PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM EXAMINATION

PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOR

- Or Biological Psychology or Behavioral - Behavior changes during development (e.g.,

Neuroscience duration of sleep changes as we grow old)

- Field of psychology that CONNECTS MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIOR

BEHAVIOR & MENTAL PROCESS TO
- Electrophysiological or behavioral
BODILY PROCESS, and to the functions and
mechanisms (e.g., walking, sleeping, making
actions of the brain.
memories, reproductive behaviors)
SOMATIC VS BERHAVIORAL INTERVENTION APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOR
Behavioral - Improve mental health (led to numerous
Somatic Intervention
Intervention research and cures to disorders)
Change in mating
Administer a hormone
behavior
Stimulate brain region Motor movement
Levels of Analysis:
Brain lesion Behavioral deficit
Social Level. Highest of all level.
Brain Affected Behavioral Change Reductionism. Approach that analyzes any
Change in brain Put male with a female phenomenon at more basic levels of analysis.
hormones rat
Present a visual
Neurons fire
stimulus
Brain morphology
Give training
changed HISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Note: 1 million years ago, man valued brain and knew

Somatic Variables Behavioral Variables that injury to it caused death.
Brain size (1.5kg) Learning scores
Mating behavior
Hormone Levels
strength
Enlarge cerebral Schizophrenic Video: The History of Trepanation
ventricles symptoms
Trephination. Fist brain surgery took place around
7000 BCE during Neolithic times.
Other Disciplines: Trepan or Trephine. Comes from Greek the ancient
Biological Psychology. Related to many other Greek “Trypanon” meaning “to drill or bore”.
disciplines and there are many players that contribute
to this field. Trepanation. Surgery on the skull.

To understand how the brain affects behavior or mental Locations: Europe, Siberia, China, Mesoamerica,
process, we must look at the different levels of France
perspectives:
Tools: Sharp rocks, obsidian blades, bronze to steel
1. Description of Behavior saws or scalpels, glass,
2. Evolution of Behavior
The Extraction of the Stone of Madness
3. Development (ontological) of Behavior
(Hieronymus Bosch in 1494)
4. Mechanisms of Behavior
5. Applications of Biopsychology to Behavior Dr. John Clark. First physician to perform
trepanation in the American colonies.
DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR Craniotomy. Rebrand of Trepanation in the 20th
century to forget the brutal history.
- Acts, process, or functions
1960’s. The rise of psychedelics in the goal of
EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
expanding consciousness.
- Number of behaviors can be shared by a
Bart Hughes. Dutch librarian postulated that
variety of animals due to common elements
trepanation was ticket to a permanent high. He
wrote a monograph in 1962 “Homo sapiens erectus”

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that contends children have a higher state of Ibn-i-Sina (Avicenna). Prince of Medicine who wrote
consciousness because their skulls are not fully closed. “Al-Qanoonfil-Tibb” or “The Cannon of Medicine”
that talked about perception, imagination, and
John Lennon. Approached Bart Hughes to have the generation of ideas.
procedure done on him.
Rene Descartes. Believed that mind possessed
January 9, 1965. Hughes trepanned his own head as innate ideas, and proposed mind-body dualism
a publicity stunt (inspired Amanda Fielding & Joey interacting at the Pineal Gland. Describe reflex action
Mellon). as a basis of understanding behavior from a
neuroscientific view.
2002. Men from Cedar City, Utah was prosecuted for
practicing medicine without a license and
performing trepanation. Nerves

Galvani and Bois-Raymond. Showed that electric

current would twitch muscles, and the brain
generated electricity.

