ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

Angular Measurement (Angles and Direction )

Angle – is the difference in direction between two convergent lines.

Direction of a Line – is the horizontal angle the line makes with an established line of reference.

2 Types of Bearing

1. Forward Bearing – when the bearing of the line is observed in the direction in which the survey progresses.

2. Back Bearing – If the bearing of the same line is observed in an opposite direction.

2 Types of Azimuth

1. Forward Azimuth

2. Back Azimuth

Meridian – the fixed line of reference to which directions of the lines of a survey are referred.

Magnetic Declination – horizontal angle that a magnetic meridian makes with true meridian.

East Declination – obtained if the magnetic meridian is east of true north.

West Declination – obtained if the magnetic meridian is west of true north.

23. In 1978 the magnetic bearing of a line OA was N 15045’W, the magnetic declination at that time is 1015’E. The secular variation per year

m
is 3’E.

er as
Determine the following: TN
MN=1978

co
TB
a. Magnetic Declination in 1998
b. Magnetic Bearing in 1998
eH w 15o45’
Φ
θ
MN=1998

o.
MB
rs e
c. True Bearing in 1978
ou urc

d. True Bearing in 1998

Solution:
MD1998   115'1  215'
o

a.)
aC s

b.) M 1998   1545'1  N1645' W

vi re

TB 1978   1545'   115'

c.)
 N1430' W
y

TB 1998  N1430' W
ed d

d.)
ar stu

24. In an old survey made when the declination was 2010’W, the magnetic bearing of a given line was N33045’E. The declination in the same
place is now 3030’E. What are the true bearing and the present magnetic bearing that would be used in retracing the line?

Solution:
is

TN
TB
Th

MN Φ
θ MB
Θ=3o30’
o
Φ=2 10’
sh

TB  3345'210'  N3135' E
MB  3345'210'330'  N2825' E

25. The observed compass bearing of a line in 1981 was S37030’E and the magnetic declination of the place then was known to be 3010’W. It
has also discovered that during the observation a local attraction of the place at that moment of 50E existed. Find the true azimuth of the
line?

Solution:
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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

θ
Θ=5 o Φ
Φ=3o10’

MB=37030’
MB
TB

TB  3730'5  310'   S3540' E

TA  360  3540'  32420'

TRAVERSING

Traverse – is a series of lines connecting successive points whose lengths and directions have been determined from field measurements.
Types of Traverse
1. Open Traverse – originates at a point of known position and terminates at a point of unknown position.
2. Closed Traverse – traverse that originates and terminates on a single point of known horizontal position.

m
er as
Adjustment of Closed Traverse

co
1. Plot the traverse line eH w
2. Compute and adjust the Interior angles

o.
3. Select the best line or the line in traverse which is unaffected by local attraction.
rs e
4. Adjust the observed bearing of the successive line.
ou urc

Latitude – vertical component of a traverse line wherein the distance is multiplied by the cosine of the bearing angle of the line.
Departure – horizontal component of the traverse line wherein the distance is multiplied by the sine angle of the bearing angle of the line.
o

Error in Latitude – difference between the sum of the positive and negative latitude.
aC s

Error in Departure - difference between the sum of positive and negative latitude.
vi re

Linear Error of Closure (LEC)

y
ed d

2 2
LEC  elat  edep
ar stu

Relative Error of Closure (REC) – an indication of reliability of the closed lop traverse.

LEC
REC 
 dis tan ce
is
Th

Traverse Adjustment
1. Compass Rule
sh

correction dis tan ce


error  dis tan ce

2. Transit Rule

correction lat dep

 
error  lat  dep
Adjusted Distance = (adj.lat )2  (adj.dep )2

adj.dep
Adjusted Bearing = tan1
adj.lat

26. The following are bearing taken on a closed compass traverse. Compute the interior angles and correct them for observational errors.
Assuming
This study source the observed
was downloaded bearing of line ABfrom
by 100000798163806 to be correct, adjustonthe
CourseHero.com bearings03:54:05
09-24-2021 of the remaining sides.
GMT -05:00

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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

