GD&T Fundamentals

Based on the Latest ASME Y14.5M Dimensioning

and Tolerancing Standard

Learn best Practices for stating & interpreting

Dimension / Tolerances

For Onsite / Online Training Contact: BEST Automotive Solutions

(Business Excellence through Simple Techniques)
Mobile No. - +91-8107152823
Email ID - bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com
 What is GD&T

• International language • Library of Symbols, Definitions,

which describe a part on a and conventions to describe
drawing unambiguously a part based on Size, Form,
Orientation & Location

G D

& T

• Accompanies the entire • Describe a part or assembly

process chain from for function using geometric

design to Finished good tolerances

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 GD&T BASICS: Innovative Training for Technical Professionals

➢Specialized knowledge is gained from GD&T course strengthen

professional skill set and help advancement in your career
➢Very use full for carrier growth of

Mechanical Engineers New Product Development Engineers

CNC Machinist Measurement Technicians
Quality Engineers Engineering & Production Managers
Tool Room & Machine Shop
R & D Engineers
Managers
Graduate Engineer Trainee CAD Engineers/ Managers
Estimation & Costing Engineers Standard Room Inspectors

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 GD&T BASICS: Innovative Training for Technical Professionals

➢ GD&T is essential to ensure functional information and design intent

from the assembly to its individual parts.

➢ This ensures accurate fitting assemblies and spare parts regardless of

where they are manufactured.

➢ Designers, toolmakers, inspectors and project managers will greatly

benefit from GD&T knowledge.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 Engineering Drawing Standards

➢ There are two international standards for GD&T.

➢ American companies normally to use the ASME Y14.5 Standard.

➢ European companies normally to use the ISO standard.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 COORDINATE VS GD&T METHODS
Drawing concept Coordinate Tolerance Geometric Tolerance
Condition Condition
▪ Square or rectangular tolerance ▪ Can use diameter symbol to allow round tolerance
Tolerance Zone zones for hole locations zones
Results Results
Shape ▪ Less tolerance available for hole. ▪ 57% more tolerance for hole locations
Higher manufacturing costs ▪ Lower manufacturing costs
Condition Condition
▪ Tolerance zone is fixed in size ▪ Use of MMC modifier allows tolerance zones to
Tolerance Zone increase under certain conditions
Results Results
Flexibility ▪ Functional parts scrapped. ▪ Functional parts used.
▪ Higher operating costs ▪ Lower operating costs
Condition Condition
▪ Implied datum allows choices for set ▪ The datum system communicates one set up for
up when inspecting the part inspection
Ease of Results Results
▪ Multiple inspectors may get different ▪ Clear instructions for inspection
inspection results ▪ Eliminate disputes over part acceptance
▪ Good parts scrapped
▪ Bad parts accepted

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 Coordinate vs Geometric Tolerancing Methods
“OLD” Drawing without GD&T.
Questions are:
1) What is the relationship (axiality tolerance) between dia 1.00 and 2.00 ?
2) Which feature ( 1.00 or 2.00) is to be used for measuring (locating) the
0.500 ±.005 dimension for locating the 0.120 hole ?

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 Coordinate vs Geometric Tolerancing Methods
“NEW” Drawing with GD&T.
Answer is:
1) The axis of the 2.00 has to be coaxial with the axis of the 1.00 within a tolerance zone that is a 0.005, if
the is 2.01 which is the MMC.
2) The 1.00 is the feature to be used for measuring the 0.500 dimension for locating the 0.120 hole
3) The tolerance for locating the 0.120 hole is a of .014 when the hole is a MMC ( 0.120).
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

Dimensioning and tolerance shall clearly define engineering

intent and shall conform to the following :
a. Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except for those dimensions
specifically identified as reference, maximum, minimum, or stock
(commercial stock size).
The tolerance may be applied directly to the dimension (or indirectly in
the case of basic dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located in a
supplementary block of the drawing format.
Standard Stock Item
Items whose geometry are already controlled and established by
industrial or Government Standard – Sheet, Bars, Pipes, Angle etc.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

b. Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be complete so there

is full understanding of the characteristics of each feature.

Values may be expressed in an engineering drawing

Neither scaling (measuring directly from an engineering

drawing) nor assumption of a distance or size is permitted

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

c. Each necessary dimension of

an end product shall be shown.
Use of reference dimensions on
a drawing should be
minimized.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

d. Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and

mating relationship of a part and shall not be subject to more than
one interpretation.

OK NG
bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

e. The drawing should define a part without specifying

manufacturing methods.
For Example, only the diameter of a hole is given without indicating
whether it is to be drilled, reamed, punched, or EDM wire cut, Jig
grinding.
However, in those instances where manufacturing, processing, quality
assurance, or environmental information is essential, it shall be
specified on the drawing or in a document referenced on the drawing.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

• A limited length or area of a

surface is to receive additional

treatment or consideration within

limits specified on the drawing

• Extent of these limits may be

indicated by use of a chain line.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

f. Non mandatory processing dimensions shall be

identified by an appropriate note, such as “NONMANDATORY
(MFG DATA).”
Examples of non mandatory data are processing dimensions that
provide for finish allowance, shrink allowance, and other
requirements, provided the final dimensions are given on the
drawing.
bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES
g. Dimensions should be arranged to provide required
information for optimum readability.
Dimensions should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible
outlines.