Bell and Magendies. Showed that spinal roots

carried messages in different directions.
2700 BCE. Shen Nung (Ancient Chinese) originated
ACUPUNCTURE based on Yin-Yang philosophy. Specific Nerve Energies
Acupuncture. Derived form Taoist traditions. Muller. Proposed that the nature of a sensation
depends on sensory fibers stimulated, not how
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. First written
fibers are stimulated.
account of brain (Ancient Egypt) in 1700 BCE based
on text dated 3000 BCE. Describes 28 cases of brain, Helmholtz. Student of Muller that measured the
skull, and spinal injuries. speed of nerve conduction.
Hippocrates. Studies brain injured patients and
noted that brain was seat of our joys, pleasures, Neuron Doctrine & Synapse
sorrows, etc. and our sensations and intelligence. Golgi. Believed that neurons connected in a
Plato. Greek Philosopher the identified mind in the sinctium, connecting by bleeding.
brain. Cajal. Believed that neurons are separate and
Aristotle. Believed that mind is in the heart, brain to communicate through gaps (Neuron Doctrine).
him was merely a radiator to cool the blood. Studied reflex in dogs (Synapse).

Roman Physician Brain Regions

Galen. Prominent surgeon agreed with Hippocrates Jean Pierre Flourens. Conducted many brain
on brain as the seat of mind. He carried out ablation experiments and found the Cerebellum
dissections and found Cerebrum to be soft and played an important role in coordinated
Cerebellum to be hard. He also discovered fluid- movements.
filled ventricles (Cerebrospinal Fluid) which he
though was used to communicate. Skull Bumps
Muslim Physician Franz Gall. Studies skull bumps and proposed
modularity of brain. (Different parts of brain perform
IbnZakrarivaal-Razi or Rhazes. Persian Physician different functions).
that criticized Galen on his theory bodily humors. He
describes Cranial Nerves and 31 spinal nerves in
Speech Area
Kitabal-Hawi Fil-Tibb.
Paul Broca. Studied patient Tan after his death and
Al-Haytum or Alhazen. Wrote a 7-volume book on
found the area in the brain that was involve in
optics called “Kitab-al-Manazir”. He correctly
speech production.
identified light as an external source for vision and
dispelled Empedocles idea of the visual ray.
Speech Comprehension
Al-Zahrawi or Abulcasis. Arab surgeon from Spain
the describes several surgical treatments for Carl Wernicke. Identified speech comprehension
neurological disorders. He wrote “Kitabal-Tasrif”, a area.
30-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.

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Brain Areas

Korinian Brodmann. Divided brain into many

distinct areas or regions and delineated their role
in behavioral function.

Localization of Function

SheperdFranz & Karl Lashley. Critics of location of

function in the brain. (Lashley) showed that a
number of behaviors like learning and memory were
no localized in particular regions of brain.

Reward Centers

James Olds. Electrical simulation of the brain

evokes emotional responses in animals.

Electrical Brain Stimulation

Wilder Penfield. Canadian neurosurgeon electrically

stimulated human brain to localize epileptic foci.
Found the stimulation of specific areas evoked
memories. Described sensory and motor cortex in
the human brain.

Brain Lateralization

Roger Sperry. Carried experiments to discover left

and right brain hemispheric specialization.

Gazzaniga. Student of Sperry conducts research on

how the brain enables mind.

Biology of Memory

Moritmer Mishkin. Neurobiological mechanisms

underlying learning and memory in primates. Brain
lesions specially designed to study behavioral learning
and cognitive memory tasks.

Christopher Koch. Studied the consciousness

through the use of modern tools of neurobiology.
Collaboration with Francis Crick.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM Temporal Lobe – process auditory information from

the ears
Video: The Nervous System in 9 Minutes
Occipital Lobe – process visual information from the
Purpose of Nervous System eyes

- Coordinates all activities of the body.

