Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 - Module 8:
Solving Logarithmic and Inverse
Trigonometric Function, and Related Rates
Using Implicit Differentiation

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
1
Name of School: ___________________________
 What I Need to Know
In this module, the following lessons will be discussed:
Lesson 1. Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Lesson 2. Related Rates
At the end of these lessons, you should be able to:
1. solve problems (including logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric
functions) using implicit differentiation STEM_BC11DIIIi-j-1
2. solve situational problems involving related rates STEM_BC11D-IIIj2

What I Know
DIRECTIONS: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided.
_____1. Which is the process of using implicit differentiation?
A. Derive with respect to x, derive with respect to y, solve.
B. Derive with respect to x, collect dy/dx on one side, solve.
C. Change form to explicit, derive with respect to y, simplify.
D. Change form to explicit, derive with respect to x, solve
𝑑𝑦
_____2. What is if y = tan-1 (6x)?
𝑑𝑥

A. 6 6
36 x 2 + 1 C. 6x2 −1

6
B. − 6
36 x 2 + 1 D. 6x2 +1

𝑑𝑦
_____3. What is if 10 𝑥𝑦 = cot(𝑥𝑦)?
𝑑𝑥

A. −
y B. y x x
−
x x C. y D. y

𝑑𝑦
_____4. What is the value of if 4 sin 2y cos x = 2?
𝑑𝑥

1
A. 2 tan (2y) tan x C. tan 2y tan 2x

B. tan y tan x D. tan2y

1
_____5. The following are the steps in solving the derivatives of y = ln (5x).
dy 1 d d 1 dy d
= • (5 x ) = •5 ( y) = [ln( 5 x)] d
=
1
I. dx 5 x dx II. dx 5x III. dx dx IV. dx x

Which is the correct sequence of the solution?

A. I, II, III, IV C. III, I, II, IV
B. III, II, I, IV D. I, III, II, IV

_____6. What is the first suggested way to solve problems involving related rates?
A. Identify which rate of change being asked.
B. Write an equation showing the relationship of all the variables.
C. Differentiate the equation.
D. Provide an illustration for the problem .

_____7. If the base b of a triangle is increasing at a rate of 3 inches per minute while its
height h is decreasing at a rate of 3 inches per minute. Which of the following is
true about the area A of the triangle?
A. A is always increasing. C. A is always decreasing.
B. A is decreasing only when b<h. D. A is decreasing only when b>h.

_____8. Water is pumped into a spherical tank at a rate of 3 cubic feet per minute.
Which is the correct representation of the variables?

A. dr/dt = 3 cubic feet/ sec C. dr/dt = 3 cubic feet/ min

B. dv/dt = 3 cubic feet /min D. dv/dt = 3 cubic feet/ sec

_____9. The radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 3 centimeters per second. At a

certain instant, the radius is 8 centimeters. What is the rate of change of the area

of the circle at the instant (in square centimeters per second)?

A. 9  B. 48  C. 64  D. 192 

_____10. A ladder 20 feet long leans against a building. If the bottom of the ladder slides
away from the building horizontally at a rate of 2 ft./ sec. How fast is the ladder
sliding down the house when the top of the ladder is 8 feet from the ground.

A. -2.5825 m/s C. -7.5825 m/s

B. -6.5825 m/s D. -4.5825 m/s

2
 What’s In
ACTIVITY 1. Do you miss me? Here I Am Again
Directions: Differentiate the following and choose the correct answer from the
given box below. Write your answer on the space provided.

x 5
2x -1 − -2x -6 -2x + 10
y 3

_______________ 1. x2 + y2 =81
________________2. 5x - 3y = 15
________________3. x2 - x - y =6
________________4. y + 2x2 + 5 = 10x
________________5. y + x2 + 6x =1

What’s New
ACTIVITY 2. Can you connect me?
Directions: Find the derivative of the each function and connect it by
drawing a line to the correct answer.

