying the information required to
document the safe design and certification of the complete scaffold structure. The engineer
may be employed directly by either the manufacturer, supplier, erector, or be acting as an
independent consultant.
The following table indicates when an engineer should design verify and
inspect various scaffolds.

Type of scaffold Design Initial

verification inspection
(1), (3), (4) (2)
Minor scaffold (less than 2 m TWP) or modular scaffold (less than 4 m TWP) Supplier or Competent
competent person
person
Modular scaffold 4 m to maximum height (5) (6) Supplier or Scaffolder
competent
person
Modular scaffold (with cladding) above 4 m (5) (6) Supplier or Scaffolder
engineer
Modular scaffold outside of standard documented manufacturer’s parameters (7) Engineer Scaffolder
Tube and coupler scaffold greater than 33 m TWP or outside of scope of AS/NZS Engineer Scaffolder
1576.6
Cantilevered steel beams, trusses or ladder beams (8) Engineer Scaffolder
Cantilevered or spurred scaffold (greater than 6 m high) Engineer Scaffolder
Bridging beams, truss or ladder beams (greater than 4.8m span or 6m of scaffold Engineer Scaffolder
above)
Hung or drop scaffolds (8) Engineer Scaffolder
Independent free standing or guyed scaffold towers – greater than 4 m TWP Engineer Scaffolder
(including aluminium static or mobile tower more than 9 m TWP)
Crane lifted scaffold (9) Engineer Scaffolder
and Crane
Dogger
Access birdcages (10) (with cladding or more than 20 m TWP) Engineer Scaffolder
Mobile scaffold – greater than 4 m TWP (excluding standard aluminium mobile Engineer Scaffolder
scaffolds)
Stair tower – independent or attached (more than 20 m high) Engineer Scaffolder
Gantry or overhead protection structures Engineer Scaffolder
Loading bays (greater than 9 m TWP or 2T) (11) Engineer Engineer
Suspended scaffold (swing-stage and supports) Engineer Engineer
Perimeter demolition scaffold (more than 9 m high) Engineer Engineer
Public access structures (requiring Building Code of Australia compliance) Engineer Engineer
Table 1 Planning construction activities (design and inspection table)

Notes:
1. Design documents can be produced by a competent person provided they are based on tables, charts,
brochures or information which has previously been verified for compliance with AS/NZS 1576 by a suitably
qualified person such as a Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) engineer experienced in
the design of temporary works.
2. Initial inspections prior to use for compliance with all design documents to be carried out by a suitably qualified
scaffolder unless noted otherwise. Ongoing and 30-day inspections may also be completed by a suitably
qualified scaffolder or experienced engineer.
3. Minor non-structural changes to scaffold such as smaller bay size substitution, hop up moves, stair location
etc. do not require additional engineering verification.
4. Scaffolds that require an undocumented structural change should be referred to the designer or engineer for
approval and/or inspection.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 15 of 77

5. Maximum height refers to a manufacturer’s maximum approved height. Different systems will have different
approved heights and loading configurations. These details should be included as part of the scaffold
documentation.
6. Scaffolds over 30 m with staggered tie patterns on adjacent legs may often require specific engineering design
due to the large leg loads and buckling effects of unsupported standards.
7. Complex scaffolds where standards are not continuous from top to bottom (typically some industrial type
scaffolds and large civil works) should be certified by an engineer.
8. Due to the complexity or critical nature of a scaffold, the designer may deem it necessary to have engineering
inspections.
9. Inspections of crane lifted scaffold should be undertaken by both the scaffolder and the crane dogger to
ensure all lifting points and methods are clearly communicated to all parties. The crane crew is not expected
to inspect or verify the scaffold but only to be made aware of the designed lifting arrangements. Lifting points
and slinging arrangements are to be designed by an engineer.
10. In accordance with AS/NZS 1576, some types of equipment that incorporate temporary working platforms may
not be considered to be a scaffold. These types of equipment may include formwork support systems erected
primarily for the support of concrete and should be designed and used in accordance with AS 3610 and the
Formwork Code of Practice.
11. All loading/landing bays that exceed the duty rating of the scaffold need to be design verified by an engineer.

2.3 Foundations
Scaffold foundations should be able to carry and distribute all the weight of the scaffold,
including any extra loads (e.g. perimeter containment screens, placed on the scaffold).

Obtain advice from an engineer before erecting scaffolds on verandas, suspended flooring
systems, compacted soil, parapets, awnings and similar structures.

Consideration should be given to the following when designing the foundation of the
scaffold.

2.3.1 Ground conditions

Water and nearby excavations may lead to soil subsidence and scaffold collapse. Any likely
watercourse, such as a recently filled trench, which has the potential to create a wash out
under the scaffold base, should be diverted away from the scaffold.

Soft ground can be disguised by a relatively thin crust on the surface where the ground has
dried out, however, under the surface crust the ground is still soft. The hard crust can give the
false perception that the ground has adequate bearing capacity, but when the load on the
scaffold increases, the scaffold can suddenly punch through the crust causing the scaffold to
collapse.

The principal contractor or PCBU commissioning the scaffold is responsible for preparing the
ground and providing information and advice in writing to the scaffolder on its bearing capacity.
Before erection begins, the principal contractor or PCBU should know what loadings will be
imposed on the ground by the scaffold, ensure ground conditions are stable and inform scaffold
erectors of any factors which may affect ground stability. If there are any doubts or obvious
signs that the ground may be suspect (i.e. soft ground, fill, underground services, etc.), the
principal contractor or PCBU may need to engage the services of a competent person, such as
a geotechnical engineer, to assess the ground and specify suitable control measures.

2.3.2 Loadings
A scaffold needs to be designed for the most adverse combination of dead, live and
environmental loads that can reasonably be expected during the period that the scaffold is
in use.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 16 of 77

The dead, live and environmental loads will need to be calculated during the design stage
to ensure the supporting structure and the lower standards are capable of supporting the
loads. The design of scaffolds and ties should be approved by a competent person or an
engineer. Follow the specifications of the manufacturer, designer or supplier for the
maximum loads of the scaffold.

Propping may be required where the supporting structure is not capable of bearing the
most adverse combination of loads.

2.3.2.1 Environmental loads

Consider environmental loads, particularly the effects of wind and rain on the scaffold. For
example, environmental loads imposed by wind and rain may be heightened if perimeter
containment screening, cladding or signs are attached to the scaffold. The effects of
climatic conditions (e.g. electrical storms) on the scaffold should also be considered.

The geographical location of the construction site will have a bearing on the severity of wind on
the structure. Wind generally has less effect in built up or hilly areas. AS/NZS 1170.2 Structural
Design Actions - Wind Actions specifies four different terrain categories that should be taken
into consideration by an engineer as well as basic wind speeds for different zones in Australia.
There are three regions for Queensland:
• Region A4 (normal) – most of Queensland excluding coastal areas (includes Toowoomba
and Mt Isa)
• Region B (intermediate) – Queensland coastal areas south of Bundaberg and a narrow
band behind region C (includes Brisbane and all of Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast)
• Region C (tropical cyclones) – all coastal areas north of, and including, Bundaberg.
Region C has the greatest wind speeds.

Procedures for dealing with seasonal high wind events should be prepared for cyclone-prone
areas.

Staggering the joints in standards may help control the risk of scaffold collapse from
environmental loads. Refer to AS/NZS 1576.1 Scaffolding – General Requirements for
additional information.

Figure 1. ‘Tension splices’ or

‘through bolts’ may be
required to secure
scaffold components
together to
accommodate
environmental loads.

2.3.2.2 Dead loads

Dead loads refer to the self-weight of the scaffold structure and components including any
working, catch or access platforms, stairways, ladders, screens, sheeting, platform
brackets, suspension ropes, secondary ropes, traversing ropes, tie assemblies, scaffolding

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 17 of 77

hoists or electrical cables. Dead loads should be calculated in accordance with AS/NZS
1576.1 Scaffolding – General Requirements.

2.3.2.3 Live loads

The live load includes:
• the weight of people
• the weight of materials and debris
• the weight of tools and equipment
• impact forces.

Scaffolds should not be used to support formwork and plant, such as hoist towers and
concrete pumping equipment, unless the scaffold is specifically designed for this purpose.

The live loads applied to a working platform should be in accordance with those specified in
Table 2.

Design total Design concentrated Minimum

load (kg per load width of
platform per (part of total load – platform
bay) applied in most adverse (mm)
position within
bay) (kg)
Light duty
< 3 metres during housing construction
work
125 (1.2kN) 100 (1kN) 225 mm
< 2 metres during other construction work
e.g. painting, cleaning, fascia and gutter
installation
Light duty
≥ 3 metres during housing construction
225 (2.2kN) 120 (1.2kN) 450 mm
work
≥ 2 metres during other construction work
Medium duty 675 mm (for
For example: finishing trades where light emergency
materials are stacked on the platform. access
450 (4.4kN) 150 (1.5kN) platforms
minimum
900 mm
width)
Heavy duty 900 (or 675
For example: bricklaying and demolition mm where
work (special duty may be required for additional
some demolition). access is
provided by
675 (6.6kN) 200 (2kN) a bay
extension
platform of
not less than
450 mm
width)
Loading platforms Not less than 5kPa with an impact factor Specified by
of 1.25 allowed for by the designer the designer
Special duty Seek guidance from designer,
Specified by
manufacturer, supplier or engineer but
the designer
not less than 1kPa in accordance with

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 18 of 77

 AS/NZS 1576.1 Scaffolding – General
Requirements

Ladder access hatches Rated to match point load of the duty

rating of platform
Note: No materials are permitted on platforms 450 mm wide or less. All other scaffolds should have a
clear platform width of at least 450 mm.

Table 2 Requirements for working platforms

2.3.3 Soleboards and baseplates

Soleboards and baseplates can be used to evenly distribute the load from the scaffold to the
supporting surface (see Figure 2). Both soleboards and baseplates may be required for use on
less stable surfaces, such as soil, gravel, fill or other supporting structures.

Figure 2. Soleboards and baseplates

The size of the soleboard will vary depending on the supporting surface. If in doubt a PCBU
may need to consult an engineer to determine the bearing capacity of the ground or other
supporting structure, such as a lightweight roof or floor system. To reduce point loading, it
may be necessary to install a longer soleboard to support both inner and outer legs or
install a beam grillage system to adequately spread the load from the scaffold to the
support structure below.

Soleboards are generally not required on firm surfaces such as concrete. If soleboards are
required to spread loads over softer ground, they should be 500 mm long, 225 mm wide
and 30 mm thick hardwood timber at a minimum, or a substitute material and size certified
by the scaffold designer or a competent person. Soleboards should be level and some
digging may be required to obtain a level surface.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 19 of 77

Adjustable bases can be used on uneven surfaces for modular scaffold systems. No part of
the baseplate or adjustable base should protrude over the side of the soleboard to ensure
the loads are imposed evenly on the soleboard.

Needles and spurs should be considered where ground conditions are very unstable.

2.4 Stability
Scaffold stability may be achieved by:
• tying the scaffold to a supporting structure
• guying to a supporting structure
• increasing the dead load by securely attaching counterweights near the base
• adding bays to increase the base dimension.

2.4.1 Tying
Tie methods and spacing need to be in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer,
designer or supplier. All tying information should be available on site and comply with the
details on the scaffold plan.

Outlined below are safe work practices and control measures for tying scaffold:
• A tie should be installed when an unclad scaffold reaches three times the minimum base
width unless otherwise noted in design documentation. Cladded scaffolds may require ties
installed at a lower height.
• Consult with the scaffold designer, manufacturer, supplier or an engineer if it is not practical
to position the ties in accordance with the instructions.
• More ties may be required if:
− the scaffold is cladded (due to increased wind loadings)
− it is used as a loading platform for materials or equipment
− attaching lifting appliances or rubbish chutes.
• The principal contractor or a PCBU should have a competent person regularly inspect the
existence and effectiveness of scaffold ties to ensure they are not modified or altered by
unauthorised persons (e.g. finishing trades who may loosen, relocate or remove ties to
obtain access to walls and openings).
• Ties should not obstruct access along the working and access platforms.
• Ties should interconnect with both the inner and outer scaffold standards (unless otherwise
specified by an engineer or by the scaffold manufacturer/supplier documentation) to
increase the rigidity of the scaffold. Engineering documentation should be site-specific if the
proposed arrangement is not covered by a generic design.
• Single leg ties should have a safety coupler on the tie behind the standard. Where tie tubes
are connected to the structure via a bracket, a safety coupler should be used at the bracket
connection point.
• Consult with the scaffold designer or supplier before attaching additional loads on the
scaffold (e.g. signs and perimeter containment screens).
• Cast-in anchors or ‘through bolts’ (i.e. pass through a wall) are preferred to post-installed
anchors for securing scaffold ties because of possible failure due to faulty tensioning or
epoxies.
• Post-installed anchors should conform with the following requirements:
− Only chemical anchors, screw bolts, coil expansion anchors or torque-controlled
expansion anchors should be used; drop-in (impact setting) or deformation-controlled
expansion anchors should not be used. Caution should be exercised when using screw
bolts due to the very tight hole tolerances required. While coil expansion anchors and
torque-controlled anchors can tolerate a small variation in hole size, the allowable
variation in hole tolerance for a screw bolt will be significantly reduced. If the hole is too
large, the grooves cut by the thread will not be deep enough and the screw bolt will not

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 20 of 77

 achieve adequate pull out resistance; too small and the bolt may not achieve sufficient
embedment to provide the required design load.
− An assessment of the substrate to which the anchors are to be installed should be
conducted to confirm their suitability for the application. Site documentation should be
available to indicate the details and results of the substrate assessment. The
assessment should consider, as a minimum:
o the required working load limit
o the concrete strength at the time of installation
o whether the concrete will remain uncracked throughout the service life of the
anchors.
− The working load limit specified by the anchor supplier in the direction of applied load
should be greater than or equal to 6 kN for horizontal tie anchors, or three times the
maximum calculated applied load for all other anchors.
− For post-installed anchors, a method for verifying the load capacity and correct
installation should be specified in the anchorage design. All post-installed anchors
should be installed using a torque wrench set to the appropriate torque, unless the
anchor has an inbuilt torque indicator or is installed using a manufacturer’s approved
installation procedure. Documented verification is to be kept on site, stating the anchor
setting torque or installation procedure, date of installation, location of installation, and
name of the competent person installing the anchor. Individual proof-testing (100 per
cent of design load) of all chemical anchors installed is to be undertaken and
documented. Refer to Appendix E of AS/NZS 1576.1 for further information on anchors.
− Ties to masonry and to substrates other than concrete shall be specified through
engineering assessment based on them achieving the performance and reliability for the
specific application. Each anchor shall be capable of sustaining all of the imposed cyclic
loads without damage to the substrate or reduction in capacity of the anchor.
− Anchors for securing rakers to a concrete slab should be capable of resisting the
combined shear and tensile forces.
− Anchors conforming to AS 3850.1 Prefabricated concrete elements – General
requirements that require component reinforcement should not be used unless correct
installation of the reinforcement is confirmed prior to pouring of concrete.

2.5 Perimeter containment screening

Perimeter containment screening is used to protect persons from falling objects and should
be located inside the standards on working platforms.

Perimeter containment screens must be made of mesh, timber, plywood, metal sheeting or
other material suitable for the purpose. The requirements for mesh are summarised in
Table 3 (also see Figure 3).

Mesh pattern Size of mesh openings (max) Mesh gauge

Square or other rectangle

- with prescribed lining* 50 mm x 50 mm 2.5 mm

- without prescribed lining* 25 mm x 25 mm 2.5 mm
- without prescribed lining* 25 mm x 50 mm 2.5 mm
Not square or other rectangle

- with prescribed lining* 50 mm in any direction 2.5 mm

- without prescribed lining* 25 mm in any direction 2.5 mm
* prescribed lining means intact shade cloth, or another intact lining, that when tested, wet or dry, in
accordance with method A in AS 2001.2.4 has a mean bursting pressure of at least 1000 kPa.
Table 3 Summary of requirements for mesh perimeter containment screens

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 21 of 77

The prescribed lining must be attached to the inside of the mesh and can be attached using
non-structural locating product which keeps the lining in place while minimising damage to
the lining.

The framework supporting a screen must be able to bear the load of the screen.