- Enables the body to respond and adapt to
changes both inside and out. CEREBELLUM

- Section located at the back of the head, below

Cerebrum and above the 1st Cervical of the
Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) neck
- Responsible of muscle coordination, balance,
Brain. Found within a cranium or skull. posture, and muscle tone

CEREBRUM DIANCEPHALON

- Found between the Cerebrum and the

DIANCEPHALON
Midbrain
- Contains 2 structures: Thalamus &
Hypothalamus
MIDBRAIN
Thalamus – directs sensory impulses to the
PONS CEREBELLUM
Cerebrum (relay station)

MEDULLA OBLONGATA Hypothalamus – controls and regulates

temperature, appetite, water, balance, sleep,
and blood vessel constriction and dilation
(anger, fear, pleasure, pain and affection).
CEREBRUM
MIDBRAIN
1. Left Hemisphere
2. Right Hemisphere - located below Cerebrum at the top of the brain
stem
Lobes of the Brain - responsible for eye and auditory reflexes

1. Frontal Lobe PONS

2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe - located below the midbrain
4. Occipital Lobe - responsible for reflex actions
- chewing, tasting, saliva reproduction

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

- lowest part of the brain stem

- connects to the spinal cord
- responsible for regulating heart and blood
vessel function, digestion, respiration,
swallowing, coughing, sneezing, blood
pressure
- “The Center of Respiration”

Frontal Lobe – reasoning and thought

Parietal Lobe – integrates sensory information

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Spinal Cord. The link between the brain and the - Control complicated process (e. g.,
nerves in the rest of the body. movement, thought & memory)
- Plays an essential role in the things our body
4 Different Regions does without thinking (e.g., breathing,
blushing, blinking)
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic Affects our health related to:
3. Lumbar
4. Spinal Nerves (Afferent & Efferent) • Thoughts, memory, learning, and feeling
• Movements (e.g., balance and coordination)
Afferent or Sensory – responsible for • Senses (how brain interprets what you see,
carrying information from the body to the brain hear, taste, touch, and feel)
(conducting inward). • Sleep, healing, and aging
• Response to stressful situations
Efferent or Motor – carries information from • Digestion (feeling hungry or thirsty)
the brain to the body (conducting outward). • Body processes (e.g., puberty)

Peripheral Nervous System

Types of Neurons
Somatic
Motor Neurons – tells our muscles to move
- responsible for carrying motor and sensory
information. Sensory Neurons – take information from our senses
- made up of nerves that connect to skin, and send signals to our brain
sensory organs, and skeletal muscles
- responsible for all voluntary muscle Others: control automatic processes (e.g., breathing,
movements shivering, heartbeat, digestion)
- process sensory information from external
stimuli (hearing, touch, sight).
Central Nervous System

Autonomic - Located within the skull (brain) and spine

(spinal cord)
1. Sympathetic
Brain
- “Fight or flight” response to defend your
- Mass of nerve tissue in the anterior (top) end
body or escape threat
of an organism
- Integrates sensory information
2. Parasympathetic
- Directs motor responses
- “Center of Learning”
- Counterbalance to the sympathetic response
- Weight: about 1.4 kg (3 pounds)
to danger
- Has Neurons (billions of cells) & 100 billion of
- Brings back all systems of body back to
nerves
normal
Main Function:

Lecture 2 • Process sensory information

• Regulating blood pressure and breathing
Nervous System • Releasing hormones

- Body’s command center Spinal Cord

- Controls movements, thoughts, and
automatic responses - Major nerve tract of vertebrates
- Controls other body systems and processes - Composed of nerve fiber that mediate reflex
(e.g., digestions, breathing, sexual actions and transmit impulses to and from the
development) brain
- Diseases, accidents, toxins, and natural aging - Covered by 3 Connective Tissue Envelops:
process can damage your nervous system Meninges
- Guides almost everything we do, think, say, or - Cerebrospinal Fluid (fills the space between
feel the outer and middle envelope) colorless fluid
that cushions the spinal cord.