1. y = ln(3x-4) dy 6
=
dx 6 x ln 2 + 5 ln 2

2. y = log2 (6x + 5) dy 1
=−
dx x 4x2 −1

𝑑𝑦 3
3. y = cos-1 (4x) =
𝑑𝑥 3x − 4

4. y = ln(sin 5x) 𝑑𝑦 4
=−
𝑑𝑥 1 − 16 x 2

5. y = csc-1(2x) 𝑑𝑦
=5cot 5x
𝑑𝑥

3
 What is it
Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

We have seen that functions are not always given in the form y = f(x) but in a
more complicated form that makes it difficult or impossible to express y explicitly
in terms of x. Such functions are called implicit functions, and y is said to be defined
implicitly. In this lesson, we explain how these can be differentiated using a method
called implicit differentiation.
Below are the established derivatives of transcendental functions which are
very helpful in solving problems including logarithmic and inverse functions.

Summary of Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

Let u be a diffrerentiable of x.
(a) d
( )=e
u u du (f) d −1
( x)) = −
1 du
dx cos
(
dx e dx 2 dx
1− x

(b) d
( ) = b • ln b
u u du (g) d −1
( x)) =
1 du
dx b dx tan
(
1 + x dx
2
dx

d 1 du
(c) (ln u ) = • (h) d −1
( x)) = −
1 du
dx cot
(
dx u dx 1 + x dx
2

d 1 du
(d) (log b u ) = • (i) d (sec−1 ( x)) = 1 du
dx u ln b dx dx x x − 1 dx
2

(e) d −1
x) =
1 du (j) d −1
( x )) = −
1 du
dx csc
(
dx sin
(
1−
2 dx x x − 1 dx
2
x

Example 1. Find the derivatives of y = ln (2x3 + 5)

Solution: Differentiating both sides with respect to x gives
d d
(y) = [ln (2x3 + 5)]
dx dx
dy 1 d
= • (2 x 3 + 5)
dx (2 x + 5) dx
3
(c)
dy 1
= • (6 x 2 )
dx (2 x + 5)
3

dy 6x2
= 3
dx 2 x + 5
4
Example 2. Find the derivatives of y = log2(5x).
Solution: Differentiating both sides with respect to x gives
d d
(y) = [log2(5x)]
dx dx
dy 1 d
= • (5 x )
dx 5 x ln 2 dx (d)
dy 1
= • (5)
dx 5 x ln 2

dy 5
=
dx 5 x ln 2
dy 1
=
dx x ln 2
dy
Example 4. Find for y = sin -1(3x).
dx
Solution: Differentiating both sides with respect to x gives
d d
(y) = [sin -1(3x)]
dx dx
dy
=
1
•
d
(3 x )
(e)
dx 1 − (3 x ) 2 dx

dy 1
= (3)
dx 1− 9x2
dy 3
=
dx 1− 9x2

𝑑𝑦
Example 5. Find for cos(𝑦 2 − 3) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + ln 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Solution: Differentiating both sides gives

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
[cos(𝑦 2 − 3)] = [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + ln 𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦
− sin(𝑦 2 − 3)(2𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 2 )+ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
1 +(𝑥 3 )2

𝑑𝑦
Collecting terms with :
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 3𝑥²
[−2𝑦 sin(𝑦 2 − 3)] − =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 1+𝑥⁶

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥²
= 1+𝑥⁶
𝑑𝑥
1
−2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦2 −3)−
𝑦

5
 dy
Example 6. Find and the slope of the tangent line to xy2 + x2y = 6 at (1 , 2).
dx
Solution: a. Implicitly differentiating xy2 + x2y = 6 yields
 dy dy 
 x • 2y + y2 + x2 • + 2 xy  = 0
 dx dx 
dy
( 2 xy + x 2 ) = −( y 2 + 2 xy)
dx

dy y 2 + 2 xy
=−
dx 2 xy + x 2

b.We just substitute (x, y) = (1, 2) into the above equation:

dy 22 + 2(1)( 2) 8
( x , y ) =(1, 2 ) =− =−
dx 2(1)( 2) + 12
5

RELATED RATES

A Related Rates problem concerns the relationship among the rates of change of
several variables with respect to time, given that each variable is also dependent on the
others. In particular, if y is dependent on x, then the rate of change of y with respect to t
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
is dependent on the rate of change of 𝑥 with respect to t, that is is dependent on .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Here are the steps in solving problems involving related rates:

