Dedication

Dear Farmer,
You have helped us a lot since many years. you
owe a profession which feeds the world. You have fulfilled the
food demand of the world from more than 10 centuries. Your
tremendous efforts have given us the power to sustain in our
life. You are the powerful human on this earth who have to
manage everything according to the nature and if nature does
not support you the whole effort of yours is a big loss, but still
you shakeup all your sorrows and start a new beginning with
the rise of a new dawn.
So, I dedicate this report to you because I have
come to know the value of the tremendous efforts you do only
for sake of good for the people. This period has taught me how
powerful and sustainable a farmer is and I also came to know
that every single grain of the food belongs to you and NO
FARMER...NO FOOD…NO FOOD…NO LIFE…thanks
once again.

-Chetan Rajendra Mhalaskar

 AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT TRUST’S
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT, BARAMATI-413115

PROJECT REPORT
ON
RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE AND
AGRIBUSINESS STUDENT PROJECT
UNDER
“STUDENT READY PROGRAM”

By
Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra
(Reg. No. BAB023/2017)
Submitted to

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDHYAPEETH,

RAHURI
DIST. AHMEDNAGAR (MAHARASHTRA)

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.)
AGRICULTURE BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
2020-21
 AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT TRUST’S
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT, BARAMATI-413115
“STUDENT READY PROGRAMME”

A Project Report submitted to the

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) AGRICULTURE
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
By
Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra (Reg. No. BAB027/2017)
Approved by Advisory Committee

Prof.B.N Pawar Prof. Jaya Tiwari

Chairman, DI Nominee Principal, Member

Prof. A.R Kale Prof. P.L. Kolekar Prof.R.M. Takale

Co-ordinator, member ABS,Member ABS, Member
secretory

Prof. R. B. Shinde Prof. M.S. Pisal Prof. S.S Walke

SMS, Agril. Marketing SMS, Agril. Science SMS,Agril.Economics
 CERTIFICATE OF
ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project entitled “Rural Awareness work Experience and
Agribusiness Student Project under the Student Ready Programme” is an original
work of the student and is being submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree in
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Business Management of Mahatma Phule Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.

This report has not been submitted earlier either to this University or any other
University/Institution for the fulfilment of the requirement of a course of study.

Place: Baramati Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra

Date: / /2020 (Reg. No BAB023/2017)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Rural Awareness work Experience
and Agribusiness Student Project under the Student Ready Programme” submitted
to the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) AGRICULTURE BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT embodies the results of a piece of bona fide work carried out by Mr.
Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra(Reg. No. BAB023/2017) under my guidance and that no
part of the project work has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

The assistance and the help rendered during the training period have been duly
acknowledged. The suggestions made by the Evaluation Committee are incorporated in
the project report.

Place: Baramati

Date: / / 2020

(Prof. P. L. Kolekar) (Prof. R. M. Takale)

Agri Business Specialist, Member Agri Business Specialist, Member
Asst. Professor of Agril. Economics Asst. Professor of Agril. ABM
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “Rural Awareness work Experience and
Agribusiness Student Project under the Student Ready Programme” submitted to the
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri for award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE (HONS.) AGRICULTURE BUSINESS MANAGEMENT embodies the
results of a piece of bona fide Project carried out by Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan
Rajendra(Reg. No. BAB023/2017)

Under the guidance of Prof. P.L. Kolekar, Agri Business Specialist, Agricultural
Economics And Prof. R. M. Takale, Agri Business Specialist, Agribusiness
Management under Student Ready Programme and that no part of the Project has been
submitted for any other degree or diploma.

Place: Baramati. Principal

Date: / /2020
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my special right to record my cardinal thanks to respected Sir Mr. Deshmukh
Ramesh Raosaheb host farmer Karde sir Mr. Pawar Pradip Kailas, owner of Pawar
Buffalo farm, Ambale giving me opportunity to undertake this project work and for
providing me with essential amenities for completion of this project.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. B. N. Pawar, Directorate of Inspection, College of

Agriculture, Pune. For their outstanding guidance on the project report.

I feel extremely honoured for the opportunity bestowed upon me to work Under the
guidance of Prof. P.L. Kolekar, Agri Business Specialist, Agricultural Economics And
Prof. R. M. Takale, Agri Business Specialist, Agribusiness Management under Student
Ready Programme for his judicious and invaluable guidance, kind suggestions, constant
interest, kind help and untiring efforts during project work, which helped a lot to complete
the important work of project.

I deeply express my heartiest thanks to Prof. N. A. Nalawade, Director of Education,

Agriculture Development Trust, Baramati, Prof. Jaya Tiwari, Principal (I/C) of CABM,
Baramati and Prof. of Agri. Economics, Baramati, Prof. A. R. Kale, Course Coordinator
for Student Project Work.

With a great gratitude, I realize that I was were privileged to have the valuable
guidance and suggestions of Prof. M.S. Pisal , Professor of Agri. Business Management
and Prof. R.B. Shinde, Professor of Agri. Business Management. Prof. S.S.Walke,
Professors of Agricultural Economics, who has made available all the requisite facilities
with constant encouragement throughout the period of my research work.

There are no words in my account to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my all

friends and to all those persons who helped me directly or indirectly to make this project
complete in all respect successfully. I offer my sincere thanks to those friends.

Last but not least, I won’t forget to express my deep sense and respect towards my
parents, for their moral support and showering love and affection on me.

Place Baramati

Date: / /2020 (Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra

 ABBREVATIONS

SPW Student Project Work

RAWE Rural Awareness Work Experience
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GDP Gross Domestic Product
NDDB National Dairy Development Board
MT Million tonnes
Kg Kilo gram
Sq. Mt. Square Meter
Qty Quantity
DF Discount Factor
PWB Present Worth of Benefit
PWC Present Worth of Cost
LDR Lowest Discount Rate
HDR Higher Discount Rate
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
NPW Net Present Worth
BEP Break Even Point
SWOT Strengths Weakness Opportunity Threats
A/P At Post
AEI Annual Equated Instalment
F.B.I Family Business Income
F.L.I Family Labour Income
GCA Gross Cropped Area
Ha. Hectare
HP Horse Power
Hrs Hours
Kg. Kilogram
N.I Net Income
N.C.A Net Cropped Area
PACS Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit Society

PHCC Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation

vii
 PQCP Per Quintal Cost of Production

Qty Quantity

Rs Rupees

Tal Taluka

Dist District

D. CONTENT
Chapter. No.
Chapter Page No.
A CERTIFICATES
Certificate of Advisory Committee ii
Certificate of Originality iii

Certificate of ABS iv
Certificate of Principal v
B ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
C ABBREVIATIONS vii
D TABLE OF CONTENT viii
E RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIANCE 1-75

E.1 Table of Content

E.2 List of Tables
E.3 List of Figures
E.4 List of Graphs
F AGRIBUSINESS STUDENT PROJECT 76-139
F.1 Table of Content
F.2 List of Tables

F.3 List of Figures

F.4 List of Graphs
G EXPERIENCE GAINED 135
H REFERANCES 136
I APPENDIX (PHOTO GALLERY) 138

viii
 J VITA 140

E. RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE

E.1.Table of content
Sr. CHAPTER Page
No. No.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of the Study 4
1.2 Agriculture Production Management 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Limitations of Study 5
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of the village 6
2.2 Collection of data 6
2.3 Data Analysis Techniques 6
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Village Information 9
3.1.1. General Information of Village Karde 9
3.1.2 Village Council 10
3.1.3 Population of village 10
3.1.4 Literacy of Village 11
3.1.5 Demographic Information of Village and Total houses 11
in the Village
3.1.6 Geographic Information about Karde Village 11
3.1.7 Community buildings 11
3.1.8 Major crops grown in the village 12
3.1.9 Infrastructure of the village 12
3.1.10 schemes and program implemented by village 13
3.2 Information About the Host Farmer 14
3.2.1. General Information of the Host Farmer 14
3.2.2. Information of the Family Members 14
3.2.3 Assets 15
I. Land 15
II. Source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated 15
III. Information about Building Household Assets 15
IV. Implements and Machinery 16
V. Cropping Pattern of Host Farmer 17
3.3 Capital Investment, Depreciation, Interest, Land Revenue 18
3.3.1. Depreciation on Fixed Capital 18
3.3.2 Distribution of Depreciation 20
3.3.3 Distribution of Depreciation for Each Crop 20
3.3.4. Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital 21

ix
 3.3.5 Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital for Year 22
3.3.6 Irrigation Charges 23
3.3.7 Distribution of Crop-wise Irrigation Charge 24
3.3.8 Distribution of Land Revenue for Each Crop 25
3.3.9 Crop wise Incidental Charges 26
3.3.10 Allocation of Various Costs 27
3.4 Crop Wise Input Utilization and Cost of Cultivation per
Hectare 28
3.4.1. Name of Crop- Green gram 29
3.4.2 Name of Crop- Fenugreek 32
3.4.3 Name of the Crop- Cabbage 35
3.4.4 Name of the Crop- Maize (fodder) 38
3.4.5 Name of the Crop- Onion 41
3.4.6 Name of the Crop- Wheat 44
3.4.7 Name of the Crop- Sorghum(fodder) 47
3.4.8 Name of the Crop- Groundnut 50
3.4.9 Name of the Crop-Sugarcane 53
3.4.10 Name of the Crop- Pomegranate 56
3.5 Economics of Whole farm 60
3.6 Alternative Cropping Pattern 60
3.6.1. Reasons for Replacement of Crop from Existing Cropping
Pattern 61
3.6.2 Suggested Alternative Pattern 61
3.6.3 Name of the Crop- Watermelon 62
3.6.4 Comparison between Existing Cropping Pattern and
Alternate 65
Cropping Pattern
3.6.4.1 Comparison between Net income and Benefit cost
ratio 65
Existing Cropping Pattern and Alternate Cropping Pattern 65
3.6.4.2 Comparison between Analytical Measures of Farm
Income of Existing Cropping Pattern and Alternate Cropping
Pattern 65
3.7 Problems and Suggestions 66
3.7.1 Problems faced by Farmer 66
3.7.2 Suggestions to the problems faced by the host farmer 66
3.8 Loan Proposal 68
3.8.1 Objective 68
3.8.2 Document Required 68
3.8.3 Technical Specification and Total Expenditure on project 68
3.8.4 Annual Equated Instalment 69
3.9 Study of Multipurpose Co-operative Society 70
3.9.1. Information of Society 70
3.9.2 Other Information of Society 70
3.9.3 Area 70
3.9.4 Management 70

x
 3.9.5 Information of Management Committee 70
3.9.6 Information of Secretary 71
3.9.7 Progress of the Society from Last Five Years 71
3.9.8 Rates of Interest 72
3.9.9 Information about Loan 73
3.9.10 Income of Society from Different Activities 73
3.9.11Expenditure of the Society 73
3.9.12Profit / Loss Statement for 2017-18 74
3.9.13 Problems and Suggestions 74
3.10 Findings and Conclusions 74

E.2.LIST OF TABLES
Table
Particulars Page No.
No.
3.1 Working Body of Grampanchayat Karde 10
3.2 Population of village 10
3.3 Literacy of village 11
3.4 Demography of village 11
3.5 Total houses in the village 11
3.6 Geography of the village 11
3.7 Community Building 12
3.8 Major crops grown in the village 12
3.9 Infrastructure of the village 13
3.10 Schemes and program implemented by village 13
3.11 Land Holding of Host Farmer 15
3.12 Information about Source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated 15
3.13 Information about Building 15
3.14 Livestock 16
3.15 Implements and Machinery owned by host Farmer 16
3.16 Household Assets of Host Farmer 17
3.17 Cropping Pattern of Host Farmer (year 2019-20) 17
3.18 Depreciation on Fixed Capital and assets of the host Farmer 18
3.19 Total Depreciation of Assets during 2019-20 20
3.20 Distribution of Depreciation for Each Crop year 2019-20 20
3.21 Total Fixed Cost of assets during (2019-20) 22
3.22 Crop-wise Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital for year 2018- 22
19
3.23 Crop-wise total irrigation hours required for year 2019-20 23
3.24 Crop Wise Distribution of Irrigation Charges (2019-20) 24
3.25 Crop - wise Distribution of land revenue for year 2019-20 25

xi
3.26 Crop-wise Distribution of Incidental Charges (2019-20) 26
3.27 Crop-wise Distribution of All Various Cost for year 2019-20 27
3.28 Input Used by Host Farmer for Green gram Crop 29
3.29 Cost of Cultivation of Green gram Crop 30
3.30 Total Output and Gross Income of Green gram Crop 31
3.31 Cost, Return and Profitability of Green gram Crop 31
3.32 Input Used by Host Farmer for Fenugreek Crop 32
3.33 Cost of Cultivation of Fenugreek Crop 33
3.34 Total Output and Gross Income of Fenugreek Crop 34
3.35 Cost, Return and Profitability of Fenugreek Crop 34
3.36 Input Used by Host Farmer for Cabbage Crop 35
3.37 Cost of Cultivation of Cabbage Crop 36
3.38 Total Output and Gross Income of Cabbage Crop 37
3.39 Cost, Return and Profitability of Cabbage Crop 37
3.40 Input Used by Host Farmer for Maize Crop 38
3.41 Cost of Cultivation of Maize Crop 39
3.42 Total Output and Gross Income of Maize Crop 40
3.43 Cost, Return and Profitability of Maize Crop 40
3.44 Input Used by Host Farmer for Onion Crop 41
3.45 Cost of Cultivation of Onion Crop 42
3.46 Total Output and Gross Income of Onion 43
3.47 Cost, Return and Profitability of Onion Crop 43
3.48 Input Used by Host Farmer for Wheat Crop 44
3.49 Cost of Cultivation of Wheat Crop (2019-20) 45
3.50 Total Output and Gross Income of Wheat Crop 46
3.51 Cost, Return and Profitability of Wheat Crop 46
3.52 Input Used by Host Farmer for Sorghum Crop 47
3.53 Cost of Cultivation of Sorghum Crop (2019-20) 48
3.54 Total Output and Gross Income Sorghum Crop 49
3.55 Cost, Return and Profitability of Sorghum Crop 49
3.56 Input Used by Host Farmer for Groundnut Crop 50
3.57 Cost of Cultivation of Groundnut Crop (2019-20) 51
3.58 Total Output and Gross Income Groundnut Crop 52
3.59 Cost, Return and Profitability of Groundnut Crop 52
3.60 Input Used by Host Farmer for Sugarcane Crop 53
3.61 Cost of Cultivation of Sugarcane Crop (2019-20) 54
3.62 Total Output and Gross Income Sugarcane Crop 55
3.63 Cost, Return and Profitability of Sugarcane Crop 55

xii
 3.64 Input Used by Host Farmer for Pomegranate Crop 56
3.65 Annual Amortization of Pomegranate Crop 57
3.66 Cost of Cultivation of Pomegranate Crop (2019-20) 58
3.67 Total Output and Gross Income Pomegranate Crop 59
3.68 Cost, Return and Profitability of Pomegranate Crop 59
3.69 Economics of Existing Cropping Pattern of year 2018-19 60
3.70 Crop wise cost, Returns and Profitability of Farm Income 60
3.71 Suggested Alternative Cropping Pattern for the host farmer 61
3.72 Allocation of Various Cost for Alternative Plan 61
3.73 Inputs Used by Host Farmer for Watermelon Crop 62
3.74 Cost of Cultivation of Watermelon Crop 63
3.75 Total Output and gross income obtained from Watermelon crop. 64
3.76 Cost, Returns and Profitability of Farm Income of Watermelon 64
crop
3.77 Cost and return of Existing cropping Pattern 65
3.78 Cost and Returns of Alternative Cropping Pattern 65
3.79 Annual Equated Instalments 69
3.80 Information about Management committee of the Society 70
3.81 Progress of the Society from Last Five Years 71
3.82 Information about Income of Society from Different Activities 73
3.83 Information about Expenditure of the Society 73

E.3.LIST OF PHOTOS AND FIGURES

Fig No. Particulars Page No.

3.1 Map of Karde Village 9

3.2 Photo with Host Farmer 14

3.3 Distribution of Depreciation for Each Crop in 2018-19 21

3.4 Green gram 29

3.5 Fenugreek 32

3.6 Cabbage 35

3.7 Maize 38

3.8 Onion 41

3.9 Wheat 44

xiii
3.10 Sorghum 47

3.11 Groundnut 50

3.12 Sugarcane 53

3.13 Pomegranate 56

3.14 Solar Panel 68

E.4.LIST OF GRAPHS
Fig No. Particulars Page No.

3.1 Percent Wise Depreciation 21

3.2 Percent of Crop Wise Interest 23

3.3 Graphical representation of Irrigation charges 24

3.4 Crop Wise Percentage of Land Revenue 25

3.5 Crop Wise Percentage of Incidental Charge 26

3.6 Various Cost of All Crops 27

STUDENT PROJECT WORK

F.1.Table of content
Chapter Pag
No. Title e
No.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 76
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1Classification of Agri Allied Enterprises 80
1.2Concept and Meaning of Dairy Farming
83
1.3 The World Scenario of Buffalo Population 83

1.4 Region wise Buffalo Population 84

1.5 The Indian Scenario of Buffalo Population 85

xiv
 1.6 Buffalo population 2012 and 2019 of Major states in India 87

1.7 Status of Buffalo Population in Maharashtra 88

1.8 Importance and Scope of dairy sector
89
1.9 Objectives of Study
90
1.10 Scope of Study 90
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. To study different areas of management in selected agriculture allied
enterprise. 91
91
2. To study the Economics analysis of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm.
3. To study marketing management of selected Pawar Buffalo farm. 92
4. To study SWOT of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm. 92
5. To study the various problems and give suggestions to overcome them.
93
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Survey and selection of unit 94
3.2 Location of Pawar buffalo farm 94
3.3 Layout of Pawar buffalo farm 95
3.4 Data collection methods 96
3.5 Data analysis technique 97
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General information about Pawar Buffalo farm 98
4.2 About Owner 98
4.3 Basic Information of buffalo 98
4.4 Different buffalo breeds 99
1.Murrah
2.Surti
3.Jaffarabadi
4.Bhadawari
5.Nili Ravi
6.Mehsana
7.Nagpuri
8.Toda
4.5 Physical Characteristics of Murrah 103
4.6 Selection of animal 104
4.6.1 General sign of healthy animal 105
4.6.2 General sign of unhealthy animal 105
4.7 Inventory of animal 105
4.8 Housing management 106
4.9 Procurement management 107
4.10 Feed management 107
4.11 Breeding management 108
4.12 Care during pregnancy 109

xv
4.13 Calf management 110
4.14 Management of Bull 110
4.15 Field Practices at Insemination 111
4.16 Vaccination programme 113
4.17 Veterinary aid 113
4.18 Herd composition of animal (2019-20) 114
4.19 Herd composition Cost 114
4.20 Economics analysis 116
4.20.1 Capital investment And Fixed cost 116
4.20.2 Variable cost 119
4.20.3 Total income of Pawar buffalo farm 121
4.20.4 Total cost, total income and net income of Pawar buffalo
farm 121
4.20.5 Per buffalo cost of production 122
4.20.6 Net Present Worth of Pawar buffalo farm 122
4.20.7 Benefit Cost Ratio of Pawar buffalo farm 123
4.20.8 Break Even Analysis of Pawar buffalo farm 124
4.20.9 Payback period of Pawar buffalo farm 125
4.20.10 Financial Ratio of Pawar buffalo farm 125
4.21 Marketing Management of Pawar buffalo farm 126
4.21.1 4P`s Marketing mix 126

4.21.2 Supply chain Management 127

4.21.3 Backward linkage 127
4.21.4 Marketing Channel and Forward linkage:
128
4.21.4.1 Marketing Code Language of the market 128
4.21.5 Marketing Cost 129
4.21.6 Producer price in consumer rupee
129
4.21.7 SWOT Analysis 130
4.22 Problems: - 132
4.23 Suggestion to Problems 132

4.24 Findings:- 132

4.25 Conclusion 133
EXPERIENCE GAINED 152
REFERENCE 153
PHOTO GALLERY 155

xvi
 F.2.LIST OF TABLES
Sr Table Title Page
No. No. no.
1 1.1 The World Scenario of Buffalo Population 83
2 1.2 Region-wise Buffaloes Population in the World 84
3 1.3 The Indian Scenario of Buffalo Population 86
4 1.4 Buffalo Population 2012 & 2019 of Major States 87
5 1.5 Status of Buffalo Population in Maharashtra 88
6 3.1 Survey of Dairy farm in Locality 94
7 4.1 General information about Pawar Buffalo farm 98
8 4.2 Some of important characteristics of Murrah 104
9 4.3 Inventory of animal Present in 2019-20 105
10 4.4 Procurement management 107
11 4.5 Feed management 108
12 4.6 Vaccination programme 113
13 4.7 Herd composition of Pawar buffalo farm 114
14 4.8 capital investment and Fixed cost 116
15 4.9 Variable cost 119
16 4.10 Total income of Pawar buffalo farm 121
17 4.11 Total cost, total income and net income 121
18 4.12 Per Buffalo Cost of Production 122
19 4.13 Net Present Worth of Pawar buffalo farm 123
20 4.14 Benefit Cost Ratio of Pawar buffalo farm 123
21 4.15 Marketing cost 129
22 4.16 Producer price in consumer rupee 129

F.3.LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
No. No.
1.1 Classification of allied enterprise 80
3.1 Location of Pawar buffalo farm 95
3.2 Layout of Pawar buffalo farm 96
4.1 Murrah 99

xvii
4.2 Surti 99
4.3 Jaffarabadi 100
4.4 Bhadawari 100
4.5 Nili Ravi 101
4.6 Mehsana 102
4.7 Nagpuri 102
4.8 Toda 103
4.9 Housing Management 106
4.10 Feed Management 107
4.11 Marketing Mix 126
4.12 Supply chain management 127
4.13 Backward linkage 127
4.14 Marketing channel of Pawar buffalo farm 128
4.15 SWOT Analysis 130

F.4.LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph Title Page
No. No.
1.1 The World Scenario of Buffalo Population 84

1.2 Buffalo Population in Asia Region 85

1.3 The Indian Scenario of Buffalo Population 86

1.4 Buffalo population 2012 and 2019 of Major states 88

1.5 Status of buffalo population in Maharashtra 89

xviii
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“Rural Awareness Work Experience”
By
Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra (Reg. No. BAB023/2017)
A candidate for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) AGRIBUSINESS
MANAGEMENT

Project Guide: Prof. P.L Kolekar

Department: Asst. Professor of ABM,
College of Agriculture Business Management, Baramati
Introduction
Agriculture is a backbone of Indian economy as roughly 70-75% of the population depends
directly or indirectly on agriculture, but now farmer is facing the challenge related to
agribusiness and agriculture marketing. Therefore, agribusiness management have
assumed prime position in welfare of the farming community. So, for exposing and getting
acquainted with the farmer, institution, organization and agro based industries we are
expected to get depth practical knowledge. In order to acquire this knowledge, we undergo
Rural Awareness Work Experience (RAWE).
Objectives
1. To study the Socio-economic status of the host farmer.
2. To study the cropping pattern of the host farmer.
3. To study cost of cultivation, returns and profitability of different crops.
4. To study the problem faced by the farmer.
5. To give suggestions to overcome the problem
6. To study the alternate cropping pattern.
7. To develop confidence and competence to solve agricultural problems.
8. To suggest loan proposal to the farmer.

Importance of study

Agriculture is a backbone of all the processing industries. To knowing the production

process of farm produce and rural work experience this programmed is important. It gives
the experience about how to deal with minimum resources for maximum production.

