EXPERIMENT NO.

OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

I. INTRODUCTION

A flow can behave in very different ways depending upon which forces
predominate within it. Slow flows are dominated by viscous forces, tend to be
well ordered and predictable and are described as laminar. In laminar pipe flow,
the fluid behaves as if concentric layers (laminar) are sliding over each other
with maximum velocity on the axis, zero velocity at the tube wall and a parabolic
velocity distribution.
Increasing the flow rate substantially will alter the flow behavior
dramatically, as the inertia of the fluid (due to its density) becomes more
significant than the viscous forces; this is then a turbulent flow.
The Reynolds Number, Re , provides a useful way of characterizing the
flow, it is defined as:
Re =vd /v
Where:

v is the kinematic visocity: v is the mean velocity in terms of the volume

flow rate and d is the diameter of the pipe.

It is common practice to take a Reynolds number of 2,000 as the value,

which divides laminar from turbulent flow. However, this does not take account
of the transition region and it may also be possible (with great care) to keep a
flow laminar for Reynolds number up to 10,000 or more. Also, pipe flow with
Reynolds number < 1,800 are inherently laminar.

II. OBJECTIVES

To observe laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

III. SKETCH OF APPARATUS

Hydraulics Bench
Reynold’s Apparatus
A mobile self-contained bench
to provide variable supply of It is the apparatus that has glass
water to a series of marbles inside it that when
interchangeable bench- water is filled up within the
mounting or floor-standing apparatus, the behavior of these
hydraulic and fluid mechanics glass marbles tell what type of
experiments. In the flow exists in the system.
experiment, the Reynolds
apparatus was mounted on the
Thermometer Stopwatch

The thermometer is an Stopwatch is an instrument used

apparatus that indicates the to determine the time elapsed of
temperature of a medium. In an event. In the experiment,
the experiment, the stopwatches were used to
thermometer was used to know determine the time elapsed to fill
the temperature of the water 1 liter of water. Instead of using
present in the system the usual stopwatch, the
students used stopwatch app in
their smartphones.

IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE

1. Position the Reynold’s apparatus on a fixed, vibration-free surface (not the

hydraulic bench) and ensure that the base is horizontal, i.e. the test-
section is then vertical. Attach the bell-mouth entry and carefully add
marbles to the head tank, placing them in by hand. The bell-mouth and
marbles produce an inflow to the test-section with a low level of
disturbances.
2. Connect the bench outflow connection to the head tank inlet pipe. Connect
the head tank overflow to the hydraulic bench volumetric tank. Attach the
outflow tube to the apparatus flow control valve and clamp the end of this
tube at a fixed position above the volumetric tank, allowing enough space
for the insertion of the measuring cylinder.

NOTE: Movement of the outflow tube end during a test will cause changes
in volume flow rate, which is driven by the height difference between the
head tank surface and the outflow point.

3. Start the pump. Slightly open the apparatus flow control valve, then open
the bench valve and allow the system to fill with water. Check particularly
that the flow visualization pipe is properly filled. Once the water level in
 the head tank reaches the overflow tube, adjust the bench control valve to
produce a low overflow rate.
4. Check that the dye control valve is closed. Add dye to the dye reservoir
until it is approximately two thirds full. Attach the hypodermic needle. Hold
the dye assembly over a sink, and open the valve, to check for free flow of
the dye. Use the stylus provided to clean the needle, if a steady flow of
dye cannot be established. Then mount the dye injector on the head tank
and lower the injector until its outlet is just above the bell mouth and
centered on its axis.
5. Adjust the bench valve and apparatus flow control valve to return the
overflow rate to a slow trickle (if required), then allow the apparatus to
stand for at least five minutes before proceeding.

