BIOLOGY

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HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

**HEALTH: - The physical, mental, social well-being of a person

I FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH:

- Genetic , infections, life styles

II BENEFITS OF HEALTH:

- Efficiency at wok increases

- Productivity increases
- Economic prosperity
- Life span increases
- Reduces infant and maternal mortality

III METHODS TO IMPROVE HEALTH:

- Balanced diet, Personal hygiene, public hygiene

- Regular exercise, Yoga
- Awareness about disease
- Vaccination
- Proper disposal of wastes
- Vector control
- Hygienic food, water
- Periodic cleaning, disinfection of water reservoir, pools, cesspools

** DISEASES can be – infectious, non-infectious

** Disease causing micro-organisms are called PATHOGEN

IV TYPHOID:

➢ Causative agent: Salmonella typhi ( a bacteria)

➢ Target organ : small intestine
➢ Symptoms : high fever, Fever, Weakness, Stomach pain, constipation,
Headache, Loss of appetite, Intestinal perforation, death
in severe cases
➢ Transmission: contaminated food and water
➢ Diagnosis: Widal test
V PNEUMONIA:

➢ Causative organism: Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae

(bacteria)
➢ Target organs: alveoli of lungs get filled with fluid
➢ Symptoms: fever, Chills, Cough, Headache, Lips, nails get bluish in severe cases
➢ Transmission: inhaling droplets or aerosols, sharing glasses, utensils

VI COLD:

➢ Causative organism: Rhino virus

➢ Target organ: respiratory passage
➢ Symptoms: nasal congestion, nasal discharge, sore throat, hoarseness,
cough, headache, tiredness
➢ Transmission: droplet infection and sharing of contaminated objects

VII MALARIA: (be familiar with figure 8.1, page 148, NCERT)

➢ Causative organisms: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malaria, Plasmodium

falciparum (causes fatal form) (a protozoan)
➢ Target organ: liver, Red blood cells
➢ Host: human being and female Anopheles mosquito
➢ Symptoms: fever with chills
➢ Life cycle of Plasmodium:
Female Anopheles mosquito human being
Injects SPOROZOITES IN MAN (infective stage)
Sporozoites reach liver cells
Asexual reproduction in liver cells
Liver cells burst and release Cryptozoites (not mentioned in
NCERT)
IN HUMAN BEING They enter RBC to reproduce asexually
RBC burst open to release HAEMOZOIN and gametocytes
Haemozoin cases fever and chills in human beings
Gametocytes enter mosquito
Fertilisation, development in mosquito stomach
IN MOSQUITO Sporozoites reach salivary gland from intestine of mosquito
Enters humans when it bites a healthy human

VIII AMOEBIASIS / AMOEBIC DYSENTERY:

➢ Causative organism: Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa)

➢ Target organ : large intestine
➢ Symptoms : constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with mucus,
Stool with blood clots
➢ Vectors : housefly
➢ Transmission : contaminated food, food products, contaminated water

IX ASCARIASIS:

➢ Causative organism : Ascaris (worm)

➢ Target organ : intestine
➢ Symptoms : internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia, blockage of
Intestinal passage
 ➢ Transmission : contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, contaminated soil
Eggs of parasite reach soil due to open defecation

X ELEPHANTIASIS / FILARIASIS :

➢ Causative organism : Wuchereia bancrofti, Wuchereia malayi (worm)

➢ Target organ : lymph vessels oflower limbs
➢ Symptoms : chronic inflammation of organs, deformities of genital organs
Swelling of lower limbs
➢ Vector : female mosquito

XI RINGWORM:

➢ Causative organism : Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (fungi)

➢ Target organ : skin, nails, scalp
➢ Symptoms : dry scaly lesions, intense itching in skin, scalp
➢ Transmission : contaminated towel, clothes, comb
➢ Factors favouring infections: warmth, moisture in skin folds (groin, between toes)

XII METHODS TO CONTROL VECTORS:

➢ Avoiding stagnation of water near household

➢ Regular cleaning of household coolers
➢ Use of mosquito nets
➢ Introducing Gambusia fish in ponds which feeds on mosquito larvae
➢ Spraying insecticides
➢ Wire mesh on doors and windows