Refer to the AS/NZS 1576 series of documents for additional information on appropriate
minimum loads and fixing requirements.

Each of the following gaps must not be over 25 mm:

(a) the gap, measured horizontally, between screens immediately beside each other
(b) the gap, measured vertically, between a screen and another screen immediately above
it
(c) the gap, measured vertically or horizontally, between a screen and the framework
supporting it.

Containment sheeting should be installed no higher than the upper most tie, unless certified
otherwise by an engineer.

Where work is carried out close to pedestrian or vehicular access, scaffolds that are
sheeted down to hoarding level can minimise both the risk to the public and the area lost to
public access.

Figure 3. Containment screening.

a) 50 mm x 50 mm (max) openings with
prescribed lining.
b) 25 mm x 25 mm (max) openings without
prescribed lining.
c) 50 mm x 25 mm (max) openings without
prescribed lining.
d) gap measured vertically and horizontally
between the screen and the framework
supporting it must not be over 25 mm.

2.6 Working platforms

Working platforms, except suspended scaffolds, should have duty classifications and
dimensions complying with Section 2.3.2 Loadings.

Each scaffold should be designed to carry the required number of working platforms and to
support its live loads.

The following are safe work practices or control measures for working platforms.
• Scaffold planks should:
− comply with AS 1577 Scaffold planks
− have a slip-resistant surface
− not be cracked or split
− be of uniform thickness
− be captive (i.e. cannot be kicked off) and fixed to prevent uplift or displacement during
normal use

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 22 of 77

 − be positioned so that no single gap between planks exceeds 25 mm and the total gap
between all planks does not exceed 50 mm.
• Planks should not be lapped on straight runs of modular and tube and coupler scaffolding
but may be lapped on hanging bracket scaffolds.

Figure 4. Overlapping planks. Lapped scaffold

planks may sometimes be used to cover gaps
around corners of scaffold bays. These planks
generally may not need to be secured, provided
the following are met:
(a) timber is lapped over metal planks.
(b) planks are 1.2 metres long or greater.
(c) plank overlap, past the edge of the plank
underneath, is 300 mm or greater.
(d) standards prevent planks from moving
sideways on the scaffold.

• If using plywood sheets to cover gaps between scaffold bays the plywood sheets should be:
− a minimum of 17 mm thick
− only used to cover gaps less than 500 mm wide (unless approved by an engineer)
− secured.
• Planks should be secured as noted in Figure 4. Metal planks lapped on other metal planks
should be avoided, but where they are used they should be secured using proprietary fixing
or steel strapping. Other systems that are not structurally rated should not be used to
secure planks on hop-up brackets.
• Plastic zip ties should only be used in non-load bearing situations to stop plank movement,
where the force applied to a kickboard or plank is applied directly to a structural member in
front or under the member. The load that can be applied to the kickboard or plank will then
not be applied as a shearing load to the zip tie. In some situations, load-rated zip ties can
potentially mislead workers into presuming they are adequate for a number of scaffolding
applications. Unlike proprietary components, plastic zip ties have not been performance
tested for structural scaffolding applications. While zip ties are load-rated, the load rating is
only for tensile (pulling) loads and not for shear (cutting) loads. When used in load bearing
situations, zip ties may be subjected to shear or tensile forces that are in excess of their
maximum allowable load. Experience has demonstrated that zip ties can be cut through by
the edges on scaffolding planks, such as when a worker’s foot inadvertently makes contact
with a scaffolding plank. See the Zip ties on scaffolding reference material online for further
information.
• Apart from single board hop-up brackets, all hop-up brackets should be provided with tie
bars to stop brackets from spreading apart and causing planks to dislodge, unless otherwise
specified by the scaffold manufacturer. No single inadvertent force should be able to
dislodge a tie bar pin (without a scaffolding plank sitting on top of the bar), or any part of a
tie bar (e.g. a bouncing motion caused by an object falling down on the scaffolding deck).
See the Scaffolding hop-up bracket tie bars reference material online for further information.
• Where hop-up planks are supported by a hop-up bracket on one end only, the method of
support on the opposite side is to be approved by the scaffold designer. Where scaffold
components are altered (e.g. altering of transoms to fix a hop-up bracket), an engineer
should approve any alterations. All alternative methods of supporting a hop-up plank should
ensure that the plank remains captive in the hop-up bracket.
• The overhang of planks which are supported by putlogs should be greater than 150 mm but
less than 250 mm – otherwise uplift might occur.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 23 of 77

• Avoid nailing or screwing laminated planks into position, unless otherwise specified by the
manufacturer. Moisture penetrating the planks can cause damage and may not be easily
detected.
• In cyclone prone areas all planks should be secured against uplift during cyclone season. In
Queensland, cyclone prone areas include areas north of Bundaberg. Refer to AS 1170
Structural Design Actions (Part 2).

2.7 The work environment

WHS Regulation section 40: A PCBU must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that:
• the layout of the workplace allows, and is maintained to allow, persons to enter and exit the
workplace and move within it safely, both under normal working conditions and in an
emergency
• work areas have space for work to be carried out safely
• floors and other surfaces are designed, installed and maintained to allow work to be carried
out safely
• lighting enables each worker to carry out work safely, persons to move around safely and
safe evacuation in an emergency
• ventilation enables workers to carry out their work without risk to their health and safety
• workers exposed to extremes of heat or cold are able to carry out work without risk to their
health and safety
• work in relation to or near essential services (such as gas, electricity, water, sewerage and
telecommunications) do not affect the health and safety of persons at the workplace.

2.7.1 Access and egress

Workers must be provided with safe access to and egress from the scaffold at all times during
the erection, use and dismantling of the scaffold.

An external perimeter scaffold with a TWP more than 8 m high (generally four lifts from the
lowest ledger position) and a length of more than 60 lineal metres, should be provided with at
least two means of access and egress, one of which should be suitable for emergency stretcher
access. This does not include detached dwellings.

Common means of access and egress include:

• temporary stairs or portable ladder access systems installed at the start of erection,
progressed with the scaffold, and used by the scaffolder wherever possible
• permanently installed platforms, ramps or ladders
• personnel hoists (non-mechanical forms of egress, such as a ladder or stair tower should be
provided in case of emergency)
• using the existing floor level of a building, provided such access is safe
• using the existing permanent stairs of a structure, provided such access is safe.

Where the common means of access or egress is obstructed or unavailable, leaving no other
form of access and egress, alternative temporary or fixed access and egress may include:
• existing internal floor access/stairwells
• use of a hoist if already available
• additional stair systems.

Where temporary stairways are used, they should be configured as follows:

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 24 of 77

Figure 5. Temporary stairway configuration

Refer to AS/NZS 1576.1 for further information on temporary stairways.

Additionally, where a temporary stairway is to be used for stretcher access:

• the slope of the stairway to the horizontal should be at an angle of 45° or less
• treads should be at least 1000 mm wide
• the length of a landing in the direction of travel should be at least 1200 mm and the width
not less than the width of the stairway
• the upper surface of the external handrail or guardrail should be at least 1400 mm above
the landing or top of each stair tread.

The scaffold designer should ensure the access system is designed for loads that could be
applied in an emergency evacuation situation.

Access ways should be kept free of materials and rubbish to control the risk of falling objects.

Scaffolders should not climb standards except when harnessed and working on hung,
cantilevered or spurred scaffolds, and other means of access/egress are not practical.

2.7.1.1 Step heights

Scaffold stairs are typically 1.5 m vertically in height and when constructed for a scaffold with
2 m lift heights, can create an issue with the final step height from the scaffold stair on to the
working platform, and the step from the stair to the ground, being approximately 500 mm. The
use of scaffold stairs that have a height of 2 m or reconfiguring the scaffold can address this
issue. The step heights and goings in a scaffold stair system should be consistent within a
straight run of steps between landings. Where there is a change in direction between landings,
any difference in step height from the scaffold stair to an access or egress point should be
minimised so that it is no more than 300 mm.

2.7.1.2 Ladders
The following are additional safe work practices which should be followed when using
ladders:
• Ladders may be used where access to the working platform is needed by only a few
people, and where tools and equipment can be delivered separately to the working platform
(e.g. by materials hoist, crane or a rope and gin wheel).
• Ladders should be within a separate ladder access bay of the scaffold, wherever space
permits.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 25 of 77

• If the access bay is part of the working platform, a trap door is to be provided, except when
erecting and dismantling, or where other controls are in place to prevent a person from
inadvertently falling through the ladder access penetration from the main working platform.
Strict controls are to be implemented to ensure the trap door remains closed while working
from the platform. Workers should not be climbing over or under components to gain
access to the working platform except when working on mobile scaffolds or where the TWP
is 2.5 m or less.
• A swing arm or gate system should be installed to provide safe, clear access to working
platforms and to stop a person falling back through the access bay.
• Ladders should be set up on a firm, level surface and not used on scaffold bays to gain
extra height.
2.7.2 Lighting
Sufficient access lighting and task lighting must be provided, whether it is from a natural or
artificial source, to allow safe movement around the workplace and to allow workers to perform
their job without having to adopt awkward postures or strain their eyes to see. Additionally,
emergency lighting must be provided for the safe evacuation of people in the event of an
emergency.
The Managing the work environment and facilities Code of Practice provides guidance on
the recommended illumination levels for various types of tasks, activities and interiors. See
also Section 2.7 of AS/NZS 3012 and AS 2293.1 for further information on lighting.
2.7.3 Maintaining a safe work environment

WHS Act section 19(3): A PCBU must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the provision
and maintenance of a work environment without risks to health and safety, safe plant and
structures, and safe systems of work, as well as the safe use, handling and storage of plant,
structures and substances.

Good housekeeping practices when working on a scaffold are essential to prevent

workplace injuries. Objects and debris left on a scaffold can fall and seriously injure
workers and others, particularly during the process of dismantling the scaffold. A PCBU
using a scaffold to undertake their work activities must, so far as is reasonably practicable,
leave the area clean from falling objects, spills, waste, and other leftover materials such as
food scraps, nails and hazardous substances.

Workers who disturb accumulations of dried bird droppings may be at risk of certain
infectious diseases (e.g. psittacosis, cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis). Although
uncommon, these may cause serious disease in some people. In particular, those who
have a weakened immune system are at increased risk of complications from psittacosis,
cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis. The risk from disturbing small amounts of fresh
droppings is very low but increases if large accumulations of concentrated, dried droppings
are disturbed.

Bird droppings are unlikely to accumulate in large concentrations on scaffolding that is only
in place for a short period of time. Where scaffolding is to be in place for a long period of
time at a location where birds are roosting or nesting the risk from disturbing accumulations
of dried bird droppings should be considered. For example, a hanging scaffold on a bridge
under repair which has birds nesting on it. Where there is a risk, advice on control
measures can be found at worksafe.qld.gov.au/work-with-bird-and-bat-droppings.

The principal contractor for a construction project, or the PCBU with management or control
of a construction site has ultimate responsibility for ensuring systems are in place to
maintain a safe work environment on the scaffold and each PCBU using the scaffold leaves
the scaffold without risks to health and safety.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 26 of 77

3. Hazards
A number of hazards exist that have the potential to cause death or injury when working
with scaffolding. These include:
• working near energised overhead electric lines
• mobile plant and traffic
• fixed plant
• mixing scaffold components
• falls from height
• falling objects
• scaffold collapse
• unauthorised access, use or alteration
• scaffold quality
• ground conditions
• hazardous manual tasks
• fire and explosion.

3.1 Working near energised overhead electric lines

Information about requirements for working near overhead electric lines is provided in the
following:

• Electrical Safety Act 2002 (ES Act) – outlines general electrical safety duties
• Electrical Safety Regulation 2013 (ES Regulation) – states exclusion zones for working
near overhead electric lines (note that consultation regarding the risks of the work should
occur with the relevant electricity entity and other relevant parties)
• Electrical Safety Code of Practice – Working near overhead and underground electric lines
– provides practical advice on safe systems of work and exclusion zones.

ES Act section 30: A PCBU must ensure its business is conducted in a way that is
electrically safe. If the work involves working near overhead electric lines, the PCBU must
ensure persons performing the work are electrically safe.

ES Regulation section 11: A PCBU must manage risks to health and safety associated
with electrical risks at the workplace in accordance with the hierarchy of risk control in
Part 3.1 of the WHS Regulation.

Before carrying out scaffolding work, a worksite inspection should be conducted to identify
potential electrical hazards including energised overhead electric lines or associated electrical
equipment (e.g. cables concealed behind a surface where an anchor is to be fitted).
Consultation regarding the risks of the work should occur with all relevant parties involved in the
work. Once the risks associated with overhead electric lines have been identified and assessed,
appropriate control measures must be put in place.

The most effective way to eliminate any risk of electric shock or electrocution is by turning off
the power. The PCBU and the principal contractor should discuss options for de-energising or
re-routing the electricity supply with the relevant electricity entity. These options are the most
effective control measures and should be considered before anything else. The PCBU and
principal contractor should also consult with each other to ensure the electricity entity has been
contacted.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 27 of 77

De-energising or re-routing overhead electric lines should be arranged with the electricity entity
as quickly as possible as this can take some time to arrange. Where overhead electric lines
have been de-energised, written confirmation should be sought from the person in control of the
electric line before undertaking any work.

If eliminating the risk is not reasonably practicable, the PCBU must consider using substitution,
isolation, or engineering controls, or a combination of these control measures, to minimise the
risk, in this order.

ES Regulation section 68: A PCBU at a workplace must ensure, so far as is reasonably

practicable, that no person, plant or thing at the workplace comes within an unsafe
distance of an overhead or underground electric line. If it is not reasonably practicable to
ensure a safe distance, the PCBU must ensure that a risk assessment is conducted for
the proposed work and the control measures implemented are consistent with the risk
assessment and any requirements of an electrical entity responsible for the electric line.

ES Regulation section 69: A person comes within an unsafe distance of an overhead

electric line if the person is within the exclusion zone for the person for the line.

If it is not reasonably practicable to turn off the power or re-route the electric line, the most
effective control measure to reduce risk is to establish an exclusion zone that prevents people,
plant, equipment and materials from coming close enough to energised overhead electric lines
for direct contact or flash-over to occur.

An exclusion zone is a safety envelope around an overhead electric line and means the
distance from the line for the person stated in Schedule 2 of the ES Regulation. A PCBU must
ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that people, scaffold parts, and scaffolding
equipment and materials do not enter into the exclusion zone.

When implementing a system to maintain the exclusion zone a number of factors should be
considered, including:
• identifying the minimum clearance distance from the electric line to the closest person or
part of the scaffold (the exclusion zone)
• allowing for sway or sag of the electric lines (sway is usually caused by wind, while sag may
vary as the temperature of the line varies)
• ensuring that people and scaffolding stay outside the ‘exclusion zone’ at all times
• using a safety observer (commonly known as a ‘spotter’) who observes the scaffolding work
if it is thought a person or part of the scaffold could possibly enter into the exclusion zone
• the potential for encroachment on the exclusion zone during the erection or dismantling of
scaffolding, or once scaffolding is erected (e.g. while handling materials on the scaffold).

The identified minimum clearance distance may need to be greater than the prescribed
exclusion zone distance to ensure there is no breach of the exclusion zone. It is important to
note that the electricity entity may also specify a greater distance than the exclusion zones
provided in Schedule 2 of the ES Regulation, if they consider the risk warrants it.

There are also a number of devices available to help prevent contact with electric lines,
including:
• warning signs to indicate the location of overhead electric lines

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 28 of 77

• tiger tails or line markers on overhead electric lines to act as a visual aid to highlight the
location of the electric line. (Note: tiger tails do not insulate wires and therefore the
exclusion zone must be maintained).

3.2 Mobile plant and traffic

Mobile plant and vehicular traffic are hazards which can potentially affect worker safety and
the safe use and structural integrity of a scaffold.

Outlined below are control measures that can be used to prevent or minimise exposure to
the risk of death or injury from moving plant and traffic:
• Re-route motor vehicles and mobile plant away from the location of the scaffold (e.g. by
using traffic controllers to redirect traffic).
• Use barricades, signs, posts, buffer rails, guards, or concrete or timber kerbs to prevent
mobile plant and traffic from coming into contact with the scaffold.
• Ensure scaffolding does not have any unnecessary protrusions, such as over-length
transoms, putlogs, tie tubes or over-height standards.