1. If possible, provide an illustration for the problem that is valid for any time t.
2. Identify those quantities that change with respect to time, and represent them with
variables. (Avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant, that is, which
do not change with respect to time. Label them right away with the values provided
in the problem).
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variables. Interpret each rate of
change as the derivative of a variable with respect to time. Remember that if a
quantity decreases over time, then its rate of change is negative.
4. Identify which rate of change being asked, and under what particular conditions
this rate is being computed.
5. Write an equation showing the relationship of all the variables by an equation that
is valid for any time t.
6. Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to t.

6
 7. Substitute into the equation, obtained in (6), all values that are valid at the
particular time of interest. Sometimes, some quantities still need to be solved by
substituting the particular conditions written in (4) to the equation in (6). Then solve
for what is being asked in the problem.

Example 1: A water droplet falls onto a still pond and creates concentric circular ripples
that propagate away from the center. Assuming that the rate of a ripple is increasing at
the rate of 2𝜋 cm2/ s. find the rate at which the radius is increasing at the instant when
the radius is 10 cm.

Solution: We solve this step by step using above the guidelines.

1. Illustration

Let r and A be the radius and area, respectively, of a circular ripple at any time t
𝑑𝐴
2. The given rate of change is = 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
3. We are asked to find at the instant when r = 10.
𝑑𝑡

5. The relationship between A and r is given by the formula for the area of a circle:

A =  r2
6. We now differentiate implicitly with respect to time. (Be mindful that all quantities
here depend on time, so we should always apply Chain Rule.)

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
=  (2r) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
7. Substituting = 2  and r =10 gives
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟
2  =  ∙2(10) 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟 1
=
𝑑𝑡 10

1
8. Conclusion: The radius of a circular ripple is increasing at the rate of cm/s.
10

Example 2: A troupe leader uses a ladder 10 meters long as one of the materials for his
activity and he is leaning it against a wall. If the bottom of the ladder is being pushed
horizontally towards the wall at 2m/s, how far is the top of the ladder moving when the
bottom is 6 meters from the wall?
Solution:
7
 1.Illustration y

x
Let 𝑥 be the distance between the bottom of the ladder and the wall. Let 𝑦 be
the distance between the top of the ladder and the ground.
𝑑𝑥
2. The given rate of change is = −2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
3. We are asked to find at the instant when 𝑥 = 6
𝑑𝑡

4. Observe that the wall, the ground and the ladder determine a right triangle. Hence
the relationship between 𝑥 and 𝑦 is given by the Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100

5. We now differentiate implicitly with respect to time t gives

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡

6. Substituting the given condition 𝑥 = 6 into the equation

(6)2 + 𝑦 2 = 100  𝑦 = √100 − 36 = √64 = 8

7. Substitute all the given values into equation

𝑑𝑦
2(6)(−2) + 2(8) =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 24 3
= =
𝑑𝑡 16 2

8. Conclusion: Thus the distance between the top of the ladder and the ground is
increasing at the rate of 1.5m/s. Equivalently, we can also say that the top of the
ladder is moving at the rate of 1.5 m/s.

Example 3: Water is pouring into an inverted cone at the rate of 8 cubic meters per
minute. If the height of the cone is 12 meters and the radius of its base is 6 meters, how
fast is the water level rising when the water is 4-meter deep?
Solution:

8
 1. Illustration

2. Let V be the volume of the water inside the cone at any time t.
Let h, r be the height and radius, respectively, of the coned formed by the volume of
𝑑𝑉
water at any time t. We are given = 8
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
3. We are asked to find when 𝑟 = 4
𝑑𝑡