TAKING A SET OF RESULTS

1. With the apparatus flow control valve open slightly, and the bench valve
adjusted to produce a slow trickle through the overflow pipe, adjust the dye
control valve until a slow flow with clear dye indication is achieved. In order to
observe the velocity profile in laminar flow, close the bench valve to deposit a
drop of dye at the bell mouth entry. When the outlet control valve is opened
observe the dye as it deforms to take up a three-dimensional parabolic profile.
2. Make sure the volume rate by timed collection, and measure the outflow
temperature (the temperature of the water gathered in the measuring cylinder).
Determine the kinematic viscosity from the data sheet provided, and check the
Reynold’s number corresponding to this flow type.
3. Increase the flow rate by opening the apparatus flow control valve and repeat
the dye injections to visualize transitional flow and then, at the highest flow
rates, turbulent flow, as characterized by continuous and very rapid mixing of
the dye. As the test section flow rate is reduced, adjust the bench valve to keep
the overflow rate at a low level. Note that at intermediate flows it is possible to
have a laminar characteristic in the upper part of the test-section, which
develops into transitional flow lower down. This upper section behavior is
described as an “inlet length flow”, which means that the boundary layer has
not yet extended across the pipe radius.
V. RESULTS

NAME: AÑOSA, JERALOU C. DATE: May 16, 2016

SUBJECT & SECTION: CE142P – A1 GROUP NO. 1
SEAT NO.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

GROUP NO. TRIAL V t Temp. ν Qt v Re

(m3) (sec) (0C) (m2/s) (m3/s) (m/s)
1 0.001 32.78 24 0.911x10-6 3.051 x10-5 0.196 3032.477
1 2 0.001 23.75 24 0.911x10-6 4.211 x10-5 0.271 4185.456
3 0.001 7.99 24 0.911x10-6 1.269 x10-4 0.817 12614.441

4
VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Given:

V = 0.001 m3
t = 32.78 s
d = 14.06 mm = 0.01406 m
Temp. = 24 oC

Equations:

V
Qt =
t
2
A=π r
vd
ℜ=
v

Solution:

V 0.001m3 m3
Q= = =3.05 x 10−5
t 32.55 s s

Q
Q= Av → v =
A

π π
A= d 2= ( 0.01406 m )2=1.553 x 10−4 m2
4 4

Q 3.072 x 10−3 m3 /s m
v= = −4 2
=0.196
A 1.553 x 10 m s

m
vd
ℜ= =
( 0.198 ) ( 0.01406 m )
s
=3032.477
v −6m2
(0.0911 x 10 )
s
VII. CONCLUSION

The title of our first experiment is Osborne Reynold’s Demonstration. This

experiment is used to demonstrate the quantitative difference of laminar, transitional,
and turbulent pipe flow.

It was observed that a capillary tube connected to a small reservoir containing

water soluble dye is provided at the center of the flared entrance of the glass tube for
injecting a dye solution in the form of a fine or thin filament into the stream of water. At
low flow rates like low water velocities, the filament/thread of colored water maintained
at the axis of the tube; it flowed intact along with the main stream without any lateral
mixing. This indicates that flow was in the form of parallel streams which did not
interfere with each other which means the fluid flowed in parallel, straight lines. This
type of flow pattern is called streamline or laminar. The laminar flow is characterized by
the absence of bulk movement at right angles to the main stream direction (lateral
movement). As the flow rate/velocity was increased, a definite velocity called the critical
velocity was reached, oscillations appeared in the colored filament/thread and at this
velocity the thread of colored water became wavy, gradually disappeared and the entire
mass of water in the tube became uniformly colored. In other words, the individual
particles instead of flowing in an orderly manner parallel to the axis of the tube, moved
erratically in the form of cross-currents and eddies which resulted into complete mixing.
This type of pattern is known as turbulent. The turbulent flow is characterized by the
rapid movement of fluid in the form of eddies in random directions across the tube. In
between laminar and turbulent flow, there exists a transition region wherein the
oscillations in the flow were unstable and any disturbance would quickly disappear. The
motion is laminar or turbulent according as the value of Re is less than or greater than a
certain value. If experiments are made with increasing rate of flow, the value of Re
depends on the degree of care which is taken to eliminate disturbances in the supply or
along the pipe. On the other hand. If experiments are made with decreasing flow,
transition from turbulent to laminar flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much
less dependent on initial disturbances.