1
Limitations of Study:
These results will not applicable to all farmers because conditions are changing according
to location, season, time, situations and supplier’s behaviour. But if factors are same then
in that case result can be applicable.
3.10 Findings

i. In the village Karde, there is prosperous scope for cultivating land because good
marketing facility (Total area of village is 2800.50 Ha. out of which maximum
1404.00 Ha. area is un-irrigated), black soil, favourable climate, infrastructure and
transportation facilities.
ii. Host farmer is Small farmer with 2.00 ha. Land.
iii. Host farmer had cultivated Fenugreek, Green gram, Onion, Cabbage, Maize,
Tomato, Jowar, Wheat, Sugarcane and Pomegranate the Cropping intensity was of
140.00 %.
iv. Benefit Cost Ratio of Green gram and Fenugreek was (1.15 and 2.74 resp.),
Cabbage and Maize (2.48 and 1.51 resp.), for Sugarcane and Pomegranate (1.85
and 1.90 resp.).
v. Benefit Cost Ratio for Existing cropping pattern was 1.62 which is greater than 1
so farmer is in profit from the above Benefit Cost Ratio of Wheat crop show the
less BCR which means that crop are not Properly profitable for farmer.
vi. Benefit Cost Ratio of suggested alternative farm plan was 1.68 which is more than
Benefit Cost Ratio of existing farm plan of farmer (1.62).
vii. Total Gross Income, Net Income and BCR was Rs. 1225350, Rs. 460904.48 and
1.62 respectively for Existing cropping pattern of farmer and for the alternative
farm plan Rs.1285350, Rs.496814.84 and Rs.1.68 respectively.
viii. It was found that when Wheat crop is altered by Watermelon crop for 0.22 Ha.
Benefit Cost Ratio increased from 1.08 to 1.76.
3.10.1 Conclusions

i. Farmer is in profit with existing cropping pattern.

ii. As the cropping intensity is 144 percent so farmer has utilized more than 100
percent land for cultivation of crops.
iii. Net income obtained from present cropping pattern of Rs 460904.48. So existing
cropping pattern is profitable.

2
iv. As BCR of Cabbage is 2.48 which is more than all crops cultivated by farmers. So
it is more profitable crop of host farmer than others.
v. As the net income and BCR of Wheat crop is less among all crops, so it is better
to replace by Watermelon as BCR of Watermelon could be 1.76 which would be
more than Wheat crop.

3
 1. INTRODUCTION
Rural Awareness Work Experience Programme (RAWE) for under graduate
students of Agriculture Business management. Is offered during 7th semester. Under this
programme, every student is expected to work for 7 weeks with farmers within facing the
challenges related to agribusiness and agriculture marketing. Therefore, agribusiness
management has assumed prime position in welfare of the farming community. So for
exposing and getting acquainted with the farmer, institution, organization and agro based
industries we are expected to get depth practical knowledge. In order to acquire this
knowledge, we undergo Rural Awareness Works Experience (RAWE) Program. In this
program we covered following topics.
1.1 Introduction of the Study:
Farmer is a good manager but he also faces many challenges during production
management. Therefore, agri-business management has got prime position in the welfare
of farming community. In this context, the students of agri-business management are
exposing themselves and get acquainted with the inputs management of crops taken by
farmers, with in depth practical knowledge. In order to acquire this knowledge, student
undergo training programme of seven weeks in village entitled Agricultural Production
Management Programme.

The objective of this program is to familiarize the student with socio economic
condition of Agri-entrepreneurs and problem come across in agribusiness and marketing
of agriculture products. To provide an opportunity to the student to study the
organizational structure, roles and responsibilities of marketing, processing cooperative
and financial organizations in agriculture development.

1.2 Agriculture Production Management:

India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture is the most important
occupation for the most of the Indian families. Agriculture is the basic occupation for
majority of main workers in India. A large number of rural women are also engaged in
agriculture. Agriculture production in India can be broadly classified into food crops and
commercial crops. In India major food crops includes rice, wheat, pulses; coarse cereals
etc. similarly commercial crops include raw cotton, sugarcane, oil seed, tea, coffee, jute
etc. In India, total agriculture production has been increasing with the combined effect of
growth in total cultivated areas and increase in average yield per hector of various crops.

4
 We studied that before cropping commences the farmer has to make important
decision which profoundly affect the subsequent operational management. First farmer
has to choose the crop according to soil type, cropping pattern, water requirement, acidity
of soil, climate condition etc. Also we studied about socio economic factors such as age,
education, family size, etc. and capital investment of farmer.

The farmer is using this new technology in the field. Modern techniques of
irrigation include drip system. Water is very important for the germination of seeds. It
helps in the proper development of flowers, fruits, seeds, and plants. Therefore, it should
be present in plants in large quantities. New Equipment are used in to the farm includes
Tractor implements, power sprayer, Fruit cover for pomegranate crop, soluble fertilizers
used Chemical Spraying etc.

We also studied input utilization, cost of cultivation, returns and profitability of

various crops grown by host farmer. Problems of farmer regarding water, labour, climate,
fertilizer, soil etc. and also solution on this problem also given by us.

1.3 Objectives of the Study:

➢ To Study the present cropping pattern of the host farmer.

➢ To study the socio-economic status of the host farmer

➢ To study cost of cultivation, returns, and profitability of different crops.

➢ To Study the problems faced by the farmer.

➢ To Give suggestions to overcome the problems.

➢ To Study the alternate cropping pattern.

➢ To Suggest the loan proposal to the farmer.

1.4 Limitations of Study:

These results will not applicable to all farmers. Because conditions are changing
according to location, season, time, situations and supplier’s behaviour. But if factors are
same then in that case result can be applicable.

5
 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The Research was conducted to fulfil the objective of the study. In order to get
proper conclusions, it is necessary for investigator to adopt appropriate methods and
procedures. It deals with Selection of Village, Selection of Crops, Methods of data
collection, Data analysis techniques that have to be followed to achieve an objective. 2.1
2.1 Selection of the village:

The survey was conducted in Shirur Taluka in which Karde village it had been
observed. Most of the farmers from Karde Village had more than 4 to 5 acres land with
multiple cropping patterns with allied enterprises such as Poultry and Dairy.

There should be suitable climatic condition, Adequate Marketing facilities,

Transport and other facilities in Karde Area. There are many Progressive farmer in these
area in case of Production and Quality. All farmers used modern technology for fruits
Production. They have better Knowledge about Marketing management.

2.2 Collection of data:

The data are collected by using Primary and Secondary Sources as follow.

1. Primary Data:

The Primary data are collected through Personal Interaction with Farmers. The data
pertained to year 2019-20. The data collected was related to the Farmers general
information, His Assets / Economical Situation, Cropping Pattern, Input Management for
Crop Production etc. The main Purpose is to collect Useful Information from farmers
related to Research Work.

2. Secondary Data:

The Secondary Data was collected from Government Official Such as

Grampanchayat, Talathi Office, with the help Internet and Agricultural books etc. The data
was related to the general information of the village, land information of the farmers,
recommended Input Management practices for various crops.

2.3. Data Analysis Techniques:

The collected data was categories in systematic way according to the need of
objectives by using tabular and graphical method. Also, the data was analysed using
following formulae:

6
a) Cropping Intensity =Gross Income Cropped Area X 100
Net Cropped Area

b) Junk Value = ((Original Amount) )/100 X 10

c) Depreciation of Asset = ((Purchase Value-Junk Value))/(Remaining Life of Asset)

d) Crop wise Depreciation Charges = ((Total Depreciation Charges X Area Under

Crop))/(Gross Income Cropped Area)

e) Interest on Fixed Capital = (Total Fixed Capital)/10 X 100

f) Crop wise Interest on Fixed Capital = ((Interest on Fixed Capital X Area Under

Crop))/(Gross Income Cropped Area)

g) Crop wise Land Revenue = ((Total Land Revenue X Area under Crop))/(Gross

Income Cropped Area)

h) Machine Maintenance Charges = ((Electricity Bills + Minor Repairs.))/(Total

Running of Electric Motor)

i) Crop wise Irrigation Charges = Machine Maintenance Charges X Irrigation Hours.

j) Rental Value of Owned Land = (1/6th of Gross Income Return – Land Revenue
and Taxes)
k) Cost A = Total Working Capital + Interest on Working Capital + Depreciation on

Implements, Machinery and Building + Land Revenue and Taxes

l) Cost B = Cost A + Interest on Fixed Capital Excluding Land + Rental Value of

Land

m) Cost C = Cost B + Family Labour Charges + Supervision Charges

n) Farm Business Income (F.B.I) = Gross Income – Cost A

o) Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) = Gross Income – Cost B

p) Net Income (N.I.) = Gross Income – Cost C

q) Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) = Gross Income/Cost C

r) Per Hectare Cost of Cultivation = (Cost C)/(Area (Ha.))

s) Per Quintal Cost of Production = (Cost C)/(Total Output (Qtl.))

7
t) Amortized Cost = P x i/[1- 1/〖(1+i)〗^n ]

Where,
i. P = Establishment Cost of orchard
ii. i = Working Capital Interest Rate
iii. n = Economic Life of Orchard
iv. Annual Equated Instalment (AEI) = B i/[1- 1/〖(1+i)〗^n ]

8
 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 VILLAGE INFORMATION
3.1.1 General information of village
1) Name of Grampanchayat :- Karde
2) Year of Establishment :-15 February 1952
3) A/P :- Karde
4) Tehsil :- Shirur
5) District :- Pune
6) Members of Village Council :-13
7) Village Head (Sarpanch) :- Mrs. Sunita Chandrakant Isave
8) Poppulation :-3638

Fig. No. 3.1. Map of Karde Village

Karade village is located in Shirur Tehsil of Pune district in Maharashtra, India. It

is situated 12km away from sub-district headquarter Shirur and 65 km away from district
headquarter Pune. As per 2009 stats, Karde is the gram panchayat of Karade village.

The total geographical area of village is 2800.50 hectares. Karade has a total
population of 3,638 peoples. There are about 780 houses in Karade village. As per 2019
stats, Karade villages comes under Shirur assembly & parliamentary constituency. Shirur
is nearest town to Karade which is approximately 12km away.

Agriculture is the main business of the people residing in Karade village. People
also work in Govt. and private services along with farming business. Karade village has
good transportation infrastructure with all-weather roads (Pakka roads).

9
 As per constitution of India and Panchyat Raj Act, Karade village is administrated
by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. The village has a
well-built and spacious Grampanchayat, Talathi and society office.

3.1.2 Members of Village Council.

Table No. 3.1: Working Body of Grampanchayat Committee
Sr. No Name of the Member Designation
1 Mrs. Sunita Chandrakant Isave Sarpanch

2 Mr. Ganesh Dattatray Rode Deputy Sarpanch

3 Mr. Kailas Baburao Walke Member

4 Mr. Ankush Sudam Bandal Member

5 Mr. Ganesh kailas Wagmare Member

6 Mr. Sagar Ramchandra Isave Member

7 Mrs. Kishori Santosh Ghitadak Member

8 Mrs. Kartika Sanjay Jagdale Member

9 Mrs. Rohini Baban Walke Member

10 Mrs. Sunita Santosh Rode Member

11 Mrs. Rupali Vijaykumar Jagdale Member

12 Mrs. Bhagyashree Ganesh Ghaitadk Member

13 Mr. Rahul Kantilal Bandal Gram Sevak

Above Table No. 3.1 shows the information about the Grampanchayat Committee
members of Karade. Mrs. Sunita Chandrakant Isave is the Sarpanch and Mr. Ganesh
Dattatray Rode is the Dupty Sarpanch of Karade

3.1.3 Population of Village

Table no 3.2 Population of Village
Sr. No Gender Total Population
1 Male 1859

2 Female 1779

Total Population 3638

10
3.1.4 Literacy
Table no 3.3 Literacy
Sr. No Gender Literacy %
1 Male 89.46%

2 Female 81.31%

Total Literacy % 72.98%

3.1.5 Demography of the Village

Table no 3.4 Demography of the Village
Sr. No Family category Total No.
1 APL Families 674

2 BPL Families 106

Total No. of Families 780

3.1.5 Total house in the village

Table no 3.5 Total houses in the village
Sr. No Particular Numbers
1 No. of Houses 780

2 Kutcha Houses 456

3 Pakka Houses 324

4 No. of Wadi / Vasti 3

3.1.6 Geography of the village

Table no 3.6 Geography of the village

Sr. No Particulars Hector
1 Total Area of Village 2800.50

2 Agriculture Area 2504.00

a) Irrigated Area 1100.00

11
 b) Un irrigated Area 1404.00

3 Gavthan Area 12.62

4 Barren Land 26.60

5 Forest Area 36.51

3.1.7 Community Building

Table no 3.7 Community Buildind

Sr. No Particulars Numbers
1 Village Panchayat 1

2 Anganwadi 1

3 Z. P. Primary School 1

4 Govt. Hospital 1

5 Private Human Clinics 2

6 Veterinary clinic 1

7 Secondary Schools and Colleges 1

3.1.8 Major Crops Grown in the Village

Table no 3.8 Major Crops Grown in the village

Sr. No Types of Crop Name of Crop
1 Cereals Bajra, Jowar, Wheat

2 Pulses Green gram, Red gram, Horse gram

3 Oil seeds Groundnut

4 Vegetables Brinjal, Cabbage, Chilli,

5 Fruits Pomegranate, Grapes, Custard Apple, Orange

6 Cash Crops Sugarcane

3.1.9 Infrastructure of the village

Table no 3.9 Infrastructure of the village

12
 Sr. No Particulars Numbers
1 No. of Roads 5

Kutcha 3

Pakka 4

2 Markets 0

3 Financial Institutes 2

4 Temples 3

5 Post Office 1

6 Biogas Plant 0

7 Cooperative Society 2

3.1.10 Schemes and program implemented by village

Table no 3.10 Schemes and program implemented by village
Sr. No Particulars
1 Swacha bharat mission

2 In this program the Govt. of MH take initiative for our village, our
development with the help of Grampanchayat.

3 The development schemes like :-

I. Microirrigation
II. Animal husbandary
III. Education
IV. Health
V. Social welfare
VI. Information and communication
VII. Small businesses

3.2 Information About the Host Farmer:

3.2.1. Name of the host farmer: Deshmukh Ramesh Raosaheb

13
 a) Sex - Male / Female :Male
b) Age - (years) : 56
c) Education : 8th
d) Category of the host : Small: bellow 2 Ha
farmer Medium:2.01 to 4 Ha Medium (2.00 Ha)
Large: above 4Ha
e) Address : Village- Karde Post- Karde
: Taluka- Shirur District-Pune
: Phone No :-9096476551

Fig.No.3.2 Photo with Host Farmer

The name of the host farmer was Deshmukh Ramesh Raosaheb. The age of host farmer
was 56 years. He was having small land holding.(2.00 Ha)
3.2.2 Information of the family members including attached labourers:
Sr. Relation with
Name Gender Age Education Occupation
No. head of family

1 Padam Deshmukh Female Wife 52 4th House wife

2 Mahesh Deshmukh Male Son 27 Graduate Farming

3 Umesh Deshmukh Male Son 29 12th Farming

4 Priyanka Deshmukh Female Daughter in law 25 12th House wife

5 Swanand Deshmukh Male Grandchild 5 - -

14
Above table presents information about the family members. There are 5 members in the
family

3.2.3. Assets:

I) Land:

Table no 3.11 Total land of farmer

Area (ha.)
Sr. Soil
Plot/Survey No.
No. Irrigated Un-irrigated Type

1 696/3 1.80 0.20 Black soil

Total 1.80 0.20 2.00

Total land holding 2.00

Net Cultivable Area 1.80

Above table No. 3.11 indicates the land holding of the farmer. The land of the host farmer
was distributed in the cultivated Plot no./Survey no.696/3 only. Total area of host farmer
was 2.00 ha. Out of which 1.80ha. was cultivable and remaining 20R used for residential
House, Farm bore well and well.

II) Source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated:

Table no 3.12 Source of irrigation

S Source Number Area Irrigated (ha.)

r. 4 months 8 months Perennia
N l
o.
1 Wells 1 1.80
2 Bore well 1 1.80
The farmer was having well and farm pond to irrigate the farm area. The area irrigated by
well and borewell was 1.80 Ha. during the 12 months
III) Buildings:
Table no 3.13 Building
Sr. Category Type of Year of Present
No. Construction construction value (Rs.)

15
 1 Residential House R.C.C 2015 510000

2 Cattle Byre Kachha house 2017 35000

Above this table Information about buildings
IV) Livestock:
Table 3.14 Livestock
Sr.
Category Breed No. of animals
No.
1 Cows
a) Local cows
i) In Milk HF 2
ii) Dry HF 1
V) Implements and Machinery:
The data related to implement and machinery owned by farmer is presented in following
table.

Table no.3.15 implement and machinery

Sr. No Category No. Yr. of purchase Purchase value

(Rs.)

A Equipment’s:
a) Sprayer 1 2015 2400
Sub total 2400
B Machinery:
a) Electric 1 2009 18000
Motor@7.5HP
b) Chaff Cutter 1 2017 14800
c) Power sprayer 1 2016 11000
Sub total 43800
C Hand tools:
a) Khurpi 10 2019 500
b) Spade 2 2018 200
c) Tikas 2 2018 300
d) Kudal 4 2014 450

16
 e) Axe 1 2012 300
f) Scissor 3 2017 1500
g) Bucket 3 2018 750
f) Plastic crates 6 2018 1500
Sub total 5500
Above Table No.3.15 information regarding implements and machinery of the host
farmer. The host farmer was having various implements and machineries. He was having
Power sprayer, Scissors and others hand tools, etc. The purchase value of the implements
and machinery was Rs.2400 and 43800 respectively
VI) Household Assets:
Table no 3.16 Household Assets
Sr. Particulars Number Value (Rs.)
No.
1 Two-Wheeler Motorcycle 2 130000

2 Television 1 18000
3 Steel cupboard 1 1800
4 Refrigerator 1 21000
5 Mixer cum grinder 1 2600
Others
a) Table 1 700
b) Mobile 3 24000
c) Bed 1 8000
d) Steel rack 1 2000
Total 208100
The farmer was having various household assets worth Rs. 2,81,100.
VII) Cropping Pattern:

Table no 3.17 Cropping Pattern of host farmer

Sr. Season Cultivated Crops Variety Irrigated

No. Survey No Area (Ha.)

1. Kharif 696/3 Green gram Gavran 0.20

696/3 Fenugreek Prajakta4aekka 0.08

17
 696/3 Cabbage Mahyco 261 0.22

696/3 Maize African tall 0.10

2. Rabbi 696/3 Onion Panchganga 0.28

696/3 Wheat Nirmal 0.22

696/3 Sorghum Safedmoti 0.10

(fodder )

3. Summer 696/3 Groundnut Swarj-55 0.20

4. Perennial 696/3 Pomegranate Bhagawa 0.8

696/3 Sugarcane Co-86032 0.4

Gross cropped Area 2.60

Net Cropped Area 1.80

Cropping Intensity (%)G/N*100 = 144%

Above Table No.3.17 provide the information regarding the present cropping pattern of
the host farmer. Farmer has cultivated Green gram, Fenugreek, Cabbage and Maize during
kharif season, In Rabi onion, Sorghum and Wheat in Rabbi Season. In summer season
they had cultivating Groundnut. Pomegranate and Sugarcane are cultivated as perennial
and Annual Crops. It has been seen that Gross cropped area is 2.60 Ha and net cropping
area is 1.80 Ha and cropping intensity is 144.00 per cent so it has been concluded that
host farmer uses more than 100 per cent of land for cultivation of crop.

3.3 Capital Investment, Depreciation, Interest, Land Revenue,

Irrigation Charges and Incidental Charges for Cultivation of Crop.

3.3.1 Depreciation on Fixed Capital

Table no 3.18 Depreciation on Fixed Capital and assets of the host Farmer

S Category N Yr. of Purch Jun Usefu Remaini Depreciat

r. o. purch ase k l ng ion
N ase value valu life(Y Life of (Rs.)
o (Rs.) e r.) assets(Y
r.)

18
 (10
%)
A Equipmen
t:
a) Sprayer 1 2015 2400 240 7 2 1080
Sub total 2400 1080
B Machinery
:
a) Elecric 1 2010 9500 950 15 5 1897
Motor
@3HP
b) Electric 1 2009 18000 1800 25 14 1157.14
Motor@7.
5HP
c) Chaff 1 2017 14800 1480 10 7 1902.86
Cutter
d) Power 1 2016 11000 1100 12 8 1237.50
sprayer
Sub total 43800 6194.50
C Constructi
on:
a) Well 1 2009 200000 2000 50 39 4615.38
0
b) Pipeline 1 2009 77000 7700 25 14 4950.00
(1400ft))
c)Bore well 1 1999 19000 1900 25 4 4275.00

d) 1 2015 510000 5100 35 30 15300.00

Residential 0
house
e) Cattle 1 2017 35000 3500 20 17 1852.94
barn
Sub total 841000 30993.33

19
 D Hand
tools:
a) Khurpi 10 2019 500 50 10 9 50.00
b) Spade 2 2018 200 20 10 8 22.50
c) Tikas 2 2018 300 30 10 8 33.75
d) Kudal 4 2014 450 45 10 4 101.25
e) Axe 1 2012 300 30 10 2 135.00
f) Scissor 3 2017 1500 150 7 4 337.50
g) Bucket 3 2018 750 75 5 3 225.00
f) Plastic 6 2018 1500 150 4 2 675.00
crates
Sub total 5500 1580.00
Total 892700 39847.83
Above Table No.3.18 provides information regarding depreciation on fixed capital. The
farmer was having assets worth Rs.892700. Depreciation on Fixed Capital was of
Rs.39848 during 2019-20.

3.3.2 Distribution of Depreciation

Table no 3.19 Total Depreciation of Assets during 2019-20

Sr. No Category Depreciation

A Equipment’s: 1,080
B Machinery: 6195
C Constructions 30,993.33
D Hand tools: 1580
Total 39,848

Above table no 3.19 shows the total depreciation of assets. Total depreciation cost was
Rs.39848

3.3.3 Distribution of Depreciation for Each Crop

Table no 3.20 Distribution of Depreciation for Each Crop year 2019-2020

depreciation charges
Sr.No. Crops Plot Area (Ha) percent
(Rs)
1 Green gram 0.2 3065.22 7.69

20
 2 Fenugreek 0.08 1226.09 3.08
3 Cabbage 0.22 3371.74 8.46
4 Maize 0.1 1532.61 3.85
5 Onion 0.28 4291.30 10.77
6 Wheat 0.22 3371.74 8.46
7 Sorghum 0.1 1532.61 3.85
8 Groundnut 0.2 3065.22 7.69
9 Pomegranate 0.8 12260.87 30.77
10 Sugarcane 0.4 6130.43 15.38
GCA 2.6 39847.8 100

Percent wise depreciation

35.00
30.77
30.00

25.00

20.00
15.38
15.00
10.77
10.00 7.69 8.46 8.46 7.69

5.00 3.08 3.85 3.85

0.00
percent

Graph no 3.1 Percent Wise Depreciation

Above Fig. No 3.1 shows information about the distribution of depreciation charges on
each crop. From the above graph it has been seen that the depreciation charges incurred
on Pomegranate crop were high (30.76 percent). For Sugarcane 15.38 % and for Green
gram or Groundnut 7.69 % and Sorghum or Maize 3.84 % and Wheat or Cabbage 8.46 %
and Fenugreek 3.07% During 2019-20.

3.3.4 Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital

Table no 3.21 Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital

Sr.No. Category Total FC Interest on FC(10%)

21
 A Equipment: 2,400 240
B Machinery: 43,800 4380
C Constructions 8,41,000 84100

D Hand tools: 5500 550

Total 8,92,700 89270

Above Table.no. 3.21 Shows the Interest Rate on Fixed Capital @10 per cent is given. It
is Rs. 8,92,70.