XIII PREVENTION OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION:

➢ By maintaining personal hygiene

➢ Consumption of clean water, food, vegetable, fruits etc.
➢ Proper disposal of waste and excreta
➢ Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, swimming pools, tanks
➢ Control of vectors (female Anopheles mosquito, Aedes mosquito transmits Dengue,
Chikungunya is caused by virus)
➢ Avoid contact with infected person

XIV IMMUNITY:

➢ Ability of host to fight disease causing organisms

➢ Two types:
• Innate immunity
• Acquired immunity
▪ Innate immunity:
- Non-specific
- Present at the time of birth
- Consists of four barriers:
❖ Physical barriers:
- Skin prevent entry of pathogens
- Mucus coating in epithelial lining of respiratory , gastrointestinal,
urogenital tract trap pathogens
❖ Physiological barrier:
 - acid in stomach
- saliva in mouth
- tears from eyes
❖ cellular barrier:
- leukocytes WBC like PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
- monocytes
- killer lymphocytes
- macrophages
- these type of cells phagocytose pathogens
❖ cytokine barrier:
- interferons produced by viral infected cells protect non-infected cells
▪ Acquired immunity:
➢ Pathogen specific
➢ Based on memory
➢ Body shows primary response on first encounter with pathogen
-its of low intensity
➢ body shows secondary response or ANAMNESTIC response on
subsequent encounter with pathogens, it is faster
➢ Responses are brought out by lymphocytes
➢ Lymphocytes are of two types:
✓ B-lymphocytes
✓ T-lymphocytes
➢ B-lymphocytes bring about humoral immune response by producing
antibodies (immunoglobulins) into blood
➢ T-lymphocytes bring about cell-mediated immune response or cell-
mediated immunity (CMI) by producing different types of
lymphocytes to destroy the pathogen
➢ T-lymphocytes help in immune response responsible for graft
rejection.
➢ T-lymphocytes help B-lymphocytes in producing antibodies
➢ Types ofantibodies: Ig A, Ig M, Ig G, IgE

XV STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY:

➢ Represented by H2 L2 (figure 8.4, page 151,NCERT)

➢ Two heavy peptide chains
➢ Two light peptide chains

XVI ACTIVE IMMUNITY:

➢ It is slow
➢ Takes time for effective response
➢ Host has to be exposed to antigens
➢ Antigens may be living or dead microbes / proteins / antibodies
➢ Antibodies are produced in response to antigens
➢ E.g., vaccines containing dead microbes or inactivated weakened
pathogen (chickenpox vaccine, Polio vaccine, BCG vaccine)
➢ Vaccines stimulates body to produce B and T-lymphocytes
XVII PASSIVE IMMUNITY:

➢ Readymade antibodies are injected

➢ It is fast
➢ Effective response is fast
➢ E.g., colostrum (yellow milk) by mother contains Ig A
➢ Colostrum secreted during initial days of lactation
➢ Tetanus toxide injection contains preformed antibodies, antitoxin
➢ Injections given to snake bite victims contains preformed antibodies

Hepatitis B vaccine produced from yeast using Recombinant DNA Technology

XVIII ALLERGIES:

❖ Sudden intense response of immune system to certain antigens in environment

❖ Substances which produces allergic responses are called antigens
❖ Causes:
- Mites in dust
- Pollens
- Animal dander
❖ Antibody produced Ig E
❖ Symptoms:
- Sneezing
- Watery eyes
- Running nose
- Difficulty in breathing
❖ Causes of symptoms: release of histamine, serotonin from mast cells
❖ Treatment: injection containing antihistamine / adrenaline/ steroid

XIX AUTOIMMUNITY:

❖ Immune system starts targeting its own cells

❖ E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis
Reasons for evolution of memory based acquired immunity in vertebrates:

1. Higher vertebrates can distinguish foreign molecules as well as foreign organisms

2. Due to genetic reasons body attacks self cells

XX IMMUNE SYSTEM: components are

❖ Lymphoid organ
❖ Tissues
❖ Cells
❖ Antibody
✓ Lymphoid tissue are of two types:

Primary Secondary

Bone marrow Thymus spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches(in intestine), appendix
 BONE MARROW THYMUS
in bone Lobed organ near heart, beneath breastbone
Produce blood cells and lymphocytes Large size at birth, reduces as age increases
Maturation of T-lymphocytes takes place here

SPLEEN LYMPH NODES

Large bean shaped Small solid structures at different points
Has lymphocytes, phagocytes Trap microbes’ antigens in lymph and tissue fluid
Acts as filter of blood by trapping microbes Antigens in lymph nodes activate lymphocytes
Has large reservoir of RBC Brings about immune response

XXI MALT (MUCOSAL ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE)

• Lymphoid tissue in lining of respiratory, digestive, urogenital tract

XXII ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)

➢ Causative organism : Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV), type of retrovirus

➢ Target organ: immune system
Macrophages
Helper T lymphocytes
➢ Symptoms: fever, diarrhoea, weight loss
Infections due to:
Mycobacterium
Virus
Fungi
Toxoplasma (parasite)
➢ Diagnosis: ELISA test (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbant Assay)
➢ Transmission:
❖ Sexual contact with infected person
❖ Transfusion of contaminated blood, blood products
❖ Sharing of infected needles
❖ From infected mother to child
❖ From sexual partners
❖ Drug addicts who take drug intravenously
➢ Life cycle of HIV:
Virus enters macrophage cells of host

Virus RNA forms viral DNA using reverse transcriptase enzyme

Virus DNA incorporated into host genome

New virus released (be familiar with figure 8.6, page 155, NCERT)

New virus infects helper T lymphocytes

Decrease in Helper T lymphocytes

➢ Prevention:
❖ Making blood banks safe from HIV
 ❖ Use of disposable syringes
❖ Distribution of condoms
❖ Controlling drug abuse
❖ Promoting regular check-ups for HIV for susceptible populations
❖ Awareness about AIDS
❖ NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation) is creating awareness
about prevention of AIDS

XXIII CANCER:

✓ Normal cells show a property of contact inhibition

✓ Contact inhibition inhibits normal cells from uncontrolled growth
✓ Cancer cells loose the property of contact inhibition
✓ Start dividing in an uncontrolled manner
✓ Form tumours
✓ Two types of tumors
BENIGN MALIGNANT

-Remain confined to original location -mass of proliferating cells

-neoplastic / tumor cells
-cells grow rapidly
-invade, damage surrounding normal tissues
-deprive the normal cells of nutrients
-cells sloughed off, reach distant sites with
Blood and cause cancer there
-METASTASIS
✓ Causes: by carcinogens
• Ionizing radiations X-rays, Gamma rays, UV rays
• Chemicals in tobacco smoke
• Oncogenic viruses with viral oncogenes
• Cellular oncogenes or PROTO-ONCOGENES
✓ Diagnosis:
• Biopsy
• Histopathological studies of tissues
❖ Tissue is cut into thin sections
❖ Tissue is stained
❖ Stained tissue is observed under microscope
• Radiography using X-rays
• CT (computed tomography) scan
❖ X-rays used to obtain 3 D images
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
❖ Use strong magnetic field
❖ Non-ionizing radiations
❖ Detect pathological, physiological changes in tissues
• Antibodies against cancer specific antigen used
• Molecular biology detect presence of cancer genes , so the person can be
advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens
✓ Treatment :
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy tumour cells irradiated to kill them
• Chemotherapy – chemicals injected to kill cancerous cells
Side effects- hair loss, anaemia
 • Alpha interferon biological response modifiers given to activate immune
system
❖ Immune system identifies tumour cells
❖ Tries to destroy them