It is therefore concluded that for the condition given by Reynold’s number, for Re
less than about 2000 the flow in the pipe is laminar and all the fluid travels in a
direction parallel to the pipe axis. Above this value of Re small disturbances will
normally grow forming turbulent eddies so that, superimposed on the axial flow, there
are circulating eddies of many sizes with velocities up to about one-tenth of the axial
velocity for a smooth pipe. The effect of these turbulent eddies is to mix the flow and to
create a turbulent profile in the pipe which is more uniform.

Overall, the experiment succeeded in meeting the mentioned objective which is

to observe laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow since through experimentation,
we attained desired values.

VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING

a) APPLICATION OF OSBORNE’S REYNOLD’S THEORY OF HEAT TRANSFER

TROUGH A PIPE
It applies Osborne Reynolds's theory of heat transfer according to which there
is a complete analogy between the transfer of heat and momentum so that if a
hot sheet is moved edgewise through a fluid the distributions of temperature and
momentum in the water are identical. The assumption underlying the theory is
that any portion of the fluid which comes sufficiently near the heated surface to
be moved forward with the speed of the hot surface is also heated to the
temperature of the surface, or, alternatively, a portion which is moved forward at
a fraction, /3, times the speed of the plate is also heated through a temperature
equal to /3 times the difference in temperature between the plate and the fluid.
In this manner Reynolds's theoretical coefficientt of heat transfer, KR, may be
calculated. The observed heat transfer coefficient is represented by Messrs Eagle
and Ferguson as Ka and their results are expressed in the form F = KR/KC, where
F is a fraction determined under a variety of different conditions of experiment.
This crude form of Reynolds's theory suffers from two possible main sources of
error: (A) The heated surface may raise the velocity of any portion of the fluid
near it through a greater fraction of its own velocity than it raises the
temperature expressed as a fraction of its own temperature, the initial
temperature of the fluid being taken as zero. This might be expected to give rise
to large errors in cases where the thermal conductivity is specially low. (B) The
effect of local pressure differences, which are inherent in all turbulent motion and
alter the momentum of the fluid at any point without altering its temperature, is
neglected. The essential assumption in Reynolds's theory is that these local
pressure differences have no effect on the average distribution of velocity.

b) THEORY OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND APPLICATION OF THE

REYNOLD’S 1 EQUATION FOR THE HEAD DISK INTERFACE
 In order to study the dynamics of the head disk interface during the
operational state of a disk drive, one needs to solve the equation of motion of the
disk drive together with the time-dependent Reynolds equation for the
hyrdrodynamic lubrication of the head disk interface. Hydrodynamic lubrication
can be present if two surfaces in relative motion are separated by a small
distance. The governing equation for the flying behavior of a slider air bearing in
a hard disk drive is the compressible Reynolds equation. Osborne Reynolds f3]
was the first to derive a differential equation for incompressible hydro-dynamic
lubrication by relating pressure, surface velocities, and film thickness.

c) ANALYSIS OF TURBULENCE OF A FLOW

Osborne Reynolds was the first to carefully observe and quantify the
change in flow behavior as it changed from laminar to turbulent regimes. He in-
jected dye into a laminar fluid flow in the laboratory, marked the transition to
turbulence by taking note of the dye motion, and correlated the change with a
combination of average flow parameters. In the experiment, the channel height
h, the mean flow velocity U, and the density of the fluid could be changed. In
addition to different densities, different fluids can have varied resistance to flow.
This characteristic can be depicted by the constant viscosity is. Reynolds found
transition to be a function of the non-dimensional combination pUhl Is. This
important parameter is called the Reynolds number. The procedure called
dynamic similarity exploits the power of dimensionless numbers to describe flow
phenomena. In addition to recognizing the important parameters and forces
involved in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, Reynolds provided the
basic equations for the analysis of turbulence.
IX. REFERENCES

A. Laboratory Manual by Uy, Tan, and Monjardin

B. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere By Robert A. Brown
C. Hydraulics: Laboratory Manual By S. K. Likhi
D. Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today By Jack Allen, Donald
Malcolm McDowell, J. D.
E. Thermal-Fluid Sciences: An Integrated Approach, Volume 1 By Stephen Turns