3.3.5 Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital for Year 2019-20

Table no 3.22 Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital for Year 2019-20

Sr.No. Crops cultivable life Interest on percent

area (Ha.) span fixed
capital(Rs.)
1 Green gram 0.2 4 6,866.92 7.6923077
2 Fenugreek 0.08 1 2,746.77 3.0769231
3 Cabbage 0.22 4 7,553.62 8.4615385
4 Maize 0.1 4 3,433.46 3.8461538
5 Onion 0.28 4 9,613.69 10.769231
6 Wheat 0.22 4 7,554 8.4615385
7 Sorghum 0.1 4 3,433.46 3.8461538
8 Groundnut 0.2 4 6,866.92 7.6923077
9 Pomegranate 0.8 140 27,467.69 30.769231
10 Sugarcane 0.4 18 13,733.85 15.384615
GCA 2.6 89,270.00 100

22
 Percent crop wise interest
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
percent

Green gram Fenugreek Cabbage Maize Onion

Wheat Sorghum Groundnut Pomegranate Sugarcane

Graph no 3.2 Percent Crop Wise Interest

Table No. 3.22 And Graph no 3.2 Crop-wise Distribution of Interest on Fixed Capital for
year 2019-20

3.3.6 Irrigation Charges

Table No. 3.23 Crop-wise total irrigation hours required for year 2019-20

Sr. Crops Irrigate No. Of Irrigation Time required Total hrs.

No d Area for 1
(Ha.) irrigation(hrs)
1 Green gram 0.2 0 0 0
2 Fenugreek 0.08 4 0.5 2
3 Cabbage 0.22 5 1 5
4 Maize 0.1 9 1 9
5 Onion 0.28 12 2.5 30
6 Wheat 0.22 10 2 20
7 Sorghum 0.1 6 1 6
8 Groundnut 0.2 10 2 20
9 Pomegranate 0.8 104 3 312
10 Sugarcane 0.4 47 4 188
Total 2.6 592

23
 Irrigation charge
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Irrigation Charges(Rs)

Green gram Fenugreek Cabbage Maize Onion

Wheat Sorghum Groundnut Pomegranate Sugarcane

Graph no 3.3 Irrigation Charge Graphical Representation

The Above Table No. 3.23 and Graph no 3.3 shows the No of Irrigation for all the crops
and time required for Irrigation and Total hours.

3.3.7 Distribution of Crop-wise Irrigation Charges

Table No 3.24 Crop Wise Distribution of Irrigation Charges (2019-20)

Plot Irrigation Irrigation
Sr.No Crop Percent(%)
Area(Ha) Hours Charges(Rs)
1 Green gram 0.2 0 0 0
2 Fenugreek 0.08 2 84.39 0.34
3 Cabbage 0.22 5 210.98 0.84
4 Maize 0.1 9 379.77 1.52
5 Onion 0.28 30 1265.90 5.07
6 Wheat 0.22 20 843.94 3.38
7 Sorghum 0.1 6 253.18 1.01
8 Groundnut 0.2 20 843.94 3.38
9 Pomegranate 0.8 312 13165.40 52.70
10 Sugarcane 0.4 188 7933.00 31.76
2.6 592 24980.5 100
Total Electricity Charges- Rs.23180.5

Repairs and Maintenance- Rs.1800

Total Irrigation Charges Required- Rs.24980.5

24
3.3.8 Distribution of Land Revenue for Each Crop

Land Revenue in Karde Village per hectare is different for Seasonal and
Perennial crop. Land holding of host farmer was 2.00 Ha.

Table No. 3.25 Crop - wise Distribution of land revenue for year 2019-20
Sr. No Crops Irrigated land percent(%)
Area revenue(Rs.)
(Ha.)
1 Green gram 0.2 9.6 7.69
2 Fenugreek 0.08 3.84 3.08
3 Cabbage 0.22 10.56 8.46
4 Maize 0.1 4.8 3.85
5 Onion 0.28 13.44 10.77
6 Wheat 0.22 10.56 8.46
7 Sorghum 0.1 4.8 3.85
8 Groundnut 0.2 9.6 7.69
9 Pomegranate 0.8 38.4 30.77
10 Sugarcane 0.4 19.2 15.38
2.6 124.8 100.00

Crop wise percentage of land revenue

35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
percent(%)

Green gram Fenugreek Cabbage Maize Onion

Wheat Sorghum Groundnut Pomegranate Sugarcane

Graph no 3.4 Crop wise percentage of land revenue

Table No 3.25 shows the information about distribution of land revenue on each crop.

From above table it has been seen that the land revenue incurred on all crop is negligible.

25
3.3.9 Crop wise Incidental Charges

Table No. 3.26 Crop-wise Distribution of Incidental Charges (2019-20)

Sr. Irrigated Area incidental percentage of

Crops
No (Ha.) charge incidental charge
1 Green gram 0.2 423.08 7.69
2 Fenugreek 0.08 169.23 3.08
3 Cabbage 0.22 465.38 8.46
4 Maize 0.1 211.54 3.85
5 Onion 0.28 592.31 10.77
6 Wheat 0.22 465.38 8.46
7 Sorghum 0.1 211.54 3.85
8 Groundnut 0.2 423.08 7.69
9 Pomegranate 0.8 1692.31 30.77
10 Sugarcane 0.4 846.15 15.38
2.6 5500 100

Cropwise percentage of incidental charge

35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
percentage of incidental charge

Green gram Fenugreek Cabbage Maize Onion

Wheat Sorghum Groundnut Pomegranate Sugarcane

Graph no 3.5 Crop wise percentage of incidental charge

3.3.10 Allocation of Various Costs

Table No. 3.27 Crop-wise Distribution of All Various Cost for year 2018-19

26
Sr. Crops Irrig Depreciation Interest Irrigatio Inciden Land
No ated on fixed n charge tal reven

Area crop Charge ue

(Ha.)
1 Green gram 0.2 3065.22 6,866.92 0 423.08 9.6

2 Fenugreek 0.08 1226.09 2,746.77 84.39 169.23 3.84

3 Cabbage 0.22 3371.74 7,553.62 210.98 465.38 10.56

4 Maize 0.1 1532.61 3,433.46 379.77 211.54 4.8

5 Onion 0.28 4291.30 9,613.69 1265.90 592.31 13.44

6 Wheat 0.22 3371.74 7,553.62 843.94 465.38 10.56

7 Sorghum 0.1 1532.61 3,433.46 253.18 211.54 4.8

8 Groundnut 0.2 3065.22 6,866.92 843.94 423.08 9.6

9 Pomegranate 0.8 12260.87 27,467.69 13165.40 1692.31 38.4

10 Sugarcane 0.4 6130.43 13,733.85 7933.00 846.15 19.2

Total 2.6 39847.83 89,270.00 24980.5 5500.00 124.8

Various costs
30000.00

25000.00

20000.00

15000.00

10000.00

5000.00

0.00
depreciation crop wise interest irrigation charge incidental Charge Land revenue
on fixed crop

Green gram Fenugreek Cabbage Maize Onion

Wheat Sorghum Groundnut Pomegranate Sugarcane

Graph no 3.6 Various cost of all cropes

27
 3.4 Crop wise

Input Utilization

And

Cost of Cultivation

per hectare

28
3.4.1. Green gram

Variety: Gavran Area: 0.20 Ha. Season: Kharif

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Green gram Crop:

Table No.3.28 : Input Used by Host Farmer for Green gram Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Qty Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 5.00 1500.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 10.00 750.00
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 600 10.00 3000.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 10.00 1500.00
Machinery used Hrs. 1.5 700 1050 7.50 5250.00
Seed Kg. 4 100 400 20.00 2000.00
Manure Kg. 400 2 800 2000.00 4000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 20 12.87 257.4 100.00 1287.00
P Kg. 40 46.25 1850 200.00 9250.00
K Kg. 40 31.66 1266.4 200.00 6332.00
Irrigation charges Rs. 0
Insecticide, Pesticide or Rs. 1200 6000.00
weedicide
Incidental charge Rs. 423.08 2115.38
Above Table No.3.28 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Green Gram Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Maize is 100:200:200 for 1Ha and
farmer applied 20:40:40 for 0.20Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Green gram Crop (2019-20):

29
 Table No.3.29 Cost of Cultivation of Green gram Crop:

Sr. Input Per plot Per ha. perce

no nt
unit Qty Rate amount Amount
1 Hired human Labour
a) Male Day 1 300 300 1500.00 1.15
s
b) Female Day 2 150 300 750.00
s 1.15
2 Machinery used Hrs. 1.5 700 1050 5250.00 4.03
3 Seed Kg. 4 100 400 2000.00 1.54
4 Manure Kg. 400 2 800 4000.00 3.07
5 Fertilizers
a)N Kg. 20 12.87 257.4 1287.00 0.99
b)P Kg. 40 46.25 1850 9250.00 7.11
c)K Kg. 40 31.66 1266.4 6332.00 4.86
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 0 0.00
-
7 Insecticide, Pesticide or Rs. 1200 6000.00 4.61
weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 423.08 2115.38 1.63
Total Working Capital Rs. 7846.88 38484.38
30.14
9 Interest on working Rs. 2354.06 11770.32
capital @3% for 4 9.04
month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 3065.22 15326.09
Machineries and 11.77
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 9.60 48.00
0.04
12 COST ‘A’ 13275.76 66378.79
51.00
13 Rental Value of the land Rs. 4990.40 24952.00
(1/6th of Gross return – 19.17
Land revenue)
14 Interest on fixed capital Rs. 6866.92 34334.62
( 10% of the fixed 26.38
investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 25133.08 125665.40
96.54
16 Family Labour
-
a) Male Day 2 300 600.00 3000.00
s 2.30

30
 b) Female Day 2 150 300.00 1500.00
s 1.15
17 COST ‘C’ 26033.08 130165.40 100
Above Table No.3.29 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
38484.38 Cost A was Rs. 66378.79 Cost B was Rs.125665.40, Cost C was Rs.130165.40
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 26033.08 For 0.20 Ha of Green gram Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.30: Total Output and Gross Income of Green gram Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Output Rate Value Total Output Rate Value
(qtl.) (ton)
Main Product 5 6000 30000 25.00 6000 150000
(qtl.)
By Product
Gross 30000 150000
Above Table. No. 3.30 shows that the total output Form of main product was 5 Qtl/0.20
Ha. Sold at Rs.6000/qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Green gram Crop (2018-19):

Table No.3.31 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Green gram Crop

Sr.no Particular Amount

Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 13,275.76 66,378.79
2 Cost B 25,133.08 1,25,665.40
3 Cost C 26,033.08 1,30,165.40
4 Gross Return 30,000.00 1,50,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 16,724.24 83,621.21
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 4,866.92 24,334.60
7 Net Income (N.I.) 3,966.92 19,834.60
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.15 1.15
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 5206.62 5,206.62
Above Table. No.3.31 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 3966.92
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.15 as BCR of kharif Green Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

31
3.4.2 Fenugreek

Variety: Prajakta Area: 0.08 Ha. Season: Kharif

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Fenugreek Crop:

Table No.3.32 : Input Used by Host Farmer for Fenugreek Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 0 300 0 3750.00
b) Female Days 3 150 450 1875.00
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 3750.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 3750.00
Machinery used Hrs. 0.5 700 350 4375.00
seed Ton. 25 95 2375 29687.50
Manure Kg. 200 2 400 5000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 15.00 12.87 193.05 2413.13
P Kg. 10.00 46.25 462.5 5781.25
K Kg. 10.00 31.66 316.6 3957.50
Irrigation charges Rs. 84 1054.92
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 350 4375.00
Incidental charge Rs. 169.23 2115.38
Above Table No.3.32 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Fenugreek Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Maize is 192:462:316 for 1Ha and
farmer applied 15:10:10 for 0.08 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Fenugreek Crop (2019-20):

32
 Table No.3.33 Cost of Cultivation of Fenugreek Crop:

Sr.n Input Per plot Per Ha. Percent

o
Unit qty Rate amount Amount
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Days 0 300 0 3750.00 -
b) Female Days 3 150 450 1875.00 2.84
2 Machinery used Hrs. 0.5 700 350 4375.00 2.21
3 Seed Kg. 25 95 2375 29687.50 14.97
4 Manure Kg. 3 2 400 5000.00 2.52
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 15 12.87 193.05 2413.13 1.22
b)P Kg. 10 46.25 462.5 5781.25 2.91
c)K Kg. 10 31.66 316.6 3957.50 2.00
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 84 1054.92 0.53
7 Insecticide, Rs. 350 4375.00 2.21
Pesticide or
weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 169.23 2115.38 1.07
Total Working Rs. 5150.77 64384.68 32.46
Capital
9 Interest on Rs. 1545.23 19315.40 9.74
working capital
@3% for 3month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 1226.09 15326.09 7.73
Machineries and
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 3.84 48.00 0.02
12 COST ‘A’ 7925.93 99074.17 49.95
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 4596.16 57452.00 28.96
land (1/6th of
Gross return –
Land revenue)
14 Interest on fixed Rs. 2746.77 34334.62 17.31
capital ( 10% of
the fixed
investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 15268.86 190860.79 96.22
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Days 1 300 300.00 3750.00 1.89
b) Female Days 2 150 300.00 3750.00 1.89
17 15868.86 198360.79 100.00
COST ‘C’

33
Above Table No.3.33 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
64384.68Cost A was Rs. 99074.17 Cost B was Rs.190860.79, Cost C was Rs.198360.79
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 15868.86 For 0.08 Ha of Green Fenugreek Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.34: Total Output and Gross Income of Fenugreek Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Output Rate Value Total Rate Value
Output
Main Product 2300 12 27600 28750.00 12 345000
(Bundle)
By Product
Gross 27600 345000

Above Table. No. 3.34 shows that the total output Form of main product was 2300
Bundle/0.08 Ha. Sold at Rs.12/Bundle.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Fenugreek Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.35 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Fenugreek Crop

Sr.no Particular Amount

Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 7,925.93 99,074.17
2 Cost B 15,268.86 1,90,860.79
3 Cost C 15,868.86 1,98,360.79
4 Gross Return 27,600.00 3,45,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 19,674.07 2,45,925.83
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 12,331.14 1,54,139.21
7 Net Income (N.I.) 11,731.14 1,46,639.21
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.74 1.74
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 6.90 6.90

Above Table. No.3.35 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 11731.14
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.74 as BCR of kharif Fenugreek Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

34
3.4.3 Cabbage

Variety: Mahyco-261 Area: 0.22 Ha. Season: Kharif

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Cabbage Crop:

Table No.3.36 : Input Used by Host Farmer for Cabbage Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 600 2727.27
b) Female Days 3 150 450 2045.45
Family human Labour 0.00
a) Male Days 2 300 600 2727.27
b) Female Days 3 150 450 2045.45
Machinery used Hrs. 2 700 1400 6363.64
Seedling seedlings 15972 0.7 11180.4 50820.00
Manure Kg. 2000 2 4000 18181.82
Fertilizers
N Kg. 35.50 12.87 456.885 2076.75
P Kg. 17.50 46.25 809.375 3678.98
K Kg. 17.50 31.66 554.05 2518.41
Irrigation charges Rs. 211 959.02
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 3500 15909.09
Incidental charge Rs. 465.38 2115.38
Above Table No.3.36 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Fenugreek Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Maize is 160:80:80 for 1Ha and farmer
applied 35:17:17 for 0.22 Ha.

35
2) Cost of Cultivation of Cabbage Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.37 Cost of Cultivation of Cabbage Crop:

Sr. Input Per Plot Per Ha. percen

no t
Un Qty Rate Amount Amount
it
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Da 2 300 600 2727.27
ys 0.83
b) Female Da 3 150 450 2045.45
ys 0.62
2 Machinery used Hr 2 700 1400 6363.64
s. 1.93
3 Seedling see 1597 0.7 11180.4 50820.00
dli 2 15.38
ng
4 Manure Kg 2000 2 4000 18181.82
. 5.50
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg 35.5 6 456.88 2076.75
. 0.63
b)P Kg 17.5 7.4 809.37 3678.98
. 1.11
c)K Kg 17.5 19 554.05 2518.41
. 0.76
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 210.98 210.98 959.02
0.29
7 Insecticide, Pesticide Rs. 3500.0 3500 15909.09 4.81
or weedicide 0
8 Incidental charge Rs. 465.38 465.38 2115.38
0.64
Total Working 23627.08 107395.81 32.50
Capital Rs.
9 Interest on working Rs. 7088.12 32218.74
capital @3% for 4 9.75
month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 3371.74 15326.09
Machineries and 4.64
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 10.56 48.00 0.01
12 COST ‘A’ 34097.50 154988.64 46.91
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 29989.44 136315.64
land (1/6th of Gross 41.26
return – Land
revenue)

36
 14 Interest on fixed Rs. 7553.62 34334.62
capital ( 10% of the 10.39
fixed investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 71640.56 325638.89 98.56
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Da 2 300 600.00 2727.27 0.83
ys
b) Female Da 3 150 450.00 2045.45 0.62
ys
17 COST ‘C’ 72690.56 330411.62 100.00
Above Table No.3.37 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
107395.81Cost A was Rs. 154988.64 Cost B was Rs.325638.89, Cost C was
Rs.330411.62 For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 72690.56 For 0.22 Ha of Cabbage
Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.38: Total Output and Gross Income of Cabbage Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Output( Rate Value Total Rate Value
qtl.) Output (qtl.)
Main Product 150 1200 180000 681.82 1200 818182
(qtl.)
By Product
Gross 180000 818182
Above Table. No. 3.38 shows that the total output Form of main product was 150 Qtl./0.22
Ha. Sold at Rs.1200/Qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Cabbage Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.39 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Cabbage Crop

Sr.no Particular Amount

Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 34,097.50 1,54,988.64
2 Cost B 71,640.56 3,25,638.89
3 Cost C 72,690.56 3,30,411.62
4 Gross Return 1,80,000.00 8,18,181.82
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 1,45,902.50 6,63,193.18
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 1,08,359.44 4,92,542.92
7 Net Income (N.I.) 1,07,309.44 4,87,770.20
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 2.48 2.48
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 484.60 484.60

37
Above Table. No.3.39 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 107309.44
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 2.48 as BCR of kharif Cabbage Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

3.4.4 Maize (Fodder)

Variety: African Tall Area: 0.10 Ha. Season: Kharif

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Maize Crop:

Table No.3.40 : Input Used by Host Farmer for Maize Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Qty Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 0 300 0 0 0.00
b) Female Days 1 150 150 10 1500.00
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 10 3000.00
b) Female Days 5 150 750 50 7500.00
Machinery used Hrs. 0.5 700 350 5 3500.00
Seedling Kg. 7.5 30 225 75 2250.00
Manure Kg. 250 2 500 2500 5000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 10 12.87 128.7 100 1287.00
P Kg. 5 46.25 231.25 50 2312.50
K Kg. 5 31.66 158.3 50 1583.00
Irrigation charges Rs. 380 3797.71
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 350 3500.00
Incidental charge Rs. 211.54 2115.38
Above Table No.3.40 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Maize Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Maize is 100:50:50 for 1Ha and farmer
applied 10:5:5 for 0.20 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Maize Crop (2019-20):

38
 Table No.3.41 Cost of Cultivation of Maize Crop:

Sr.n Input Per Plot Per Ha. Percen

o t
Unit Q Rate Amount Amount
ty
1 Hired human Labour
a) Male Day 0 300 0 0.00 -
s
b) Female Day 1 150 150 1500.00 1.37
s
2 Machinery used Hrs. 0. 700 350 3500.00 3.20
5
3 Seedling Rs. 7. 30 225 2250.00 2.06
5
4 Manure Kg. 2 2 500 5000.00 4.58
5
0
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 1 6 90 900.00 0.82
5
b)P Kg. 5 7.4 37 370.00 0.34
c)K Kg. 5 19 95 950.00 0.87
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 380 3797.71 3.48
7 Insecticide, Pesticide Rs. 350 3500.00 3.20
or weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 211.54 2115.38 1.94
Total Working Rs. 2388.31 23883.10 21.86
Capital
9 Interest on working Rs. 71.65 716.49 0.66
capital @3% for 4
month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 1532.61 15326.09 14.03
Machineries and
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 4.80 48.00 0.04
12 COST ‘A’ 3997.37 39973.68 36.59
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 2745.20 27452.00 25.13
land (1/6th of Gross
return – Land revenue)
14 Interest on fixed capital Rs. 3433.46 34334.62 31.42
( 10% of the fixed
investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 10176.03 101760.2 93.14
9
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Day 1 300 300.00 3000.00 2.75
s

39
 b) Female Day 3 150 450.00 4500.00 4.12
s
17 COST ‘C’ 10926.03 109260.2 100.00
9

Above Table No.3.41 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
23883.10 Cost A was Rs. 39973.68 Cost B was Rs.101760.29, Cost C was Rs.109260.29
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 10926.03 For 0.10 Ha of Maize Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.42: Total Output and Gross Income of Maize Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Rate Value
Output Output
(Qtl.) (ton)
Main 55 300 16500 550.00 300 165000
Product
Fodder

Gross 16500 165000

Above Table. No. 3.42 shows that the total output Form of main product was 55 Qtl./0.22
Ha. Sold at Rs.300/Qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Maize Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.43 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Maize Crop

Sr.no Particular Amount

Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 3,997.37 39,973.68
2 Cost B 10,176.03 1,01,760.29
3 Cost C 10,926.03 1,09,260.29
4 Gross Return 16,500.00 1,65,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 12,502.63 1,25,026.32
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 6,323.97 63,239.71
7 Net Income (N.I.) 5,573.97 55,739.71
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.51 1.51
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 198.66 198.66
Above Table. No.3.43 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 5573.97
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.51 as BCR of kharif Maize Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

40
3.4.5 Onion

Variety: Panchganga Area: 0.28 Ha. Season: Rabbi

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Onion Crop:

Table No.3.44 : Input Used by Host Farmer for Onion Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 3 300 900 1071.43
b) Female Days 5 150 750 535.71
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 600 2142.86
b) Female Days 3 150 450 1607.14
Machinery used Hrs. 2 700 1400 5000.00
Seed Kg. 3 2200 6600 23571.43
Manure Kg. 2000 2 4000 14285.71
Fertilizers
N Kg. 28.00 12.87 360.36 1287.00
P Kg. 14.00 46.25 647.5 2312.50
K Kg. 14.00 31.66 443.24 1583.00
Irrigation charges Rs. 1266 4521.08
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 2500 8928.57
Incidental charge Rs. 592.31 2115.38

Above Table No.3.44 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Onion Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Maize is 100:50:50 for 1Ha and farmer
applied 28:14:14 for 0.28 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Onion Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.45 Cost of Cultivation of Onion Crop:

41
Sr.n Input Per Plot Per Ha. Percen
o t
Unit Qty Rate Amount Amount
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Days 3 300 900 1071.43 1.53
b) Female Days 5 150 750 535.71 1.27
2 Machinery used Hrs. 2 700 1400 5000.00 2.37
3 Seed Kg. 3 2200 6600 23571.43 11.19
4 Manure Kg. 200 2 4000 14285.71 6.78
0
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 28 12.8 360.36 1287.00 0.61
7
b)P Kg. 14 46.2 647.5 2312.50 1.10
5
c)K Kg. 14 31.6 443.24 1583.00 0.75
6
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 1266 4521.08 2.15
7 Insecticide, Rs. 2500 8928.57 4.24
Pesticide or
weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 592.31 2115.38 1.00
Total Working Rs. 19459.31 65211.83 32.98
Capital
9 Interest on Rs. 5837.79 20849.26 9.89
working capital
@3% for 4 month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 4291.30 15326.09 7.27
Machineries and
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 13.44 48.00 0.02
12 COST ‘A’ 29601.85 105720.89 50.17
13 Rental Value of Rs. 18736.56 66916.29 31.76
the land (1/6th of
Gross return –
Land revenue)
14 Interest on fixed Rs. 9613.69 34334.62 16.29
capital ( 10% of
the fixed
investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 57952.10 206971.79 98.22
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Days 2 300 600.00 2142.86 1.02
b) Female Days 3 150 450.00 1607.14 0.76
17 COST ‘C’ 59002.10 210721.79 100.00