4. Now the relationship between the three defined variables is given by the volume of
𝜋
the cone: V= 𝑟 2ℎ
3

Observe that the rate of change of 𝑟 is neither given nor asked. This prompts us to
find a relationship between 𝑟 and ℎ. From the illustration, we see that by the
proportionality relations in similar triangles, we obtain
𝑟 6 ℎ
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = Thus,
ℎ 12 2
𝜋 𝜋 ℎ 2 𝜋
V= 𝑟 2ℎ = (2) ℎ = ℎ3
3 3 12

6. Differentiate both sides with respect to t,

𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
(v) = ( ℎ³)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 12

𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑ℎ
= h²
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡

7. Substitute all given values, we obtain

𝜋 𝑑ℎ
8= 4 (4)² 𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ 32 2
= =
𝑑𝑡 16𝜋 𝜋
2
8. Finally, we conclude that the water level inside the cone is rising at the rate of 𝜋

meters/ minute.

Example 4: A cylindrical tank with radius 5 m is being filled with water at a rate of 3
m3/min. How fast is the height of the water increasing?

Solution:

1. Illustration:

9
 2. Let 𝑉 be the volume of the water inside the cylinder at any time 𝑡 .
Let ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 be the height and radius, respectively, of the cylinder formed by the
volume of water at any time 𝑡.
𝑑𝑉
3. We are given =3
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
4. We are asked to find when 𝑟 = 5
𝑑𝑡
5. Now the relationship between the three defined variables is given by the volume of
the cone: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
6. Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑡,
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋 (2𝑟 𝑑𝑡 ℎ + 𝑟² 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋 (0 + 𝑟² 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋 𝑟²
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
7. Substitute all given values, we obtain
𝑑ℎ
3 = 𝜋(5)2 𝑑𝑡

3 𝑑ℎ
=
25𝜋 𝑑𝑡

3
8.Finally, we conclude that the water level inside the cylinder is rising at the rate of
25𝜋
meters/ minute.

What’s More
ACTIVITY 3. Find Me!
dy
Directions: Find for the following functions. Show your solutions on a
dx
separate sheet of paper.
1. y = ln (12x)
2. y = log2 x

10
 3. y = cos-1(2x2)
4. y = cot-1(4-3x2)
5. ln (3xy) = x + x5

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 4. Make Me Complete!
Directions: Study the guided solution to the given function. Fill in the blanks with the
appropriate words, numbers or symbols to complete the solution.
Find the slope of the tangent line to x2 - 3xy + y2 = -1 at (2, 1).
Solution:
Implicitly __________________ x2 - 3xy + y2 = -1 yields
2 x − 3( x • ____ + y • 1) + 2 y
dy = 0.
dx
_____________________ (x, y) with (2, 1) gives
 dy  dy
2(___) - 3  2 • + (__)1 + 2(1) • =0
 dx  dx
dy dy
____ - 6 − 3 + 2 =0
dx dx
dy
1− 4 =0
dx
dy
= _____
dx

Therefore, the slope of the tangent line is ___________.

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 5. Model Me Now!
Directions: Read the problem below. Illustrate the figure inside the big box and write
your step by step solution in the small boxes.

Problem:

A ladder 10m long is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder is
8
pushed horizontally towards the wall at m / s . How fast is the top of the ladder sliding
5
up the wall when the bottom of the ladder is 6m from the wall?

11
 Assessment
DIRECTIONS: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided for.
_____1. Which is the process of using implicit differentiation?
A. Derive with respect to x , derive with respect to y, solve.
B. Change form to explicit, derive with respect to x, solve
C. Derive with respect to x, collect dy/dx on one side, solve.
D. Change form to explicit, derive with respect to y, simplify.
𝑑𝑦
_____2. What is if y = tan-1 (6x)?
𝑑𝑥
6 6
A. −
6x +1 2
C. 36 x 2 + 1

6 6
B.
6x −1 2
D. 36 x 2
+1
𝑑𝑦
_____3. What is if 10 𝑥𝑦 = cot(𝑥𝑦)?
𝑑𝑥
A. −
x C. y
y x
B. −
y D. x
x y
𝑑𝑦
_____4. What is value of if 4 sin 2y cos x = 2?
𝑑𝑥
A. tan2y C. tan y tan x
1
B. tan 2y tan 2x D.2 tan (2y) tan x

12
_____5. The following are the steps in solving the derivatives of y = ln (5x).

dy 1 d d 1 dy d
= • (5 x ) = •5 ( y) = [ln( 5 x)] d
=
1
II. dx 5 x dx II. dx 5x III. dx dx IV. dx x

Which is the correct order of the solution?