XXIV OPOIDS:
➢ Source: Papaver somniferum
➢ Part of plant used: latex of poppy plant
➢ Target organ: --nervous system
--gastrointestinal tract
➢ Mode of intake: --snorting
-- injection
➢ Examples
(1) Heroine (commonly called SMACK)
❖ Acts as a depressant EFFECTS
❖ Slows body functions
❖ Chemical name diacetylmorphine
❖ White in colour
❖ Odourless
❖ Bitter in taste, crystalline in appearance
❖ Obtained by acetylation of morphine
(2) Morphine (be familiar with figure 8.7,page 158, NCERT)
❖ Sedative painkiller
❖ Given to patients undergoing surgery
XXV CANNABINOIDS: (be familiar with figure 8.9,page 159, NCERT)
➢ Source: Cannabis sativa
➢ Part of plant used: flower tops, leaves, resins, inflorescence
➢ Target organ : brain, cardiovascular system
➢ Mode of intake: inhalation, oral ingestion
➢ Examples : Marijuana, Hashish, Charas, Ganja
XXVI COCAINE / COCA ALKALOID:
➢ Source : Erythoxylum coca
➢ Target organ :-- transport of neurotransmitter dopamine affected
--Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢ Effects:
◼ Produces sense of euphoria
◼ Increase energy feeling
◼ Cause hallucinations (due to excess intake)
➢ Mode of intake: snorting
****Sources of other hallucinogens : Atropa belladonna, Datura
****Drugs which are abused : Barbiturates, Amphetamines, Benzodiazepines, Lysergic acid
Diethylamide (LSD) given for depression, insomnia
*****When drugs are taken for a purpose other than medicinal use or in amounts / frequency
that impairs one’s physical, physiological or psychological functions then its called DRUG
ABUSE
XXVII SMOKING:
➢ Source : tobacco plant leaves
➢ Target organ : respiratory organ, lungs, mouth
➢ Mode of intake : chewed
--smoked
--used as snuff
 ➢ Effect: (a) Nicotine in tobacco leaf

Stimulates adrenal gland

Release adrenaline and noradrenaline

Increase in BP , heart rate

(b) smoking

Increase in CO in blood

Reduces concentration of haem- bound oxygen

Leads to oxygen deficiency in body

➢ Medical effects : cancer of lung, urinary bladder, throat
-bronchitis
-emphysema
-coronary heart disease
-gastric ulcer
XXVIII ALCOHOLISM:
➢ Effect : cirrhosis
XXIX REASONS FOR DRUG, ALCOHOL ABUSE:
❖ Curiosity
❖ Need for adventure, excitement
❖ Experimentation
❖ Stress
❖ Pressure to excel in academics
❖ Unstable and unsupportive family structure
❖ Peer pressure
❖ Perception that it is “cool” / progressive to smoke, use drugs,
alcohol
XXX EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL , DRUG ABUSE:
❖ Reckless behaviour
❖ Vandalism
❖ May get affected by diseases like hepatitis B, AIDS
❖ violence
❖ may go into coma due to overdose
❖ death due to respiratory failure when in excess dosage
❖ turns into a criminal for money
❖ excess dose may also lead to heart failure cerebral haemorrhage
XXXI WARNING SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE:
❖ drop in academic performance
❖ unexplained absence from school /college
❖ lack of interest in personal hygiene
❖ withdrawal
❖ isolation
❖ depression
❖ fatigue
❖ aggressive, rebellious behaviour
❖ deteriorating relationship with family
❖ loss of interest in hobbies
❖ change in sleeping habits
❖ change in eating habits
 ❖ fluctuations in weight
❖ fluctuations in appetite
XXXII DRUGS MISUSED BY SPORTS PERSONS:
❖ narcotic analgesics
❖ anabolic steroid
❖ diuretics
❖ hormones
XXXIII REASONS FOR DRUG ABUSE:
❖ increase muscle strength, bulk
❖ promote aggressiveness
❖ increase athletic performance
XXXIV SIDE EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROIDSIN FEMALES:
❖ Masculinisation
❖ Increased aggressiveness
❖ Mood swings
❖ Depression
❖ Abnormal menstrual cycles
❖ Excessive hair loss on face, body
❖ Enlargement of clitoris
❖ Deepening of voice
XXXV SIDE EFFECTS OFANABOLIC STEROIDS IN MALES:
❖ Acne
❖ Increased aggressiveness
❖ Mood swings
❖ Depression
❖ Reduction in of size of testicles
❖ Decrease sperm production
❖ Kidney, liver dysfunction
❖ Breast enlargement
❖ Premature baldness
❖ Enlargement of prostate gland
XXXVI ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCE:
➢ Addiction – psychological attachment to certain effects (euphoria, temporary
feeling of well-being) associated with drugs and alcohol
➢ Repeated use of drugs leads to the increase in tolerance level of receptors in
body
➢ Receptors later respond to higher doses of drugs or alcohol
➢ This leads to higher intake of drugs or alcohol
➢ This ends in addiction
• Dependence – tendency of body to manifest a characteristic and
unpleasant withdrawal syndrome, when regular dose of drugs or alcohol is
abruptly discontinued
• Features of dependence : anxiety, shakiness, nausea, sweating
• Withdrawal symptoms can be severe, life threatening so the person may
require medical supervision
XXXVII PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE:
➢ Avoid undue peer pressure:
-every child has his / her personality / choice
- personality should be respected / nurtured
- child should not be pushed beyond his capacity to perform well in
Academic, sports, etc.
➢ Education and counselling:
- Will help to face problems and stress
 - To accept disappointments and failures
- Channelize child’s energy for better things like sports, reading , music etc
➢ Seeking help from parents and peers:
- Will help in venting out feelings of anxiety and guilt
- Help from close, trusted friends also
- Help will guide them appropriately
➢ Looking for danger signs:
- Danger signs observed should be immediately notified to parents and
teachers
- This will help in diagnosing the problems and its causes
- This will help in starting the proper treatment
➢ Seeking professional and medical help:
- Highly qualified psychologist, psychiatrist help can be taken
- Deaddiction, rehabilitation programs can help the person