42
Above Table No.3.45 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
65211.83 Cost A was Rs. 105720.89 Cost B was Rs.206971.79, Cost C was Rs.210721.79
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 59002.10 For 0.28 Ha of Onion Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.46: Total Output and Gross Income of Onion Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Rate Value
Output( qtl.) Output (qtl.)
Main Product 75 1500 112500 267.86 1500 401785.7
(qtl.)
By Product
Gross 112500 401785.7

Above Table. No. 3.46 shows that the total output Form of main product was 75 Qtl./0.28
Ha. Sold at Rs.1500/Qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Onion Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.47 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Onion Crop

Sr.no Particular Amount

Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 29,601.85 1,05,720.89
2 Cost B 57,952.10 2,06,971.79
3 Cost C 59,002.10 2,10,721.79
4 Gross Return 1,12,500.00 4,01,785.71
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 82,898.15 2,96,064.82
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 54,547.90 1,94,813.92
7 Net Income (N.I.) 53,497.90 1,91,063.92
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.91 1.91
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 786.69 786.69

Above Table. No.3.47 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 53497.90
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.91 as BCR of Rabbi Onion Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

43
3.4.6 Wheat

Variety: Area: 0.22 Ha. Season: Rabbi

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Wheat Crop:

Table No.3.48: Input Used by Host Farmer for Wheat Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 1363.64
b) Female Days 2 150 300 681.82
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 600 2727.27
b) Female Days 2 150 300 1363.64
Machinery used Hrs. 1.5 700 1050 4772.73
seed Kg. 25 65 1625 7386.36
Manure Kg. 500 2 1000 4545.45
Fertilizers
N Kg. 25.00 12.87 321.75 1462.50
P Kg. 14.00 46.25 647.5 2943.18
K Kg. 8.00 31.66 253.28 1151.27
Irrigation charges Rs. 844 3836.07
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 450 2045.45
Incidental charge Rs. 465.38 2115.38

Above Table No.3.48 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Onion Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Wheat is 120:60:40 for 1Ha and farmer
applied 25:14:8 for 0.22 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Wheat Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.49 Cost of Cultivation of Wheat Crop:

44
Sr.n Input Per plot Per Ha. Percen
o t
Unit Qt Rate Amount Amount
y
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 300 1363.64 1.16
b) Female Days 2 150 300 681.82 1.16
2 Machinery used Hrs. 1.5 700 1050 4772.73 4.05
3 Seed Kg. 25 65 1625 7386.36 6.27
4 Manure Kg. 500 2 1000 4545.45 3.86
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 25 12.87 321.75 1462.50 1.24
b)P Kg. 14 46.25 647.5 2943.18 2.50
c)K Kg. 8 31.66 253.28 1151.27 0.98
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 844 3836.07 3.26
7 Insecticide, Rs. 450 2045.45
Pesticide or 1.74
weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 465.38 2115.38 1.80
Total Working Rs. 7256.85 32303.87
Capital 27.99
9 Interest on working Rs. 2177.06 9895.71
capital @3% for 4 8.40
month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 3371.74 15326.09
Machineries and 13.01
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 10.56 48.00 0.04
12 COST ‘A’ 12816.20 58255.48 49.43
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 4656.11 21164.12
land (1/6th of Gross 17.96
return – Land
revenue)
14 Interest on fixed Rs. 7553.62 34334.62
capital ( 10% of the 29.14
fixed investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 25025.93 113754.21 96.53
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Days 2 300 600.00 2727.27
2.31
b) Female Days 2 150 300.00 1363.64
1.16
17 COST ‘C’ 25925.93 117845.12 100.00

45
Above Table No.3.49 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
32303.87 Cost A was Rs. 58255.48 Cost B was Rs.113754.21, Cost C was Rs.117845.12
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 25925.93 For 0.22 Ha of Wheat Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.50: Total Output and Gross Income of Wheat Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Output Rate Value
Output( (qtl.)
qtl.)
Main 10 2800 28000 45.45 2800 127272.7
Product
(qtl..)
By Product
Gross 28000 127272.7

Above Table. No. 3.50 shows that the total output Form of main product was 10 Qtl./0.22
Ha. Sold at Rs.2800/Qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Wheat Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.51 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Wheat Crop

Amount
Sr.no Particular
Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 12,816.20 58,255.48
2 Cost B 25,025.93 1,13,754.21
3 Cost C 25,925.93 1,17,845.12
4 Gross Return 28,000.00 1,27,272.73
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 15,183.80 69,017.25
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 2,974.07 13,518.51
7 Net Income (N.I.) 2,074.07 9,427.61
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.08 1.08
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 2,592.59 2,592.59

Above Table. No.3.51 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 2074.07
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.08 as BCR of Rabbi Wheat Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

46
3.4.7 Sorghum (Fodder)

Variety: Safed moti Area: 0.10 Ha. Season: Rabbi

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Sorghum Crop:

Table No.3.52: Input Used by Host Farmer for Sorghum Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 3000.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 1500.00
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 3000.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 3000.00
Machinery used Hrs. 1 700 700 7000.00
Seed Kg. 4 50 200 2000.00
Manure Kg. 500 2 1000 10000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 10.00 12.87 128.7 1287.00
P Kg. 5.00 46.25 231.25 2312.50
K Kg. 4.00 31.66 126.64 1266.40
Irrigation charges Rs. 253 2531.81
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 100 1000.00
Incidental charge Rs. 211.54 2115.38

Above Table No.3.52 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Onion Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Sorghum is 100:50:40 for 1Ha and farmer
applied 10:5:4 for 0.10 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Sorghum Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.53 Cost of Cultivation of Sorghum Crop:

47
Sr.n Input Per plot Per Ha. percent
o
Uni Qt Rate Amount Amount
t y
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 3000.00 2.37
b) Female Days 2 150 300 1500.00 2.37
2 Machinery used Hrs. 1 700 700 7000.00 5.52
3 Seed Kg. 4 50 200 2000.00 1.58
4 Manure Kg. 500 2 1000 10000.00 7.88
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 10 12.8 128.7 1287.00 1.01
7
b)P Kg. 5 46.2 231.25 2312.50 1.82
5
c)K Kg. 4 31.6 126.64 1266.40 1.00
6
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 253 2531.81 2.00
7 Insecticide, Pesticide Rs. 100 1000.00
or weedicide 0.79
8 Incidental charge Rs. 211.54 2115.38 1.67
Total Working Rs. 3551.31 34013.09
Capital 28.00
9 Interest on working Rs. 1065.39 10653.93
capital @3% for 4 8.40
month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 1532.61 15326.09 12.08
Machineries and
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 4.80 48.00 0.04
12 COST ‘A’ 6154.11 61541.11 48.52
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 2495.20 24952.00
land (1/6th of Gross 19.67
return – Land
revenue)
14 Interest on fixed Rs. 3433.46 34334.62
capital ( 10% of the 27.07
fixed investment)
15 COST ‘B’ 12082.77 120827.7 95.27
2
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Days 1 300 300.00 3000.00
2.37
b) Female Days 2 150 300.00 3000.00
2.37
17 COST ‘C’ 12682.77 126827.7 100.00
2
48
Above Table No.3.53 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
34013.09 Cost A was Rs. 61541.11 Cost B was Rs.120827.72, Cost C was Rs.126827.72
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 12682.77 For 0.10 Ha of Sorghum Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.54: Total Output and Gross Income of Sorghum Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Output Rate Value
Output(qtl.) (ton)
Main Product 50 300 15000 500.00 300 150000
(qtl.)
By Product
Gross 15000 150000

Above Table. No. 3.54 shows that the total output Form of main product was 50 Qtl./0.10
Ha. Sold at Rs.300/Qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Sorghum Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.55 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Sorghum Crop

Amount
Sr.no Particular
Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 6,154.11 61,541.11
2 Cost B 12,082.77 1,20,827.72
3 Cost C 12,682.77 1,26,827.72
4 Gross Return 15,000.00 1,50,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 8,845.89 88,458.89
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 2,917.23 29,172.28
7 Net Income (N.I.) 2,317.23 23,172.28
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.18 1.18
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 253.66 253.66

Above Table. No.3.55 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 2317.23
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.18 as BCR of Rabbi Sorghum Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

49
3.4.8 Groundnut

Variety: Swaraj-55 Area: 0.20 Ha. Season:Summer

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Groundnut Crop:

Table No.3.56: Input Used by Host Farmer for Groundnut Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 1500.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 750.00
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 1 300 300 1500.00
b) Female Days 2 150 300 1500.00
Machinery used Hrs. 1.5 700 1050 5250.00
seed Kg. 22 120 2640 13200.00
Manure Kg. 500 2 1000 5000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 5.00 12.87 64.35 321.75
P Kg. 10.00 46.25 462.5 2312.50
K Kg. 0.00 31.66 0 0.00
Irrigation charges Rs. 844 4219.68
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 800 4000.00
Incidental charge Rs. 423.08 2115.38

Above Table No.3.56 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Groundnut Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Groundnut is 25:50:00 for 1Ha and
farmer applied 05:10:00 for 0.20 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Groundnut Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.57 Cost of Cultivation of Groundnut Crop:

50
Sr. Input Per Plot Per Ha perce
no nt
Unit Qty Rate Amount Amount
1 Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 300 1500.00 1.11
b) Female Days 2 150 300 750.00 1.11
2 Machinery used Hrs. 1.5 700 1050 5250.00 3.89
3 Seed Kg. 22 120 2640 13200.00 9.78
4 Manure Kg. 500 2 1000 5000.00 3.70
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 5 12.87 64.35 321.75 0.24
b)P Kg. 10 46.25 462.5 2312.50 1.71
c)K Kg. 0 31.66 0 0.00 -
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 844 4219.68 3.13
7 Insecticide, Pesticide or Rs. 800 4000.00 2.96
weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 465.38 2115.38 1.72
Total Working Rs. 7926.17 38669.31
Capital 29.3
5
9 Interest on working Rs. 2377.85 11889.26
capital @3% for 4 8.81
month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 3065.22 15326.09
Machineries and 11.3
Implements. 5
11 Land Revenue 9.60 48.00 0.04
12 COST ‘A’ 13378.84 66894.19 49.5
5
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 6157.07 30785.33
land (1/6th of Gross 22.8
return – Land revenue) 0
14 Interest on fixed capital Rs. 6866.92 34334.62
( 10% of the fixed 25.4
investment) 3
15 COST ‘B’ 26402.83 132014.1
4 97.7
8
16 Family Labour
-
a) Male Days 1 300 300.00 1500.00 1.11
b) Female Days 2 150 300.00 1500.00 1.11
17 COST ‘C’ 27002.83 135014.1
4 100.
00

51
Above Table No.3.57 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
38669.31 Cost A was Rs. 66894.19 Cost B was Rs.132014.14, Cost C was Rs.135014.14
For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 27002.83 For 0.20 Ha of Groundnut Crop

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.58: Total Output and Gross Income of Groundnut Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Rate Value
Output(qtl.) Output (qtl.)
Main Product 6 5500 33000 30.00 5500 165000
(qtl..)
By Product 20 200 4000 100 200 20000
Gross 37000 185000

Above Table. No. 3.58 shows that the total output Form of main product was 6 Qtl./0.20
Ha. Sold at Rs.5500/Qtl.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Groundnut Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.59 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Groundnut Crop

Amount
Sr.no Particular
Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 13,378.84 66,894.19
2 Cost B 26,402.83 1,32,014.14
3 Cost C 27,002.83 1,35,014.14
4 Gross Return 37,000.00 1,85,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 23,621.16 1,18,105.81
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 10,597.17 52,985.86
7 Net Income (N.I.) 9,997.17 49,985.86
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.37 1.37
Per quintal cost of production
9 (PQCP) 4,500.47 4,500.47

Above Table. No.3.59 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 9997.17
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.37 as BCR of Summer Groundnut Crop is more than one
hence these crops are Profitable.

52
3.4.9 Sugarcane

Variety: CO-86032 Area: 0.40 Ha. Season: Perennial

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Sugarcane Crop:

Table No.3.60: Input Used by Host Farmer for Sugarcane Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 3 300 900 750.00
b) Female Days 5 150 750 375.00
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 6 300 1800 4500.00
b) Female Days 15 150 2250 5625.00
Machinery used Hrs. 9 700 6300 15750.00
seed Ton. 2 2100 4200 10500.00
Manure Ton. 4 2000 8000 20000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 160.00 12.87 2059.2 5148.00
P Kg. 60.00 46.25 2775 6937.50
K Kg. 60.00 31.66 1899.6 4749.00
Irrigation charges Rs. 7933 19832.49
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 2500 6250.00
Incidental charge Rs. 846.15 2115.38

Above Table No.3.60 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Sugarcane Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Sugarcane is 400:170:170 for 1Ha and
farmer applied 160:60:60 for 0.40 Ha.

2) Cost of Cultivation of Sugarcane Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.61 Cost of Cultivation of Sugarcane Crop:

53
Sr. Input Per plot Per ha Perc
no ent
Unit Qty Rate Amount Amount

1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Day 3 300 900 750.00 0.93
s
b) Female Day 5 150 750 375.00 0.78
s
2 Machinery used Hrs. 9 700 6300 15750.00 6.53
3 Seed Kg. 2 2100 4200 10500.00 4.35
4 Manure Kg. 3 2000 8000 20000.00 8.29
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 160 12.87 2059.2 5148.00 2.14
b)P Kg. 60 46.25 2775 6937.50 2.88
c)K Kg. 60 31.66 1899.6 4749.00 1.97
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 7933 19832.49 8.23
7 Insecticide, Pesticide Rs. 2500 6250.00 2.59
or weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 846.15 2115.38 0.88
Total Working Rs. 38162.95 92407.38 39.5
Capital 7
9 Interest on working Rs. 4579.55 11448.89 4.75
capital @12% for
12 month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 6130.43 15326.09 6.36
Machineries and
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 19.20 48.00 0.02
12 COST ‘A’ 48892.14 122230.35 50.6
9
13 Rental Value of the Rs. 29772.47 74431.17 30.8
land (1/6th of Gross 7
return – Land
revenue)
14 Interest on fixed Rs. 13733.85 34334.62
capital ( 10% of the 14.2
fixed investment) 4
15 COST ‘B’ 92398.45 230996.13
95.8
0
16 Family Labour -
a) Male Day 6 300 1800.00 4500.00 1.87
s
b) Female Day 15 150 2250.00 5625.00 2.33
s

54
 17 COST ‘C’ 96448.45 241121.13 100.
00

Above Table No.3.61 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
392407.38 Cost A was Rs. 122230.35 Cost B was Rs.230996.13, Cost C was
Rs.241121.13 For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 96448.45 For 0.40 Ha of Sugarcane
Crop.

3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.62: Total Output and Gross Income of Sugarcane Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Rate Value
Output Output
Main Product 65 2750 178750 162.50 2750 446875
(ton.)
By Product
Gross 178750 446875

Above Table. No. 3.62 shows that the total output Form of main product was 65 ton./0.40
Ha. Sold at Rs.2750/Ton.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability of Sugarcane Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.63 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Sugarcane Crop

Amount
Sr.no Particular
Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 48,892.14 1,22,230.35
2 Cost B 92,398.45 2,30,996.13
3 Cost C 96,448.45 2,41,121.13
4 Gross Return 1,78,750.00 4,46,875.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 1,29,857.86 3,24,644.65
6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 86,351.55 2,15,878.87
7 Net Income (N.I.) 82,301.55 2,05,753.87
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.85 1.85
Per quintal cost of production
9 (PQCP) 1,483.82 1,483.82

Above Table. No.3.63 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 82301.55
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.85 as BCR of Perennial Sugarcane Crop is more than one
hence these crops are Profitable.

55
3.4.10 Pomegranate

Variety: Phule Bhagva Area: 0.80 Ha. Season: Perennial

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Pomegranate Crop:

Table No.3.64: Input Used by Host Farmer for Pomegranate Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 15 300 4500 375.00
b) Female Days 15 150 2250 187.50
Family human Labour
a) Male Days 12 300 3600 4500.00
b) Female Days 10 150 1500 1875.00
Machinery used Hrs. 15 700 10500 13125.00
seedling. seedlings 0 0 0 0.00
Manure Ton. 20 2000 40000 50000.00
Fertilizers
N Kg. 540.00 12.87 6949.8 8687.25
P Kg. 200.00 46.25 9250 11562.50
K Kg. 200.00 31.66 6332 7915.00
Irrigation charges Rs. 13165 16456.75
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 45000 56250.00
Incidental charge Rs. 1692.31 2115.38

Above Table No.3.64 Provide information about crop wise input used by host farmer for
Pomegranate Crop Recommended Fertilizer dose for Pomegranate is 625:250:250 for 1Ha
and farmer applied 540:200:200 for 0.80 Ha.

2) Amortization cost of Pomegranate

Table No.3.65 Annual Amortization of Pomegranate Crop:

56
 Sr.
particular unit Quantity Rate/Rs Amount
no
A site preparation
a) machineries hours. 9 700 6300
b) Hired human Labour 0
Male days 2 300 600
Female days 3 150 450
B Cultivation of plant 0
a) digging of pits (spacing
per pit 800 5 4000
12X8 feet)
b) FYM Kg. 1600 4 6400
c) Fertilizer 0
N Kg. 400 12.87 5148
P Kg. 160 46.25 7400
K Kg. 160 31.66 5065.6
d) pit fill up with FYM and
fertilizer (giving 3female days 3 150 450
labour)
C Planting and installation
seedlings
a) seedlings (nursery) 850 25 21250
.
b) hired Human labour
Male days 5 300 1500
Female days 3 150 450
c) installing drip irrigation
system
lateral m 2260 12 27120
sub main pipe 2" pipe 16 290 4640
dripper dripper 1600 4 6400
filter filter 1 4500 4500
other 2500
D water soluble
19:19:19; Kg. 2 90 180
E Plant protection Chemical
pesticide 12000 12000
weedicide 560 560
fungicide 6500 6500
PGR 800 800
Total Establishment Cost 124214
Total Establishment Cost 124214
Rate of interest 12%
Expected life 14
n
Annual Amortization (A)= P X r(1+r)

(1+r)n-1

57
Where,

P = Total Establishment Cost

r = rate of Interest 12%

n = expected life

Annual Amortization (A)= 14904.63

3) Cost of Cultivation of Pomegranate Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.66 Cost of Cultivation of Pomegranate Crop:

Sr. Input Per plot Per Ha. Percen

no t
Unit Qty Rate Amount Amount
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Days 15 300 4500 375.00 1.42
b) Female Days 15 150 2250 187.50 0.71
2 Machinery used Hrs. 15 700 10500 13125.00 3.32
3 Seed Kg. 0 0 0 0.00 -
4 Manure Ton. 20 2000 40000 50000.00 12.65
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 540 12.8 6949.8 8687.25
7 2.20
b)P Kg. 200 46.2 9250 11562.50
5 2.93
c)K Kg. 200 31.6 6332 7915.00
6 2.00
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 13165 16456.75
4.16
7 Insecticide, Rs. 45000 56250.00
Pesticide or 14.23
weedicide
8 Incidental charge Rs. 1692.31 2115.38
0.54
Total Working Rs. 139639.51 166674.38
Capital 44.17
9 Interest on working Rs. 16756.74 20945.93
capital @12% for 5.30
12 month
10 Depreciation on Rs. 12260.87 15326.09
Machineries and 3.88
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 38.40 48.00 0.01
12 COST ‘A’ 168695.52 210869.40 53.36

58
 13 Rental Value of the Rs. 99961.60 124952.00
land (1/6th of 31.62
Gross return –
Land revenue)
14 Interest on fixed Rs. 27467.69 34334.62
capital ( 10% of the 8.69
fixed investment)
15 Amortization cost Rs. 14904.63
pomegranate
16 COST ‘B’ 311029.44 388786.80 98.39
17 Family Labour -
a) Male Days 12 300 3600.00 4500.00 1.14
b) Female Days 10 150 1500.00 1875.00 0.47
18 COST ‘C’ 316129.44 395161.80 100.00
Above Table No.3.66 it has been seen that the per hectare total working capital was Rs.
166674.38 Cost A was Rs. 210869.40 Cost B was Rs.388786.80, Cost C was
Rs.395161.80 For per Ha. Farmer incurred Cost C Rs. 316129.44 For 0.80 Ha of
Pomegranate Crop.

4) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.67: Total Output and Gross Income of Pomegranate Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Rate Value Total Output Rate Value
Output( (crates.)
crates.)
Main 1200 500 600000 1500.00 500 750000
Product
(Crates.)
By Product
Gross 600000 750000
Above Table. No. 3.67 shows that the total output Form of main product was 1200
Crates./0.80 Ha. Sold at Rs.500/crates.

5) Cost, Return and Profitability of Pomegranate Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.68 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Pomegrnate Crop

Amount
Sr.no Particular
Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 1,68,695.52 2,10,869.40
2 Cost B 3,11,029.44 3,88,786.80
3 Cost C 3,16,129.44 3,95,161.80
4 Gross Return 6,00,000.00 7,50,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 4,31,304.48 5,39,130.60

59
 6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 2,88,970.56 3,61,213.20
7 Net Income (N.I.) 2,83,870.56 3,54,838.20
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.90 1.90
9 Per quintal cost of production (PQCP) 263.44 263.44

Above Table. No.3.68 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 283870.56
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.90 as BCR of Perennial Pomegranate Crop is more than one
hence these crops are Profitable.

3.5 Economics of whole Farm

Table No. 3.69: Economics of Existing Cropping Pattern of year (2019-20)

Season Crops Area Cost C Gross BCR Net Income

Income
Kharif Green gram 0.2 26033.08 30000 1.15 3,966.92
Fenugreek 0.08 15868.86 27600 1.74 11,731.14
Cabbage 0.22 72690.56 180000 2.48 5,573.97
Maize 0.1 10926.03 16500 1.51 5,573.97
Rabbi Onion 0.28 59002.10 112500 1.91 53,497.90
Wheat 0.22 25925.93 28000 1.08 2,074.07
Sorghum 0.1 12682.77 15000 1.18 2,317.23
Summer Groundnut 0.2 27002.83 37000 1.37 9,997.17
Perennial Pomegranate 0.8 316129.44 600000 1.90 2,83,870.56
Sugarcane 0.4 96448.45 178750 1.85 82,301.55
2.6 1225350 1.62 460904.48
The above Table No. 3.69 shows that total Net income is Rs.460904.48. The BCR of
whole year production was 1.62

3.5.1 Crop wise Cost, Returns and Profitability of Farm Income (201-20)

Table No. 3.70: Crop wise cost, Returns and Profitability of Farm Income

Crop F.B. I F.L.I. N.I. BCR PQCOP

Green gram 16,724.24 4,866.92 3,966.92 1.15 5,206.62
Fenugreek 19,674.07 12,331.14 11,731.14 1.74 6.90
Cabbage 1,45,902.50 1,08,359.44 5,573.97 2.48 484.60
Maize 12,502.63 6,323.97 5,573.97 1.51 198.66
Onion 82,898.15 54,547.90 53,497.90 1.91 786.69
Wheat 15,183.80 2,974.07 2,074.07 1.08 2,592.59
Sorghum 8,845.89 2,917.23 2,317.23 1.18 253.66
Groundnut 23,621.16 10,597.17 9,997.17 1.37 4,500.47
Pomegranat 4,31,304.48 2,88,970.56 2,83,870.56 1.90 263.44
e

60
 Sugarcane 1,29,857.86 86,351.55 82,301.55 1.85 1,483.82

3.6 Alternative Farm plan

3.6.1. Reasons for Replacement of Crop from Existing Cropping Pattern

1. Benefit cost ratios:

The benefit cost ratio of the Wheat crop (i.e.) is less as compared to Watermelon Crop
(i.e.1.08) that means the watermelon crop gives more profit than the Wheat crop to the
farmer, so the farmer can replace Wheat crop with the Watermelon crop.