Line Forward Bearing Backward Bearing

AB S 37030’ E N 37030’ W
BC S 43015’ W N 44015’ E
CD N 730 W S 72015’ E
DE N 12045’ E S 13015’ W
EA N 600 E S 590 W

A Re quired:
o
60 o 59 o
37 30’ ΣInt.  n  2 180  5  2 180  540
E ΣDef'n   54115'
o
96o30’ 37 30’ 115'
o
Correction   15'/sta
133 15’ 5
o o
99 15’ A  9630'  15'  9515'
12 45’ B
o
B  9915'  15'  99
95 117 15’
o
C  11715'  15'  117
o
D 43 15’ D  95  15'  9445'
o
o 44 15’ E  13515'15'  133
72 15’
C

A
o o
58 30’ 37 30’

m
ADJUSTED BEARING

er as
E o LINE F.B. B.B.
95 15’ o o
AB S37 30’E N37 30’W

co
o
133 15’
eH w BC
o
S43 30’W
o
N43 30’E
o o
o
11 45’ o
B CD N73 30’W S73 30’E
99 o o

o.
o
DE N11 45’E S11 45’W
94 45’ o o
rs e
117o EA N58 30’E S58 30’W
ou urc

o
D 43 15’
o
o 43 30’
73 30’
C
o

27. A traverse has the following data:

aC s

LINE BEARING DISTANCE

vi re

AB N73o23’E 33.48
BC S39o30’E 8.11
y

CD S43o40’W 39.42
ed d

DE N39o50’W 7.08
ar stu

EA N17o33’W 22.02
Adjust the Distance and Bearing using a) compass rule b) transit rule.
is

Compass Rule: Transit Rule: Note:

eL  1.23
Th

dist. of line Latitude of line

CL  e L CL  e L
distances  Latitude  NL  SL
dist. of line Departure of line eD  1.16
CD  eD CD  e D
distances  Departure
sh

 WD  ED
 33.48   33.48   9.57   32.08 
AB : CL  1.23   0.37 C D  1.16   0.35 CL  1.23   0.17 CD  1.16   0.49
 110.11   110.11   70.79   75.64 
 8.11   8.11   6.26   5.16 
BC : CL  1.23   0.09 C D  1.16   0.09 CL  1.23   0.11 CD  1.16   0.08
 110.11   110.11   70.79   75.64 
 39.42   39.42   28.52   27.22 
CD : CL  1.23   0.44 C D  1.16   0.42 CL  1.23   0.50 CD  1.16   0.42
 110.11   110.11   70.79   75.64 
 7.08   7.08   5.44   4.54 
DE : CL  1.23   0.08 C D  1.16   0.07 CL  1.23   0.09 CD  1.16   0.07
 110.11   110.11   70.79   75.64 
 22.02   22.02   21   6.64 
EA : CL  1.23   0.25 C D  1.16   0.23 CL  1.23   0.36 CD  1.16   0.10
 110.11   110.11   70.79   75.64 

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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
COMPASS RULE TRANSIT RULE
LINE DIST BEARING LAT DEP LAT DEP
32.0
AB 33.48 N73o23’E   9.57   32.08   9.57  
8
0.37 0.35 0.17 0.49
32.5
9.2 32.43 9.4
7

BC 8.11 S39o30’E  6.26   5.16  6.26   5.16

0.09 0.09 0.11 0.08

6.35 5.25 6.37 5.24
27.2
CD 39.42 S43o40’W  28.52  27.22  28.52 
2
0.44 0.42 0.5 0.42
28.96 68.8 29.02 26.8

DE 7.08 N39o50’W   5.44  4.54   5.44  4.54

0.08 0.07 0.09 0.07

m
5.36 4.47 5.35 4.47

er as
     

co
EA 22.02 N17o33’W 21.00 6.64 21.00 6.64
eH w 0.25 0.23 0.36 0.1

o.
20.75 6.41 20.64 6.54
rs e
ou urc

Area Computation
1. by DMD method
2. by DPD method
o

3. Coordinates method
aC s
vi re

4. Trapezoidal Rule or 1/3 Simpson’s Rule

5. Triangulation
y
ed d

DMD (Double Meridian Distance)

ar stu

Rules in Computing DMD for each course of traverse:

is

Rule 1: DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the course.
Th

Rule 2: DMD of any other course is equal to the DMD of the preceding course, plus the departure of the preceding course, plus the departure
of the course itself.
Rule 3: DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of that course, but with the opposite sign.
sh