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Why is Gambusia introduced into ponds? (1)
2. A boy of ten years had chicken pox. He is not expected to have the infection for the rest of
his life. Mention how is it possible. (1)
3. Why is secondary immune response more intense than the primary immune response in
humans? (1)
4. Mention the useful and harmful drug obtained from poppy plant. (1)
5. Retrovirus have no DNA. However, the DNA of the infected host cell does possess viral DNA.
How is it possible? (1)
6. In the immune system, interferons are part of ….. barriers. (1)
7. Diacetyl morhine is commonly called as …. (1)
8. Find the odd one out: thymus , tonsil, spleen ,appendix. Write the reason for option
selected. (1)
9. The genes causing cancer are called ….. (1)
10. Antigen binding site in an antibody is found between ……. (1)
11. Ganja and LSD are classified as
(a) Narcotics (b) hallucinogens (c ) stimulants (d) depressants (1)
12. Both B and T-lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow; however, only the T-lymphocytes
travel to……… and mature there. (1)
13. Find the odd one out, write reason for the option selected: malaria, pneumonia, HIV ,
typhoid (1)
14. Find the odd one out, write reason for the selected option
Cancer of breast, cancer of lungs, cancer of stomach, cancer of muscle (1)
15. What measures would you take to prevent water borne diseases? (2)
16.

(3)
17. Why does a doctor administer tetanus antitoxin and not a tetanus vaccine to a child injured
in a roadside accident with a bleeding wound? Explain. (2)
18. Explain the relationship between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in developing an
immune response. (2)
19. Why is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema? Explain. (2)
20. Name the cells that act as HIV factory in humans when infected by HIV. Explain the events
that occur in the infected cell. (3)
21. On a visit to a hill station, one of your friend suddenly become unwell and felt uneasy.
(a) List two symptoms you would look for the term it to be due to allergy
(b) Explain the response of the body to an allergen
(c) Name two drugs that can be recommended for immediate relief. (3)
22. Prior to a sports event, blood and urine samples of sports persons are collected for drug
tests.
(a) Why is there a need to conduct such tests?
(b) Name the drugs the authorities usually look for.
(c) Write the genetic names of two plants from which these drugs are obtained. (3)
23. Name the source plant of Ganja. How does it affect the body of the abuser? (3)

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