2. Market availability (Local market and Shirur APMC)

3. More income than the existing Wheat crop.

4. Less labour requirement as compared to Wheat.

3.6.2 Suggested Alternative Cropping Pattern

Table No. 3.71: Suggested Alternative Cropping Pattern for the host farmer

Season Plot. Crops Variety Irrigated Yield Gross

No Area (Ha.) value
Kharif 696/3 Green gram Gavran 0.2 5 30000
696/3 Fenugreek Prajakta 0.08 2300 27600
696/3 Cabbage Mahyco 261 0.22 150 180000
696/3 Maize African tall 0.1 55 16500
Rabbi 696/3 Onion Panchganga 0.28 75 112500
696/3 Watermelon Sugar Queen 0.22 11 132000
696/3 Sorghum Safed moti 0.1 50 15000
(fodder )
Summer 696/3 Groundnut Swarj-55 0.2 6 37000
Perennial 696/3 Pomegranate Bhagawa 0.8 1200 600000
696/3 Sugarcane Co-86032 0.4 65 178750
2.6 1329350

3.6.2.1. Allocation of Various Costs for Alternative Farm Plan

Table No. 3.72: Allocation of various cost for Alternative Farm Plan

Crops Are Depreci Interest Irrigation Incidental Land

a ation on fixed charge Charge revenue
Capital
Green gram 0.2 3065.22 6,866.92 0.00 423.08 9.6
Fenugreek 0.08 1226.09 2,746.77 84.39 169.23 3.84

61
 Cabbage 0.22 3371.74 7,553.62 210.98 465.38 10.56
Maize 0.1 1532.61 3,433.46 379.77 211.54 4.8
Onion 0.28 4291.30 9,613.69 1265.90 592.31 13.44
Watermelon 0.22 3371.74 7,553.62 2531.81 465.38 10.56
Sorghum 0.1 1532.61 3,433.46 253.18 211.54 4.8
Groundnut 0.2 3065.22 6,866.92 843.94 423.08 9.6
Pomegranate 0.8 12260.87 27,467.69 13165.40 1692.31 38.4
Sugarcane 0.4 6130.43 13,733.85 7933.00 846.15 19.2
Total 2.6 39847.83 89,270.00 26668.37 5500.00 124.8

3.6.3. Name of Crop : Watermelon

Variety: Sugar Queen Area: 0.22 Ha Season: Rabbi

1) Input Used by Host Farmer for Watermelon crop (2018-19) :

Table No.3.73: Input Used by Host Farmer for Watermelon Crop

Input Per Plot Per ha

Unit Qty Rate Amount
Amount
Hired human Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 600 2727.27
b) Female Days 3 150 450 2045.45
Family human Labour 0.00
a) Male Days 4 300 1200 5454.55
b) Female Days 5 150 750 3409.09
Machinery used Hrs. 2 700 1400 6363.64
seed Pouch 2 2100 4200 19090.91
Manure Kg. 1000 2 2000 9090.91
Fertilizers 0.00
N Kg. 22.00 12.87 283.14 1287.00
P Kg. 11.00 46.25 508.75 2312.50
K Kg. 11.00 31.66 348.26 1583.00

62
 Irrigation charges Rs. 2532 11508.22
Insecticide, Pesticide or weedicide Rs. 4500 20454.55
Incidental charge Rs. 465.38 2115.38
Above Table No. 3.73 provides information about crop wise inputs used by host farmer
for Watermelon crop. Recommended dose of fertilizer for Watermelon crop is 100:50:00
Kg/Ha farmer applied 22:11:11 for 0.22 Ha.

2)Cost of Cultivation of Watermelon Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.74 Cost of Cultivation of Watermelon Crop (2019-20):

Sr.n Input Per Plot Per Ha Percen

o t
Unit Qty Rate Amount Amount
1 Hired human
Labour
a) Male Days 2 300 600 2727.27 1.20
b) Female Days 3 150 450 2045.45 0.90
2 Machinery Hrs. 2 700 1400.00 6363.64 2.80
used
3 Seed pouch 2 2100 4200.00 19090.91 8.40
.
4 Manure Kg. 1000 2 2000.00 9090.91 4.00
5 Fertilizers -
a)N Kg. 22 12.87 283.14 1287.00 0.57
b)P Kg. 11 46.25 508.75 2312.50 1.02
c)K Kg. 11 31.66 348.26 1583.00 0.70
6 Irrigation Rs. 2531.81 11508.22 5.06
charges
7 Insecticide, Rs. 4500.00 20454.55 9.00
Pesticide or
weedicide
8 Incidental Rs. 465.38 2115.38 0.93
charge
Total Rs. 17287.34 78578.83 34.56
Working
Capital
9 Interest on Rs. 5186.20 23573.65 10.37
working
capital @3%
for 4 month
10 Depreciation Rs. 3371.74 15326.09 6.74
on
Machineries
and
Implements.
11 Land Revenue 10.56 48.00 0.02

63
 13 COST ‘A’ 25855.84 117526.56 51.70
14 Rental Value Rs. 14656.11 66618.67 29.30
of the land
(1/6th of Gross
return – Land
revenue)
15 Interest on Rs. 7553.62 34334.62 15.10
fixed capital (
10% of the
fixed
investment)
16 COST ‘B’ 48065.57 218479.84 96.10
17 Family Labour -
a) Male Days 4 300 1200.00 5454.55 2.40
b) Female Days 5 150 750.00 3409.09 1.50
18 COST ‘C’ 50015.57 227343.48 100.00
Table No. 3.74 it has been seen that total working capital was Rs. 78578.83 Cost A was
Rs. 117526.56 Cost B was Rs. 48065.57 Cost C was Rs.78578.83. Per Ha Farmer incurred
Cost C Rs.50015.57 for 0.22 Ha of Watermelon crop
3) Total output and Gross Income (2019-20)

Table. No.3.75: Total Output and Gross Income of Watermelon Crop

Cultivated Area Per ha

Total Total Output
Value
Output Rate Value (qtl.) Rate
Main Product
(ton.) 11 8000 88000 50.00 8000 400000
By Product
Gross 88000 400000

Above Table. No. 3.75 shows that the total output Form of main product was 11 ton./0.22
Ha. Sold at Rs.8000/ton.

4) Cost, Return and Profitability Watermelon Crop (2019-20):

Table No.3.76 : Cost, Return and Profitability of Watermelon Crop

Amount
Sr.no Particular
Cultivated area Per Ha
1 Cost A 25,855.84 1,17,526.56
2 Cost B 48,065.57 2,18,479.84
3 Cost C 50,015.57 2,27,343.48
4 Gross Return 88,000.00 4,00,000.00
5 Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) 62,144.16 2,82,473.44

64
 6 Family Labour Income (F.L.I.) 39,934.43 1,81,520.16
7 Net Income (N.I.) 37,984.43 1,72,656.52
8 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.76 1.76
9 Per quintal cost of production(PQCP) 4,546.87 4,546.87

Above Table. No.3.76 shows that Net Income obtained by the Farmer was Rs. 37984.43
and Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.76 as BCR of Watermelon Crop is more than one hence
these crops are Profitable.

3.6.4 Comparison between Present Cropping Pattern and Alternate Cropping

Pattern.

1) Present Cropping Pattern:

Table No. 3.77: Cost and Returns of Exiting cropping pattern

Crop Farm Family Net BC Per Per

Business Labour Income R Quintal Hectare
Income Income (N.I.) Cost of Cost of
(F.B.I.) (F.L.I.) Producti Cultivatio
on n
Green gram 16,724.24 4,866.92 3,966.92 1.15 5,206.62 1,30,165.40
Fenugreek 19,674.07 12,331.14 11,731.14 1.74 6.90 1,98,360.79
Cabbage 1,45,902.50 1,08,359.44 5,573.97 2.48 484.60 3,30,411.62
Maize 12,502.63 6,323.97 5,573.97 1.51 198.66 1,09,260.29
Onion 82,898.15 54,547.90 53,497.90 1.91 786.69 2,10,721.79
Wheat 15,183.80 2,974.07 2,074.07 1.08 2,592.59 1,17,845.12
Sorghum 8,845.89 2,917.23 2,317.23 1.18 253.66 1,26,827.72
Groundnut 23,621.16 10,597.17 9,997.17 1.37 4,500.47 1,35,014.14
Pomegranate 4,31,304.48 2,88,970.56 2,83,870.56 1.90 263.44 3,95,161.80
Sugarcane 1,29,857.86 86,351.55 82,301.55 1.85 1,483.82 2,41,121.13

2) Alternate Cropping Pattern:

Table No. 3.78: Cost and Returns of Alternate cropping pattern

Crop Farm Family Net Per Per

Business Labour Income Quintal Hector
Income Income (N.I.) BCR Cost of Cost of
(F.B.I.) (F.L.I.) Production Cultivation
Green gram 16,724.24 4,866.92 3,966.92 1.15 5,206.62 1,30,165.40
Fenugreek 19,674.07 12,331.14 11,731.14 1.74 6.90 1,98,360.79

65
 Cabbage 1,45,902.50 1,08,359.44 5,573.97 2.48 484.60 3,30,411.62
Maize 12,502.63 6,323.97 5,573.97 1.51 198.66 1,09,260.29
Onion 82,898.15 54,547.90 53,497.90 1.91 786.69 2,10,721.79
Watermelon 62,144.16 39,934.43 37,984.43 1.76 4,546.87 1,17,845.12
Sorghum 8,845.89 2,917.23 2,317.23 1.18 253.66 1,26,827.72
Groundnut 23,621.16 10,597.17 9,997.17 1.37 4,500.47 1,35,014.14
Pomegranate 4,31,304.48 2,88,970.56 2,83,870.56 1.90 263.44 3,95,161.80
Sugarcane 1,29,857.86 86,351.55 82,301.55 1.85 1,483.82 2,41,121.13

3.7 Problems and Suggestions to Farmer:

3.7.1 Problems Faced by Farmer Problem Related to Resources:

1) Irregularity in Rain fall:

Karde village comes under tehsil Shirur and condition of rainfall in this region critical
than other nearer regions.

2) Increasing prices of agricultural Inputs.

Prices of agriculture Inputs are increasing day by day which leads to increase in the
production cost of the cultivated crop.

3) Lack of pest and disease management

practices Farmer did not have proper knowledge about the pest and disease management.

4) Lack of Proper Knowledge:

Selected farmer is very hope full to earn money from farming but they are not with proper
knowledge of about Soil Quality, Input Management and Water management.

5) More Cost of Cultivation:

Farmer is not aware about market situation and also invest more money on cultivation i.e.
more cost of Cultivation.

6) lack of electricity

Irregular Supply of electricity of the farm of Karde village.

3.7.2 Suggestions to the Problems Faced by the Host Farmer:

1) Water Management:

The region shows lower rainfall and farmer needs to create strongeness in water resources,
if farmer is with strong water resource then increases production.

66
2) Study of Market prices (APMC)

Due to low prices in market, farmer should study the market prices before the harvesting
so farmer can get the better prices for his produce.

3) Focus on Proper Knowledge:

Farmer needs to focus on Input Management and Soil Quality, it’s possible when farmer
is with Proper Knowledge.

4) Reduce Cost of Cultivation:

If farmer focus on reduce cost of cultivation, then earn healthy earning from produce
produced by farmer.

5) Installation the Solar pump set.

Install the solar pump set to the Irrigation Purpose

67
3.8 Loan Proposal:

3.8.1 Objective:

Loan proposal for Solar pump set suggested to farmer because it is used to irrigation of
farm and it helps to without Electricity to used in day time to irrigation of farm.

• Purpose of Loan :-Solar Water Pump System

• Type Of Loan :- Medium Term Loan

• Bank Name :- Pune District Central Co-operative Bank, Shirur

• Rate of Interest :- 11.75%

3.8.2. Documents Required for Loan:

• Application Form
• Quotation
• Assumed Income Report
• 7/12Extract
• Ration card Xerox
• Aadhar Card
• PAN Card
• 4 Photos
• Bank Passbook
• Loan Nil Certificate

3.8.3 Technical specification and total expenditure on project

Power - 3 HPDC Submersible Motor

Brand – Tata Power Solar

Motor Discharge -63000 LPD@85M head

Pump Head – 85M

68
Input Power – 3000 W DC

Output Voltage – 30- 85 V

Accessories – Pump set, wires, Nut bolt, Solar Panel etc.

Total requirement of fund: 255000

Self: 51000 (20%)

Loan: 204000 (80%)

3.8.4 Annual Equated Instalment (AEI) = B * i/ [1- (1+i)) ^n]

where, B= Principle amount

i= Interest rate (11.75%)

n= Loan period (5 Yrs.)

=204000*0.1175/[1-(1+0.1175)]^5

AEI = 59421.84

Table No. 3.79: Calculation of Annual Equated Instalment of Tractor

Annual Equated
CC Interest Amortization Principle Balance
Instalments
0 204000
1 56241.51 23970 32271.51 171728.49
2 56241.51 20178.09703 36063.42 135665.07
3 56241.51 15940.64546 40300.87 95364.20
4 56241.51 11205.29334 45036.22 50327.98
5 56241.51 5913.537333 50327.98 0.00
Total 77207.57 204000.00

69
3.9 Study of Multipurpose Co-operative Society:
3.9.1. Information of Society:
1. Name: -Ambale Vividh Karyakari Seve Sanstha Maryadit
2. Address: -A/P Ambale, tel:-Shirur dist:-Pune
3. Registration no: -PNA/18461
4. Year of Establishment: -17/04/1962
5. Audit class: - Class B
3.9.1.1 Other Information of Society:
1. Name of village: -Ambale
2. Head quarter of society: -Ambale
3. Population (2011census): -3627
4. Distance from the head quarter: -Nil.
5. Numbers of member: -1466
3.9.3 Area:
Ambale is located in tehsil of Shirur & about 15 km away from Shirur. Crops grown in
the area are mainly, Pomegranate, Grapes, Wheat, Onion & vegetables. The society
operates for a cluster of 1 village, named Ambale. Population of Ambale village is about
3627. The society registration no is PNA/18461 & was established on 17/04/1962. Its
area of operation includes Ambale. The society has its own building. The society is
functional throughout the year & working timings are from 11 am to 2.30 pm.
3.9.4 Management of Society:
As per the by-laws of the society, the affairs of the society are managed by an elected
board as per the bye laws of the society, the term of the chairman is 5 years & the
number of directors can go up to 13 the society is functioning as per the provisions of the
bye laws.
3.9.5 Information of Management Committee:
Table No. 3.80.Information about Management committee of the Society

Sr. No Name of member Position

1. Bendre Suresh Vitthal Chairmen

2. Sankpal Dadabhau Gulabrao Voice chairmen

3. Ghumbare Ashok Baban Member

4. Zende Suresh Dadbhau Member

70
 5. Bendre Dadaso Jayvant Member

6. Chavan Bhausaheb Madhav Member

7. Sankpal Raosaheb Baban Member

8. Punde Prashant Sudam Member

9. Sinnarkar Shrikrushna Ramchandra Member

10. Bendre Shalan Suryakant Member

11. Ghumbare Aruna Dadaso Member

12. Birdavade Anil Nivrutti Member

13. Mhalaskar Vikas Shrirang Member

14. Sankpal Machindra Sukhdev Secretory

3.9.6 Information of Secretary:

• Name : -Mr. Sankpal Machindra Sukhdev
• Age : -45 Year
• Education : -B. Com
• Experience :- 15 Years
• Special training in cooperation (specify)
:-LDC(lower Diploma in co-operation)
3.9.7 Progress of the Society from Last Five Years:
Table No. 3.81. Progress of the Society from Last Five Years

Yea Mem Share Reserv Loan Over Total Net

r ber capital e Borrowi Advance Due Turnover Profit
(Rs) Fund ng (Rs) d (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)
(Rs)
201 1361 10176 135385 4251235 4465159 15746 5567964 326714
6- 683 .94 0 1 415 4.06 3.04
17

71
 201 1421 10842 135385 3280715 3811207 10098 7485084 559597
7- 288 .94 1.18 9.18 099 8.86 3
18
201 1428 11509 135385 3269633 3628817 24000 4769297 -
8- 758 .94 4.12 5 079 4.06 578790
19 7.97
201 1466 12177 135385 2557563 3010202 18604 5472132 -
9- 502 .94 2.12 3 424 2.77 509133
20 3.74

3.9.8. Rates of Interest

1. PACS to members: Short Term loans to farmer @ 6 %
2. PACS to members: Medium Term loans to farmer @10.75%
3. PACS to members: Long Term loans to farmer @12.75%
3.9.9. Information About Loan
1.Short term loan
i) Rate of interest: 6%
ii) Duration: 1 year
iii) Purpose: For cultivation of crops
Sr. Year No. of Amount Advanced to Members Total (Rs)
No Borrowers (Rs)
Cash Kind Others

1 2019-20 554 1,90,23,112 - - 1,90,23,112

2. Medium term loan:

i) Rate of interest: 14 percent.
ii) Duration: 5 years
iii) Purpose of loan: For a) Tractor, b) Lift Irrigation, c) Livestock etc.

Sr. Year No. of Amount Advanced to Members Total

No Borrowers (Rs) (Rs)

72
 Cash Kind Others

1 2019-20 13 17,91,000 - - 17,91,000

3.9.10 Income, Expenditure and Profit of society:

Table No.3.82 Information about Income of Society from Different Activities:
Sr. Particulars Amount %
No (Rs)
1 Income on Bank savings 490708 98.09
2 Dividend - -
3 Interest 9562 1.91
Total 500270 100.00

3.9.11 Expenditure of the Society:

Table No.3.83 Information about Expenditure of the Society
Sr. No Particular Amount %
(Rs)
1 Interest paid on borrowings - -
2 Bank commission 80 0.01
3 Surcharge cost 35710 4.51
4 Salaries to staff 233000 29.41
5 Jaw-A 458502 57.88
6 Traveling expenses 12260 1.55
7 Sadil 7100 0.90
8 Audit fees & other fees 11760 1.48
9 Stationary, printing etc. 6170 0.78
Management cost 5790 0.73
10 Meetings 7100 0.90
11 Process fee Post and Telephone 14643 1.85
charges
12 Property tax -
13 Non-performing Assets -
14 Others

73
 Total Expenditure 792115 100.00

3.9.12 Profit / Loss Statement for 2019-20

A. Total Income of the Society = Rs. 500270
B. Total Expenditure of the Society = Rs.792115
C. Loss or Profit (A-B)
= Rs 291845 Loss
3.9.13. Problems and Suggestions
3.9.13.1. Problem faced by the society:
1. Non availability of cold storage facility of own / rental basis.
2. Quality of farm product supplied to the society.
3. Inadequate quantity supply: daily/ weekly/ fortnightly/ monthly.
4. Non availability of infrastructural facilities like meeting hall, parking facilities,
drinking water etc.
3.9.13.2. Suggestion to society:
1. To construct warehouse/ storage facilities otherwise if it is not possible than available
them on rent basis.
2. Maintain buffer stock to provide daily need in the society.
3. To construct an infrastructural facility which helps to neglect the problematic situation
arrived in society.
3.10 Findings
ix. In the village Karde, there is prosperous scope for cultivating land because good
marketing facility (Total area of village is 2800.50 Ha. out of which maximum
1404.00 Ha. area is un-irrigated), black soil, favourable climate, infrastructure and
transportation facilities.
x. Host farmer is Small farmer with 2.00 ha. Land.
xi. Host farmer had cultivated Fenugreek, Green gram, Onion, Cabbage, Maize,
Tomato, Jowar, Wheat, Sugarcane and Pomegranate the Cropping intensity was of
140.00 %.
xii. Benefit Cost Ratio of Green gram and Fenugreek was (1.15 and 2.74 resp.),
Cabbage and Maize (2.48 and 1.51 resp.), for Sugarcane and Pomegranate (1.85
and 1.90 resp.).

74
xiii. Benefit Cost Ratio for Existing cropping pattern was 1.62 which is greater than 1
so farmer is in profit from the above Benefit Cost Ratio of Wheat crop show the
less BCR which means that crop are not Properly profitable for farmer.
xiv. Benefit Cost Ratio of suggested alternative farm plan was 1.68 which is more than
Benefit Cost Ratio of existing farm plan of farmer (1.62).
xv. Total Gross Income, Net Income and BCR was Rs. 1225350, Rs. 460904.48 and
1.62 respectively for Existing cropping pattern of farmer and for the alternative
farm plan Rs.1285350, Rs.496814.84 and Rs.1.68 respectively.
It was found that when Wheat crop is altered by Watermelon crop for 0.22 Ha. Benefit
Cost Ratio increased from 1.08 to 1.76.

3.10.1 Conclusions

vi. Farmer is in profit with existing cropping pattern.

vii. As the cropping intensity is 144 percent so farmer has utilized more than 100
percent land for cultivation of crops.
viii. Net income obtained from present cropping pattern of Rs 460904.48. So existing
cropping pattern is profitable.
ix. As BCR of Cabbage is 2.48 which is more than all crops cultivated by farmers. So
it is more profitable crop of host farmer than others.
x. As the net income and BCR of Wheat crop is less among all crops, so it is better
to replace by Watermelon as BCR of Watermelon could be 1.76 which would be
more than Wheat crop.

75
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

MANAGEMENT AGRICULTURE ALLIED ENTERPRISES AT

“PAWAR BUFFALO FARM”

By

Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra

(Reg. No- BAB023/2017)

A candidate for the degree

of

BACHLOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) AGRICULTURE BUSINESS

MANAGEMENT

Project Guide: Prof. Takale R. M.

Department: Assistant Professor of ABM,

College of Agri-Business Management

Baramati, Pune

Agriculture and allied activities support livelihoods of India’s rural

population. Agriculture and allied activities constitute the single largest contributor to the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Over the last four decades, agriculture has made
important strides in our country. It has been able to meet the growing demand of the
increasing population for their essential but also acceleration of agricultural production
gains is critical for meeting the increasing demands due to the increase in population as
well as Improvements in incomes, particularly of the poor sections of the society.

In recent years, land-based livelihoods of small and marginal farmers are

increasingly becoming unsustainable, since their land has not been able to support the
family’s food requirements and fodder for their animals. As a result, rural households are
forced to look at alternative means for supplementing their livelihoods. In this context,
natural resource-based micro-enterprises have emerged as alternative livelihood
opportunities in rural areas. Varying socioeconomic and environmental trends including

76
declining crop prices, swelling labour forces, migration and urbanization increased the
demand for alternative employment and farm livelihood opportunities.

Objectives of Study

6. To study different areas of management in selected agriculture allied enterprise.

7. To study the Economics analysis of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm.
8. To study marketing management of selected Pawar Buffalo farm.
9. To study SWOT of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm.
10. To study the various problems and give suggestions to overcome them

Importance of Study

The dairy sector is one of the crucial sectors in the Indian economy that not only
provides employment to millions of rural households but also contributes to the economy.
Among the livestock products, milk consists of the highest share, and it accounted for
67.2 per cent of the livestock sector in 2017. Annually, 8.4 million farmers depend on the
dairy sector for their livelihoods, out of which 71 per cent are women (Agriculture Skill
Council of India). Furthermore, in a year, crop production employs the rural workforce
for 90 to 120 days, but dairy provides alternative employment opportunities throughout
the 365 days of the year.

This sector also plays an important role in achieving food security, reducing global
poverty, generating employment opportunities for women, and providing a regular source
of income for rural households. Moreover, in developing economies, landless and poor
farmers are actively involved in dairying as an essential means of livelihood. According
to the FAO 2018 report, more than 500 million impoverished people depend mainly on
livestock, and many of them are small and marginal dairy farmers. Additionally, dairy
development in boosting rural economic growth and empowering rural women.