3.3 Fixed plant

Where fixed plant, such as tower cranes, operate in close proximity to a scaffold, there is a risk
of loads snagging on the scaffold or endangering people on working platforms. Site-specific
procedures should be developed to minimise the risks associated with fixed plant.

3.4 Mixing scaffold components

Components from different manufacturers or suppliers, while looking compatible, are often of
different dimensions and tolerances. Mixing incompatible scaffold components can lead to
difficulties in disassembly which in turn may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury, increase
wear on the components, and affect the load capacity of the scaffold.

Refer to Section 2.4 of AS/NZS 1576.1 for further information on mixing scaffold components.

The following controls can be used to prevent or minimise the risk of injury and scaffold
collapse due to the incorrect mixing of components:

• Do not mix scaffolding from different manufacturers, unless an engineer approves that:
− the components are of compatible size and strength
− the components have compatible deflection characteristics
− the fixing devices are compatible
− the mixing does not lessen the strength, stability, rigidity or suitability of the scaffold.
• See also AS/NZS 4576 – Guidelines for Scaffolding which sets out the assurances that
are needed before the components of different prefabricated scaffolding systems can
be mixed in a scaffold.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 29 of 77

 Figure 6. Mixing components. Avoid mixing different
modular systems. Often connection points known as
the ‘star’ and ‘banana’ used on these systems are of
a different shape and tolerance and are not
compatible.

• Do not mix scaffolding couplers and tubing of different outer diameters and strengths
unless designed specifically for the task by an engineer or the coupler manufacturer
has designed the couplers for this purpose. For example, do not mix aluminium and
steel components as steel clamps may cause aluminium tubing to be crushed reducing
the strength of the tube.
• ‘Beam clamps’ or ‘flange clamps’ should be provided with information about safe use,
including tightening torque required and when to use different types of couplers. If no
information is provided contact the supplier, manufacturer or designer of the scaffold.
• Stairs should be secured to the scaffold bay. If not secured, the supplier should provide
documentation illustrating the maximum amount of clearance allowed between the
transom and the top and bottom of the stair module.
• Ensure the gap between the end of a stair module and a transom is as small as practicable.
Large gaps can lead to stairs dislodging and falling when a load is placed onto it. Gaps are
not to exceed the maximum distance specified by the scaffolding designer and
manufacturer. Where no instruction on the maximum allowable gap is provided, the gap
between the stair module and the vertical edge of the transom should not be greater than
15 mm anywhere along the length of the transom. See the Stair module failures on
scaffolding safety alert for more information.

3.5 Falls from height

A person who intends to erect, use or dismantle a scaffold must adopt control measures
which eliminate, or at least minimise, the risk of a fall from height.

3.5.1 Risk of a fall at any height

WHS Regulation section 78(1) and (2): A PCBU must manage risks to health and safety
associated with a fall by a person from one level to another that is reasonably likely to cause
injury to the person or any other person. This includes the risk of a fall:
• in or on an elevated workplace from which a person could fall
• in the vicinity of an opening through which a person could fall
• in the vicinity of an edge over which a person could fall
• on a surface through which a person could fall
• in any other place from which a person could fall.

Before a person starts work to erect or dismantle a scaffold, they should:

• identify any hazards that may result in a fall, or cause death or injury from a fall
• assess the risk of death or injury
• implement control measures to prevent or minimise the level of exposure to the risk.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 30 of 77

Hazards which may increase the risk of death or injury from a fall while erecting, altering or
dismantling a scaffold include:
• poor environmental conditions, for example:
− strong winds that may cause workers to lose balance
− rain causing a slippery work surface
− glare emitted from work surfaces and/or poor lighting affecting visibility
• materials, equipment or protruding objects below, or in adjoining work areas, for
example:
− pallets of construction materials
− vertical reinforcing steel
− a rubbish skip
− exposed starter bars
− picket fences
• void areas not identified or protected (e.g. ladder access voids)
• incomplete scaffolds or loose scaffold components where work is being done, or is
likely to be done
• inadequate training, instruction and supervision of scaffold workers.

3.5.2 Risk of a fall when erecting scaffold

WHS Regulation section 306P: A PCBU must not erect or allow another person to erect
scaffolding if there is a risk a person could fall 3m for housing construction work, or 2m for all
other construction work, unless:
• a control measure prevents a person from falling
• a fall arrest system is used, or
• the PCBU otherwise complies with the process for erection described in section 306P(4)
WHS Regulation.

Refer to Section 4 Erecting, altering or dismantling scaffold for information on safe work
practices that should be followed when erecting a scaffold.

3.5.3 Risk of a fall when dismantling scaffold

WHS Regulation section 306Q: A PCBU must not dismantle or allow another person to
dismantle scaffolding if there is a risk a person could fall 3m for housing construction work, or
2m for all other construction work, unless:
• a control measure prevents a person from falling
• a fall arrest system is used, or
• the PCBU otherwise complies with the process for dismantling described in section
306Q(3)(b) WHS Regulation.

Refer to Section 4 Erecting, altering or dismantling scaffold for information on safe work
practices that should be followed when dismantling a scaffold.

3.5.4 Fall arresting platforms

A fall arresting platform can be used as a control measure to arrest a person’s fall during
work at height.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 31 of 77

 Figure 7a Fall arresting Figure 7b Fall arresting
platform ≤ 26° platform > 26°

If the slope of the surface where work is being done is:

• not over 26º – then install the platform no more than one metre lower than the surface,
or
• over 26º – then install the platform no more than 300 mm lower than the surface.

The fall arresting platform must:

• be unobstructed and at least 675 mm wide for the length of the platform
• be able to withstand the impact of a fall onto it
• have edge protection erected:
− along the outer edge of the length of the platform
− along the edges of each end of the fall arresting platform.

If the internal gap (the gap between the inner edge of the length of the platform and the
face of the building or structure immediately beside the platform) exceeds 225 mm, then
implement a control measure to control the risk of a fall.

3.5.5 Edge protection

Edge protection may be used as a control measure to prevent the risk of death or injury
from a fall during work at height.

Obtain written approval from an engineer before installing edge protection on a scaffold
system which was not originally designed, supplied or manufactured with edge protection.
Approval should include specifications on how to install and maintain edge protection.

3.5.6 Fall-arrest systems

Fall-arrest systems can be used as a control measure to arrest a person’s fall when
working on a scaffold. However, fall-arrest systems are not usually appropriate for erecting
a scaffold because:
• workers are likely to hit a component of the scaffold before the fall is arrested
• obtaining suitable anchorage points that can support a load of 15kN may be difficult
• continuously hooking on and off the scaffold may be inconvenient
• fall arrest lines may become trip hazards.

Fall-arrest systems should only be used during the following scaffold activities:
• erecting or dismantling ‘drop’ or ‘hung’ scaffolds where the scaffold is constructed from
top to bottom, this allows for a clear fall zone, in the event of a fall
• the fixing and removal of trolley tracks on suspension rigs

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 32 of 77

• erecting or dismantling cantilevered needles and decking between the needles. Fall
arrest systems could also be used during the erection of the first lift of scaffolding where
workers are standing on the deck between the needles
• the erection and dismantling of cantilevered scaffolds prior to or when removing the
initial platform
• the attachment and removal of spurs projecting from the supporting structure.

3.5.6.1 Rescue procedures for fall-arrest systems

Ensure that there are written procedures about safely retrieving a person who has fallen
and ensuring the safety of the person involved in the retrieval.

In the event of an accident, the suspended person should be retrieved immediately –

otherwise there is the risk of permanent injury to the person. Rescue procedures should
also ensure the safety of the persons involved in the retrieval.

Emergency plans may need to identify the location and means of access for the rescuer.

A fall-arrest system should not be used unless there is at least one other person (or two
people where the person who could fall is heavy and may be unconscious) on site who will
be able to rescue the user.

If an elevating work platform (EWP) is to be used for a rescue, it should be readily available
and be able to reach the position of the person using the fall-arrest system at all times.

Workers must be provided with training in the safe and correct use of the fall-arrest system.

3.6 Falling objects

WHS Regulation section 54: A PCBU at a workplace must manage risks to health and
safety associated with an object falling on a person if the falling object is reasonably likely to
injure the person.

WHS Regulation section 315E: For civil or housing construction work, if a PCBU uses a
falling objects control measure, it must comply with requirements under this section.

WHS Regulation section 315F: For construction work that is not civil or housing
construction work, a principal contractor must ensure that a relevant person identifies and
decides the line (proposed line) along which any barricade or hoarding required is to be
erected.

WHS Regulation section 315G: The principal contractor must ensure that certain additional
control measures are implemented before construction work starts where the measured
angle is 75o or more.

Theerection,
The angle toalteration,
the horizontal formed
use and by an imaginary
dismantling straight
of a scaffold line drawn
exposes between
workers the highest
and others to the
point
risk at which
of being work
struck byisfalling
beingobjects
done where an scaffold
such as object could fall on or tools,
components, otherwise
or in hit
theaevent
personof and
a
the pointthe
collapse, onentire
the ground,
scaffold.along the proposed line, that is closest to the highest point must be
measured.
The control measures that are implemented should firstly aim to prevent objects from falling, but
Beforeprevent
equally work starts,
injurythe principal
if an contractor
object has fallen. must
Smallensure
objects,certain
such ascontrol
boltsmeasures are in place
and concrete
based on the measured angle.
aggregate, falling from a height can cause serious injury.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 33 of 77

The following are examples of control measures that may be used to prevent or minimise
exposure to the risk of being hit by falling objects.
• Establish exclusion zones around scaffolding and adjoining areas to prevent
unauthorised persons from accessing the area.
• Use perimeter containment screening (see Section 2.5 Perimeter containment
screening), scaffold fans, hoardings or gantries to contain falling objects.
• In built-up areas, erect and dismantle scaffolding during quiet times.
• Use mechanical hoists to move materials.
• Attach danger tags and warning signs such as ‘Keep Out – Falling Objects’ and ‘Danger
– Incomplete Scaffolding’ in obvious locations to warn persons of hazards.
• Consult with all relevant parties before work starts.
• Implement good housekeeping practices (see Section 2.7.3 Maintaining a safe work
environment for further information).

Materials should not be dropped from a scaffold. When passing scaffolding from one level to
another, this should be done internally within the scaffold, unless suitable exclusion zones are
maintained.

3.6.1 Preventing objects from falling

Controls should be applied at the source to prevent objects from falling, that is, eliminate the
risk. This is the most effective control to prevent injury or death caused by falling objects.

Good housekeeping practices are an effective way of preventing small objects from falling.
Ensure items are cleaned up and kept away from edges and stairways. Particular attention in
working areas should be given to prevent objects falling onto access ways below.

3.6.2 Gaps
There is almost always a gap between the working face of a scaffold and the building or
structure being constructed (internal gap). AS/NZS 1576.1 Scaffolding – General Requirements
allows a distance of 100 mm – 225 mm from the scaffold working deck to the building structure
horizontally, a 300 mm gap vertically from the top of a floor level and a 300 mm gap from the
underside of a soffit level.

Figure 8 Allowable gaps

Consideration should be given to implementing a control to close gaps where work activities are
being undertaken above or alongside them. Gaps should be eliminated over common access
and egress points.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 34 of 77

There can sometimes be uncertainty between construction site duty holders about who is
responsible for managing the risks posed by scaffold gaps. Initially, the scaffolder is responsible
for ensuring the scaffold is compliant during its construction, and before handover and use by
other workers. The person who commissioned the scaffold has a duty to ensure the scaffolding
work does not adversely impact on the health and safety of other workers on the site during this
time. In addition, the scaffold should be monitored and maintained for the duration of its use to
account for factors such as unauthorised alteration, overloading, and adverse environmental
conditions. All PCBUs must ensure the safety of their workers and others when using the
scaffold.

3.7 Scaffold collapse

See Section 5 Types of scaffold for control measures which may be used to prevent or minimise
exposure to the risk of death or injury from scaffold collapse. See also Section 2.3 Foundations
regarding the prevention of collapse due to ground conditions and loadings.

3.8 Unauthorised access, use or alteration

WHS Regulation section 203: A person with management or control of scaffolding at a

workplace must manage risks to health and safety.

WHS Regulation section 205: The person with management or control of scaffolding must,
so far as is reasonably practicable, prevent alterations to or interference with the scaffold that
is not authorised by that person.

WHS Regulation section 225: Suspended, cantilevered, spur, hung and other scaffold from
which a person or thing can fall more than four metres must be inspected by a competent
person before use, before the resumption of use after an incident or repairs, and at least
every 30 days. Unauthorised access to these types of scaffold must be prevented while the
scaffold is incomplete or unattended.

The unauthorised access, use or alteration of a scaffold can affect its integrity and introduce
significant hazards and risks (e.g. the risk of a worker falling from height, if a part of the
structure is removed).

A scaffold can be in place for a significant length of time, with many different workers from
various trades having access to and using the scaffold. This provides many opportunities for the
scaffold to be altered or tampered with without the person with management and control of the
scaffold being aware. A scaffold may be altered, for example, to provide ease of access while
undertaking specific work activities, and the consequences of these alterations may not be
understood.

See Section 4.2 Scaffold alteration for further information about control measures to minimise
the risk of death or injury during scaffold alteration.

3.9 Scaffold quality

Scaffolding should preferably be constructed from materials that are resistant to corrosion and
weathering. Painted steel scaffolding components are more susceptible to corrosion than
galvanised and aluminium scaffolding. However, the scaffold designer should also consider the
durability of the structure and the potential loading applied during dismantling and erection. For
example, although aluminium is more corrosion resistant than non-galvanised steel, it may be
more susceptible to damage.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 35 of 77

A competent person should thoroughly inspect all scaffolding components to determine their
condition prior to erection. The inspection should include the overall condition, the surface
coatings to prevent corrosion, and welding and fabrication issues.

Scaffolding components are generally not designed to be in humid and/or coastal locations for
long periods of time. In these instances, corrosion can occur to critical parts of the structure,
such as support nodes for platforms, and platforms can collapse without warning. Visual
inspection may be unable to identify all corroded areas (e.g. where the bottom of scaffolding
standards are filled with water causing internal corrosion).

PCBUs should refer to manufacturer’s specifications for product maintenance, repair and fitness
for use information. An appropriate inspection and maintenance regime should be developed
based on this information.

Figure 9 Severe corrosion on critical scaffolding components

3.10 Ground conditions

See Section 2.3.1 Ground conditions for further information.

3.11 Hazardous manual tasks

Guidance on hazardous manual tasks is available in the Hazardous manual tasks Code of
Practice.

3.11.1 Examples of design controls

Job design and redesign
• Where appropriate, use scaffold systems which are made of lighter weight materials
and use modern technologies (e.g. modular systems which have shorter standard
lengths or systems that are made of aluminium rather than steel or timber).
• Store scaffolding components as close as practical to the work area in order to
minimise the distance over which loads are manually moved. Clear access ways should
also be ensured so that materials and equipment can be easily accessed.
• Use the appropriate tools for the work performed and avoid over tightening scaffold
couplers which results in the need for greater force when loosening them during the
dismantling stage.

Mechanical aids
• Use mechanical aids such as cranes, hoists, pallet jacks or trolleys to move equipment
and materials wherever possible (e.g. when lifting bundles of components, moving
components/materials around the site, or unloading vehicles).
• Team lifting is not a preferred method for load handling and should only be used as a
last resort when mechanical aids cannot be used, or the work cannot be redesigned.
Workers should be trained in team lifting techniques and adequate numbers of workers
should be provided.
• Use electric winches (preferred) or gin wheels to lift components up the scaffold.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 36 of 77

3.11.2 Examples of administrative controls
Work organisation
• Incorporate rest breaks or task variety into the job where the risk cannot be prevented
or minimised.
• Ensure there are adequate numbers of workers to meet deadlines.

Task specific training

• Workers should be provided with education and training in relation to the performance
of manual tasks. This includes training in the correct use of mechanical devices, tools
and equipment, as well as safe performance of the specific manual tasks and handling
methods (e.g. team lifting).