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- Length: Varies from person to person

(Females: 43 cm & Males: 45cm)

3 Parts:

1. Cervical (Neck)
2. Thoracic (Chest)
3. Lumbar (Lower back)

3 Tissue Layers:

1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater

Dura Mater

- Outermost layer of the Spinal Cord’s

meninges
- Tough protective coating

Epidural Space

- Space found between dura and arachnoid

- Where the doctors insert local anesthetic to
reduce pain (e.g., childbirth, surgery,
operation)

Arachnoid Mater

Functions: - Middle layer of Spinal covering

• Carry signals from the brain Subarachnoid Space

Spinal cords receive signals from the brain - Located between arachnoid mater and pia
that control movement and autonomic mater
functions - Location of Cerebrospinal fluid

Pia Mater
• Carrying information to the brain
- Layer that covers the spinal cord
Spinal cords transmit messages from the
body to the brain

• Reflex Responses

Spinal cord act independently of the brain in

conducting motor reflexes

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Anatomy of Brain

Cerebrum Left Hemisphere – responsible for

controlling right side of the body
- Largest part of the brain (language, reasoning, logic, and
- Located in the front and middle part of the speech)
brain
- 85% of the brain’s weight
- “Seat of Human Consciousness”
Right Hemisphere –
responsible for
controlling the left side
of the body (spatially-
related tasks and visual
understandin

Lobes of the Brain

Frontal Lobe – located in front of the

brain (forehead to ears)

Cerebral Cortex (Gray Matter) Functions:

- Sheet of neutral tissue that is the outermost of • solving & planning

the cerebrum • thought
- Higher brain functions (thinking, reasoning, • behavior
planning, emotion, memory) • speech
- Processing of sensory information and • memory
speech • movement
- Inner core houses the White Matter
Parietal Lobe – ends of
Functions: frontal lobe goes until the
mid-back part of the brain
• Voluntary actions (motor skills,
communication, emotions, creativity, Functions:
intelligence, personality)
• Processing information
Corpus Callosum from the senses
• Language interpretation
- Thick track of fibrous nerves the serve as a and Spatial perception
kind of switchboard enabling the brain’s
hemispheres to communicate to one another

Nerve Fibers Temporal Lobe – behind

and below frontal lobe,
- axons that are covered with myelin under lateral fissure
- fatty substance that helps increase the
transmission of information between two Functions:
hemispheres
• Memory
• Emotions
• Language
• Speech

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• Auditory & Visual Processing 3 Lobes of Cerebellum

1. Anterior Lobe (Purple)

2. Posterior Lobe (Green)
Occipital Lobe – back of the 3. Flocculonodular Lobe
brain “Visual processing
Center” bulk of information our
eyes take in get analyzed and
sorted

Cerebellum

- Little brain (Latin) Mini brain

- 10% of the brain’s mass, but more than half of
the brain’s neuron
Development of Central Nervous System
Functions:
3 Weeks – Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain, Spinal Cord
• Voluntary movements
• Coordination 7 Weeks - Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain, Cranial
• Balance Nerves
• Posture
• Muscle tone 11 Weeks - Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
• Cognitive functions Final Week – Forebrain, Cerebellum, Medulla

Cerebellar Cortex – full of gray matter

Functions:

• Movement, motor learning, balance, posture

Gray Matter – composed of neutral cell bodies rather Forebrain – thalamus & hypothalamus
than myelinated nerve fibers (white)
Cerebral Hemispheres – dominate brain’s
appearance

Cerebellum Left & Right Hemispheres Convolution – wrinkled appearance (ridge & grooves)

Gyrus – folds or ridges

Fissure – space between two gyri

Sulci – separates gryi

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Direction and Location in the Central Nervous Four Major Regions of the Brain
System
1. Cerebrum – folds and crevices that we most
associate with a mental image of the brain.