Where there are several parallel dimension

Dimension lines shall be aligned and lines, the numerals should be staggered for
grouped for uniform appearance easier reading.
bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

h. Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and

other materials manufactured to
gage or code numbers shall be
specified by linear dimensions
indicating the diameter or thickness.
Gage or code numbers may be
shown in parentheses following the
dimension.
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

j. A 90° basic angle applies where center lines of features in a pattern or surfaces
shown at right angles on a 2D orthographic drawing are located or defined by
basic dimensions and no angle is specified.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

FUNDAMENTAL RULES
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

k. A zero basic dimension applies where axes, center planes, or surfaces are
shown on a drawing, and geometric tolerances establish the relationship
among the features.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

i. Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions and tolerances are

applicable at 20°C (68°F) in accordance with ANSI/ASME B89.6.2.
Compensation may be made for measurements made at other
temperatures.

➢ One of the basic principles of metrology is that a

part dimension changes with temperature because
of thermal expansion.
➢ Since 1931 industrial lengths have been defined as
the size at 20 °C.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

➢ Many people have thought it was, in some sense, arbitrary.

➢ In actuality, decision was the result of 20 years of thought,
discussion, and negotiations
➢ International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)
unanimous adoption of 20 °C as the reference temperature on April
15, 1931.

➢ Incorporated into ISO system as the first standard of

the ISO systems (ISO 1) in 1951.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 Why Temperature is important ???

➢ Two mating parts of different materials, say steel and brass, will actually
be their nominal size at 0 °C.
➢ If the parts are, assembled at 20 °C, the parts will grow by their
coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs)
➢ CTE of steel is about 12 × 10–6/°C and brass is about 24 × 10–6/°C, the
brass will expand more than the steel part and assembly may not be
possible.
➢ Since parts are assembled at around room temperature it would seem
practical to have the part length measurement refer to the assembly
temperature as closely as possible.
bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

m. Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions and tolerances

apply in a free-state condition

What is Free State condition ?

➢ A state where only the force of gravity is applied

➢ For non-rigid parts, geometric tolerance are indicated in a

free state

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

What are called non-rigid parts ?

➢Parts like those made of rubber or resin

➢Where deformation is presumed to occur due to a release

of internal stress generated during manufacturing process

Note : Generally, geometric tolerance applies to rigid parts

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

➢ For parts that deform beyond size tolerance or geometric tolerance

in a free state, F is written after the geometric tolerance in

the feature control frame to indicate that the part is a non-rigid

target.

“F” stands for “free state,” and means to apply the tolerance under a

free state.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

Example : “in any orientation, datum B must have a roundness within 5.0 mm
 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

n. Unless otherwise specified, all tolerances apply for full depth, length,
and width of the feature.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

o. Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing level

where they are specified.
A dimension specified for a given feature on one level of
drawing (e.g., a detail drawing) is not mandatory for that
feature at any other level (e.g., an assembly drawing).

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

p. Where a coordinate system is shown on the drawing,

it shall be right-handed unless otherwise specified.
Each axis shall be labeled, and positive direction shall be
shown.

bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823

 Other Training Modules
Process & Productivity Improvement Sheet Metal part manufacturing Process
1. How to improve OEE ? 1. Yield Improvement in Stamping process
2. Overview of TPM 2. Productivity Improvement in Stamping
3. How to Calculate OEE ? 3. Preventive Maintenance of Press Dies
4. New Product Development Management 4. Stamping Die Maintenance
5. Preventive Maintenance of Tools & Dies 5. Overview of Sheet metal Part Mfg. Process
6. Jishu Hozen (Autonomous Maintenance), 6. New Die Development Management
7. Process enhancement by VA / VE 7. Lean Quick Change over SMED Process
8. Toyota A3 Tool for problem solving Quality Management & Improvement
9. Global 8D, rapid problem solving 1. Basic concepts of Quality
10.Kobetsu Kaizen to eliminate 16 Losses 2. TQM
11.Way of Toyota Production – Lean 3. Zero Defect Quality through Jidoka, Poka Yoke &
Manufacturing System Kaizen
12.Best Practice – 5S, 3G, 3M, 3K, VM
Drawing & Tolerance
1. GD&T
2. Blueprint/ Drawing reading and understanding
3. Limit, Fits and Tolerance
bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com, mob no +91 8107152823
If you like our content kindly contact us for complete
training programs & consultancy.

THANKYOU
For Onsite / Online Training Contact: BEST Automotive Solutions
(Business Excellence through Simple Techniques)
Mobile No. - +91-8107152823
Email ID - bestsolutions.automotive@gmail.com