Area by DMD Method

Double Area = DMD  Adj. Latitude

1
Area 
2
 DA

DPD (Double Parallel Distance)

Rules in Computing DPD for each course of traverse:
Rule 1: DPD of the first course is equal to the Latitude of the course.
Rule 2: DPD of any other course is equal to the DPD of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the
course itself.
Rulesource
This study 3: DPDwasofdownloaded
the last course is numerically equal
by 100000798163806 to the Latitude on
from CourseHero.com of that course,03:54:05
09-24-2021 but withGMT
the opposite
-05:00 sign.

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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

Area by DPD Method

Double Area = DPD  Adj. Departure
1
Area 
2
 DA
Area by Trapezoidal Rule
d
A = [h1  hn  2(hint )]
2
Area by 1/3 Simpson’s Rule

d
A= [h1  hn  2(hodd )  4(heven )]
3

28. Given the following data shown,find the area of the traverse using DMD and DPD
Line Lat Dep
AB +9.2 +32.43

m
er as
BC -6.35 +5.25

co
CD -28.96 -26.8 eH w
DE +5.36 -4.47

o.
EA +20.75 -6.41
rs e
ou urc

Solution:
DA
Lat Dep DMD
 DMD Lat
o

+9.2 +32.43 +32.43 298.356

aC s

-6.35 +5.25 +70.11 -445.1985

vi re

-28.96 -26.8 +48.56 -1406.2976

+5.36 -4.47 +17.29 92.6744
y

+20.75 -6.41 +6.41 133.0075

ed d
ar stu

DA = -1327.4582
1 1
A DA   1327.4582
2 2
 663.7291 m2
is

29. The following are the series of perpendicular offsets taken by a survey party 5 m apart. They were measured in the figure order in meters
Th

Station Offets Station Offsets

10+005 1.0 10+030 7.4
10+010 1.4 10+035 3.8
sh

10+015 2.5 10+040 5.1

10+020 5.6 10+045 2.5
10+025 8.5

h1 h 2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9

Trapezoidal Rule:
d
A h1  hn  2hint 
2
5
 1  2.5  21.4  2.5  ...  5.1
2
 180.25
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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
Simpson’s Rule:
d
A h1  hn  2hodd  4heven 
3
5 1  2.5  22.5  8.5  3.8
 
3  41.4  5.6  7.4  5.1 
 185.18 m 2
30. An engineer set up a theodolite transit inside a triangular lot and observes the stations A, B and C. Find the area bounded the stations A,
B and C.
Distance from
Station Bearing
the transit
A 27 m N 45˚ W
B 32 m N 60˚ E
C 22 m Due South

A
B
45˚ 60˚
27 m 32 m

22 m

m
er as
C

co
1
A 27 * 32sin 45  60eH w
2
1
 27 * 22sin 180  45

o.
2
rs e
1
 22 * 32sin 180  60
ou urc

2
 932.13m 2
OMITTED MEASUREMENT/MISSING SIDES
o

Case 1 : Length and Bearing of one side unknown

aC s
vi re

Case II : Length of one side and Bearing of another side unknown

Case III : Length of two sides unknown
y

Case IV :Bearing of two sides unknown

ed d

31. A closed traverse has the following data:

ar stu

Course Bearing Distance(m)

1-2 N9.27oE 58.7
2-3 S88.43oE 27.3
is

3-4
Th

4-5 S5.3oE 35.0

5-1 S72.07oW 78.96
Find the distance 3-4 in meters
sh

COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE

4-5 -34.85 +3.23
5-1 -24.31 -75.13
1-2 +57.93 +9.46
2-3 -0.75 +27.29
3-4 +1.98 +35.15
0 0

D3 4  Lat 2  Dep 2  1.98 2  35.15 2

 35.21m
Dep 35.15
tan       N86.78E
Lat 1.98
A closed
32. source
This study wastraverse hasbythe
downloaded following data, from
100000798163806 Find CourseHero.com
distance DA in on
meters
09-24-2021 03:54:05 GMT -05:00

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