2. Cerebellum (Hindbrain) – posterior region of

the brain and inferior to the back of the
Cerebrum, Cauliflower Appearance with thin
parallel folds

3. Brain Stem – connects directly to the spinal

cord

4. Diencephalon – interior of the brain and can

be only seen if the brain is cut open

Example:

Parietal Lobe is located

superior to the lateral
fissure and between
the central sulcus and
the occipital lobe.
Longitudinal Fissure – divides cerebrum into two
hemispheres, deep but connects the hemispheres at
the base in Corpus Callosum
Additional:

Primary Somatosensory Cortex – process skin

senses and body position and movement

Association Areas – Carry out further processing

beyond primary are does

Posterior Parietal Cortex – damage here may induce

neglect (not aware of the other side of the body)

Temporal Lobe – contains auditory projection area,

visual, and auditory association

Posterior Auditory (Wernicke’s Area) – interpret

language output and generates spoken and written Ventricles
language to Broca’s area. Damage here will have
problem understanding the speech. - cavities in Cerebrum

Occipital Lobe – process visual information (color, Cerebrospinal Fluid

scene, movement)
- cells that line the ventricle produce
- not confined to the ventricles
- surrounds the entire brain and spinal cord

Brain Stem

- regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping,

and eating
- divided into 3: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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Medulla Oblongata – connects to the spinal cord and Midbrain

slightly wider than the spinal cord
- Superior & inferior colliculi
- Pineal gland
- Susbtantia nigra
- Ventral tegmental area

Functions:

• Role in vision & audition

• Controls daily and seasonal rhythms
• Integrates movements
• Contributes to the rewarding effects of food,
sex, and drugs

Hindbrain
Diencephalon - Medulla
1. Thalamus - Pons
2. Hypothalamus - Reticular formation
3. Epithalamus - Cerebellum

Pituitary Gland (part of endocrine & nervous system) Functions:

- Small pea-like structure that hangs down from • Reflexibility

the hypothalamus • Control life processes
- Regulates the secretion of other glands in • Contain centers related to sleep and arousal
endocrine system • Controls speed intensity direction of
- Receives signals from the hypothalamus to movements
do so

Pineal Gland (part of endocrine & nervous system)

- Located in the center posterior of the

diencephalon
- Secretes melatonin which helps regulate
sleep patterns

Epithalamus

- Made up of small pinecone-shaped

2 Thalami (Hypothalamus & Thalamus)

- Junction and relay system that receives and

filters afferent sensory information, then
relays it to other parts of the brain (cerebral
cortex) cerebellum and brainstem

Meninges

- Three layers of connective tissue that

wrapped brain and spinal cord

Sheep Brain

- Similar to the human brain except for

proportion
- Has small cerebrum
- Oriented anterior to posterior (horizontal)

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NEURONS Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between sections of myelin

Buttons – bottom like endings of the axon branches

Synapses – gaps between adjacent neuron across

which chemical signals are transmitted

Terminals – contain chemical neurotransmitters,

which the neuron release to communicate with the
muscles or an organ or the next neuron

Parts of the Cell

Microtubules – responsible for the rapid transport of

material throughout neurons

Golgi Complex – a system of membranes that

packages molecules in vesicles

Ribosomes – internal cellular structures on which

proteins are synthesized (located on endoplasmic
reticulum)

Cytoplasm – clear internal fluid of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum – play role in synthesis of

proteins and fats

Nucleus – spherical DNA containing structure of the

cell body, largest organelles contain chromosomes

Mitochondria – site of aerobic oxygen consuming

energy release

External Anatomy of Neurons

Cell Membrane – semi-permeable membrane that

encloses the neuron

Dendrites – receives most of the synaptic contacts

from the neuron

Axon Hillock – region between axon and cell body

Neurons
Axon – long narrow process that project the cell body,
carries information to other location - Basic unit of the N.S.

Myelin – fatty insulation around many axons - Cells that convey sensory information into the
brain
Cell Body – metabolic center of the neuron, contain
cytoplasm & organelles - Carry out operations involved in thought,
feeling, and action

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- Commands out into the body to control 2 Types

muscles and organs
1. Lower Motor Neuron – from spinal cord to
- 100 billion neurons in human brain muscle
2. Upper Motor Neuron – from brain to spinal
- 26-29 billion in higher brain areas cord

- 70 billion in cerebrum
MOTOR NEURON (Multipolar)
- 1 billion in spinal cord
Function: Conducts messages from brain and spinal
cord to muscles and organs.