Preventative maintenance program

• Clean and maintain tools, equipment and scaffolding components regularly. Tools and
equipment which are not properly maintained, as well as components that have been
damaged and therefore no longer fit easily together, may require increased force when
using them.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

• PPE and clothing can increase the potential for injury if it is lacking or unsuitable for the
work performed (e.g. incorrectly sized gloves interfere with a worker’s gripping ability
and manual dexterity and this contributes to increased muscular effort and fatigue). If
gloves are worn it is important that the appropriate type of glove is chosen based upon
the work requirements and different sizes are provided so that the right size for the
worker can be selected.

3.12 Fire and explosion

Fire and explosion can result in catastrophic consequences, causing serious injuries or death to
workers or others, as well as significant property damage. Many materials and substances
found in workplaces are flammable or combustible, including some types of perimeter
containment screening.

Suppliers must ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that any material or substance
supplied is without risk to the health and safety of workers or others. This should include
carrying out all necessary testing, and providing adequate information to all relevant people
about any flammability properties identified and the conditions necessary to ensure the material
or substance is without risks to health and safety (e.g. restricting the use of the material to a
certain height). Designers, manufacturers and importers have similar duties.

Principal contractors also have duties to ensure the risks associated with fire and explosion are
managed so far as is reasonably practicable. This should include ensuring work undertaken in
proximity to certain materials and substances, such as perimeter containment screening, does
not use possible ignition sources without appropriate protection (e.g. shields for hot works).

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 37 of 77

4. Erecting, altering or dismantling scaffold
4.1 Safe erection of scaffold
The following safe work practices should be followed when erecting a scaffold.
• Scaffold ‘fittings’ and other connections should be securely tightened (but not over-
tightened). Where ‘safety fittings’ are used, they should be fitted in accordance with the
scaffold plan.
• All scaffold components and access provisions should be installed as the scaffold is
erected. For example, the installation of:
− all bracing and ties
− guy ropes or buttresses.
• Consider using specifically designed loading platforms and/or back propping to prevent
overloading the building floor or the scaffold.
• Obtain certification from an engineer before erecting a scaffold on awnings or other
structures such as roofs or suspended floors.
• Limit the number of workers on a scaffold at any one time.
• Develop a methodical work sequence if more than one worker will be on the scaffold at
the one time (e.g. allocate specific tasks to each scaffolder).
• Work from a full deck of planks whenever possible.
• Do not climb on guardrails to gain extra height.
• Where the internal gap on scaffolding (includes hanging bracket scaffolding) is greater
than 225 mm, put in place measures to control the risk of a fall. For example, install:
− edge protection on the inside edge of the platform
− additional scaffold planks to minimise the size of the internal gap.

An example of scaffold erection is shown in Figure 10.

In this example the scaffold is being erected against an
existing building so guardrails are only needed on
external faces. Access ladders and toeboards have
been omitted for clarity.
After enough components of the scaffold have been
erected to support it, immediately install:
• a platform at least 450 mm wide along the full
length of the section of scaffold
• edge protection across the space between the
standards forming the outer frame of the scaffold at
the level the scaffold has reached
• a way to access the scaffold (e.g. temporary stairs
or a ladder to the level the scaffold has reached).

Before the next level of the scaffold is erected, a

platform should be installed not more than two metres
below the position of the next level. A section of the
platform may be left open to allow the passing of
planks or other scaffolding between levels. A platform
may be removed after work has started two levels
above the level from which the platform is to be
removed.
Figure 10 Scaffold erection2

2 Sourced from the Safe Work Australia document, General guide for scaffolds and scaffolding work.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 38 of 77

4.2 Scaffold alteration
Control measures to minimise the risk of death or injury during scaffold alteration include
ensuring:
• the scaffold designer is consulted before making any alterations
• only a competent person makes scaffold alterations
• scaffold alterations are in accordance with the scaffold plan
• alterations do not compromise the structural integrity of the scaffold
• systems are in place (e.g. regular inspections) to identify unauthorised interference with
the scaffold.

For any alterations to a scaffold over four metres, details of the alteration, including what
was altered, by who and when, should be recorded on the scaffold handover certificate.

4.3 Safe dismantling of scaffold

The following safe work practices should be followed when dismantling a scaffold.
• Edge protection and any means of access can be removed as the scaffold is
dismantled, provided it is removed at the last possible stage.
• A platform of at least 450 mm wide, at the level the dismantling has reached, should be
in place, where practicable.
• Ensure that when dismantling a scaffold, a full set of planks is directly under the worker
at a vertical distance of no more than two metres.
• To prevent death or injury to persons and damage to components, do not drop
scaffolding components from heights when dismantling a scaffold.

The person with management or control (PWMC) of the scaffold immediately prior to it
being dismantled and the PCBU undertaking the dismantling of the scaffold, must manage
risks to the health and safety of workers dismantling the scaffold, and others that could be
impacted by the risks, in accordance with part 3.1 of the WHS Regulation. Falling objects
can pose a significant risk and cause serious injuries to workers and others when
dismantling a scaffold. Good housekeeping practices on and around scaffolds must be
implemented by all PCBUs (e.g. each PCBU ensuring objects and debris left by them on a
scaffold are removed before they leave site), and enforced by the PWMC of the scaffold on
site, to eliminate the risk of objects and debris falling during dismantle, so far as is
reasonably practicable.

See Section 2.7.3 Maintaining a safe work environment for further information about
housekeeping responsibilities.

See Section 3.6 Falling objects for further information about managing risks to health and
safety associated with falling objects.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 39 of 77

5. Types of scaffold
Consider the design, shape and location of the building or other structure when selecting
the type of scaffold to be used. Choose a scaffold system that is most adaptable to the
contour of the building or other structure, particularly if a modular scaffold is being
considered. Also consider the purpose for which the scaffold is to be used (e.g. bricklaying,
plastering or demolition).

The following section identifies different types of scaffolds and control measures to prevent
or minimise exposure to the risk of death or injury.

Scaffolds should be erected in accordance with the designer’s instructions and the scaffold
plan.

A person doing scaffolding work where they could fall more than four metres in height must
hold a basic, intermediate or advanced scaffolding high risk work licence, as outlined in
Schedule 3 of the WHS Regulation.

See Section 6 Inspection and maintenance procedures for information regarding the
inspection and maintenance of scaffolds to ensure they remain in a safe condition.

5.1 Independent scaffold

An independent scaffold consists of two or more rows of standards connected longitudinally
and transversely.

5.1.1 Birdcage scaffold

A birdcage scaffold is an independent scaffold that consists of more than two rows of
standards in both directions and is connected by ledgers and transoms. It is mainly used for
work that is to be carried out on a single level, such as ceilings.

Refer to the designer’s specifications when

erecting and dismantling birdcage scaffolds made
from modular scaffolding.

The following control measures should be

implemented for birdcage scaffolds made from
tube and coupler scaffolding:
• Provide untied birdcage scaffolds with
lengthwise bracing at each outer longitudinal
row of standards.
• Only use birdcage scaffold to support formwork
that has been specifically designed for this
purpose. Figure 11 Birdcage scaffold3
• Provide longitudinal bracing or a tied face at every third longitudinal row of standards.
• Brace the outside row of standards on each face and each third row internally with
longitudinal bracing.
• Provide transverse bracing at every fourth bay on the ends of the scaffold.
• Use scissor lifts to erect or dismantle birdcage scaffolds.

3 Sourced from the Safe Work Australia document, Guide to scaffolds and scaffolding.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 40 of 77

A fall arrest system is generally not an appropriate control measure for the erection or
dismantling of perimeter and birdcage scaffolds (see Section 3.5.6 Fall-arrest systems for
further information). Use another control measure to prevent or minimise exposure to the
risk of death or injury from a fall.

5.1.2 Tower scaffold

A tower scaffold is an independent scaffold consisting of four vertical members connected
longitudinally and transversely.

The following control measures should be implemented for tower scaffolds:

• Construct the tower with modular, frame, or tube and coupler scaffolding.
• Ensure the tower is resting on firm level ground with the wheels or feet properly
supported. Do not use bricks or building blocks to take the weight of any part of the
tower.
• Consider environmental factors when determining the height of the scaffold relative to
the base dimension. Ensure the working height is no greater than specified by the
manufacturer or designer.
• Use alternative height to base ratios or extra support if the scaffold is:
− sheeted or likely to be exposed to strong winds
− loaded with heavy equipment or materials
− used to hoist heavy materials or support rubbish chutes
− used for operations involving heavy or awkward equipment (e.g. grit blasting or
water-jetting)
− supporting a ladder.

5.1.3 Mobile scaffold

A mobile scaffold is an independent scaffold that is freestanding and mounted on castors.

Figure 12 Mobile scaffold

Mobile scaffolds must be supplied with information regarding their safe use and erection. If
the scaffold is to be altered, contact the manufacturer or supplier for additional guidance.
All modular mobile scaffolds are to be erected in accordance with manufacturer’s
specifications.

The following control measures should be implemented for mobile scaffolds:

• Consider environmental factors when determining the height of the scaffold relative to
the base dimension.
• Ensure the working height is no greater than specified by the manufacturer or designer.
• Where adjustable castors are used, the slope of the surface should not exceed three
degrees, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 41 of 77

• Ensure that the mobile scaffold has safe access. Where the height of the working
platform permits, use a secure internal ladder with a protected opening (e.g. a hinged
trap door) for access and egress to and from the scaffold.
• Select the appropriate size and capacity castors to support the total mass of the dead
and live loads of the scaffold.
• Use castors that have the working load limit clearly marked.
• Castors fitted to standards should be locked before erection continues.
• Castors with adjustable legs should be used and adjusted to keep the platform level
when the supporting structure is at different heights.
• Incorporate plan bracing at the base of mobile scaffolds to provide greater stability.
• Before moving mobile scaffolds check that:
− there are no power lines or other overhead obstructions
− the ground is firm and level
− no person is on the scaffold
− no equipment and material can be dislodged from the platform
− the supporting surface is free of obstructions (a small obstruction may cause a
mobile scaffold to overturn)
− electrical equipment and leads cannot be tangled.
• Brakes on castors are to be locked at all times unless moving the scaffold.
• Never move the scaffold in windy conditions.
• Push or pull the mobile scaffold from the base – never use powered vehicles to move
the scaffold.
• If lifting a mobile scaffold by crane, sling the scaffold at its lowest point to prevent
dislodgment of scaffold components. However, a crane should not be used to lift
aluminium mobile scaffolds because the scaffold components may fail.

5.1.4 Hung scaffold

A hung scaffold is an independent scaffold that hangs from another structure, but is not
capable of being raised or lowered when in use. An advanced scaffolding high risk work
licence is required when undertaking scaffolding work involving hung scaffolds.

The following control measures should be

implemented for a hung scaffold:
• The hung scaffold should be designed by a
person as nominated in Table 1 and verification
obtained that the structure that is to support the
hung scaffold is capable of bearing the load.
• The scaffold plan should include information
about the position of the safety couplers.
• If a cantilevered suspension rig is to be used,
information should be included on how the rig is
to be constructed and secured.
• Standards on a hung scaffold should be tension
spliced (refer to Figure 1).
• All vertical hanging tubes are to be provided with
safety couplers at the suspension points and
underneath the platform.

Figure 13 Hung scaffold4

4 Sourced from the Safe Work Australia document, Guide to scaffolds and scaffolding.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 42 of 77

5.2 Single pole scaffold
A single pole scaffold consists of a single row of standards
connected by ledgers. Putlogs are fixed to the ledgers and
built into the wall of the building or structure.

A single pole scaffold is dependent upon the structure against

which it is placed for support. It is important that no
components of this type of scaffold are removed until the
scaffold is being dismantled.

Figure 14 Single pole scaffold5

5.3 Suspended (swing-stage) scaffold
A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended platform that is capable of being raised or
lowered when in use. An example of a suspended scaffold is a swing-stage scaffold.

A summary of the requirements for suspended (swing-stage) scaffold are listed in this part.
Appendix 5: Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage) scaffolds of this code provides a
package of information and safety requirements to be followed. In addition, any relevant
component manufacturers’ requirements and specific engineer requirements for each
installation should be followed.

A person installing (erecting, altering or dismantling) a suspended scaffold must have an

advanced scaffolding or rigging high risk work licence, and must be competent in the installation
of suspended scaffolds. A person who has successfully completed the CPCCLSF4001A –
Licence to erect, alter and dismantle scaffolding advanced level course (or any subsequent,
equivalent course) is generally considered to have the required competence. A person using a
suspended scaffold should undertake a Course in the Safe Use of Swing Stage Scaffolds or a
subsequent, equivalent course.

Figure 15a. Suspended (swing-stage)

scaffold – Suspension mounting

Figure 15b. Suspended (swing-stage) scaffold –

Cradle (suspended) end

The following control measures should be

implemented for a suspended scaffold:
• Ensure safe access to and egress from the cradle.
• Consult and instruct workers on the correct procedures for using and working on
suspended scaffolds. Include instructions on all safety features including emergency

5 Sourced from the Safe Work Australia document, Guide to scaffolds and scaffolding.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 43 of 77

 stop, load limiting device, and rope lock device, as well as raising and lowering
operations, particularly in the event of an emergency (e.g. power failure).
• Ensure a rescue and retrieval procedure is developed before starting work.
• Suspended scaffold components should be inspected for damage, wear and cracks before
use and at pre-determined intervals. See Section 6 Inspection and maintenance procedures
for further information. Non-destructive testing for cracks in high stress areas (e.g. dye
penetrant testing) may be needed to identify cracks not easily visible. This should be done
every three years.

5.3.1 Design issues

Component control measures for each component of a suspended scaffold include the
following:
• Suspended scaffolds should be designed by a suitably qualified and experienced
engineer.
• The suspension system and the cradle should be designed to withstand 1.25 times the
stalling load applied by all scaffold hoists in use. This feature prevents failure in the
event of the cradle snagging on an obstruction. A twin rope hoist motor should be used.

5.3.2 Counterweight calculation

The number of counterweights needed on each needle of a cantilevered suspension rig is
calculated using the following formula:

Number of counterweights = 3 x (rope tension in kg) x (outboard in mm) ÷ (inboard in mm) ÷

(mass of each counterweight in kg)

An example of a calculation of the number of counterweights (assuming each counterweight

weighs 25 kg) is as follows:

Maximum rope tension = 723 kg

Outboard = 900 mm
Inboard = 3600 mm
Therefore: 3 x 723 x 900 ÷ 3600 ÷ 25 = 21.69 (22 counterweights per needle)

Refer to AS/NZS 1576.4 for further information on counterweight calculation.

5.3.3 Method of fixing needles

The method of fixing the suspension needles is to be clearly shown on a detailed drawing
that has been certified by an engineer. The following options apply for fixing the inboard
length of the needles to the structure:
• Where the needle is fixed to the floor the fixing is to be positively restrained – chemical
and friction type anchors are not to be used (e.g. a u-bolt fitted over the needle and
through the concrete floor slab could be used).
• Scaffold couplers should not be used to secure the counterweight or other anchorage to
the rear of the needle (see Figure 15a). A positive connection, which does not rely on
friction, is to be used. One example is a bolted or pinned connection where the bolt or
pin passes through the structural members and is prevented from accidental removal
with a nut or other locking system (e.g. split pin or ‘R’ clip).
• If the needle is attached to an anchorage point or existing structure on the building, the
anchorage system and method of attaching the needle are to be engineer certified.
Restrain the back of the needle to an engineer certified anchorage point.
• Where props are used these are to be installed to the top of the needle and to the
underside of the floor above. Ensure the props are fixed to prevent dislodgement. The

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 44 of 77

 floors should be certified by an engineer to be able to safely withstand the point loading
applied by the props.
• Where counterweights are used, these are to be adequately secured by keyed lock,
and preferably on top of the needle.

