Nanotechnology Reviews 2020; 9: 853–875

Review

Mohamad Alhijazi, Qasim Zeeshan, Zhaoye Qin*, Babak Safaei*, and Mohammed Asmael

Finite element analysis of natural fibers

composites: A review
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0069 Keywords: natural fiber composite, finite element ana-
received July 03, 2020; accepted July 11, 2020 lysis, modeling and simulation, optimization, represen-
Abstract: Natural fiber composites (NFCs) also termed as tative volume element
biocomposites offer an alternative to the existing synthetic
fiber composites, due to their advantages such as abundance
in nature, relatively low cost, lightweight, high strength-to-
weight ratio, and most importantly their environmental 1 Introduction
aspects such as biodegradability, renewability, recyclability,
and sustainability. Researchers are investigating in depth the Increasing awareness of environmental concerns evidenced
properties of NFC to identify their reliability and accessibility the importance of developing biodegradable [1,2], recyclable
for being involved in aircrafts, automotive, marine, sports’ [3], and environment-friendly composite materials [4].
equipment, and other engineering fields. Modeling and Natural fibers like kenaf, ramie, jute, palm, leaf spring, sisal,
simulation (M&S) of NFCs is a valuable method that flax, and hemp have the prospect of substituting glass fibers,
contributes in enhancing the design and performance of carbon fibers, and other typical reinforcements in composite
natural fibers composite. Recently many researchers have materials due to their attractive range of characteristics
applied finite element analysis to analyze NFCs’ character- [5–10]. These fibers have some significant properties such as
istics. This article aims to present a comprehensive review on strength [11,12], toughness, flexibility, and stiffness [13–17].
recent developments in M&S of NFCs through classifying the Moreover, they have high availability [18], as well as they are
research according to the analysis type, NFC type, model sustainable and renewable [19]. It is worthy to mention some
type, simulation platform and parameters, and research of their advantages, such as low density, negligible cost,
outcomes, shedding the light on the main applicable theories remarkable energy recovery, vibration damping, less skin and
and methods in this area, aiming to let more experts know respiratory irritation [20], and less equipment abrasion [21].
the current research status and also provide some guidance Recently, there was an increase in natural plant fibers
for relevant researches. selection as a reinforcement in composite materials develop-
ment [22], and several matrices were chosen with these fibers
like vinyl-ester, epoxy, polyester, polypropylene, and so on
[23,24]. These natural fibers were utilized for different
purposes, such as bandage, house hold appliances, roofing,
and ropes [25–29]. Natural fiber composites (NFC) replaced

* Corresponding author: Zhaoye Qin, Department of Mechanical many synthetic fiber–reinforced polymers for building
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, materials, aerospace composite materials, and automotive.
e-mail: qinzy@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Fibers are similar to hair structure (separate outstretched
* Corresponding author: Babak Safaei, Department of Mechanical parts or continuous strings), and they may be turned into
Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North
ropes, threads, or filaments [28,30,31]. Fibers can be involved
Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey, e-mail: babak.safaei@emu.edu.tr
Mohamad Alhijazi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern in composite materials development. Fibers have two main
Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, categories: synthetic and natural fibers [14,32]. Natural fibers
Turkey, e-mail: mohamadalhijazi@gmail.com classification is shown in Figure 1.
Qasim Zeeshan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Natural fibers comprise those obtained from
Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10,
minerals, animals, and plants. Hence, their classification
Turkey, e-mail: Qasim.Zeeshan@emu.edu.tr
Mohammed Asmael: Department of Mechanical Engineering,
is related to their source of extraction. Traditional
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via manufacturing techniques used for composite materials
Mersin 10, Turkey, e-mail: mohammed.asmael@emu.edu.tr with thermosetting and thermoplastics are implemented

Open Access. © 2020 Mohamad Alhijazi et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License.
854  Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

Natural fibers

Animal Cellulose/Lignocellulose Mineral

Hair Bast Leaf Seed Fruit Wood Stalk Grass/ Asbestos

reeds

Soft
Wood Jute Sisal Kapok Coil Rice Bamboo
Wood

Oil Hard
Silk Flax Banana Cotton Wheat Bagasse
palm wood

Hemp Abaca Loofah Barley Corn

Milk
Ramie PALF Maize Sabai
weed

Kenaf Henequen Oat Rape

Roselle Agave Rye Esparto

Mesta Cancry

Figure 1: Classification of NF [33].

in NFCs [34], for example, injection molding, vacuum of research interest of NFC specifically to FEA. Modeling and
infusion hand layup, resin transfer molding, compres- simulation (M&S) of NFC began in 2004 and remained
sion molding, and direct extrusion [4]. Several natural between 0 and 3 researches per year until 2011, where this
fibers were selected as a reinforcement with various topic brought attention to researchers, and the number of
polymeric matrixes, such as sisal, jute, kenaf, bamboo, published articles increased and reached a peak of 11 papers
jowar, sugar palm, date palm, coir, pineapple leaf, in 2019. Figure 3 shows that India is most active in research
hemp, flax, rice husk, cotton, and so on [35–37]. on FEA of the NFC field.
Published documents from 2004 to 2020 regarding NFC The growing utilization of NFC highlighted the
and FEA have been gathered from the Scopus database essentiality of effectively designing and developing NFC
(Figure 2), which shows a building momentum in the trend for optimum performance [38]. Since testing all aspects