Review of literature

The knowledge of the research work done in the past relating to the research
work under study is necessary and helpful to proceed in the right direction. It helps in
proper understanding of the concepts, methodological and analytical issues of the study.
Research Methodology:

77
Descriptive research and exploratory research were conducted to fulfill the objective of
the study. In order to arrive at proper conclusion, it is necessary for researcher to adopt
appropriate method and procedures. The success of any project depends on the
methodology which is adopted during data collection, compilation and various type of
analysis.

The scope of the study is limited to the identification of critical areas of management,
economic feasibility and SWOT analysis of Guru Datta Dairy farm. The present study is
conducted on Guru Datta dairy farm and it is based on primary data.

Problems: -

a) Marketing problems: -

i. Lack of Advertising
ii. Poor marketing of buffalo farm

b) Housing Management Problem: -

i. No Space in shade Between two animals.

ii. Road of that farm is not in Good condition.

c) Electricity problem: -

i. Proper electricity is not available in the Farm

Suggestion to Problems

a) Keep proper distance in shade and between two animals

b) Advertising Purpose Use Social Media And diff apps.

c) Stone Crush use of Layer to the Road

d) Using Different Application to marketing and Selling of Buffaloes. Example: -

Agro-deals, AgroStar, Farmfirst, etc.

e) Using generator or Solar system in to the borewell.

f) Maintain Registered.

4.24 Findings:-

a) There are total 150 buffaloes in Pawar Buffalo Farm

78
 b) The Price received for per Buffalo is Rs 98000 and 105000

c) The capital investment for the Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs 144,54,740,

d) The Total Fixed Cost for Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs 14,66,436.71

e) The total variable cost required for the Pawar Buffalo farm for year 2019-20 was
Rs. 99,48,433.60

f) The total gross income of Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs. 1,46,32,500

g) The income received from sale of Buffalo was Rs. 1,28,59,000

h) The Net Income of Pawar Buffalo farm is 3,17,70,182.91

i) The Pay Back Period for the Pawar Buffalo farm is 4 years and 5 month and 15
days which shows that initial investment is covered.

j) BCR of Pawar Buffalo farm is 1.27

k) The NPW of Pawar Buffalo farm was 1,50,69,824.33

l) BEP in Physical Term is 42 buffaloes and BEP in Monitory Term is Rs.

42,31,255.18

m) Margin of Safety in Physical Term is 86 Buffaloes and Margin of Safety in

Monitory Term is Rs. 86,27,744.82

n) Percent Margin of Safety in Physical term is 32.57 % and Monitory term is 32.57
%

Conclusion

The primary data are collected through a direct interview schedule through a well-
designed questionnaire. The secondary information is obtained from internet, newspapers
etc. Collected Data are analysed by simple tabular methods, graphical representation and
statistical and mathematical tools.

The total variable of Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs. 99,48,433.60. In recurring cost, the cost of
green fodder, concentrates cost are the maximum factors contributing 43.12 % of

79
 1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture and allied activities support livelihoods of India’s rural population.
Agriculture and allied activities constitute the single largest contributor to the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Over the last four decades, agriculture has made important
strides in our country. It has been able to meet the growing demand of the increasing
population for their essential but also acceleration of agricultural production gains is
critical for meeting the increasing demands due to the increase in population as well as
Improvements in incomes, particularly of the poor sections of the society.

In recent years, land-based livelihoods of small and marginal farmers are

increasingly becoming unsustainable, since their land has not been able to support the
family’s food requirements and fodder for their animals. As a result, rural households are
forced to look at alternative means for supplementing their livelihoods. In this context,
natural resource-based micro-enterprises have emerged as alternative livelihood
opportunities in rural areas. Varying socioeconomic and environmental trends including
declining crop prices, swelling labour forces, migration and urbanization increased the
demand for alternative employment and farm livelihood opportunities.

1.1 Classification of Agriculture Allied Enterprise

Classification
of
Allied
Enterprises

Next Page

80
Dairy farm Poultry Farm

Nursery Goat Farm

Apiculture Sericulture

Mushroom
Agro-Tourism
Cultivation

Aquaculture Vermicompost

Biogas
Duckery
Production

Piggery

Fig.1.1 Agriculture Allied Enterprises

81
1.1.1 Dairy Farm: -

That branch of agriculture which is specially devoted to the production of milk

and the manufacture of butter, cheese, and other milk products.

1.1.2 Poultry Farm: -

Poultry farming raising of birds domestically or commercially, primary for Meat

and Eggs but also feathers.

1.1.3 Nursery: -

Nursery place where plants are grow for Transplanting.

1.1.4 Goat Farm: -

It is the branch of animal husbandry. Goat farming is the raising and breeding of
Domestic Goats.

1.1.5 Apiculture: -

Apiculture also called as beekeeping is defined as maintenance of bee colonies

and hives to obtain honey and beeswax.

1.1.6 Sericulture: -

Sericulture defined is the production of raw silk by raising silkworms.

1.1.7 Mushroom Cultivation: -

Mushroom is the fleshy, spore bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically

produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source.

1.1.8 Agro-Tourism: -

Agri-tourism in which tourist take part in farm or village activities, as animal and
crop care, cooking and cleaning, handicrafts, and entertainments.

1.1.9 Aquaculture: -

Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and
other organisms in all types of water environments.

1.1.10 Vermicompost: -

82
 Vermicompost is a method of using worms to transform organic waste into a
nutrient- rich fertilizer.

1.1.11 Biogas production: -

A mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the decomposition of plant

and animal waste and that we can burn to produce heat.

1.1.12 Duckery: -

A plantation of ducks.

1.1.13 Piggery: -

A place where pigs are raised or kept.

1.2 Concept and Meaning of Dairy Farming

Definition: -

That branch of agriculture which is specially devoted to the production of milk

and the manufacture of butter, cheese, and other milk products.

Concept: -

Dairy farming has remained a very important component of the traditional farming
system of the country, and is one of the most important means of providing livelihood and
nutritional security to the vast majority of rural masses. The most prevalent dairy
production system is under mixed farming system integrating crop and livestock
production in a synergistic manner. The milk productivity of bovines is, by and large, low
because of poor genetic make-up, shortage of feed and fodder and inadequate health
cover. This is because our production systems are not intensive commercial systems, but
subsidiary and supplemental systems as part of the overall land use system where crop
production dominates the scene. A wide range of milk producers viz. landless labourers,
marginal, small, medium and large farmers are engaged in dairy farming in India.

1.3 The World Scenario of Buffalo Population

Table no 1.1 The World Scenario of Buffalo Population

83
 Sr.no Year Population in million

1. 2011 190

2. 2012 192

3. 2013 193

4. 2014 194

5. 2015 196

6. 2016 199

7. 2017 201

(GOI. Ministry of AH And dairying department, 2019)

Table no 1.1 shows that the Buffalo Population of the World from the year 2011 to 2017.
In the year 2011 the Buffalo population was 190 Million. In the year 2017 the population
of Buffalo is 201 Million.

Population in million
202
200
198
196
194
192
190
188
186
184
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Graph no 1.1 the World Scenario of Buffalo Population

Above graph no 1.1 indicates Buffalo Population of the World from the year 2011 to 2017.
In the year 2011 the Buffalo population was 190 Million. In the year 2017 the population
of Buffalo is 201 Million.

1.4 Region-wise Buffaloes Population in the World

Table no 1.2 Region-wise Buffaloes Population in the World

84
 Region Asia Africa Americas Europe Oceania

2011 184.75 3.98 1.28 0.37 0.000235

2012 186.53 4.16 1.26 0.37 0.000235

2013 187.38 3.91 1.33 0.42 0.000245

2014 188.78 3.94 1.32 0.39 0.000245

2015 190.81 3.70 1.37 0.40 0.000249

2016 194.16 3.43 1.37 0.41 0.000258

2017 195.77 3.37 1.38 0.43 0.000265

(GOI. Ministry of AH And dairying department, 2019)

Table no 1.2 shows that the Buffalo Population of the Region wise from the year 2011 to
2017. The highest population is the Asia Region And the lowest in Oceania region. In the
year 2011 the Buffalo population of Asia was 184.75 Million. In the year 2017 the of
Buffalo population of Asia is 195.77 Million

Buffalo Population in Asia region

198
196
194
192
190
188
186
184
182
180
178
Asia

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Graph No 1.2 Buffalo Population in Asia Region

Above graph no 1.2 indicates Buffalo Population of the Asia region from the year 2011
to 2017.

1.5 The Indian Scenario of Buffalo Population

Table no 1.3 The Indian Scenario of Buffalo Population

85
 Sr.no. Year Population in Million

1. 1956 44.90

2. 1961 51.20

3. 1966 53.00

4. 1972 57.40

5. 1977 62.00

6. 1982 69.78

7. 1987 75.97

8. 1992 84.21

9. 1997 89.92

10. 2003 97.92

11. 2007 105.34

12. 2012 108.70

13. 2019 109.85

(GOI. Ministry of AH And dairying department, 2019)

Table no 1.3 shows that the Buffalo Population of the India from the year 1956 to 2019.
In the year 1956 the Buffalo population was 44.90 Million. In the year 2019 the population
of Buffalo is 109.85 Million

The Indian scenario of Buffalo

Population
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Population in Million

1956 1961 1966 1972 1977 1982 1987

1992 1997 2003 2007 2012 2019

86
 Graph no 1.3 The Indian Scenario of Buffalo Population

Graph no 1.3 shows that the Buffalo Population of the India from the year 1956 to 2019.
In the year 1956 the Buffalo population was 44.90 Million. In the year 2019 the population
of Buffalo is 109.85 Million

1.6 Buffalo Population 2012 & 2019 of Major States

Table no 1.4 Buffalo Population 2012 & 2019 of Major States

Sr. States Population (In Population (In Percent Change

No. million) 2012 million) 2019

1 Uttar Pradesh 30.6 33 7.81

2 Rajasthan 13 13.7 5.53

3 Gujarat 10.4 10.5 1.52

4 Madhya Pradesh 8.2 10.3 25.88

5 Bihar 7.6 7.7 2.02

6 Andhra Pradesh 6.5 6.2 -3.76

7 Maharashtra 5.6 5.6 0.17

8 Haryana 6.1 4.4 -28.22

9 Telangana 4.2 4.2 1.59

10 Punjab 5.2 4 -22.17

(GOI. Ministry of AH And dairying department, 2019)

Table no 1.4 shows that the Buffalo Population of the major states in India from the year
2012 and 2019. In the year 2012 the Buffalo population of Uttar Pradesh was 30.60
Million, Rajasthan 13 Million, Gujrat 10.4 million, Maharashtra 5.6 million And the year
of 2019 population of Uttar Pradesh is 33 million, Rajasthan 10.3 million, Gujrat 10.5
million and Maharashtra 5.6 million.

87
 Buffalo Population 2012 & 2019 of
Major States
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Population (In million) 2012 Population (In million) 2019

Graph no 1.4 Buffalo population 2012 and 2019 of Major states

Graph no 1.4 shows that the Buffalo Population of the major states in India from the year
2012 and 2019. In the year 2012 the Buffalo population of Uttar Pradesh was 30.60
Million, Rajasthan 13 Million, Gujrat 10.4 million, Maharashtra 5.6 million And the year
of 2019 population of Uttar Pradesh is 33 million, Rajasthan 10.3 million, Gujrat 10.5
million and Maharashtra 5.6 million.

1.7 Status of Buffalo Population in Maharashtra

Table no 1.5 Status of Buffalo Population in Maharashtra

Sr.no. Year Population in Million

1. 1992 5.4

1. 1997 6.0

2. 2003 6.1

3. 2007 6.1

4. 2012 5.6

5. 2019 5.6

(GOI. Ministry of AH And dairying department, 2019)

Table no 1.5 shows that the Buffalo Population of the Maharashtra from the year 1992 to
2019. In the year 1992 the Buffalo population was 5.4 Million in Maharashtra. In the year
2019 the population of Buffalo is 5.6 Million in Maharashtra.

88
 Status of Buffalo Population in
Maharashtra
5.6 5.4

5.6 6

6.1 6.1

1992 1997 2003 2007 2012 2019

Graph (pie chart) no 1.5 Status of buffalo population in Maharashtra

Graph no1.5 shows that the Buffalo Population of the Maharashtra from the year 1992 to
2019. In the year 1992 the Buffalo population was 5.4 Million in Maharashtra. In the year
2019 the population of Buffalo is 5.6 Million in Maharashtra.

1.8 Importance and Scope of Dairy Sector

This sector also plays an important role in achieving food security, reducing global
poverty, generating employment opportunities for women, and providing a regular source
of income for rural households. Moreover, in developing economies, landless and poor
farmers are actively involved in dairying as an essential means of livelihood. According
to the FAO 2018 report, more than 500 million impoverished people depend mainly on
livestock, and many of them are small and marginal dairy farmers.

Additionally, dairy development in boosting rural economic growth and

empowering rural women.

1. Contribution to National Income:

Indian dairying is unique in more than one way, contributing about 5.3 per
cent to India's agricultural GDP with milk as a leading agricultural produce of the
country. Further, dairy sector is the major source of income for an estimated 27.6
million people.
2. Employment Generation:

89
 The dairy sector is one of the crucial sectors in the Indian economy that not only
provides employment to millions of rural households but also contributes to the economy.
Among the livestock products, milk consists of the highest share, and it accounted for
67.2 per cent of the livestock sector in 2017. Annually, 8.4 million farmers depend on the
dairy sector for their livelihoods, out of which 71 per cent are women (Agriculture Skill
Council of India). Furthermore, in a year, crop production employs the rural workforce
for 90 to 120 days, but dairy provides alternative employment opportunities throughout
the 365 days of the year.

3. Source of Food Supply:

milk products are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of
mammals. They are primarily produced from mammals such as cattle, water buffaloes,
goats, sheep, camels and humans. Dairy products include food items such as yogurt,
cheese and butter.

4. Commercial Importance:

Dairy sector is playing a very important role both in the internal and external trade
of the country. Dairy products like milk, chess, curd, butter, butter milk, etc. are the main
items continues demand in market. Further, Dairy Sector is ing the country in earning
precious foreign exchange to meet the required import bill of the country.

1.9 Objectives of Study

11. To study different areas of management in selected agriculture allied enterprise.
12. To study the Economics analysis of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm.
13. To study marketing management of selected Pawar Buffalo farm.
14. To study SWOT of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm.
15. To study the various problems and give suggestions to overcome them.
1.10 Scope of study

Considering the increasing demand for milk and milk product. The demand for
buffalo milk is less than that of cow milk. But buffalo milk is high in fat and high in
protein. The farmers I have selected have been rearing the buffalo herd for the last 25
years. I chose this herd to Understand the trade between Raising and selling Buffaloes at
Pawar Buffalo Farm at a good price. I chose this Pawar Buffalo Farm to learn from them
and get in-depth information.

90
 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Study different areas of management in selected agriculture buffalo
dairy farm: -

Buffalo Bulletin (June 2013) Vol.32 No.2

A study was carried out to find out various buffalo management practices adopted by the
farmers. Only 16.66% farmers utilized the facility of artificial insemination, while 37.51%
farmers opted for natural service. About 85.85% farmers fed green and dry roughage in
combination and provided clean drinking water to their animals, but none of the farmer
practiced silage making or other special treatments like chaffing, soaking or urea treating
paddy straw. Most of the farmers collected fodder from the fields. Only 3% farmers fed
additional concentrates to pregnant animals; the rest did not do this. As a part of summer
management, 51% farmers allowed their buffaloes to wallow in the village tanks during
the hotter parts of the day and 49.16% farmers washed their animals by splashing water
manually. Washing of the animals and of their udders before milking were practiced by
15.68 and 98.40% farmers, respectively. Non-descript buffaloes were predominant in this
region and the majority of the farmers were poor in certain aspects of scientific feeding,
breeding, housing, milking and health care practices and needed to be educated.

2. Study the Economics analysis of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana)

Dairying in India has traditionally been a small holders' enterprise. The present
study conducted on 40 commercial dairy farms in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra
(India) in the year 2009-10 analyses their capital investment, cost and returns and the
profitability. The farms were classified into small, medium and large categories based on
herd size. Small, medium and large dairy farms maintained 10.55, 14.11 and 34.66 milch
animals respectively. The average investment per farm was estimated to be Rs. 12.17
lakhs. The share of dairy animals in total investment ranged from 51.28 % (small farms)
to 70.12 % (large farms). The average productivity of cross-bred cattle was 9.72, 9.58 and
9.49 litres of milk per day for small, medium and large category of commercial farms;
while per buffalo cost were Rs. 12.49, Rs.12.58 and Rs. 11.48 respectively. The net return
over cost per buffalo of buffalo milk produced was Rs. 2.16. All the farms were financially
viable earning a net profit of Rs. 1,91,458 per farm per year.

91
3. Study marketing management of selected Pawar Buffalo farm.

Indian J. Anim. Hlth. (2017), 56(1) : 43-52

The study on milking and marketing practices of buffalo farmers was purposively
conducted in Bidar district of Karnataka with a total sample of 180 buffalo farmers
selected randomly. The study revealed that majority of the farmers carried out hand
milking using full hand milking method inside the shed after cleaning the shed, hands,
udder and milking utensils but they did not discard first few stripping/stripping of milk
from each quarter. Majority of the farmers used dung and urine in the form of manure and
it was sold at the rate of Rs. 1,100 - 1,500/tractor. Low milk production was the major
(61.67%) reason for disposal of buffaloes from the farm. High cost of milking machine
was expressed as a major milking constraint (18.88%) and low price of liquid milk
(63.88%) was expressed as their major marketing constraint by farmers. These findings
indicated a considerable gap between recommended milking and marketing practices and
the existing milking and marketing practices. The results of the study will in
understanding the different milking and marketing practices adopted by farmers and also
to educate them the strengths and weaknesses in the milking and marketing management
and to formulate suitable scientific milking and marketing regime for the animals.

4. Study SWOT of selected Pawar Buffalo Farm .

Egyptian J. Anim. Prod. (2017) 54(2):111-123

the aim of this study was to apply SWOT analysis on traditional skimmed milk chain
around Greater Cairo which considered as one of the main dairy markets in Egypt. This
study was carried out in El-Reka village located in south of Greater Cairo, (Giza
governorate), nearby Beni Suef governorate. SWOT analysis was applied including food
safety aspect and value chain analysis to raise the major advantages and constraints of the
traditional sector. SWOT analysis allowed highlighting the major role of the social
network to explain the flexibility and adaptability of this sector to the major constraints
in link with international competitiveness and national constraints, mainly on the
limitation of land access. Other weaknesses concerned high feedstuffs prices on markets,
and lack of public services, in terms of milk quality control and herd management at farm
level. Therefore, dairy sector regulations and rules should be reviewed to make balance
along the chain and to set fair pricing system and guarantee food safety for all consumers
in local villages and cities markets.

92
5.Study the various problems and give suggestions to overcome them

Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2009, 21, 499–510

The swamp buffalo holds tremendous potential in the livestock sector in Asian and
Mediterranean countries. Current needs are the faster multiplication of superior genotypes
and the conservation of endangered buffalo breeds. Recent advances in assisted
reproductive technologies, including in vitro embryo production methodologies, offer
enormous opportunities to not only improve productivity, but also to use buffaloes to
produce novel products for applications to human health and nutrition. The use of
molecular genomics will undoubtedly advance these technologies for their largescale
application and resolve the key problems currently associated with advanced reproductive
techniques, such as animal cloning, stem cell technology and transgenesis. Preliminary
success in the application of modern reproductive technologies warrants further research
at the cellular and molecular levels before their commercial exploitation in buffalo
breeding programmes.

93
 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For any research study, the researcher has to adopt appropriate research methodology
in arriving at meaningful conclusions from the study. The scope of the study is limited to
identification of Critical Areas of Management, Economics Feasibility and SWOT
analysis of Pawar buffalo Farm. The present study is conducted on Pawar buffalo Farm
and it is based on primary data.

3.1 Survey and selection of unit

To full fill the objectives of the study a survey was been conducted in the locality
from which we had to select appropriate dairy farm for the SpW . Following are few of
the dairy farm in which the survey was been conducted from which selected Pawar Buffalo
Farm.

Table No. 3.1 Survey of Dairy farm in Locality

Sr.no. Name of Dairy farm Address

1. Amit Dairy farm (HF cow) Vetalnagar, Anosewdi, Ambale, Tal-Shirur,

Dist-Pune

2. Sankpal Dairy Farm (HF Kalvantwadi, Ambale, Tal-Shirur, Dist-Pune

cow)

3. Pawar Buffalo Farm Pawarmala, Sonkhila, Ambale, Tal-

Shirur, Dis-Pune
Selected the Pawar Buffalo Farm in Pawarmala, Sonkhila, Ambale, Tal-Shirur, Dist- Pune

3.2 Location of Dairy Farm

Ambale village is located in Shirur Tehsil of Pune district in Maharashtra, India. It

is situated 20km away from sub-district headquarter Shirur and 70km away from district
headquarter Pune. As per 2009 stats, Ambale village is also a gram panchayat. The count
of occupied person of Ambale village is 2200 whereas 1427 are non-working. And out of
2200 working people 1368 peoples are totally reliant on cultivation of crops and
Agriculture farming.

The village of Amble is largely dependent on agriculture and agri-supplement

business. Large dairy farms, poultry, and cash crops include pomegranate, banana, and
sugarcane. Since there is a pond of Gaikwad Wadi nearby, the water of Chaskaman Canal

94
is stored in it, so there is no water concern in the village. Due to the availability of water
throughout the year, many people engage in dairy business as an adjunct to agriculture

Fig.no 3.1 Location of Pawar Buffalo Farm

3.3 Layout of Pawar Buffalo Farm

In Pawar Buffalo Farm, he initially built a 2560 sq ft shed with a 50,000 liter water
tank and then a 5,120 sq ft shed after two years. The sheds are both tail to tail and. initially
2 sheds of 16 * 80 were built in it, then in the next 2 years 4 sheds of 16 * 80 were
constructed. For this entire shed, 85 * 150 compound wall was constructed.

95
 Fig no 3.2 Layout of Pawar Buffalo Farm

3.4. Collection of data

1) Primary Data:

Primary data were used in the study. The primary data from farmers of the unit on the cost
and returns and investment patterns, production and marketing constraints etc. were
collected with the of pre-tested questionnaires and other set of questionnaires was
designed to access the information, on the margins, on spoilages. marketing costs etc.
from the intermediaries involved in the marketing

a) Personal Interview :
The personal interviews are conducted in Pawar Buffalo Farm. Interviews of workers in
dairy are taken to gather the information required for study.
b) Survey of other Dairy Farm :
The survey of other different dairy farms was done to get the information about the
marketing and other management of the milk.
c) Questionnaire:
Structured questionnaire prepared for the market survey and for interviewing the
personnel in enterprise to collect required information from company’s employee, labours
and from host farmer.
2) Secondary Data:
a) Websites:
Websites are the important source which is ed to gathered secondary data. The
government of the India website for dairy sectors along with some research institutes
websites also used to collect required information for project work.
c) Research paper:

96
Research paper related to the objective of study were used to get the knowledge related
to the project work.
3.5. Analysis of data:

1. Total cost = Fixed cost+ Variable cost

2. fixed cost=Depreciation + Interest on fixed capital
3. Total variable cost =Input cost+ labour cost+ electricity etc.
4. Junk value= Original amount X 10%
5. Depreciation= Original amount -Junk value
Remaining life of asset
6. Net income= Total income – Total cost
7. BCR = Present worth of benefit
Present worth of cost
8. NPW=Net income X discount factor

9. Break Even Point:

In physical terms= Fixed cost
(Selling price per plant/variable price per plant)
In monetary term= Fixed cost
(1-variable price per plant/selling price per plant
10. Margin of safety:
Physical term=Total yield - BEP in quantity
Monetary term= Total return- BEP in monetary term
11. % Margin of safety

Physical term= BEP in quantity X 100

Total yield
Monetary term= BEP in monetary
X 100
Total return
12.Payback period = Initial investment /Total annual income

97
 4. RESULTS AND DISCUTION
4.1. General Information of Pawar Buffalo Farm
Table No 4.1 General Information of Pawar Buffalo Farm

Sr.no. Name of the Enterprise Pawar Buffalo Farm

1. Name of the Owner Pawar Pradip Kailas

2. Address : - A/p Pawarmala, Ambale, Shiur, Pune

4. Type of Ownership Private/ Individual

5. Occupation: - Farming

6. Year of establishment 2012

7. Education: - Graduate (B.A)

9. Growing Species Murrah

10. Rearing Method Tail-Tail

4.2 About Owner

Pradeep Pawar is the owner of Pawar Buffalo Farm. His father Kailash
Pawar has been running the Buffalo Farm for the last 35 years. He used to do
milk business. Recently, 8 years ago, Pradip Pawar was managing the
Buffalo shed. He turned his attention to trade, earning money by raising high
quality buffaloes without selling milk and by selling his buffaloes which are
8 to 9.30 months pregnant. Due to the experience gained from this, they are
now trading about 100 to 130 buffaloes per year from the 50 buffaloes in
their herd. From that, he decided to make his herd bigger in 2015.
4.3 Basic information of Buffalo

There are two general types of buffaloes, viz., swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes.
Major buffalo population of India are of river buffalo type. India can take pride in having
the best buffalo breeds in the world. Buffaloes are present in almost every part of India
and can be considered the backbone of the milk supply and milk processing industry in
India. About half of the total milk produced in the country is contributed by buffaloes,
although their population is almost half of the buffalo population. Some of the important
breeds of river buffaloes are Mur3rah, Nili-Ravi, Surti, Mehsana, Jaffarabadi and
Bhadawari.