5.3.4 Suspension systems

• Ensure the suspension system is designed and constructed in accordance with the
designer’s specifications.
• Inspect the suspension system before use and after relocation to ensure all
components are secure and in working order.
• Ensure persons who use suspended scaffolds are competent and receive training and
instruction on the safe use of the system, including information on hoist operation and
emergency procedures.
• Obtain engineer certification that the suspension needles, parapets, roof structure or
other parts of the structure can support the ‘parapet clamps’ or outriggers. An example
of an unsuitable support system would be timber or single skin brick parapets.
• Access to the suspension system should be restricted to persons involved in the work.
The person in control of the suspension system area (principal contractor and/or body
corporate) should ensure the restriction is in place. Access can be restricted by:
− erecting signs and barricading (e.g. warning tape, barrier mesh/parawebbing, or
temporary fencing) around the suspension rig where it is located in an already
partially restricted area
− the use of permit-to-work systems in the restricted area
− locking off access doors and hatches to the roof, balcony or other area where the
suspension system is located.
• Ensure counterweights are secured to prevent unauthorised removal.
• Suspension ropes should be inspected for damage such as kinks, wear, corroded or
broken wires, and replaced if necessary. See AS 2759 – Steel wire rope–Use,
operation and maintenance for guidance.

5.3.5 Scaffold hoists

• Ensure scaffold hoists comply with the manufacturer’s specifications. Only suspension
ropes noted in the specifications (compliance plate attached to the hoist) should be
used.
• Ensure scaffold hoists comply with AS 1418.2 Cranes (including hoists and winches) –
Serial hoists and winches.
• After each use, ensure a trained person inspects and checks scaffold hoists, in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Electric scaffold hoists should have a device to limit the lifting capacity of the hoist to a
maximum of 1.25 times the rating of the hoist, as specified in AS/NZS 1576.4
Scaffolding – Suspended scaffolding. The scaffold hoist limiting device should be tested
to the manufacturer’s instructions prior to use and this should be documented.
• Main and secondary hoist ropes are to be independently connected to the needle in
case of failure of one of the ropes. This can be achieved by connecting each rope to a
separate connection point on the needle (e.g. a different stirrup).

5.3.6 Cradles
• Cradles are to be constructed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
• Inspect all connection fixings before use to check they are secure.
• Evenly distribute materials in the cradle.
• Cradles should be clearly marked with the working load limit (WLL). The length and
type of material used to construct the cradle will influence the WLL of the cradle. Verify

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 45 of 77

 the WLL with the manufacturer or supplier where there are no clear markings on the
cradle.
• If the cradle varies from the original manufacturer’s specifications, a suitably qualified
and experienced engineer should verify the modification before use.
• To restrict the lateral movement of the cradle, use suction caps, and tie off the cradle
with rope.
• Work should cease and the cradle should be lowered to the ground during windy
conditions. The maximum allowable operating wind speed should be documented.

5.3.7 Trolleys
To prevent a trolley from falling off the beam, use lower keeper plates or a strap that wraps
around the top of the beam. Trolleys that are not fitted with such a system should be
removed from service. Obtain guidance from manufacturers and designers on effective
systems to use.

5.3.8 Fall-arrest and travel restraint harness systems

• Persons located in swing-stage cradles are to wear fall-arrest harnesses attached to a
properly designed anchorage system. However, the harnesses may be used in a travel
restraint application, attached to a static line in the cradle, where a fall out of the cradle
is not possible. A thorough assessment needs to be undertaken to ensure appropriate
control measures are in place to address any secondary risks that might arise.
• Where the guardrail or other edge protection is not provided for scaffolders erecting the
suspension system, fall-arrest systems are to be used. This includes, erecting or
dismantling swing-stage scaffold components, or when doing preparatory or quoting
activities where other positive fall prevention (such as staying on the safe side of a
900 mm parapet) is not used.
• If independently anchored safety lines are used, then a high level of training and rescue
procedures should be in place.
• Wherever fall-arrest systems are used, a rescue procedure must be developed and
should be documented. The rescue procedure should not place others at risk of injury.
• Fall-arrest systems must comply with the WHS Regulation.

Appendix 5: Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage) scaffolds at the end of this code
provides a package of safety information to be followed.

5.4 Complex scaffolds

5.4.1 Cantilever scaffold
A cantilever scaffold is a scaffold that is supported by cantilevered load-bearing members.
An intermediate or advanced scaffolding high risk work licence is required when
undertaking scaffolding work involving cantilevered scaffolds.

The following control measures should be implemented for a cantilevered scaffold:

• Design and position cantilever beams in accordance with the engineer’s requirements
and the scaffold plan.
• Ensure a competent person certifies that the supporting structure can support the
cantilevered scaffold.
• The following are preferred methods for fixing the inboard length of the cantilevered
beam to the structure:
− fix the beam to the floor below using a positive fixing (e.g. a u-bolt fitted over the
beam and through the concrete floor slab)
− use counterweights on the beam, or
− install props to the top of the beam and to the underside of the floor above. Ensure
the props are fixed to prevent dislodgement.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 46 of 77

5.4.2 Hanging bracket scaffold
Hanging bracket scaffolds are systems supported by frames on buildings or other
structures. Hanging brackets are sometimes in the shape of an upside down ‘L’; one arm is
fixed to a vertical surface, the other projecting horizontally to support scaffold planks.

Other hanging bracket scaffold systems may include horizontal members that are
supported by floors of buildings or other structures.

The following control measures should be implemented for hanging bracket scaffolds:
• Hanging bracket scaffolds and their means of support should be designed by an
engineer. Engineering verification may be provided by calculation and/or load testing.
• The supporting structure should be able to support dead and live loads applied by the
hanging brackets. The supporting structure is to be verified by a competent person as
sufficiently complete prior to erection of the scaffold.
• Spacing of brackets should not exceed the maximum plank spans specified by the
manufacturer.
• Planks may overlap planks on straight runs on hanging bracket scaffolds, provided the
overlap is at least 300 mm. Note: This does not refer to overlap of planks on putlogs.
Minimum and maximum overlapping for planks on putlogs is provided in AS/NZS 1576
Scaffolding.
• A safe means of access for persons installing hanging brackets should be provided.
Where fall-arrest systems are used, these must comply with the WHS Regulation.
• Connectors are used where differential deflection6 causes a tripping hazard.

5.4.3 Spur scaffold

A spur scaffold is a scaffold that is supported by inclined load-bearing members. An
intermediate or advanced scaffolding high risk work licence is required when undertaking
scaffolding work involving spur scaffolds.

The following control measures should be implemented for a spur scaffold:

• Fix propping systems between the floor and ceiling at intervals to suit the spacing of the
standards within the scaffold.
• Suitable headstocks should be provided at the top of each propping system to distribute
the loads imposed.
• All propping systems should be securely tied together and braced.
• Spurs exceeding 1.8 metres in length should be braced in both directions at the centre,
unless designed otherwise.

5.5 Scaffolding for demolition work

At a minimum, heavy or special duty scaffolding should be used during demolition work to
contain dislodged materials or to provide a safe working platform and edge protection for
workers.

Factors which affect the stability of scaffolding for demolition work include:
• loads imposed by demolished material that has been dislodged onto the scaffold
• wind forces acting on containment sheeting on the scaffold face
• water retention in containment sheeting by capillary attraction
• progressive removal of building elements affecting the lateral stability of the upper
portion of the scaffold

6 Differential deflection occurs when two scaffold planks sag unevenly.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 47 of 77

• progressive removal of ties and dismantling of scaffold.

These factors should be considered when using scaffolding for demolition work.

The following control measures should be implemented for scaffolding for demolition work:
• The vertical spacing of scaffold ties may have to be reduced to facilitate the demolition
cycle.
• Containment sheeting on the internal face of the scaffold should be installed to deflect
any material into the building. This reduces the potential for overloading the scaffold.
• Ensure the scaffold is dismantled progressively and in line with the demolition work.
• Scaffold planks should be secured to prevent dislodgement from falling debris.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 48 of 77

6. Inspection and maintenance procedures
Procedures should be developed for the inspection and maintenance of scaffolds and
scaffolding components to ensure they remain in a safe condition. The inspection of a
scaffold on site is particularly important when it is in place for a prolonged period of time.

6.1 Frequency of inspection of scaffold

WHS Regulation section 225(3): Suspended, cantilevered, spur, hung and other scaffold
from which a person or thing can fall more than four metres must be inspected by a
competent person before use, before the resumption of use after an incident or repairs, and
at least every 30 days.

The required frequency of inspections may vary depending on weather and site conditions,
the type and size of the scaffold and the risks associated with scaffold collapse. A scaffold
that has been subjected to more heavy-duty workloads (e.g. demolition) should be
inspected more regularly. Discuss appropriate intervals for inspection with the supplier
when the scaffold is first installed.

The person inspecting the scaffold should be capable of determining areas that have been
incorrectly altered and have experience in identifying faults in scaffolds.

Inspection records should be kept on site and include the location, comments, date and
time of inspections, the relevant design or specification reference and the person who
conducted the inspection. Further information can be found in the AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines
for scaffolding.

6.2 Structural inspection of scaffolding components

WHS Act section 25: Suppliers of plant must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable,
that it is without risks to health and safety when used for the purpose for which it was
designed or manufactured.

WHS Regulation section 199: Suppliers of used plant must ensure, so far as is reasonably
practicable, that any faults in the plant are identified and written notice given of the faults and
the condition of the plant to whom the plant is being supplied.

WHS Regulation section 213(1): The person with management or control of plant at a
workplace must ensure that the maintenance, inspection and, if necessary, testing of the
plant is carried out by a competent person.

WHS Regulation section 213(2): The maintenance, inspection and testing of plant must be
carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, or if there are no
manufacturer’s recommendations, in accordance with the recommendations of a competent
person. In relation to inspection, if it is not reasonably practicable to do either of these two
things, then the plant should be inspected annually.

Procedures for the regular inspection of new and re-used equipment should be developed
and implemented to ensure defects and structural damage is detected.

A competent person should thoroughly inspect all scaffolding components to determine their
condition prior to erection. The inspection should include the overall condition, the surface

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 49 of 77

coatings to prevent corrosion, and welding and fabrication issues. PCBUs should refer to
manufacturer’s specifications for product maintenance, repair and fitness for use information.

It may be more difficult for scaffolders on-site to identify cracking or wearing where scaffolding is
painted. It may be necessary to periodically remove the paint from a sample of the scaffolding in
order to verify its structural integrity.

6.3 Hand over inspections

WHS Regulation section 225(2): The person with management or control of a scaffold at a
workplace must ensure that the scaffold is not used unless the person receives written
confirmation from a competent person that construction of the scaffold has been completed.

The person responsible for the erection or alteration of the scaffold should provide the
PCBU or principal contractor with a handover certificate which is kept on site until the
scaffold has been dismantled.

For scaffolds under four metres, a handover certificate should state that it has been erected
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. For scaffolds over four metres see
Appendix 4: Scaffold handover certificate – scaffold over four metres.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 50 of 77

Appendix 1: Dictionary
Access platform – a platform that is only used or intended to be used to provide access
for persons, or for persons and materials to or from places of work.

Advanced scaffolding means scaffolding work included in the class of Intermediate

scaffolding and scaffolding work involving any of the following:
• cantilevered hoists
• hung scaffolds, including scaffolds hung from tubes, wire ropes or chains
• suspended scaffolds.

Baseplate – a plate to distribute the load from a load-bearing member to the supporting
structure.

Basic scaffolding means scaffolding work involving any of the following:

• modular or prefabricated scaffolds
• cantilevered materials hoists with a maximum working load of 500 kg
• ropes
• gin wheels
• safety nets and static lines
• bracket scaffolds (tank and formwork).

but excluding scaffolding work involving equipment, loads or tasks listed under
intermediate and advanced scaffolding.

Bay – the space enclosed by four adjacent standards, or the equivalent space in a single
pole scaffold.

Brace – a member fixed diagonally to two or more members of the scaffold to provide
rigidity to the scaffold.

Butt – a tube fixed to a scaffold and butting to an adjacent structure, to prevent horizontal
movement of the scaffold in the direction of the structure.

Buttress – a support to the side of a scaffold which provides for an effective increase in the
on-ground base width, allowing a greater freestanding height.

Castor – a swivelling wheel attached to the lower end of a standard for the purpose of
supporting and moving a scaffold.

Catch platform means a platform designed to provide overhead protection to persons by

catching falling objects.

Cladding – common term for the perimeter containment screening or any other material added
to the vertical face of the scaffold which will affect the wind and environmental loads on the
scaffold.

Competent person – in relation to performing a design or inspection or other task for a control
measure, is a person who has acquired, through training, qualifications or experience, the
following knowledge and skills:
• sound knowledge of relevant Australian Standards, relevant codes of practice and other
relevant legislation

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 51 of 77

• ability to read and interpret drawings
• sound knowledge of, and competence in, the risk management process for the erecting,
altering and dismantling of scaffold systems, including:
− hazard identification and risk assessment
− measures to control exposure to risks
− safe work practices and procedures
− how to plan and prepare scaffolding.

Counterweight – a weight or series of weights that counterbalance a scaffold from

overturning.

Cradle – that portion of the assembly incorporating a suspended platform.

Detached dwelling means a residence that is a single detached dwelling or manufactured

home as defined in the Queensland Building and Construction Commission Regulation
2018.

Edge protection means a barrier to prevent a person falling erected along the edge of:
• a building or other structure; or
• an opening in a surface of a building or other structure; or
• a fall arresting platform; or
• the surface from which work is to be done.

Engineer – in relation to the performance of a task, means a person who:

(a) is a registered professional engineer under the Professional Engineers Act 2002; and
(b) is competent to perform the task.

Guardrail – a structural member to prevent persons from falling off any platform, walkway,
stairway or landing.

Guy rope – a rope used to help stabilise a vertical member.

Intermediate scaffolding means scaffolding work included in the class of Basic scaffolding
and scaffolding work involving any of the following:
• cantilevered crane loading platforms
• cantilevered scaffolds
• spur scaffolds
• barrow ramps and sloping platforms
• scaffolding associated with perimeter safety screens and shutters
• mast climbing work platforms
• tube and coupler scaffolds (including tube and coupler covered ways and gantries).

but excluding scaffolding work involving equipment, loads or tasks listed under
advanced scaffolding.

Internal gap – the gap between the inner edge of the length of the platform and the face of
the building or structure immediately beside the platform.

Landing – a level area used to provide access to a stairway or ladder, or located at an

intermediate level in a system of stairways or ladders.

Ledger – a horizontal structural member longitudinally spanning a scaffold.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 52 of 77

Lift – the vertical distance from the supporting surface to the lowest ledger or level at which
a platform can be constructed, or the vertical distance between adjacent ledgers or levels
at which platforms can be constructed.

Loading bay – a platform on a scaffold for the storage of materials and equipment.

Member – anything that forms part of the scaffold assembly.

Needle – a cantilevered structural member that forms part of the scaffold assembly.

Outrigger – a framed component that increases the effectiveness of base dimensions of a

tower and is attached to the vertical load-bearing members.

Parapet – a vertical element usually located at the edge of a balcony, roof, bridge or similar
structure.

Perimeter containment screening means a screen:

(a) designed to stop objects falling on persons from a level of a building; or
(b) to redirect a falling object onto a catch platform.

Platform – an elevated surface.

Platform bracket – a bracket attached to the scaffold to enable a platform to be placed

between the scaffold and the building or structure.

Putlog – a horizontal structural member spanning between ledgers or a ledger and an

adjacent wall, and intended to support a platform.

Scaffold means a temporary structure specifically erected to support access or working

platforms.

Scaffolding work means erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure that is or

has been erected to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more
than 4m from the platform or the structure.

Scaffold plank – a decking component, other than a prefabricated platform, that is used or
intended to be used in construction of any platform supported by a scaffold.

Soleboard – a board that is able to distribute the load from a load-bearing member to a
supporting surface and is intended for use underneath baseplates.

Spur – an inclined load-bearing member that transmits a load to the supporting structure.

Standard – a vertical structural member that transmits a load to the supporting structure.

Static line means a flexible line, to which a lanyard is attached, supported by at least two
anchorage points located so that the angle between the horizontal and an imaginary
straight line between any anchorage point and the other or nearest anchorage point is:
• if the manufacturer of the flexible line has specified the size of the angle—not more than
the size specified; or
• if the manufacturer has not specified the size of the angle—not more than 5º.

Strut – a scaffold member subject to a compressive force.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 53 of 77

Supporting structure – any structure, structural member or foundation that supports a
scaffold.

Suspension rig – a supporting structure (including the trolley rack) from which a cradle is
suspended.

Suspension rope – a rope carrying the weight of a cradle and supporting an imposed load.

Tie – a member or assembly of members used to tie a scaffold to a supporting structure.

Transom – a horizontal structural member transversely spanning an independent scaffold

at the standards.