A. I, II, III, IV C. III, II, I, IV
B. III, I, II, IV D. I, III, II, IV

_____6. What is the first suggested ways to solve problems involving related rates?
A. Provide an illustration for the problem.
B. Identify which rate of change being asked.
C. Differentiate the equation.
D. Write an equation showing the relationship of all the variables.

_____7. If the base b of a triangle is increasing at a rate of 3 inches per minute while its
height h is decreasing at a rate of 3 inches per minute. Which of the following is
true about the area A of the triangle?
A. A is always increasing.
B. A is always decreasing.
C. A is decreasing only when b>h.
D. A is decreasing only when b<h.

_____8. Water is pumped into a spherical tank at a rate of 3 cubic feet per minute.
Which is the correct representation of the variables?
A. dv/dt = 3 cubic feet /min
B. dv/dt = 3 cubic feet/ sec
C. dr/dt = 3 cubic feet/ min
D. dr/dt = 3 cubic feet/ sec

_____9. The radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 3 centimeters per second. At a

certain instant, the radius is 8 centimeters. What is the rate of change of the area of the
circle at the instant (in square centimeters per second)?
A. 9  B. 48  C. 64  D. 192 

_____10. A ladder 20 feet long leans against a building. If the bottom of the ladder slides
away from the building horizontally at a rate of 2 ft./ sec. How fast is the ladder
sliding down the house when the top of the ladder is 8 feet from the ground.
A. -2.5825 m/s C. -6.5825 m/s
B. -4.5825 m/s D. -7.5825 m/s

13
Additional Activities
DIRECTIONS: Read each problem carefully and solve it using implicit differentiation.
Write your solutions on a separate sheet.

1. A spherical balloon is inflated with gas at the rate of 800 cubic centimeters per
minute. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing at the instant that the
radius is 30 centimeters?

2. An automobile travelingat the rate of 20m/s is approaching an intersection.

Whenthe automobile is 100 meters from the intersection, a truck traveling at the
rate of 40m/s crosses the intersection. The automobile and the truck are on
perpendicular roads. How fast is the distance between the truck and the automobile
changing two seconds after the truck leaves the intersection?

3. Water is being poured at the rate of 2  m3/min. Into an inverted conical tank
that is 12-meter deep with a radius of 6 meters at the top. If the level is rising at the

rate of 1 m/min and there is a leak at the bottom of the tank, how fast is the wter
6

leaking when the water is 6-meter deep?

References
Balmaceda, Jose Maria P., et al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School, Basic
Calculus. Printed in the Philippines by EC-TEC Commercial, No.32 St.
Louis Compound 7, Baesa, QuezonCity, ectec_com@yahoo.com

Gauthier, C., Bissonnette,S. & Richard, M (2013). Enseignement explicite et la réussite

des élèves. La gestion des apprentissages. Québec, Canada : Éditions du
Renouveau Pédagogique Inc. (ÉRPI).

Mercado, Jesus P. and Fernando B. Orines. 2016. Next Centuryy Mathematics-Basic

Calculus. Published and distributed by Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Pp.
144-172. 927 Quezon Avenue., Quezon City.

Sabado, Annie S. 2020. Guided Integrated Yearning Activities (GIYA)- Basic Calculus Week
8. Zamboanga Sibugay Division

14
 Development Team
Writer: Liza I. Manilhig
Talusan National High School
Editor/QA: Pede I. Casing
Ivy V. Deiparine
Danniel M. Manlang

Reviewer: Gina I. Lihao

EPS in Mathematics
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team:
Evelyn F. Importante
OIC-CID Chief EPS

Dr. Jerry C. Bokingkito

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Aurelio A. Santisas, CESE

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Jeanelyn A. Aleman, CESO VI

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent

15