Types of Neurons Form and Location: Multipolar, throughout nervous

system

Description: Axon, dendrites extend in several

directions from cell body

SENSORY NEURON (Unipolar)

Function: Carries information from body and world to

brain and spinal cord.

Form and Location: Unipolar, outside brain & Bipolar,

outside the brain and spinal cord

Description: Single short stalk from cell body divides

into two branches

Axon and dendritic processes on opposite sides of cell

body

INTERNEURON (Multipolar)

Function: Conducts information between neurons in

same area.

Form and Location: Multipolar, brain and spinal cord

Description: Short axon or no axon

Sensory Neuron – activated by sensory input from the

environment

Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neuron > Brain > Motor
Neuron > Effector > Response

Motor Neuron – transmit impulses from the spinal cord

to skeletal and smooth muscles, so it directly controls
all our movements

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Synapses Glial Cells

- Receptors that act like a lock while - Non neural cells that supports neurons
Neurotransmitters act like a key - Increase the speed of conduction in neurons

Parts of Synapse

1. Presynaptic Ending – contains

neurotransmitters
2. Synaptic Cleft – between 2 nerve cells
3. Postsynaptic – contain receptor sites

Two Main Types

1. Chemical Synapses
2. Electrical Synapses

Chemical Synapse

- the electrical activity in the presynaptic

neuron triggers the release of chemical
messengers, the neurotransmitters.

- The neurotransmitters diffuse across the

synapse and bind to the specialized receptors
of the postsynaptic cell.

- The neurotransmitter then either excites or

inhibits the postsynaptic neuron. Excitation
leads to the firing of an action potential while
inhibition prevents the propagation of a signal.

Electrical Synapse

- two neurons are connected by specialized

channels known as gap junctions.

- Electrical synapses allow electrical signals to

travel quickly from the presynaptic cell to the
postsynaptic cell, rapidly speeding up the
transfer of signals. Neurotransmitters

- The special protein channels that connect the - are chemical messengers in the body
two cells make it possible for the positive - job is to transmit signals from nerve cells to
current from the presynaptic neuron to flow target cells (muscles, glands, or other nerves)
directly into the postsynaptic cell. - 100 neurotransmitters

Needed for functions including:

Chemical Electrical • heart rate

• breathing
Gap: 20 nanometers Gap: 3.3 nanometers
• sleep cycles
• digestion
Speed: Several Speed: Nearly
• mood
milliseconds instantaneous
• concentration
• appetite
No loss of signal strength
Signal strength • muscle movement
diminishes

Excitatory or Inhibitory Excitatory only

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Types of Neurotransmitter Actions Epinephrine

1. Excitatory – encourage a target cell to take - known as adrenaline

action - involved in the body’s “fight or flight” response
2. Inhibitory – decreases chances of the target - both a hormone and a neurotransmitter
cell to take action - Epinephrine increases heart rate and
3. Modulatory – can send messages to many breathing and gives the muscles a jolt of
neurons at the same time energy
- helps the brain make quick decisions in the
face of danger
Acetylcholine (Excitatory Neurotransmitter) Too much of this can cause chronic stress can lead to
health problems, such as decreased immunity, high
- triggers muscle contractions
blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease
- stimulates some hormones
- controls the heartbeat Recommendation: meditation, deep breathing, and
- plays an important role in brain function and exercise
memory

Low Levels of Acetylcholine - lead to Alzheimer’s Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

disease linked with issues with memory and thinking
- mood regulator
Having High Levels of Acetylcholine - cause too - it has an inhibitory action, which stops
much muscle contraction. This can lead to seizures, neurons from becoming overexcited
spasms, and other health issues - low levels of GABA can cause anxiety,
irritability, and restlessness