TWP – top working (or catch) platform of a scaffold. Typically used to define the height of
the scaffold.

Working load limit (WLL) – the maximum working load that may be applied to any
component or system.

Working platform – a platform from which persons perform work and may also be used to
support materials and equipment.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 54 of 77

Appendix 2: Inspection checklist

1. Scaffold vicinity
 Has public protection been provided?
 Have sufficient safeguards against electric powerlines been provided?
 Is there sufficient control over vehicle movement?
 Is there sufficient control over crane operation?
 Are there sufficient controls for the storage, handling and use of hazardous
chemicals?
 Are scaffolds erected a safe distance away from trenches or excavations?

2. Supporting structure
 Is the supporting structure in good condition?
 Does the supporting structure have adequate strength?
 Are there sufficient controls to prevent deterioration of the supporting structure?
 Are all measures to strengthen the supporting structure adequate?
 Is the risk of the supporting structure being overloaded from other sources
adequately controlled?
 Is the scaffold built on solid ground? If built on soft ground, are soleboards used
to properly distribute the load?

3. Soleboards and baseplates

 Are there sufficient soleboards?
 Are the soleboards of suitable material and in a serviceable condition?
 Are the soleboards secure?
 Are there sufficient baseplates?
 Are the baseplates of the appropriate type?
 Are the baseplates serviceable and of suitable dimensions?
 Are the baseplates secure?

4. Scaffold structure
 Are the standards bearing firmly?
 Are the standards plumb (or as designed)?
 Are the longitudinal standard spacings correct?
 Are the transverse standard spacings correct?
 Are the joints in standards correctly positioned?
 Are the joints in standards correctly secured (special duty or hung scaffold)?
 Are the ledgers level (or as designed)?
 Are the ledgers continuous (or as designed)?
 Are the lift heights correct?
 Are the horizontal ledger spacings correct?
 Are the ledgers correctly secured?
 Are ledger joints correctly positioned (tube and coupler scaffold)?
 Are the joints in ledgers correctly secured (tube and coupler scaffold)?
 Are there sufficient transoms/putlogs?
 Are the transoms/putlogs correctly positioned and secured?
 Is the bracing adequate?
 Is the scaffold sufficiently stable?

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 55 of 77

  Are the ties correctly positioned and correctly fixed?

5. Platforms
 Does the scaffold have the required number of working platforms?
 Are the working platforms at the required locations?
 Are catch platforms correctly positioned?
 Are the platforms and supporting scaffold constructed for the appropriate duty
live loads?
 Are the platform dimensions suitable for the intended work?
 Is there adequate edge protection?
 Are the platforms correctly constructed?
 Are planks secured against wind?

6. Access and egress

 Is there safe access and egress to every scaffold platform?
 Are temporary stairways correctly installed?
 Are portable ladders of an industrial grade, serviceable and correctly installed?
 Are access ways and access platforms correctly installed?

7. Cladding
 Has the scaffold been designed for wind loading on any cladding?
 Are the fixing ties secure?
 Are there any rips or tears?
 Are the overlap joints satisfactory?

8. General fitness for purpose

 Is there adequate provision for material handling?
 Are the clearances between the scaffold and adjacent structures correct?
 Is there adequate protection from falling debris?
 Has the scaffold been adequately designed to support all attachments?
 Are all approaches and platforms effectively lit?

9. Mobile scaffolds
 Is the supporting surface hard and flat?
 Is the area of operation free of floor penetrations, powerlines and other
hazards?
 Are the castor wheel locks in working order? They should be locked at all times,
except during movement of the scaffold.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 56 of 77

Appendix 3: Published technical standards
AS 1418.2: Cranes (including hoists and winches) – Serial hoists and
winches
This Standard specifies requirements for serial hoists and winches. See Section 5.3.4
Scaffold hoists of this code.

AS/NZS 1576.1: Scaffolding – General requirements

This Standard sets out design and operational requirements for scaffolding, except trestle
scaffolding, portable ladders intended to be used as working platforms and elevating
working platforms.

AS/NZS 1576.2: Scaffolding – Couplers and accessories

This Standard specifies requirements for couplers and accessories for light, medium and
heavy duty scaffolding, in accordance with AS/NZS 1576.1.

AS/NZS 1576.3: Scaffolding – Prefabricated and tube-and-coupler

scaffolding
This Standard specifies performance requirements for prefabricated and tube-and-coupler
scaffolding. It is to be read in conjunction with AS/NZS 1576.1.

AS/NZS 1576.4: Scaffolding – Suspended scaffolding

This Standard sets out requirements for the materials, and design, of suspended
scaffolding including the supporting structure (excluding building maintenance units). It is to
be read in conjunction with AS/NZS 1576.1.

AS/NZS 1576.5: Scaffolding – Prefabricated splitheads and trestles

This Standard specifies requirements for splitheads and trestles that are used as supports
for temporary platforms (excluding trestle ladders).

AS/NZS 1576.6: Scaffolding – Metal tube-and-coupler scaffolding –

deemed to comply with AS/NZS 1576.3
This Standard specifies requirements for uncladded metal tube-and-coupler scaffolding that
does not exceed 33m in height and is deemed to comply with the performance
requirements of AS/NZS 1576.3 for light, medium and heavy duty loads.

AS/NZS 4576: Guidelines for scaffolding

This Standard gives practical guidance for the training and certification of scaffolders, the
preparation of sites for scaffolding, and the safe selection, supply, erection, alteration,
dismantling, maintenance, inspection and use of scaffolding and scaffolding equipment.

AS/NZS 1170.2: Structural design actions – Wind actions

This Standard sets out procedures for determining wind speeds and resulting wind actions
to be used in the structural design of structures subjected to wind actions other than those
caused by tornadoes.
The Standard covers structures within the following criteria:
• Buildings less than 200m high.
• Structures with roof spans less than 100m.
• Structures other than offshore structures, bridges and transmission towers.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 57 of 77

Appendix 4: Scaffold handover certificate –
scaffold over four metres
Scaffold supplier/erector Client
Certificate no: Client name:
Company name:

Address: Address:

Site address:

Contact phone: Contact phone:

Fax: Fax:
Project details
Project/reference number:
Description of area handed over:

Drawings attached:

Intended use of scaffold:

Duty classification:

Number of working decks:

TWP height:

3 m bays: 2.4 m bays: 1.8 m bays:

1.3 m bays: 0.8 m bays: Access bays:
Plant design registration Additional details:
number/s:

Handover of scaffold
The scaffold detailed above has been erected in accordance with the attached drawings, Scaffolding
Code of Practice, AS/NZS 1576 and AS/NZS 4576 and is suitable for its intended purpose.
Name: Signature:
Certificate no:
Time: Date:
Acceptance – on behalf of the client
Name: Signature:
Date:
Arrange for scaffold to be inspected at intervals not exceeding 30 days or immediately following any
incident which may affect the adequacy of the scaffold.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 58 of 77

Appendix 5: Compliance pack for suspended
(swing-stage) scaffolds

Ensuring safe use of suspended (swing-stage) scaffolds

Principal contractors, building owners and managers, PCBUs and self-employed persons
have a duty to assess and manage the risks of using suspended scaffolds.

Risk assessment and risk management for suspended scaffolds includes:

1. Design and engineering

All components of the suspension rig should be designed and documented by a qualified
and suitably experienced engineer.

All areas of design for a suspended scaffolding system need to receive a formal sign-off
from a qualified and suitably experienced engineer. The formal sign-off for the swing-stage
system is to include the needle suspension system, cradle, and hoist. Certification of the
different components can be provided by different parties.

Prior to being set up, engineering verification of the structural adequacy of the suspension
system and the cradle is to be obtained. The manufacturers of the cradle and hoist are to
provide the structural verification and information on the maximum working load limit (WLL).
The suspension and supporting structures are to be designed and verified by a suitably
qualified engineer.

2. Loading
The WLL is to be clearly marked on the cradle of the suspended scaffold. The WLL of a
cradle will depend on factors such as its length, type of construction and material type.
Materials loaded into the cradle should be evenly distributed and not be concentrated in
one area.

To prevent overloading, swing-stage operators should verify the mass of the load to be
included in the cradle.

3. Load-limiting devices
AS/NZS 1576.4 Scaffolding – Suspended scaffolding specifies electric scaffold hoists shall
have a device to limit the lifting capacity of the hoist to a maximum of 1.25 times the rating
of the hoist. Whatever the hoist stall capacity is, the suspension system and the cradle are
to be designed to withstand the stalling load applied by all scaffold hoists in use. This
feature prevents failure in the event of the cradle snagging on an obstruction.

4. Installation
At the first installation of a swing-stage scaffold system, a competent person (who should
be a qualified, experienced engineer) must provide verification that the swing-stage scaffold
system has been installed safely. Persons holding an advanced scaffolding or rigging high
risk work licence under the national certification system must be engaged to install
suspended scaffolds.

On subsequent moves and reinstallation of the swing-stage scaffold system on that project,
the reinstallation must be reinspected and verified. If the reinstallation is different to that
which was originally verified by the engineer, other than a smaller outboard, smaller cradle
or larger inboard, a competent person (who should be a qualified, experienced engineer)

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 59 of 77

must approve the new installation. If the reinstallation is set-up as per the approved system
originally verified, then a competent person (other than an engineer) can check and verify
the system’s set-up.

A competent person, for this activity, means a person who meets the criteria outlined in the
Competent person benchmarks for swing-stage set-up verification. The competent person
and their PCBU should sign this form to verify the competent person’s statement of
competency.

The competent person should also complete a Swing-stage suspension system verification
statement.

5. Inspection
Inspections to provide verification are to be carried out as outlined in previous sections. In
addition, swing-stage components are to be inspected for damage, wear and cracks before
use and at pre-determined intervals. Some cracks may not normally be visible to the eye.
Non-destructive testing is to be performed to check for cracks in high stress areas.

6. Fall-arrest systems
Persons located in swing-stage cradles are to wear fall-arrest harnesses attached to a
properly designed anchorage system. A travel restraint system, where a fall is not possible,
attached to a static line in the cradle may be used. A thorough assessment needs to be
undertaken to ensure appropriate control measures are in place to address any secondary
risks that might arise.

Fall-arrest systems must comply with the WHS Regulation and should be designed by a
competent person. Guidance on the design of fall arrest systems is also provided in
AS/NZS 1891 – Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices.

7. Public protection
Where work is carried out above or in the vicinity of pedestrian or vehicular access,
adequate protection (such as hoarding and other falling object restriction devices) should
be used to minimise the risk to the public, and area lost to public access. Further
requirements are listed in the WHS Act and WHS Regulation.

8. Training and competence

A principal contractor should ensure a person is competent, trained and has had a site-
specific swing-stage induction before that person begins using the swing-stage. The swing-
stage induction needs to address safe operation of the swing-stage scaffold. The principal
contractor should make a record of the people inducted and the date it was given. The
record should be kept for the duration of the construction work.

A person installing (erecting, altering or dismantling) a suspended scaffold must have an

advanced scaffolding or rigging high risk work licence, and must be competent in the installation
of suspended scaffolds. A person who has successfully completed the CPCCLSF4001A –
Licence to erect, alter and dismantle scaffolding advanced level course (or any subsequent,
equivalent course) is generally considered to have the required competence. A person using a
suspended scaffold should undertake a Course in the Safe Use of Swing Stage Scaffolds or a
subsequent, equivalent course.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 60 of 77

Swing-stage advice
A5.1 Equipment supply advice
Suppliers should obtain and keep written confirmation that:
• The suspended scaffolding system has been designed in accordance with AS/NZS 1576.1 and
AS/NZS 1576.4.
• Couplers supplied for use with suspended scaffolding have been designed, tested and marked
in accordance with AS/NZS 1576.2.
• Scaffolding hoists have been designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with AS 1418.2.

In particular, suppliers should ensure that:

A5.1.1 The design of the powered scaffolding hoists being supplied are a twin rope type.

A5.1.2 All scaffolding hoists and secondary protective devices should have legible data plates
bearing the following information:
• Type model identification
• Serial number
• Details of steel wire rope used with the hoist – nominal size, grade (quality), construction, and
maximum length (where applicable)
• Rated capacity hoisting
• Name or identification mark of the manufacturer of the hoist
• Reeving requirements, where applicable
• Power supply requirements, where applicable.

A5.1.3 The Residual Current Device (RCD) for the cradle, should have a legible data label bearing
the following information:
• Rating load in Amps
• Residual tripping current (not exceeding 30 mA)
• Power supply in Volts.

A5.1.4 All hoisting controls should be labelled and, unless the function is obvious, the operational
functions displayed. All switches should be of the spring loaded/deadman type, that returns to safe
operation. See AS/NZS 4576 for further advice. Labels should include:
• operation instructions
• emergency stop switch
• up and down control.

A5.1.5 The control box should be compatible with the operation of the specific type and model of hoist
and, if multiple hoists are used, each hoist should have the same operating specifications.

A5.1.6 The control box should be removable, unless an alternative method is used to isolate power
to the cradle, for safety and security when the suspended scaffold is not in service.

A5.1.7 Before each site delivery, each scaffolding hoist, each secondary protective device and each
load-limiting device should have been inspected and subjected to an operational test in accordance
with the recommendations given in AS/NZS 4576.
• Undergo inspection and testing
• If an electrically powered scaffolding hoist, be fitted with a load-limiting device that will prevent
the hoist from lifting more than 125 per cent of its rated load
• If a secondary protective device, be capable of preventing the cradle from falling due to a failure
within the hoist.

A5.1.8 Between each hiring of scaffolding equipment the supplier should ensure that all scaffolding
components are inspected and maintained.

A5.1.9 The supplier of the suspended scaffold should provide the users of the equipment with
written operating and safe use instructions and the daily safety checklists.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 61 of 77

A5.2 Scaffold environment advice
Scaffold erectors and operators need to take into consideration the areas around the
suspended scaffold during design, erection and operation. The following particular areas of
concern should be considered and addressed prior to work commencing on the erection or
operation of the scaffold.

A5.2.1 Where the scaffold is erected adjacent or over public space or adjoining property, there may
be the need to provide specific controls (e.g. hoardings, catch platforms, barricades.)

A5.2.2 Where the possibility exists for other workers to enter the area below the suspended
scaffold, specific controls may need to be provided (e.g. catch platforms, barricades, signs).

A5.2.3 Powerlines are a major hazard and no part of the suspended scaffold including suspension
and secondary ropes, which should be anchored, can enter the exclusion zone for that powerline.
See Section 3.1 Working near energised overhead electric lines of this code for more information.

A5.2.4 All powerlines should be considered live unless there is written confirmation from the local
distribution company that the powerlines are not live at the specific time that work is being
undertaken.

A5.2.5 Uncontrolled vehicle movement in close proximity to a suspended scaffold (collision), the
trailing power cable or hoisting cables (entanglement) may lead to structural collapse, uncontrolled
movement of the platform or mechanical damage. Protective measures may need to be provided to
control the movement of vehicles.

A5.2.6 Where cranes operate in close proximity to a suspended scaffold, there is a risk of the load
snagging the scaffold or endangering persons on the platform. Specific site procedures may need to
be developed to minimise the risk.

A5.2.7 Where corrosive substances are to be used on the scaffold or in its vicinity, it may be
necessary to develop specific procedures to minimise the risk of damage to critical scaffolding
components.

A5.2.8 The use of certain types of equipment in some areas may place persons at high risk. The
dangers presented by hazardous areas should be assessed before selecting equipment (e.g.
electric hoists should not be used where dust can form an explosive atmosphere).

A5.3 Installation design advice

The principal contractor or body corporate needs to ensure that any scaffolding configuration
which they design, modify or allow to be modified is suitable for the location and the intended
use of the equipment. The designer of the scaffold should consider the following to ensure
that during erection and when properly used it is not unsafe and a risk to health.

A5.3.1 The building or structure to which the suspended scaffold is to be mounted should be
capable of supporting the scaffold and all intended loads (dead, live and environmental loads). The
supporting structure needs to be assessed by an engineer and a statement of assessment provided.

A5.3.2 A detailed design plan should be prepared for the erection of each suspended scaffold,
which takes into account the design specifications of the scaffold, the limitations of the support
structure, and maximum operational wind speed or lateral forces it may be exposed to during
erection or operation.