98
 As per the nutrient components, buffalo milk contains all the nutrients in higher
proportions than buffalo milk. The compositional differences between buffalo and buffalo
milk are reflected on their physic-chemical properties. Milk from buffalo is the preferred
candidate for preparing milk and dairy products of western and traditional (indigenous)
type and is nutritionally superior.

4.4 Different breeds: -

1) Murrah: -

Fig no 4.1 Picture of Murrah Buffalo

The breed tract is Rohtak, Hisar and Jind of Haryana. The breed characteristics
are massive body, neck and head comparatively long, horns short and tightly curled,
Udder well developed, hip broad and fore and hind quarters drooping. The tail is long
reaching the fetlock s. The colour is usually jet black, with white markings on tail, and
face and extremities sometimes found. The bullocks are good draught animals though
slow and powerful. The average milk production per lactation is 1,500to 2,500 kgs. and
the heritability of this trait is 0.2-0.3. The age at first calving is 45 – 50 months in villages
but in good herds it is 36 – 40 months in intercalating period is 450 – 500 days.

2) Surti

99
 Fig no 4.2 Picture of Surti Buffalo

The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat. Coat colour
varies from rusty brown to silver-grey. Skin is black or brown. The horns are sickle
shaped, moderately long and flat. The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one
round the jaw and the other at the brisket. The milk yield ranges from 900 to 1300 kgs.
The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat percentage in milk (8-12per cent).

3) Jaffrabadi

Fig no 4.3 Picture of Jafrabadi Buffalo

The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests, Kutch and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.
The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at each side of the neck and then turning up at
point (drooping horns). The average milk yield is 100 to 1200 kgs. The bullocks are heavy
and used for ploughing and carting. These animals are mostly maintained by traditional
breeders called Maldharis, who are nomads.

4) Bhadavari

100
 Fig no 4.4 Picture of Bhndavari Buffalo

Home tract of this breed is Agra and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior
district of Madhya Pradesh. The body is usually light or copper coloured is a peculiarity
of this breed. Eye lids are generally copper or light brown colour. Two white lines
‘Chevron’ are present at the lower side of the neck similar to that of Surti buffaloes. The
average milk yield is 800 to 1000 kgs. The bullocks are good draught animal with high
heat tolerance. The fat content varies from 6 to 12.5 per cent. This breed is an efficient
converter of coarse feed into butterfat and is known for its high butter fat content.

5) Nillravi

Fig no 4.5 Picture of Nillravi Buffalo

This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Firozpur district of Punjab and in the Sahiwal
district of Pakistan. (Bred around Ravi river). The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.
The milk yield is 1500-1850 kgs per lactation. The inter calving period is 500-550 days
and age at first calving is 45-50 months.

6) Mehsana

101
 Fig no 4.6 Picture of Mehsana Buffalo

Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in Mehsana town in Gujarat and adjoining
Maharashtra state. The breed is supposed to have been evolved out of crossbreeding
between the Surti and the Murrah. The milk yield is 1200-1500 kgs. The breed is supposed
to have good persistency. The inter calving period ranges between 450-550 days.

7) Nagpuri

Fig no 4.7 Picture of Nagpuri Buffalo

The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and Amravati districts of
Maharashtra. These are black coloured animal with white patches on face, legs and tail.
This is also called as Elitchpuri or Barari. The horns are long, flat and curved, bending
backward on each side of the back. (Sward shaped horns). The age at first calving is 45-
50 months with an inter calving period of 450-550 days.

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8) Toda

Fig no 4.8 Picture of Toda Buffalo

Toda breed of buffaloes is named after an ancient tribe, Toda of Nilgiris of south India.
The predominate coat colours are fawn and ash-grey. These buffaloes are quite distinct
from other breeds and are indigenous to Nilgiris hills. Thick hair coat is found all over the
body. They are gregarious in nature.

4.5 Physical Characteristics of Murrah:

The Murrah breed of Water buffalo is a breed of domestic water buffalo kept for dairy
production. Its home tract stretches around the southern parts of Haryana comprising the
districts of Rohtak, Jind, Hisar, Jhajjar, Fatehabad, Gurgaon and the Union Territory of
Delhi. It is originally from Punjab and Haryana states of India and has been used to
improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria
and Egypt. In Brazil this breed of buffalo is used for production of meat and also milk. In
India, the Murrah buffalo named Rani of Lakshmi Dairy Farm in Punjab set a new record
of 26.335 kg of milk in the 2016 National Livestock Competition and Expo. This breed
of buffalo sells for a high price.

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 Table No. 4.2 Some of the important characteristics is described as follows:

The colour is jet black. Rarely white markings

on face and leg extremities may be there, but
Body
colour are not preferred
Different from other breeds; short, tight,
turning backward and upward and finally

Horns spirally curving inward. The horns should be

somewhat flattened. As the age advances the
horns get loosened slightly but spiral curves
increase.

Eyes are Black, active and prominent in

females but slightly shrunken in males and
should not be walled i.e. cornea should not
Eye
have whiteness.

Long reaching up to fetlock joint with black

Tail or white switch.

Body Sound built, heavy and wedge shaped.

4.6 Selection of Animal :-

when buying new Buffaloes at Pawar Buffalo Farm, the buffaloes are taken at a
young age, the distance between the udder of the buffaloes are same, there should be no
sleeping buffaloes, bright eyes, no broken horns.
a) Healthy and Suitable to location.
b) Size/weight of animal.
c) Milk yield of animal.
d) Size of udder.
e) Age of animal.
f) Number of calves delivered.

104
 g) Purchases freshly calved animal.
h) Before purchasing ascertain actual milk yield by milking.
4.6.1 General Signs of Healthy animal
a) Breathing frequency - (Breathing in + breathing out) is 10-30 times per minute
in normal adults and 30-50 times per minute in calves.
b) Rumination - Not less than 40 times per minutes.
c) Appearance - A healthy animal has a shining, smooth and even coat as well as
shiny horns and hoofs.
d) Eyes - bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot.
e) Nose - cool, moist muzzle, with frequent licking; breathing should be regular.

f) Coat- Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions.

g) Weight -Average weight for the breed.

h) Attitude - Curious, alert and contented.

i) Mobility - Walking should be easy and free of limps.

j) Udder - Healthy; size isn’t necessarily an indicator of a good udder.

4.6.2 General Signs of Unhealthy Animal

a) Appetite -Animal will not eat as much as normal, or may even stop eating.
b) Weight-Animals weight loss is a much more common sign of illness, but sudden
weight gain can also be a sign that something isn’t right.
c) Drinking - Any increase or decrease in time spent around the water
i. trough can indicate that they are feeling sick.
d) Activity - Any change in their activity can be a sign that something isn’t right.
e) Alone time -Animal who starts spending time alone (away from the rest of the
herd) is probably already pretty sick.

4.7 Inventory of animal present on farm:

Table No.4.3 Inventory of animal present on farm(2019-20)
Sr.no. particular Cost per Animal No. of animal Total cost
1 Buffalo
a) First Calving 65000 85 5525000
b) Second or Third Calving 70000 45 3150000

105
 2 1.5-3 Years 55000 12 660000
3 1-1.5 Years 30000 6 180000
4 Bull 90000 2 180000
Total 150 9695000
The total number of animals on the Pawar Buffalo farm 150 of which the amount
is Rs 9695000. The animal consists of 85 First Calving dry animals, 45 second or third
Calving dry animals, 12 Heifers, 6 Calves less than 1 year and 2 breeding bull.

4.8 Housing Management

Fig no 4.9 Housing Management of Pawar Buffalo Farm

It is important to provide clean and comfortable housing facilities to the dairy

animals for their proper growth and optimum productivity. The Milch animals should be
protected from extreme weather conditions of summer, winter, scorching direct sunrays
and winds by providing proper animal sheds.
a) The shed is constructed on dry, properly raised ground.
b) Tail to Tail housing system is used.

106
 c) The walls of sheds are 1.5-meter-high as per recommendation.
d) The roofs are 3-meter-high.
e) Ventilation is provided in the shed.
f) The standing space is 2-meter x 1.2 meters for each animal as per recommendation.
g) The manger space is 0.9 meter with front height of 0.6-meter feet and depth of
0.3 meter as per recommendation.
h) The sanitary condition is maintained in the shed.
i) The dung and urine disposed properly.

4.9 Procurement Management

Table No. 4.4 Procurement Management

Order of Place of
Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs)
schedule purchase

Green Fodder Daily Ambale 2600 3 Rs/Kg.

Dry Fodder Daily Ambale 900 8 Rs/kg.

Concentrates Monthly Karde 390 Bags 1300 Rs/per bag

From table it indicates the Green Fodder i.e. sugarcane is ordered daily from Ambale,
and Maize on Own farm the quantity purchased is 2600 kgs at the rate of 3 Rs/kg. Dry
fodder is 900 Kg/day At the rate of 8 Rs/Kg. Concentrates is ordered weekly from
Bhairavnath feeds Karde, the quantity purchased is 390 bags at the rate of 1300 Rs/bag.

4.10 Feed Management

Fig no 4.10 Feed Management

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 Providing balanced nutrition is the foundation for productive and profitable animal
husbandry. Without adequate nutrition, animals cannot express their full genetic potential
nor will they be productively efficient. low reproductive rates, poor growth and increased
illness may be the result of imbalance or deficiency of nutrients. Proper balance of protein,
energy, vitamins and minerals are needed in the ration of animals to ensure best
performance with respect to production, reproduction and health. Therefore, providing
nutritionally balanced ration to the animal is necessary to gain economic returns from
dairying. Different types of dietary feed ingredients for dairy buffalos and buffaloes
include concentrates such as compound cattle feed, oil cakes, grains and grain by products
like brans; cultivated green fodders and grasses; crop residues like straws and Stover’s.

Table No.4.5 Feed Management

Actual Feed Recommended

Stage Per Animal Feed Per
(Kg.) Animal (Kg)
Concentrate Dry Green Concentrate Dry Green
Pregnant 5 6 15 5 6 15
Buffalo

Heifers 0 5 10 0 5 10
(1 – 3 Years)
Bull 5 6 15 5 6 15

4.11 Breeding management

Reproductive efficiency in buffaloes can be obtained by optimum fertility of

buffaloes. A sound reproductive cyclicity is essential for ensuring regularity of calving
paving way for profitable dairy farming. But this is hindered by the occurrence of various
reproductive disorders from infectious and non-infectious sources. Reproductive disorders
are multi- factorial problems which depending on their nature and severity produces
varying degrees of suboptimal reproductive performance. Moreover these, there are
various sources of non- reproductive or general health problems which have an adverse
on the reproductive performance. Important factors in breeding management are,
a) Heat
b)Signs of heat

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 c) Breeding of animal
4.11.1 Heat
i. Heat is a period of acceptance for mating (sexual receptivity) that normally occurs
in, pubescent heifers and non-pregnant buffaloes.
ii. This period of receptivity may last from 6 to 30 hours and occurs in every 21 days
on an average but may vary between 18 to 24 days.
iii. To maximize productive life of a buffalo, it must be bred within 60- 90 days after
calving. This will enable her to produce a new calf every year or so.
iv. Longer calving intervals have detrimental effects on lifetime milk production.
v. Heat detection is therefore a critical component of good reproductive
management on the farm.
vi. Recording the dates of buffaloes in heat and dates of services is necessary to predict
future heat or calving dates and to manage the buffaloes accordingly.
4.11.2 Sign of heat
i. Repeated bellowing.
ii. Lifting of tail and stretching the back.
iii. Swollen vulvar lips and redness of vaginal passage due to congestion.
iv. Thick, sticky and transparent vaginal discharge.
v. Frequent urination.
vi. Reduced food intake and decreased milk yield.
vii. Smell another animal and mount on them.
4.11.3 Breeding of animal
i. Animals are observed closely and maintained record of its coming in heat.
ii. Animals are bred within 3-4 months after calving.
iii. After 10-12 hours in heat, bull is allowed to mount on buffalo.
iv. Breeding facility
v. Source: own bulls
vi. Location: at farm (Pawarmala, Ambale)
4.12 Care during pregnancy
As foetus develops rapidly during last 3 months of pregnancy, adequate care needs to
be taken during this time.
a) Buffaloes are tied separately.
b) Half fodder is fed to animals.

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 c) Ghee is offered to animals before one month of calving.
d) Animals are cleaned frequently.
e) Lactating animals are dried within 9 to 10 months after calving. But animals should
be dried within 7-8 months after calving as per recommendation.
f) Animals are provided enough space.
g) Adequate water is given.
h) Regular baths and washing them.
4.13 Calf Management
A calf is tomorrows buffalo. From the health point of view, the life of a bovine is
divided into two parts; the first 24 hours, and the rest. The first 24 hours of life of a calf is
so important that it has a strong bearing on the rest of its life. A calf not provided adequate
care in the first 24 hours may succumb to diseases or will always remain weak and an
underperformer, even though it has good genetic potential and is provided a good
environment. Keeping this in view, the following cares are taken for new born calf,

a) The nostrils and mouth are cleaned to the calf breathe better.
b) The salt is sprayed on calf and mother is allowed to lick the calf’s body.
c) The navel chord is tied with a thread at a distance of around 2 inches from the base,
then the navel chord is cut with instrument and iodine is applied on that as a
disinfect.
d) Calf is given colostrum.
e) is given to calf to stand up.
f) When kid gets older it is tied separately because it feels free.

4.14 Management of bulls

a) Housing

Housing may be closed, semi-open or open. Bulls in tropical and subtropical

conditions require protection from heat and adequate ventilation. Shade trees, shade cloth
and thatch are effective. Fine water sprays with fans can be used to cool Bos Taurus bulls
under hot conditions. Bulls should be housed securely so there is no chance of escape and
interaction with other bulls, staff and the general public.

b) Feeding

A balanced ration should be fed. This could be home grown or bought in or both.
Care should be taken not to over-feed bulls as fat deposition in the inguinal canal
110
negatively affects fertility. Condition score is an important guide to nutritional
requirements. Breeding bulls should have a score of 3 on a scale of 1-5. Bulls should have
access to mineral licks and clean water ad libitum.

c) Handling

The establishment of a firm relationship between the handler and the bull is
essential and cannot be under emphasized. The bull should be at ease when he is handled
and the handler should not feel threatened. The proper application of a bull nose ring is
required as soon as the bull arrives at the centre. The bull should be handled by both a
halter and the bull ring. Care should be taken to use the ring only when the bull becomes
unruly and difficult to handle by the halter alone. Bulls should be led by the halter and not
by their nose. Bulls should always be handled in such a manner that semen production is
optimised. This includes taking note of all aspects of the physiology of male sexual
behaviour. Negative stimuli should be avoided in the collection area. This includes pain
delivered via the nose ring, which could lead to low libido.

d) Health

Once the bulls have passed all the quarantine tests for disease control, normal
routine preventive medicine should be practiced in the AI Centre. Care should be taken
that bulls remain in excellent health for continuous semen production. The necessary
vaccinations, regular deworming and control of ectoparasites should be implemented to
meet national and regional requirements. Adequate exercise and regular hoof care should
be provided. Continuous monitoring of diseases should be undertaken whether statutory
or not. All quarantine requirements, including restrictions in the movement of animals and
personnel, must be strictly observed. It is in the best interest of the AI Centre to be able to
certify at all times that all animals are fit to produce semen for sale and distribution.

4.15 Field Practices at Insemination

a) Body condition at calving and at insemination

Body condition at calving and at the subsequent insemination influence the interval from
calving to first oestrus and also conception rate, and are therefore important. Farmers
should aim to have buffalos in a condition score between 2.5 and 3.5 (based on a scale of
1-5) and to minimise loss of score between calving and insemination. Buffalos that are too
fat at calving are likely to have calving difficulties and are more prone to early foetal death.

111
Buffalos that are too thin, especially if they are losing condition, will have delayed oestrus
and poor conception rates.

b) Other factors to be considered before insemination

Buffalos should be at least 45–50 days after calving before they are served again. For high
yielding buffalos, a longer period may be necessary to obtain good conception rates and
to reduce embryo and early foetal losses. The buffalo should be in good health.
Specifically, she should be free of any evidence of infection of the reproductive tract.
Particular attention should be paid to buffalos that have had abnormal calving’s (e.g.
dystocia, retained placenta and prolapse of the uterus), as they may require a longer period
after calving for involution of the uterus and to return to normal fertility. The AI technician
must make sure that the buffalo is genuinely in oestrus and that she is not pregnant. If there
is any suspicion that the buffalo may be pregnant, the insemination should preferably not
be done, or if the farmer insists, only half-way in to the cervix.

c) Semen handling and insemination technique

The Buffalo to be inseminated should be properly restrained. A crush is

recommended. Where a crush is not available the buffalo should be tethered and body
movements restricted by a person standing alongside. Excitement and stress should be
avoided since adrenaline release disturbs sperm transport.

When DF semen is used, insemination kits should contain a small liquid nitrogen
container, a vacuum flask for hot water, a thawing flask and thermometer, gloves,
tweezers, insemination guns, plastic sheaths, scissors, paper towels, soap and record
books. Inseminators require protective clothing and a watch suitable for controlling
thawing time.

Care and proper handling of the liquid nitrogen containers, semen and other AI
equipment is important. Mechanical damage to containers through rough handling will
reduce their efficiency. There must be always adequate liquid nitrogen in the tank.
Preferably the tank should be kept full up to 2–3 cm above the canister level. Transferring
of semen from the tank to the thawing water must be done quickly (2–5 seconds). Canisters
should remain in the neck of the tank less than 10 seconds and preferably no longer than
5 seconds. 17 Frequent opening of semen containers is to be discouraged (not more than
10 seconds in any 10minute period).

4.16 Vaccination Programme

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 Our country is endemic to many diseases that cause severe economic losses due
to drastic reduction in the production capacity. Some of the diseases are even highly fatal.
Fortunately, vaccines are available for most of these diseases (except IBR) in our country
and can be easily controlled if timely vaccination is carried out in a mass scale, covering
a large proportion of the susceptible population (at least 80%). This section describes the
following diseases that can be easily prevented by resorting to timely and regular
vaccination.

Table No. 4.6 Vaccination Programme

Age Diseases Vaccine

Haemorrhagic septicaemia Antibiotics And

Dry animals Foot & Mouth Disease(viral) Copper Sulphate to apply

injured part

Haemorrhagic septicaemia Antibiotics And

Heifers (1-3 years) Foot & Mouth Copper Sulphate to apply

Disease(viral) injured part

Calves (less than - No Vaccination

1years)

Pregnant Animal Brucellosis

Buffalo Anthrax Antibiotics and penicillin

Buffalo Render pest Penicillin and Streptomycin

Buffalo Theileriosis

4.17 Veterinary Aid

First Aid:

A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment that is used to give medical
treatment. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the knowledge

113
and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid requirements of the area
where it may be used and variations in legislation or regulation in a given area.

a) Absorbent cotton
b) Adhesive tape
c) Antiseptic scrub
d) Disposable razor
e) Pocket knife
f) Wound ointment/spray

4.18 Herd composition of Pawar Buffalo Farm (2019-20)

The following table shows the heard composition of animals in the year 2019-20 of Pawar
Buffalo farm.

Table No. 4.7 Herd Composition of Pawar Buffalo Farm in Year 2019-20

Month No of No of animals Herd

animals sold added composition
July - - 143
August 9 5 139
September 10 6 135
October 13 12 134
November 6 7 135
December 15 15 135
January 10 5 130
February 6 5 129
March 3 2 128
April 3 5 130
May 17 20 133
June 22 25 136
July 16 30 150
Total 130 137 1614
4.19 Herd replacement cost
Difference Between Animal Sold And Added

=7

Herd Size= Total of Herd Composition / Total Month

=1614/12

114
 = 134.50

Herd Replacement Rate =

= Between Animal Sold And Added / Herd Size * 100

= 7/134.50*100

= 5.20

Total Value of Average Herd size =

= Total animal Cost *Herd Replacement Rate / 100

=9695000 *5.20/100

= 504572.49

Interpretation: The herd replacement cost of Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs. 504572.49

115
4.20 Economic Analysis
4.20.1 Capital Investment and Fixed Cost

The following table shows the capital investment and fixed cost done by Pawar Buffalo farm.