Benzodiazepines (Benzos)
Dopamine
- drugs that can treat anxiety’
- pleasure or reward neurotransmitter - work by increasing the action of GABA
- important for memory, learning, behavior, and - has a calming effect that can treat anxiety
movement coordination attacks
- also responsible for muscle movement
- dopamine deficiency can cause Parkinson’s
disease
- healthful diet may help balance dopamine Serotonin (Inhibitory Neurotransmitter)
levels
- amino-acid help produce dopamine - helps regulate mood, appetite, blood clotting,
- eating high amounts of saturated fat can lead sleep, and the body’s circadian rhythm
to lower dopamine activity - plays a role in depression and anxiety
- deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to low - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or
dopamine activity SSRIs, can relieve depression by increasing
- exercise may help boost levels naturally serotonin levels in the brain
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) causes
symptoms of depression in the fall and winter,
when daylight is less abundant (lowers level
Endorphins of serotonin)
- inhibit pain signals and create an energized, Serotonin-Norepinephrine (SNRIs)
euphoric feeling
- the body’s natural pain relievers - increase serotonin and norepinephrine
- best-known ways to boost levels of feel-good - to relieve symptoms of depression, anxiety,
endorphins is through aerobic exercise chronic pain, and fibromyalgia
- laughter releases endorphins
- may help fight pain Recommendation: exposed to bright light, especially
- deficiency in endorphins may also play a role sunlight, vigorous exercise, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-
in fibromyalgia HTP), is available as a supplement BUT is not a safe
- recommend exercise as a natural treatment or effective treatment for depression and can possibly
for fibromyalgia (have the ability to boost make the condition worse
endorphins)

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Spinal Cord Injuries Autonomic Nervous System

- can cause life-long damage without any 1. Sympathetic - activates the body
replacements 2. Parasympathetic - slow down the body
- effects on muscles and vital organs as well

Christopher Reeve (Role of

Superman)

▪ paralyzed from the neck

down when he sustained a
severe cervical spinal injury
in a horse-riding accident

Paralysis from Injury

1. Tetraplegia – total or
partial loss of use all four
limbs and torso
2. Paraplegia – same but
doesn’t affect the arms

STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Forebrain
Motor cortex Plans and execute voluntary movements
Smooths movement generated by motor
Basal ganglia
cortex
Broca’s area Controls speech, adds grammar
Prefrontal cortex Involved in planning, impulse control
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex Projection area for body senses
Association area Location of body and objects in space
Temporal Lobe
Auditory cortex Projection area for auditory information
Wernicke’s area Language area involved with meaning
Inferior temporal cortex Visual identification of objects
Occipital Lobe
Primary visual cortex Projection area for visual information
Peripheral Nervous System
Processes components of visual
Visual association cortex
- made up of cranial nerves which enter and information
leave the brain, and the spinal nerves
Communication between the
Somatic Nervous System - motor neurons, operate Corpus collosum
the skeletal muscles hemisphere
Ventricles Contains cerebrospinal fluid
Autonomic Nervous System - regulates general Thalamus Relay sensory information to cortex
activity level in the body and control smooth muscles, Coordinates emotional and motivational
glands, and other organs Hypothalamus
functions
Midbrain
Cranial Nerves - nerves-sensory and motor function of
the head and neck. They enter and exit on the ventral Superior colliculi Role in vision -ex. Eye movement
side of the brain Inferior colliculi Role in audition ex. Sound location
Pineal gland Controls daily and seasonal rhythms
Spinal Nerves- concerned with sensory and motor Substantia nigra Integrates movement
activities within the body

MIDTERM EXAMINATION 15
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Contribute to rewarding effects of food,

Ventral tegmental area
sex and drugs
Hindbrain
Medulla Reflexively controls life processes
Contains centers related to sleep and
Pons
arousal
Involved with sleep, arousal, attention,
Reticular formation
some motor functions
Control speed, intensity, direction of
Cerebellum
movements

Directions and Locations

Dorsal Toward the back
Ventral Toward the stomach
Anterior Toward the front
Posterior Toward the rear
Lateral Toward the side
Medial Toward the middle
superior Above another structure
Inferior Below another structure

MIDTERM EXAMINATION 16