A5.3.3 Where structural alterations to the suspended scaffold are made, the changes should be
recorded on an amended design plan. The designer or another competent person must review and
approve the changes before the scaffold is used for the first time.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 62 of 77

A5.3.4 Damage can be caused to the cradle or hoisting systems if certain activities are undertaken
without adequate protective measures being in place (e.g. welding, water or pressure blasting,
demolition activities, etc).

A5.3.5 To operate correctly, an adequate power supply should be available for electrically powered
hoists to ensure that the voltage drop does not exceed 5 per cent of the nominal supply voltage. The
flexible cord for the suspended scaffold is only part of this 5 per cent. Additional information on the
electrical requirements is provided in A5.5.

A5.3.6 Lateral restraints should be used to prevent instability of the platform which may result from
the work procedures or wind, and may include:
• lanyards
• tensioned wire ropes
• removable ties
• fan units
• suction units.

Ensure all restraints are removed when no longer required.

A5.4 Scaffold erection advice

The scaffold erector needs to ensure that nothing about the way in which the suspended
scaffold is erected is unsafe or a risk to the health of the scaffolder(s) or others and when
installed and properly used is not unsafe or a risk to the health of the operators or others.

A5.4.1 The person carrying out or directly supervising the erection, dismantling or modification work
on any suspended scaffold must have either an advanced rigging or scaffolding high risk work
licence.

A5.4.2 The person supervising the work should have a copy of the design plan, which specifies the
rigging requirements including the number, size and positioning of the counterweights, prior to the
erection or modification of the suspended scaffold.

A5.4.3 Ensure that fall protection is in position at the building edge or the scaffolders are using
safety harnesses with adequate anchorage points if working near an exposed edge.

A5.4.4 To prevent injury to workers the area around the support rig should be restricted to only
those workers engaged in assembling the scaffold.

A5.4.5 To prevent injury to persons, from dropped cables, rigging components or tools, a sufficiently
large area below the scaffold should be barricaded off to prevent access.

A5.4.6 During erection, where there is no physical barrier at the edge to prevent objects falling off
the supporting structure or when work is occurring over the edge, a safety observer should be
positioned, if necessary, to prevent people accessing the barricaded area below the scaffold.

A5.4.7 Any counterweight should be manufactured for that purpose, labelled with its mass in
kilograms, be placed directly on the needle or innermost support in the designed location, and
secured by a keyed lock.

A5.4.8 When used, traversing tracks should be fitted with through-bolted stops at the ends, to
prevent any trolley from running off, and each trolley should have a rated working load of at least
1000 kg.

A5.4.9 The outboard end of a needle should never be lower than the inboard end.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 63 of 77

A5.4.10 The suspension rig should form a structure that is rigid and stable under working
conditions.

A5.4.11 Only the wire rope recommended by the manufacturer for the hoist shall be used; details of
the wire rope construction can be located on the hoist data plate. The use of the wrong construction
of wire rope in a scaffold hoist has resulted in sudden failure, with the rope severing in the hoist.

A5.4.12 A secondary protective device shall be provided for each scaffolding hoist, to operate on a
secondary wire rope. This device provides an emergency brake to hold the cradle if the hoist or wire
rope within the hoist fails; some types may also prevent an over-speed decent.

A5.4.13 It is essential that the secondary protective device’s internal mechanism is adjusted for the
size of wire rope fitted, as some devices are capable of using different sizes of wire rope.

A5.4.14 The secondary wire rope for any scaffolding hoist should be attached to the suspension
rigging, at a point that is independent of the main suspension rope attachment. Two thimbles are to
be used, not one with an over-rated shackle connected to two smaller shackles.

A5.4.15 All cradle components should be inspected, on site, prior to assembly and checked to
ensure all locating pins and clips are fitted and in position.

A5.4.16 A sign, clearly displaying the safe working load limit, in kilograms, should be fixed to the
inside of each cradle.

A5.4.17 The cradle should have guardrails, midrails and toe boards fitted. The working deck needs
to be fixed, of a non-slip type and with adequate drainage holes. None of these components should
have visible signs of mechanical damage (cracked or split welds, missing or broken decking, cut or
bent guardrails, etc).

A5.4.18 The finished suspended scaffold should conform to the design plan. Alterations due to
installation conditions should be included on an amended plan. The designer or another competent
person should review these variations and approve the modified plan before the scaffold is first
used.

A5.4.19 A competent person must supply a written statement that the scaffold is complete and safe
for use before the scaffold is used for the first time and after every alteration.

A5.5 Electrical installation advice

It is essential for safe operation of the suspended scaffold hoists and electrical protection
devices to have an adequate power supply. The principal, electrical and scaffolding
contractors should coordinate on the planning of the electrical installation to ensure
appropriate voltage levels are provided.

A5.5.1 This may include positioning the power-board close to the scaffold, dedicated power circuits,
larger sub-mains, alternative methods of positioning the power-board, etc.

A5.5.2 To limit voltage drop, the suspended flexible cord should:

• not be of excessive length, or
• if extra length is required, have larger size conductors to compensate.

A5.5.3 The power supply for the suspended scaffold may need to be close to the scaffold to limit
the length of the flexible cord needed to descend to the platform; this will assist in limiting voltage
drop.

A5.5.4 The construction power-board should be designed so the removal of the suspension flexible
cord from the socket-outlet requires a person to complete a deliberate act.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 64 of 77

A5.5.5 The suspended flexible cord should be supported in a manner that protects the cable from
mechanical damage and prevents the cable from bending at a radius less than the manufacturer’s
minimum.

A5.5.6 Any suspended flexible cord shall be the heavy-duty double insulated type and be able to
support its own weight over the length of the drop. Electrical cable should be fitted with thimble and
eye for suspension to stop damage to cable.

A5.5.7 The flexible cord should be supported in such a manner as to prevent the cradle from fouling
or causing mechanical damage to the cable. The cable should be installed so that it is not pulled
across the structure of the cradle.

A5.5.8 The flexible cord should be long enough to allow the cradle to descend to the ground or a
lower structure, for egress, in an emergency.

A5.5.9 When in use the control box should preferably be attached to the guardrail of the cradle on
the side away from the working face.

A5.5.10 The electrical cables installed in the cradle should not be excessive in length, to prevent
mechanical damage occurring to the cables and to limit voltage drop.

A5.5.11 Electrical cables from the control box to the hoists should be enclosed for protection from
mechanical damage and securely attached to cradle. Additional mechanical protection may be
required and is dependent on the work undertaken (e.g. demolition, grinding, abrasive blasting, etc).

A5.5.12 There should be a system that allows the suspended scaffold to be effectively isolated from
the power supply when not in use, to prevent unauthorised operation; this may be located within a
locked power board or by the use of a readily removable control panel on the cradle.

A5.6 Scaffold operation advice

The PCBU of persons working in the suspended scaffold, prior to operating the equipment,
should have procedures and safe systems of work in place to ensure that the equipment is
not unsafe when properly used and persons are not exposed to risks to health.

A5.6.1 A written statement that the scaffold is complete and safe for use must be supplied by a
competent person prior to operating the scaffold.

A5.6.2 The supplier of the suspended scaffold should provide the users of the equipment with
written operating and safe use instructions and daily safety checklists.

A5.6.3 The people suspended on the platform must have a method of safe egress; procedures
should be in place for the rapid retrieval of the suspended people in the event of an emergency. This
could be an onsite crane work box or other method. It is not sufficient to rely on the local fire and
rescue service.

A5.6.4 The danger of debris, from higher work, falling onto workers in the cradle may exist and
measures may need to be in place to control this risk.

A5.6.5 The PCBU should nominate the designated operators and provide written authorisation.

A5.6.6 The PCBU should provide operators with information, training and instruction on the specific
type of equipment to enable them to carry out the daily inspections and to use the equipment safely.

A5.6.7 The PCBU should ensure workers are trained in the safe work practices for suspended
scaffolds, including any emergency procedures. Workers should be able to demonstrate these safe
work practices before working in the suspended scaffold.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 65 of 77

A5.6.8 The PCBU should maintain, and have available, up-to-date records of this training.

A5.6.9 Effective communications should be in place between the cradle or chair and other workers
to alert others on site in case of an emergency. It may include people onsite being in sight of the
cradle/chair at all times to observe hand signals, hear whistles, bells or in radio or telephone
communication.

A5.6.10 Where access and egress is not from the ground or a protected landing, safety harnesses
and lanyards shall be provided and used when entering or leaving the cradle. During this procedure,
safety harnesses shall be attached to suitable anchorage points on the main structure. The cradle
should also be effectively secured to prevent movement.

A5.6.11 If the scaffold is subjected to movement due to wind forces or the work procedures being
undertaken, lateral restraints are required.

A5.6.12 The cradle platform should be in a tidy condition with unobstructed access along the entire
length.

A5.6.13 The total load of all persons, materials, and equipment should not exceed the safe working
load limit of the suspended scaffold.

A5.6.14 During meal breaks etc, the platform may be secured to the structure, to prevent damage
due to wind. The power should be disconnected from the scaffold hoists, supply point or control
board.

A5.6.15 Overnight or longer periods require the platform to be parked in its storage position and
secured to the structure to prevent movement or damage due to wind. Where not on a secured site,
it should be parked in an inaccessible position. All trailing ropes and cables to be securely stored,
protective devices locked onto ropes, power cables disconnected from supply and if there are air
operated air lines these should be disconnected and pressure released.

A5.6.16 Each day, prior to commencing work from the scaffold, the operator should carry out a
safety inspection and complete the daily log-in sheet, in line with the requirements of the supplier.

A5.6.17 A competent person should inspect the cradle and suspension system at not greater than
monthly intervals, if the scaffold has been onsite and not altered during that time.

A5.6.18 All portable electrical equipment including scaffolding hoists and cabling is required to be
inspected and tested every three months, while the RCD protection devices are to be time/current
tested monthly.

A5.7 Boatswain’s chair operation advice

When boatswain’s chairs are used, the following issues also need to be addressed.

A5.7.1 Unless a large enough exclusion zone is setup under the chair to protect other persons,
measures should be in place to prevent tools or equipment falling from the chair (e.g. lanyards for
hand tools, heavy equipment suspended from another rope, etc).

A5.7.2 The operator should be able to activate all controls including the emergency descent system from
the seated position.

A5.7.3 If the chair is subjected to movement due to wind forces or the work procedures being
undertaken, lateral restraints are required.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 66 of 77

PCBU checklists
A5.8 Swing-stage scaffold supplier checklist
Part Scaffold suppliers – pre-delivery of equipment yes / n/a / no
A5.1.1 Are the powered scaffolding hoists twin rope type?
A5.1.2 Do scaffolding hoists and the secondary protective devices have legible data
plates bearing the necessary information?
A5.1.3 Does the RCD in the cradle have a legible data label bearing the necessary
information?
A5.1.4 Do the controls have all necessary labels and operational functions
displayed?
A5.1.5 Are the hoist(s) and the central control box compatible?
A5.1.6 Is the control box designed to be removed from the platform when not in
use?
A5.5.6 Has the correct type, size and length of flexible power cord been provided?
A5.5.8
A5.4.11 Is the correct size and type of wire rope provided?
A5.4.13 If required, has the secondary protective device been adjusted for the size of
wire rope to be used?
A5.1.7 Has each hoist and secondary protective device undergone inspection and
load testing before being installed onsite?
A5.1.8 Have all scaffolding components been inspected before being sent to site?
A5.4.7 Are the counterweights specifically manufactured for the purpose and
correctly labelled?
A5.3.2 Are the supplied components compatible with the design plan?
A5.1.9 Have all relevant safe use instructions and checklists been provided to the
user?
This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance Pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.9 Swing-stage scaffold principal contractor / body corporate checklist

Part Scaffold design engineer yes / n/a / no
A5.3.1 Has the supporting structure been assessed by an engineer?
A5.3.1 Has a statement of assessment for the supporting structure been provided to
the site?
A5.3.2 Has a detailed design plan been prepared for the erection of the scaffold?
A5.3.3 Have alterations or changes to the scaffold been amended to the design
plan?
A5.3.4 Has the tasks which are to be carried out from the scaffold been taken into
A5.2.7 consideration when selecting and designing the scaffold?
A5.2.1 Has the protection of the public been addressed?
A5.2.2 Has the protection of other workers been addressed?
A5.4.3 Has the protection of workers, who have to erect the scaffold been
addressed?
A5.2.3 Has the issue of the proximity to overhead power-lines been addressed?
A5.2.5 Has the issue of vehicle traffic around the scaffold been addressed?
A5.3.5 Has the voltage drop (electrical power) limitations of the installation been
taken into consideration?
A5.3.6 Have measures to restrict lateral movement of the scaffold, during operation,
been addressed?
A5.6.10 Have issues relating to safe access and egress of the workers, who are to
use the platform, been addressed?
A5.6.14 Has the storage and security of the scaffold, when not in use, been
A5.6.15 addressed?

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 67 of 77

This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.10 Swing-stage scaffold erection and installation checklist

Part Scaffold erection and installation yes / n/a / no
A5.4.1 Is the erection, alteration or dismantling of the scaffold carried out or
directly supervised by the appropriate certificate holder?
A5.3.1 Has the supporting structure been assessed by a competent person?
A5.3.1 Has a statement of assessment for the supporting structure been provided
to the site?
A5.4.2 Does the scaffold erector have a copy of the scaffold design plan, prior to
erection?
A5.4.3 Do the scaffolders erecting the scaffold have adequate fall protection?
A5.2.1 Has the protection of the public been addressed?
A5.2.2 Has the protection of other workers been addressed?
A5.2.3 Has the issue of the proximity to overhead powerlines been addressed?
A5.4.5 During the erection, if needed, are the areas around the support rigging,
underneath and adjacent to the cradle barricaded off?
A5.4.6 During erection, if needed, is a safety observer positioned to prevent
access to the area below the scaffold?
A5.4.7 Are the supplied counterweights labelled with their weight in kilograms and
have they been manufactured for the purpose?
A5.4.7 Are the counterweights correctly and securely attached to the suspended
scaffold support rigging?
A5.4.8 If used, are traversing tracks fitted with stops at each end of the rails?
A5.4.8 If used, are traversing trolleys rated at least to the WLL of the system?
A5.4.9 Are the outboard ends of the needles higher than the inboard ends?
A5.4.10 Is the suspension rig stable?
A5.4.11 Is the wire rope used of the correct size and type for the hoist?
A5.4.12 Is each hoist fitted with a secondary protective device?
A5.4.13 Has the secondary protective device been adjusted for the size of wire
rope fitted?
A5.4.14 Are all wire ropes independently attached to the rigging?
A5.4.15 Has the suspended cradle been assembled correctly?
A5.4.16 Is the safe working load limit displayed in the cradle?
A5.4.17 Is the cradle in good mechanical condition?
A5.4.18 Has the scaffold been erected as per the design plan?
A5.6.10 Has safe access been provided for workers to enter and leave the cradle?
A5.4.18 Has the scaffold been erected as per the design plan, with any
modifications or changes approved and recorded on an amended plan?
This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.11 Swing-stage scaffold electrical installation checklist

Part Electrical installation yes / n/a / no
A5.5.1 Has an adequate power supply been provided for the suspended scaffold?
A5.5.2 Has the voltage drop requirements for suspended flexible cable been
taken into consideration?
A5.5.3 Is the construction power board situated near the support rigging of the
suspended scaffold?
A5.5.4 Can the suspended flexible cable be accidentally removed from power
board?

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 68 of 77

A5.5.5 Has the suspended flexible cable been correctly secured to the support
rigging and the cradle?
A5.5.6 Is the suspended flexible cord the correct type?
A5.5.7 Has the suspended cable adequate running clearance?
A5.5.8 Is the suspended cable of sufficient length?
A5.5.9 Is the control box attached to the outside guardrail?
A5.5.10 Are the electrical cables from the control box to each hoist, correctly
installed?
A5.5.11 Are the cables from the control box to each hoist adequately protected
from mechanical damage?
A5.5.12 Are there rain hoods?