Table No.4.8 Capital Investment and Fixed Cost

S Particulars Uni Qua Rate Amount Percenta Junk purcha expected remainin depreciati
r. t ntity ge Value se year life g life on
N (@10%
o Of
Amount
A Land Ace 0.75 700000 525000 3.63 52500
r.
B Construction
1.Shed (1) Sq. 2560 300 768000 5.31 76800 2012 15 7 98742.86
Ft
2.Shed (2) Sq. 5120 300 1536000 10.63 153600 2015 15 10 138240.00
Ft
2.Fencing wall Feet 390 950 370500 2.56 37050 2015 15 10 33345.00
C Water Supply
System
1.Bore Well Feet 270 70 18900 0.13 1890 2010 25 15 1134.00
2.Motor(3HP) Nos 1 12500 12500 0.09 1250 2015 10 5 2250.00
3.Pipe feet 310 14 4340 0.03 434 2010 15 5 781.20

116
 4.washing pipe feet 200 10 2000 0.01 200 2019 2 1 1800.00
5.WaterTank(10000 Nos 1 55000 55000 0.38 5500 2018 10 8 6187.50
lit.)
D Cost of Animal
First Calving Nos 85 65000 5525000 38.22
Second or Third Nos 45 70000 3150000 21.79
Calving
Heifers Nos 18 25000 450000 3.11
Bull Nos 2 80000 160000 1.11
E a)Tools and
Equipment’s
1.Tractor Nos 1 680000 680000 4.70 68000 2015 15 10 61200.00
2.Trolley Nos 1 135000 135000 0.93 13500 2015 12 7 17357.14
3..Chaff Cutter Nos 2 160000 320000 2.21 32000 2015 15 10 28800.00
4. Pickup Nos 1 720000 720000 4.98 72000 2015 10 5 129600.00
b).Hand Tools Set 0.00
a. Spade Nos 5 320 1600 0.01 160 2017 5 2 720.00
b. Tubs Nos 15 600 9000 0.06 900 2018 5 3 2700.00
c. buckets Nos 10 350 3500 0.02 350 2019 5 4 787.50
c. Hand wheel small Nos 3 2800 8400 0.06 840 2019 5 4 1890.00
Trolley
Total 14454740 100.00 525535.20

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 F Herd Replacement -
Cost 504572.49
G 10% of Capital 1445474 1445474.0
Investment 0
Total Fixed Cost 1466436.7
1
Table interprets the initial capital investment of Pawar Buffalo Farm in 2012 was Rs 1,44,54,740. Out of which Cost of animal accounts
21.79% followed by construction of shed which accounts 15.94%. The fixed cost of Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs.5,25,535.20 and interest on
initial investment 10% is Rs.14,45,474.00. Total Fixed Cost of Pawar Buffalo Farm for per year is Rs 14,66,436.71 and fixed cost for per
buffalo was Rs. 9,776.24

118
4.20.2 Variable Cost

The working cost required for the Pawar Buffalo farm is collected and presented in the below table
Table No.4.9 Variable Cost
Particular Buffa Unit Requirement Pregnant period Annual Cost per kg Total cost
lo per day per And Day requirement (kg) (Rs.) (Rs.)
quant buffalo(kg)
ity
Green fodder
Buffalo in pregnant period 130 Kg 15 300 585000 3 1755000.00
Heifer 18 Kg 10 365 65700 3 197100.00
Bull 2 Kg 15 365 10950 3 32850.00
Sub-total 150 Kg 661650 1984950.00
Dry Fodder
Buffalo in pregnant period 130 Kg 6 300 234000 8 1872000.00
Heifer 18 Kg 4 365 26280 8 210240.00
Bull 2 Kg 6 365 4380 8 35040.00
Sub-total 150 Kg 2117280.00
Concentrate Kg
Buffalo in pregnant period 130 Kg 5 300 195000 22 4290000.00
Bull 2 Kg 5 365 3650 22 80300.00
Sub-total 132 Kg 198650 22 4370300.00

119
 Labour (3*8000) Year 288000.00
Veterinary charges Year 48000.00
(3000*12)
Transportation Year 20000.00
Electricity (36000+18000) Year 54000.00
Total 8882530.00
12% interest 1065903.60
Total variable 9948433.60
Total variable cost Per 66322.89
Buffalo
Interpretation: The variable cost per year is Rs. 88,82,530 interest on variable cost is 12 percent is Rs.10,65,903.60 total variable cost per
year is Rs. 99,48,433.60 and total variable cost per Buffalo is Rs.66,322.89.

120
4.20.3 Total Income of Pawar Buffalo Farm in 2019-20

The table given below represent the income of Pawar Buffalo farm by sale of Buffalo,
manure, sale of calves, sale of gunny bags etc.
Table No. 4.10 Total income of Dairy farm in 2019-20
Sr. Particular Unit No. of Quantity Rate Total
No. animal per Year
1 Income from Dung Trolley 150 200 4000 800000
2 Sale of Buffalo
a) First Calving Nos 83 98000 8134000
b) second or Third Nos 45 105000 4725000
Calving
3 Sale of Gunny Nos 3500 15 52500
Bags
4 Appreciation on Nos 6 60000 360000
animals (1-1.5
Year)
5 Appreciation on Nos 12 35000 420000
Animals (1.5-3
years)
Total 14491500
Interpretation: The income received from sale of Buffalo was Rs. 1,28,59,000
respectively. From the sale of manures owner get Rs. 8,00,000 in year 2020. The selling
empty bags of feed, income were Rs. 52500. The appreciation on animals Rs.7,80,000.

4.20.4 Total cost, Gross income and Net income of Dairy farm

The total cost, gross income and net income are collected and shown in the below table.

Table No.4.11 Total cost, Gross income and Net income of Dairy farm

Sr.no Year Fixed Variable Total cost Gross Net

cost cost income income
1 2015-16 1194422 8103061 9297483 11803417 2505934
2 2016-17 1257286 8529538 9786824 12424650 2637825
3 2017-18 1323459 8978461 10301920 13078579 2776658
4 2018-19 1393115 9451012 10844127 13766925 2922798
5 2019-20 1466437 9948434 11414870 14491500 3076630

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 6 2020-21 1539759 10445855 11985614 15216075 3230461
7 2021-22 1616746 10968148 12584895 15976879 3391984
8 2022-23 1697584 11516555 13214139 16775723 3561583
9 2023-24 1782463 12092383 13874846 17614509 3739663
10 2024-25 1871586 12697002 14568589 18495234 3926646
Interpretation: The above table indicates the total cost of Pawar Buffalo farm 2019-20 is
Rs 1,14,14,870.31/, the Gross income is Rs 1,44,91,500/- and the net income Rs
3076629.69/-.The total income and net income of Pawar Buffalo Farm shows increase
each year without any loss to the dairy farm.

4.20.5 Per Buffalo Cost of Production

Table no 4.12 Per Buffalo Cost of Production

Sr No Particular 2019-20 Per Buffalo cost

1 Total Animal 150

2 fixed cost 1466436.71 9776.24

3 variable cost 9948433.60 66322.89

4 total cost 11414870.31 76099.13

Production cost 76099.13

Interpretation: The above table indicate per buffalo cost of rearing in the year 2019-20
which is Rs 76099.13/-. The fixed cost per buffalo is Rs 9776.24 and the variable cost per
buffalo is Rs 66322.89. Therefore, the total per buffalo cost is Rs 76099.13

4.20.6 Net Present Worth of Pawar Buffalo Farm

The following table shows the net present worth of the Pawar Buffalo farm.
Table No. 4.13 Net Present Worth of Pawar Buffalo Farm
Sr.no Year Benefit Cost DF @ 15% Net Income NPW

1 2015-16 8084768 9297483 0.87 2505934 2179073

2 2016-17 7400245 9786824 0.76 2637825 1994575
3 2017-18 6773680 10301920 0.66 2776658 1825698
4 2018-19 6200165 10844127 0.57 2922798 1671119

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 5 2019-20 5675208 11414870 0.50 3076630 1529629
6 2020-21 5181712 11985614 0.43 3230461 1396618
7 2021-22 4731128 12584895 0.38 3391984 1275173
8 2022-23 4319726 13214139 0.33 3561583 1164288
9 2023-24 3944097 13874846 0.28 3739663 1063046
10 2024-25 3601132 14568589 0.25 3926646 970607
15069824

Interpretation: The above table indicates the NPW of Pawar Buffalo farm which is
15069824.33 which is positive, hence project is economically feasible and accepted.

4.20.7 Benefit Cost Ratio of Pawar Buffalo Farm

The following table shows the benefit cost ratio of the Guru Data dairy farm

Table No.4.14 Benefit Cost Ratio of Pawar Buffalo Farm

Sr.no Year Benefit Cost DF @ 15% PWB PWC

1 2015-16 11803417 9297483 0.87 10263841 8084768
2 2016-17 12424650 9786824 0.76 9394820 7400245
3 2017-18 13078579 10301920 0.66 8599378 6773680
4 2018-19 13766925 10844127 0.57 7871284 6200165
5 2019-20 14491500 11414870 0.50 7204837 5675208
6 2020-21 15216075 11985614 0.43 6578329 5181712
7 2021-22 15976879 12584895 0.38 6006301 4731128
8 2022-23 16775723 13214139 0.33 5484014 4319726
9 2023-24 17614509 13874846 0.28 5007143 3944097
10 2024-25 18495234 14568589 0.25 4571739 3601132
70981685 55911861

=Present worth of Benefit / Present worth of Cost

= 70981684.90 /55911860.57
=1.27
Interpretation: The above table indicates the BCR of Pawar Buffalo farm which is 1.27.
The present worth of benefit is 70981684.90 and the present worth of cost is 55911860.57,
with the use of the formula the Benefit Cost Ratio is calculated. The BCR is more than 1,
hence it is financially feasible and accepted.

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4.20.8 Break Even Analysis
A) Break Even Point
I. Physical term
= Fixed cost /(Selling cost per Buffalo-Variable Cost per buffalo)
= 1466436.71/(101500-9948433.60)
= 42 Buffalo
II. Monetary terms
= Fixed cost/[1-(variable cost per Buffalo/selling price cost per Buffalo)]
=1466436.71/(9948433.60/101500)
=Rs. 4231255
B) Margin safety
I. Physical term
=Total quantity- BEP in quantity
=128 - 41.69
= 86 Buffalo
The Break Even Point in algebraic term is 86.31 buffaloes, which interprets that the
investment done on the dairy farm will get completed by selling 86.31 buffaloes. After
this limit the dairy farm will start its profits.
II. Monterey term
=Total Return-BEP in monetary
=12859000 - 4231255.18
=Rs. 8627745
The Break Even Point in monetary term is Rs 8627744.82, which interprets that the
investment done on the dairy will get completed by recovering Rs 8627744.82. After this
limit the dairy will start its profits.
C) Percent Margin Safety
I. Physical term
= BEP in quantity/total Quantity *100
= 41.69/128*100
=32.57%
II. Monetary terms
= BEP In monetary/Total Revenue*100
= 4231255.18/12859000*100
32.57%

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 The positive figure of the margin of safety and percent margin of safety revealed
that the shock absorbing capacity of Pawar buffalo Farm even due to the fluctuation in
returns against anticipation owes to an unforeseen eventually.
4.20.9 Payback period (PBP)
= Initial Investment/Average net income
=1,44,54,740.00/3177018.29
4.55
Here Pay Back Period of the project is 4 years 5 months and 15 days for recover
initial capital investment.

4.20.10 Financial ratio

I. Operating ratio
=Total operating cost / gross income
= 9948433.60/14491500
= 0.69
II. Fixed ratio
= Total Fixed cost/Gross income
= 1466436.71/14491500
= 0.10
III. Gross Ratio
= Total Expenses /Gross income
= 11414870.31/14491500
= 0.79

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4.21 Marketing Management of Pawar buffalo farm

4.21.1 4P`s Marketing mix

Product Price Place Promotion

fig no. 4.11 Marketing mix

A. Product:-

Product marketing is the most important factor. Although Pawar Farm does not
produce milk, it can sell buffalo as a product. In it, pregnant buffaloes sold between 8 and
9 and half months of gestation. Proper attention is paid to the buffalo's luster, cleanliness,
weight, udder and walking style before selling it.

B. Price :-

Price is a component of the marketing mix that affects the sale of pregnant buffaloes.
The pregnant farmer needs to fix the price of his buffalo so that he can get the product by
selling his pregnant buffalo and meet other expenses and at the same time make a profit.
The average cost of a buffalo is Rs.95000 to 130000 A. In addition, if they are sold, a lot
of profit can be made.

C. Place :

Pregnant buffaloes are sold at the nearby market Kashti Shrigonda and mainly through
traders in Ghodegaon, Kolhapur, Mumbai. And they take the buffalo for sale in many
markets.

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 D. Promotion :-

The method of promotion used in buffaloes is word of mouth to mouth and

participation in animal and bird exhibitions in which new traders, farmers engaged in large
scale buffalo trade, meet and promote.

4.21.2 Supply chain Management

Fig no. 4.12 Supply chain Management

4.21.3 Backward linkage

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 Green Fodder
(Farmer)
Dry Fodder
(Farmer)

Concentrates
(Bhairavnath
feeds)

Rearing of Buffaloes & sale

Fig no. 4.13 Backward linkage

Backward linkage consists of mainly the raw material used in Pawar Buffalo
Farm, the raw material required for animal in farm are green fodder, Dry Fodder and
concentrates. Green fodder is been Cultivated in own farm and some of the green fodder
from the farmer near to the Farm and concentrates are brought from Bhairavnath Feeds.

4.21.4 Marketing Channel and Forward linkage:

1.

Pawar Farm Consumer

2.

Pawar Market
Consumer
Buffalo Farm (commission Agent)

Fig no 4.14 Marketing Channel

There is Two marketing channel. The product is directly sold from producer to consumer.
and sale also Market or Commission agent Trough.

4.21.4.1 Marketing code Language of the Market

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Code Language Amount

ठु कणा(Thukna) 1000 RS
डू बरा(Dubara) 2000 Rs
कप-ठु कणा(Cup-Thukna) 5000 Rs
आसर(Asar) 10000 Rs
एकणा(Ekna) 11000 Rs
जोडआसर(Jodasar) 12000 Rs
तीनआसर(Tinasar) 13000 Rs
सुती(Suti) 20000 Rs
कपसुती(Cupsuti) 25000 Rs
मेटा(Meta) 30000 Rs
4.21.5 Marketing Cost:

The total cost associated with delivering Pregnant Buffaloes to customers. The marketing
cost may include expenses associated with transportation of Pregnant Buffaloes to a
customer.

Table No.4.15 Marketing Cost

Sr. No Particulars Channel I Channel II

Cost per Buffalo Cost per Buffalo

Marketing cost of Producer

1 Transportation 0 600

2 Commission Agent 0 500

Total 0 1100

The marketing cost required for selling 1 Pregnant Buffalo Average 1100 Rs. Which
include of transportation.

4.21.6 Producer price in consumer rupee

Table No 4.16 Producer price in consumer rupee

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 sr. Particulars Channel I Channel II
No

Amount % Amount %

1 Price received by 100000 100 103900 98.95

producer

2 Total marketing 0 0 1100 1.04

cost

3 Total marketing 0 0 0 0
margin

Price paid by 100000 100 105000 100

consumer

Interpretation: Above table indicates the Producer share in consumer rupee. The cost
received by producer per Buffalo from channel I is Rs 100000. The percentage of producer
share in consumer rupee are 100% in channel I. The Percentage of producer share in
consumer rupee are 98.95 % in channel I I .Marketing cost per litres in marketing channel
I I is Rs.1100 which is very negligible.

4.21.7 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weakness

Opportunity Threats

Fig no.4.15 SWOT Analysis

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A. Strengths: -

1. Quality of Buffalo: -
Pawar Farm is one of the few buffaloes in Pune district which trades pregnant
buffaloes in this manner. They have high quality Murrah buffaloes for sale. So far

3 of them have participated in the exhibition and have also won prizes.

2. Large Scale Business: -

Pawar Buffalo farm it was the large scale trading buffalo business and more
knowledge in the trading business of buffaloes.
3. Near to the city: -
Pawar buffalo farm it was the near to the Buffalo market at Kashti (Shrigonda)
4. Established in well Developed Area:
Pregnant buffaloes are sold in almost developed areas in Pune. Pawar Farm is very
close to the nearby market Kashti Shrigonda. Where there is a herd, there is plenty
of fodder.
5. On Farm Sale
Full transparency of pregnant buffaloes is available to the customers. The freshness
of the pregnant buffalo allows the customer to choose the buffalo from the front.
6. Allow to choose when buying buffalo
The customer is free to choose when buying a buffalo. The buffalo is shown to the
customer according to how the customer wants to buy the buffalo.

B. Weakness:

1. Lack of Advertising:
Limited advertising or promotion of the product reduces its scope to acquire distant
market. Peoples unawareness regarding the product limits its extension.
2. Lack of Innovation
Mat are not used to seating buffaloes in the barn. Not a Using new methods like
grooming brushes, showers, fans etc.

C. Opportunity:

1. Widening the Market:

With proper promotion distant market can be captured.
2. Innovation:

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 Buffaloes seating Mats and Implemented the new techniques like Grooming brush,
fan, shower etc.to more benefits.
3. Milk production:
While trading in pregnant buffaloes, milk yield can also be taken.

D. Threats:

1. Natural Calamities;
Natural calamities such as drought and famines may lead to the shortage of the
fodder to cattle. heavy and speedy winds can lead to accidents which may injure
the cattle’s and destroy the Buffalo shed.
2. Viral diseases can make big loss in Dairy farm:
Contagious diseases can affect the cattle on a large scale. If proper and immediate
care is not given fatal results may occur.

4.22 Problems: -

a) Marketing problems: -

iii. Lack of Advertising :

Reducing Pawar buffalo Farm Advertising will lose confidence and lose market
share of competitors. No matter how a farm is set up, they can always lose market
share.
iv. Poor marketing of buffalo farm
Poor marketing does not many buyers. Different types of marketing can be more
profitable but that kind of marketing is not available in Pawar Buffalo Farm.

b) Housing Management Problem: -

iii. No Space in shade Between two animals.

The Distance between the two buffaloes is about 3-4 feet but in Pawar Buffalo
Farm the distance is very short so it was the difficult for them to sit.
iv. Road of that farm is not in Good condition.
The road from the Farm to the village is not good so there are more problems in
the rainy season.

c) Electricity problem: -

ii. Proper electricity is not available in the Farm

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 3 phase light is 8 hours in the area where the farm is located, so that light is required
for bore well. So light is required for water but it is not in that area.

4.23 Suggestion to Problems

g) Keep proper distance in shade and between two animals

h) Advertising Purpose Use Social Media And diff apps.

i) Stone Crush use of Layer to the Road

j) Using Different Application to marketing and Selling of Buffaloes. Example: -

Agro-deals, AgroStar, Farmfirst, etc.

k) Using generator or Solar system in to the borewell.

l) Maintain Registered.

4.24 Findings:-

o) There are total 150 buffaloes in Pawar Buffalo Farm

p) The Price received for per Buffalo is Rs 98000 and 105000

q) The capital investment for the Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs 144,54,740,

r) The Total Fixed Cost for Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs 14,66,436.71

s) The total variable cost required for the Pawar Buffalo farm for year 2019-20 was
Rs. 99,48,433.60

t) The total gross income of Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs. 1,46,32,500

u) The income received from sale of Buffalo was Rs. 1,28,59,000

v) The Net Income of Pawar Buffalo farm is 3,17,70,182.91

w) The Pay Back Period for the Pawar Buffalo farm is 4 years and 5 month and 15
days which shows that initial investment is covered.

x) BCR of Pawar Buffalo farm is 1.27

y) The NPW of Pawar Buffalo farm was 1,50,69,824.33

z) BEP in Physical Term is 42 buffaloes and BEP in Monitory Term is Rs.

42,31,255.18

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 aa) Margin of Safety in Physical Term is 86 Buffaloes and Margin of Safety in
Monitory Term is Rs. 86,27,744.82

bb) Percent Margin of Safety in Physical term is 32.57 % and Monitory term is 32.57
%

4.25 Conclusion

The primary data are collected through a direct interview schedule through a well-
designed questionnaire. The secondary information is obtained from internet, newspapers
etc. Collected Data are analysed by simple tabular methods, graphical representation and
statistical and mathematical tools.

The total variable of Pawar Buffalo farm is Rs. 99,48,433.60. In recurring cost, the
cost of green fodder, concentrates cost are the maximum factors contributing 43.12 % of
total variable cost, while the cost on Veterinary charges, electricity and transportation are
the minimum factors contributing 4.11 % of total variable cost.

The total cost in year 2019-20 is Rs. 11414870.31. Out of which Total Fixed Cost
is Rs. 14,66,436.71, Total Variable Cost is Rs. 99,48,433.60 and Herd Replacement Cost
is Rs. 504572.49

Income obtained in year 2019-20 is Rs. 1,46,32,500. Out of which sale of Buffalo
accounts 88.74% followed by income from manures which accounts 5.52%. While
Appreciation of calves/heifer is 5.38% and sale of gunny bags contributes 0.36 %.

NPW of dairy farm is positive. Hence, the project is finally feasible and accepted.
BCR of dairy farm is greater than 1. Hence, the project is finally feasible and accepted.

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 7.EXPERIENCE GAINED

The knowledge and experience gained during Student project work at Pawar
Buffalo Farm as management is gainful knowledge. Student project work covered all the
management practices followed to run unit successfully and activities to be performed in
Pawar Buffalo Farm. Gain knowledge of Murrah breeds from the farm.

Got experience that of how to take Rearing of good quality Murhha Buffalo.
Learned that how to maintain good health and daily diet of buffalo in their pregnant stage.
Learn that how do the effective utilization of available resources. Maintain hygienic
condition on farm for purpose of Beneficial to the low Diseases attack. The internship in
Pawar buffalo farm it is the best example of Without Milking Give More Benefits or
Income in the Rearing of Pregnant Buffalo.

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 8. REFERENCES

Ghule, A. K. (2012). An Economic Analysis of Investment Pattern. Indian J. Dairy Sci.

GOI. Ministry of AH And dairying department. (2019). Basic Animal husbandry
statistics-2019. new Delhi: krishi bhavan.
Kishore, K. (2013). A STUDY ON BUFFALO MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN
KHAMMAM DISTRICT OF ANDRA PRADESH. Buffalo Bulletin (June 2013)
Vol.32 No.2.
VRANDA, R. (2017). MARKETING PRACTICES OF BUFFALO FARMERS.
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Veterinary College.
Anonymous. (2018). National Dairy Development Board. Retrieved from nddb.coop:
nddb.coop/information/stats/milkprodstate

Dr. Dhanabalan. M. (2009), “Productive Efficiency of Milk Production in Tamil Nadu”,

Indian Journal of Marketing, Volume XXXIX, Number 12, pp-21.

Deepak Shah (1997), “Co-operative Dairying in Maharashtra Lessons to be Learned”,

Economic and Political Weekly, September 27, Vol. 32, No. 39, pp- 12

Ghule, Verma, Chauhan and Sawale (2012), An economic analysis of investment pattern,
cost of milk production and profitability of commercial Dairy farms in Maharashtra.
Indian Journal Dairy Science 65 (4) pp – 329 – 336.

Manob B (1996), “Dairy Co-operation and Rural Development (with special reference to
comparative study between the Kaira District Co-operative Milk producers‟ Union
limited and the Himalayan Co-operative Milk producers‟ Union Limited)”, Finance
India, Vol. 10, No. 2, June, Pp. 406-411

Mathialagan, Chandrasekaran. D. and Manivannan. A. (2009), “Effect of Feeding

Supplements of SNF content in Milk” Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Vol.

5, No. 1, Jan-Feb, Pp. 28-29.

P Bhowmik, S Sirohi and Dhaka. J. (2006), “Gains from Crossbreeding of Dairy Cattle in
the North East: Micro Evidence from Tripura”, Indian Journal of Agricultural economics,
Vol. 61, No. 3, July-Sept., Pp. 306-307.

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Rajendran. K. and S. Mohanty (2004), “Dairy Co-operatives and Milk Marketing in India
Constraints and opportunities” Journal of Food Distribution Research, Vol. 35, Issue 02,
P. 24.

Shisode. M., Dhumal. M. and Siddiqui. M. (2009), “Evaluation of constraints faced by

farmers in adoption of dairy cattle managemental practices”, The Indian Journal of Field
Veterinarians, Volume 5, Issue 1, P. 26.

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PHOTO GALLERY

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139
 VITA

Mr. Mhalaskar Chetan Rajendra

(Reg. no. BAB023/2017)
A Candidate for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons.) AGRICULTURE BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION
2019-20
Title of the project: Rural Awareness work Experience and Student
Project Work under the Student Ready Programme
Department: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) AGRICULTURE
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Bio-Graphical Information
Personal information:
Born on 29th April 1999, A/P- Vetalnagar, Ambale, Tal- Shirur, District - Pune, 412211.
Son of Mr. Mhalaskar Rajendra Pandharinath and Mrs. Mhalaskar Jayshree Rajendra.

Educational Qualification:
➢ Passed S.S.C. Examination at Shri. Mallikarjun Vidyalaya, Nhavare, Shirur with
First Class in 2015
➢ Passed H.S.C. Examination from Chhatrapati Sambhajiraje Jr. College of Science,
Jategoan BK. with First class in 2017
➢ Under Graduation from College of Agriculture Business Management, Baramati.

Permanent Address:
A/P- Vetalnagar, Ambale, Tal- Shirur, District - Pune
Pin- 412211
Contact No.: 9834676586
E-mail: chetanmhalaskar0147@gmail.com

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