Documents
12

10

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 2: Statistic from Scopus database in Published documents per year search keywords: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Natural fiber composites”
and “FEA”) (Scopus – Sources, 08/06/2020).
 Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites  855

India
Australia
Malaysia
United Kingdom Documents
United States
China
Germany
Italy
Japan
Singapore

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Figure 3: Statistic from Scopus database in Published documents by country search keywords: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Natural fiber composites”
and “FEA”) (Scopus – Sources, 08/06/2020).

of an NFC are expensive, scientists and engineers are properties, viscoelastic behavior, and so on. Predicting
involving computational techniques to simulate the properties of woven fiber composites are much complex
thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of their compared to continuous fibers composites. The wide
developed materials, thereby validating their findings variety of theoretical models includes rule of mixtures
experimentally [39,40]. The application of analytical and (ROM), which is the easiest existing method to analyze
numerical methods is profusely increasing in the natural the elastic properties of a fiber-reinforced composite [57],
fibers modeling and the design of NFCs [41–44]. Yet and ROMs are used only on continuous and unidirec-
there are various methods, approaches, and models that tional fiber. Similarly, Halpin and Tsai equations are
can predict multiple properties of natural fibers and mostly implemented to predict elastic properties of
NFCs [45–49]. M&S methods applied for defining the composite materials [58]. Cox’s model is an ancient
mechanical characteristics of NFCs exhibited high analytical model used to determine the impact of short
efficacy. This review article focuses on the recent fibers on the modulus and the strength of composite
research on M&S of NFCs, aiming to highlight the key materials [58].
available approaches/techniques that can be imple-
mented to analytically and numerically investigate the
properties of NFCs, taking into account the reliability of
each model and the efficiency of the applied methods.
Information from several studies have been gathered and
3 Finite element analysis (FEA)
compared, including natural fiber and matrix types
The FEA is a M&S tool widely used in academia
[50,51], model type, analysis type, simulation para-
and industry, as any material model, boundary condi-
meters and platform, and accuracy of the model/method
tions, and complex shape structures can be solved by
[8,52–56].
FEA easily [59–62]. FEA is a tool where an experiment is
conducted virtually; hence, the graphs obtained
can be read and analyzed easily [63]. Highly accurate
2 Analytical models and optimized results can be obtained by conducting
several iterations, so that the product development
Analytical models are able to mathematically compute down time will be reduced and its lifetime will be
specific properties of the end composite material through enhanced [64–66]. Figure 4 shows the steps of the
assigning characteristics of matrix and reinforcement as FEA [67].
input, for example, in some basic micromechanics The preprocessing of the FEA is a very important
theories, main inputs including volume fraction, shear step. It determines the quality of the simulation and
modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and elastic modulus of each hence the accuracy of the results. It consists of geometry
component in the considered composite. Further para- preparation, material definition, element, and mesh
meters might be required in some models, such as fiber selections. Then, loads and constraints are assigned
orientation, aspect ratio, density, orthographic based on the considered analysis type [69].
856  Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

• Defining the problem

• Defining geometry
• Specifying element type
PRE • Defining material properes
• Creang meshes and nodes
PROCESSOR

• Assigning loads
• Assigning constraints
• and solving
SOLUTION

•Viewing the results

•Lists of nodal displacements
•Deflecon plots
POST •Stress contour diagrams
PROCESSOR •Animaon

Figure 4: Overview of FEA adapted from [68].

3.1 FEA of NFC where a material behaves similarly in all force direc-
tions, unlike orthotropic materials that exhibit dissimilar
In M&S, a range of properties can be predicted, and a properties on different load directions [82,83], where it is
diversity of analysis methods can be utilized, namely, simpler to assign a single value for young’s modulus and
multi-physics analysis, electrical analysis, buckling Poisson’s ratio [84–86].
analysis, electromagnetic analysis, heat transfer ana- FEA has become a valuable engineering tool.
lysis, fluid analysis, thermal analysis, structural ana- Commercially available FEA Software’s are ANSYS,
lysis, and acoustic. Mostly in M&S of NFC, researches SDRC/IDEAS, NASTRAN/PATRAN, HYPERMESH, LS
focused on mechanical properties [52,70–73], while few DYNA, ABAQUS, SIEMENS PLM NX, NISA, COMSOL,
investigated the acoustic and thermal properties [74,75]. KEBIR, and so on. Matlab has been used for modeling
Analytically, a model can be studied from one dimension and optimization (using fmincon solver). ABAQUS
up to three dimensions. But for accurate results, three- capabilities for geometry modeling are quite general
dimensional models are recommended for NFC analysis, (cables, trusses, shells, 2D and 3D continua, and so on)
especially when loads are applied in the out-of-plane and include a wide range of materials, limited support,
direction [76]. The model preparation is rather easy since and reasonable control in meshing [20]. However,
the imported geometry is usually three dimensional [77]. ANSYS workbench is vastly automated and very flexible
The characteristics of matrix and natural fibers are for users to modify according to application/analysis
specified in M&S based on the type of analysis [78,79], type. Its materials library consists of reactive material,
for example, studying the mechanical properties requires creep, viscoelasticity, elasticity, plasticity, and linear
Poisson’s ratio, young’s modulus, elongation at break, materials. Moreover, ANSYS includes thin-sweep
shear strength, and density. However, analyzing the meshing and automatic meshing (hexa-dominant, swept
thermal behavior of a natural fiber composite (NFC) hex, hex-core, tetrahedral, and surface meshing) [87].
needs to assign the thermal conductivity values (K) of Furthermore, based on the geometry shape and dimen-
both components. However, inspecting the sound sions in NFC studies, elements’ numbers ranged between
absorption coefficient requires orthotropic mechanical 15,000 and 1,80,000 with the element size from 20 to
characteristics [80,81]. As it is hard to define the exact 70 µm. Solid models involve typical solid elements where
orthotropic properties of a newly developed NFC, some the material is assigned to all regions of the model, while
researchers considered their materials as isotropic, shell models consider the external shell of the model
 Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites  857