This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.12 Swing-stage scaffold handover checklist

Part Handover of scaffold yes / n/a / no
A5.4.18 Has the completed or altered scaffold been inspected before being used
for the first time?
A5.4.19 Has a written statement of completion been supplied?
A5.4.19 Has the user of the scaffold been supplied with all safe use information?
Has the Principal contractor or building owner swing-stage statement been
completed?
Has the Competent person benchmarks for swing-stage set-up verification
been completed?
Has the Swing-stage suspension system verification statement been
completed?
This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.13 Swing-stage scaffold and boatswain’s chair operation checklist

Part Operation yes / n/a / no
A5.3.1 Has the supporting structure been assessed by a competent person and a
statement of assessment for the supporting structure been provided to the
site?
A5.4.19 Has the completed or altered scaffold been inspected before being used for
the first time and a written statement of completion been supplied?
A5.4.18 Has the scaffold been erected as per the design plan?
A5.6.3 Are emergency rescue procedures in place to remove trapped worker(s)?
A5.2.1 Has sufficient protection been provided for the public?
A5.2.2 Has sufficient protection been provided for other workers?
A5.6.4 Are measures in place to protect the worker(s) on the suspended scaffold
from falling debris?
A5.6.2 Has the supplier provided a copy of the operator’s manual and copies of the
daily checklist?
A5.6.5 Are the operators authorised by their PCBU to operate the scaffolding hoist?
A5.6.6 Have the operators received instruction on the operation of the equipment?
A5.6.8
A5.6.7 Have all persons working in the suspended scaffold received instruction in
A5.6.8 the safe systems of work and the emergency procedures for the equipment?
A5.2.3 Have the dangers of overhead electric powerlines been addressed?
A5.2.4

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 69 of 77

A5.4.6 Are the supplied counterweights adequate for the purpose, of the correct
number and are securely attached to the suspension support rigging?
A5.4.10 Is the suspension rigging stable?
A5.4.11 Is the wire rope used of the correct construction and size for the hoist?
A5.4.12 Is each hoist fitted with a secondary protective device?
A5.4.13 Has the secondary protective device been adjusted for the size of wire rope
fitted?
A5.4.14 Are all wire ropes independently attached to the support rigging?
A5.4.15 Has the cradle or chair been assembled correctly?
A5.4.16 Does the cradle or chair appear to be in good mechanical condition?
A5.4.16 Is a sign with the safe working load in kilograms fixed inside the cradle or to
the chair?
A5.6.13 Is the load on the platform within its safe working load?
A5.6.10 Is safe access provided for workers to enter and leave the cradle?
A5.6.11 If required, are lateral restraints being used?
A5.6.12 Is there safe access along the entire work platform of the cradle?
A5.2.5 Is there sufficient control over the movement of vehicles in the area of the
scaffold?
A5.2.6 Is there sufficient control of cranes working in the vicinity?
A5.2.7 Are there sufficient controls over the storage, handling, and use of
hazardous chemicals on the cradle?
A5.2.8 Is the selection of the type of scaffold hoist appropriate for the location?
A5.6.9 Is there an effective method of communication between the occupants of the
work platform and the ground?
A5.5.6 Has the correct type and size of suspended flexible electrical power cord
A5.5.7 been provided?
A5.5.8 Is the suspended flexible electrical cable of sufficient length?
Part Operation – Boatswain’s chair yes / n/a / no
A5.5.4 Is the suspended flexible cable installed so that it cannot be accidentally
removed from the power-board?
A5.5.5 Has the suspended flexible cable been correctly secured to the support
rigging and the cradle?
A5.5.7 Has the suspended flexible cable adequate running clearance?
A5.5.9 Is the control box attached to the outside guardrail?
A5.5.10 Are the electrical cables from the control box to each hoist, correctly installed
A5.5.11 and are the cables protected from mechanical damage?
This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.14 Unattended swing-stage scaffold checklist

Part Unattended scaffolds yes / n/a / no
5.14 When the scaffold is unattended for short periods, are appropriate safety
measures observed?
5.15 When left unattended for longer periods, are appropriate safety measures
observed?
This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

A5.15 Inspection, servicing and maintenance checklist

Part Inspection, servicing and maintenance yes / n/a / no
5.16 Have the operator(s) prior to using the scaffold, been completing the daily
checklist?
5.17 Has the scaffold undergone the monthly inspection?

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 70 of 77

5.18 Have all the electrical leads, components, and electrical protection devices
been inspected and tested (as per Industry Standard for Electrical Installations
on Construction Sites)?
This checklist is designed to be used with the Compliance pack for suspended (swing-stage)
scaffolds, sections of which are referenced by the number in the left column of the checklist. Unless
yes or n/a is recorded the scaffold should not be used, until rectification occurs.

Verification forms
The principal contractor, building owner, or representative of the building owner/principal
contractor is to sight all the relevant documentation as per the Principal contractor or
building owner swing-stage statement. The documents to be kept on site, specific to swing-
stage installation and operation, are:
• engineer’s drawing for the swing-stage suspension system
• engineer’s design certification letter for the design of the swing-stage
• competent person’s written confirmation that the swing-stage has been erected in
accordance with the design documentation for the initial set-up of the swing-stage at
this location (including a load test)
• engineer’s certification letter to verify the supporting structure is adequate to support a
swing-stage suspension system
• advanced scaffolding or advanced rigging high risk work licence of person erecting
swing-stage suspension system
• signed Principal contractor or building owner swing-stage statement
• signed Competent person benchmarks for swing-stage set-up verification
• competent person’s Swing-stage suspension system verification statement completed
and signed, including load testing.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 71 of 77

 Principal contractor or building owner swing-stage
statement
Note: This statement is to be completed by the principal contractor (or a nominated representative of
the principal contractor) or the building owner (or a nominated representative of the building owner if
a principal contractor does not exist). This statement declares that the representative has sighted the
documentation referred to. It is not an approval of the swing-stage.

Swing-stage supplier: Phone number:

Swing-stage installer: Phone number:

Address where swing-stage is being used:

Swing-stage identification no.:

(if more than one swing-stage on site)

Document description Document

sighted (tick)

1. Engineer’s drawing for the swing-stage suspension system.

2. Engineer’s design certification letter for the design of the swing-stage.

3. Engineer’s verification statement that the swing-stage has been erected in

accordance with the design documentation for the initial set-up of the swing-stage
at this location. This is to include a load test.
4. Engineer’s certification letter to verify supporting structure is adequate to support
swing-stage suspension system.
5. Advanced scaffolding or rigging high risk work licence of person erecting swing-
stage suspension system.

6. Signed Competent person benchmarks for swing-stage set-up verification.

7. Competent person’s Swing-stage suspension system verification statement

completed and signed, including load testing, for re-location of the system (not the
initial set-up).

Principal contractor or building owner statement

I have sighted the documentation listed above (numbered 1 to 7) that relate to the installation and use of the
swing-stage referred to on this statement.

Name: Signature and date:

Title:

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 72 of 77

Competent person benchmarks for swing-stage set-up
verification
Verification benchmarks for swing-stage set up

The following benchmarks are the minimum requirements for competent persons to verify
that swing-stage installations comply with the engineer’s specifications, other than for the
initial verification.

The benchmarks apply to persons who verify that the engineering specifications for the
swing-stage installation have been complied with at each movement of the swing-stage on
site. The initial verification, when the swing-stage is set up for the first time on site, is to be
provided by the engineer.

The competent person is not required to make engineering decisions such as calculations.
Instead, he or she is to verify that the engineer’s design specifications, as depicted on the
swing-stage drawings, have been complied with.

Benchmarks
Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ) requires the competent person to meet
the following benchmarks to verify the engineer’s design has been complied with. The
competent person is to:
1. Be a holder of an advanced scaffolding or rigging high risk work licence recognised by
WHSQ.
2. Have a demonstrated ability to be able to read and interpret technical drawings that
relate to the swing-stage installation. This includes the ability to accurately understand
and interpret the following:
• dimensions
• drawing notes
• drawing identification and the revision process
• structural member specifications
• connection details
• any special conditions nominated on the drawing
• when a drawing has insufficient information or detail to be used (i.e. the drawing
fails to mention key information and cannot be accurately followed).
3. Have a sound understanding of the current Queensland Scaffolding Code of Practice
and AS/NZS 1576.4 Scaffolding - Suspended scaffolding.
4. Have a minimum of two years’ experience associated with the use and inspection of
swing-stage scaffolds.
5. Have a sound and accurate understanding of relevant benchmarks for the inspection
and discard of scaffolding components, lifting gear, steel wire ropes, scaffold hoists and
personal fall arrest equipment. Typical examples include the following:
• Correct inspection techniques for steel wire rope as detailed in AS 2759 Steel wire
rope – Use, operation and maintenance and the associated criteria used for
discarding the rope. This includes the correct interpretation of broken wires, broken
strands, kinks, and any other wear or abnormalities specified in the Standard.
• Scaffold and other structural components that are bent, have cracked welds, or rust
(other than surface rust), are to be removed from service and discarded. Scaffolding
couplers with bent pins, damaged threads and cracked fittings are not to be used.
• Scaffolding components from different manufacturers cannot be used together
unless specifically approved for this application by an engineer or the scaffolding

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 73 of 77

 manufacturer for the specific application in which the scaffolding is being used. In
other words, no “mixing” of scaffolding components.
• Scaffolding components manufactured from different materials (i.e. aluminium and
steel) cannot be used together on the swing-stage installation unless specifically
approved and certified by the engineer.
• Scaffold hoists with obvious faults such as cracked and damaged parts, missing or
loose fasteners, lack of manufacturer’s plates and inspection tags (both structural
and electrical inspections), and damaged controls cannot be used.
• Personal fall arrest equipment that fails the inspection criteria specified in the
relevant part of AS/NZS 1891, Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices is not to be
used. Examples of unacceptable equipment include torn or cut webbing, missing
manufacturer’s tags, oil soaked harnesses, missing connecters, etc.
6. Clearly understand the role of the verification process and that the competent person is
not authorised to permit a variation to the engineer’s instructions.

Competent person statement

I meet all the aforementioned requirements of the benchmarks for a competent person to perform swing-
stage verification set-up (other than for initial set-up).

Competent person name: Competent person signature and date:

Phone number:

PCBU* statement

I verify that the aforementioned competent person meets all the requirements of the benchmarks for a
competent person to perform swing-stage verification set-up (other than for initial set-up).

PCBU name: PCBU signature and date:

Phone number:

* If the competent person is a contractor, this statement should be signed by the person who engages them.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 74 of 77

 Swing-stage suspension system verification statement
Note: The suspension system and cradle is to be inspected by an engineer at the time of the initial
set-up on site. This verification is for the re-location of the system and only applies to the
suspension rig and ropes. A new verification statement and checklist must be completed for each
installation.

Swing-stage supplier: Phone number:

Swing-stage installer: Phone number:

Site address:

Swing-stage identification no. (if more than one swing-stage on site):

Competent person verification statement

• I meet all the requirements of the benchmarks for a competent person to perform swing-stage
verification set-up (other than for initial set-up), as set out in Competent person benchmarks for swing-
stage set-up verification.

• I have inspected the swing-stage suspension system detailed above, completed the accompanying
safety checklist and witnessed the load test.

• The swing-stage suspension system, including the suspension rig and wire ropes, complies with the
engineer’s specifications detailed in drawing number ______________ dated _________ and certified
by _______________________________________(engineer’s name).

Competent person name: Competent person signature and date:

Phone number:

Plan diagram showing swing-stage location

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 75 of 77

Swing-stage suspension system verification checklist
Item Inspection result
(Tick for pass, cross for fail)
NOTE: Any failures should be addressed immediately, and a second
First check Second check
check done.
(if required)
Date: Date:
Length of outboard on needles does not exceed that specified in
engineer’s drawings

Length of inboard on needles is the same as that specified in

engineer’s drawings
All other dimensions are the same as those shown on engineer’s
drawing
All connections are the same as those shown on engineer’s drawing

Components are undamaged – no bends, dents, rust (other than

minor surface rust)

Welds are undamaged – no cracks

No mixing of scaffold components (i.e. are all scaffolding components

from the same manufacturer?)

Suspension rig and needles are made from the same material unless
specifically approved by engineer (i.e. steel or aluminium, not both)

Number and position of counterweights is the same as those shown

on engineer’s drawing

Counterweights are secured by positive restraint system (i.e. do not

rely on friction devices such as couplers)

Counterweights are secured with lock and key

All suspension steel wire ropes are in good condition (refer AS 2759 -
check strands, wires, kinks, etc)

Engineer’s certification letter to verify supporting structure is

adequate, has been sighted and applies to location of unit

Successful load test undertaken

Working Load Limit (WLL) of cradle is ________ kg
Load test options (Refer to Swing-stage load test procedure):
• 100 per cent WLL with 100 per cent of load spread evenly across full length of cradle (e.g. cradle WLL
400 kg, evenly distribute 400 kg across the length)., or
• Each needle tested with 60 per cent of the WLL of the cradle per needle (e.g. cradle WLL is 400 kg, test
load is 240 kg applied within one metre of end of cradle).
• Use of load cell(s) in accordance with engineer’s test procedure.

Note: Tests cannot be undertaken in a way that puts testers at risk

Verifier’s signature: Date:

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 76 of 77

Swing-stage load test procedure
This procedure provides guidance on load testing of swing-stage cradles prior to use – testing is to
be carried out prior to the initial use on site and prior to use each time the swing-stage is relocated
on that site. This test is in addition to other testing specified in AS/NZS 4576, such as testing of the
swing-stage hoists to determine the load limiting device is operational (i.e. 25 per cent overload
test).

The test is to be witnessed by the person responsible for inspecting the swing-stage suspension
system (i.e. the person who completes the Swing-stage suspension system verification statement).

Procedure for testing both needles at one time

Test load size - Test load is to be equivalent to 100 per cent of the working load limit (WLL) with 100
per cent of load spread evenly across full length of cradle (e.g. cradle WLL 400 kg, evenly distribute
400 kg across the length). Note: test weights should be clearly marked with the weight in kilograms.
To test both needles at one time:
1. Ensure suspension system has been inspected and verification statement has been completed
(except for load test part and final sign off).
2. Ensure remote control system has been fitted to each swing-stage hoist motor.
3. With cradle located on ground, or landing, load swing-stage cradle with test weights positioned
evenly along length of cradle.
4. Standing away from, and to the side of the cradles, operate remote control(s) and raise cradle 1
metre above landing.
5. Hold cradle at 1 metre above landing and check that cradle does not move.
6. Lower cradle to landing and remove test weights.

Procedure for testing one needle at a time

Test load size - Each needle is to be tested with 60 per cent of the working load limit (WLL) of the
cradle per needle (e.g. cradle WLL is 400 kg, test load is 240 kg applied within 1 metre of end of
cradle). Note: test weights should be clearly marked with the weight in kilograms. To test one needle
at a time:
1. Ensure suspension system has been inspected and verification statement has been completed
(except for load test part and final sign-off).
2. Ensure remote control system has been fitted to each swing-stage hoist motor.
3. With cradle located on ground, or landing, load one end of swing-stage cradle with weights
positioned within 1 metre of end of cradle.
4. Standing away from, and to the side of the cradles, operate remote control(s) and raise cradle 1
metre above landing.
5. Hold cradle at 1 metre above landing and check that cradle does not move.
6. Lower cradle to landing and move test weights to the opposite end of the cradle, within 1 metre
of end of cradle.
7. Repeat steps (4) and (5) above.
8. Lower cradle to ground and remove test weights.

Test procedure – using load cells

Load cells, anchored between a solid structure and the swing-stage cradle, may be used as an
alternative to test weights. When using load cells to undertake the load test, the following conditions
are to be met:
1. The test procedure is to be prepared and approved by a professional engineer. A copy of the
documentation verifying this is to be located at the test location.
2. The loading is to accurately simulate 100 per cent of the working load limit to the swing-stage
suspension system.
3. Application of the test load should not damage the swing-stage cradle in any way and it will likely
be necessary to use a load spreading frame between the load cell(s) and swing-stage cradle. If
such a frame is used its design is to be certified by the professional engineer.
4. The load cell(s) is to be calibrated at intervals not exceeding one year or at a more regular
interval determined by the professional engineer. Calibration documentation is to be available
upon request.
5. When using the load cell to carry out the load test, persons operating the swing-stage hoist
motors are to stand away from, and to the side of, the cradles.

Scaffolding Code of Practice 2021 Page 77 of 77