only [88]. Researchers utilized diverse solid and shell the overall conductivity of the composite [94]. Currently,
elements in ANSYS such as Solid 20 Node 186, Solid 95, various tools like EasyPBC in ABAQUS and material
Solid 46, Shell 281, shell 181, and Shell 99 [89]. designer in ANSYS are being utilized to study the RVE of
Numerous element types were used in ABAQUS, such NFCs [95]. These tools require materials’ properties, fiber
as hexahedral elements (C3D8R), tetrahedral elements size, and volume fraction as inputs, thereby it can
(C3D6), tetrahedron (TET10 or C3D10), and eight-node automatically define the corresponding RVE dimensions,
hexahedron (HEX8). Figure 5 illustrates the main most convenient mesh size, and type, and finally, it
element types involved in the FEA. solves the RVE model.
Hence, the load applied depends on the analysis
type of NFCs (acoustic, fatigue load, buckling load,
thermal load, and structural load), so that this load
indicates which property of the NFC is examined [91], for 3.3 Design of experiment and optimization
example, in mechanical loadings, the direction of
applied forces indicates if this analysis is tensile, shear, Several optimization techniques are implemented in
flexural, impact, and so on [92]. natural fiber composite studies to find the best para-
meters combination or optimal value of a particular
property (strength, stiffness, etc.) [96], such as para-
metric, genetic algorithm, TOPSIS, ANSYS parametric
3.2 Representative volume element (RVE) design language (APDL), and fuzzy logic [97]. Thus,
diverse design of experiment approaches can be adapted
RVE comprises investigating the performance of an NFC to define the least/efficient number of specimens needed
or a composite material’s unit cell at nano-scale, micro- for results’ experimental validation.
scale, or macro-scale. Main three-dimensional RVE
boundary conditions are periodic boundary condition
(PBC), homogeneous boundary condition (HBC), and
displacement boundary condition [67]. When PBC is 4 Discussion
selected, the simulation outputs characterize a macro-
structure containing repeated periodical cells. However, NFC analytical studies investigated models in one and
by selecting HBC, the simulation outcomes will deem three dimensions, but 2D was mostly considered. Mostly,
that the RVE itself is the macrostructure and take into hemp fiber was selected in the analytical NFC research.
consideration its microcomponents [93]. However, in However, a range of analytical theories were involved in
another NFC analysis type, the boundary conditions of the analysis of mechanical, thermal and acoustic
the electrical conductivity problem included an applied properties of NFC, for example, ROM, Puck failure
voltage on one face and a ground on the opposing face. theories, Halpin, Tsai–Wu, Tsai–Hill, Nairn Shear-lag,
This generated some current density within the RVE Mendels et al. stress transfer, fatigue–life (S–N) curves,
model, and that current density was used along with and Hirsch were utilized for studying stiffness, elastic
Ohm’s law and the dimensions of the RVE to calculate modulus, strength, and fatigue–life response.

Figure 5: Elements type [90].

Table 1: Summary of research that involved analytical methods to study NFCs

Fiber type, size Epoxy/hardener Analytical Objective of the Platform Analysis type/ Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.
858 

and orientation study boundary conditions experiments and validation/key

findings and remarks

Hemp HDPE Fatigue-life (S–N) curves Fatigue-life response • Tensile, (monotonic and cycle [98]
20–40 wt% tests) & SEM
• The fatigue model utilized was
able to predict the fatigue
behavior of the experimentally
tested NFC upon different values of
Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

stress ratios and volume fractions

with considering moisture uptake
Manila Hemp Poly lactic acid Square arrayed pipe filament Transverse thermal • Fiber volume fraction, thermal [99]
conductivity conductivity ratio, and geometrical
ratio affect the dimensionless
effective transverse thermal
conductivity of NF
Hemp, HDPE ROM, Halpin–Tsai, Nairn shear-lag Stiffness & Young’s Micromechanical • E-glass fibers (tensile, composite [57]
hardwood, rice analysis and Mendels et al. stress modulus correction density and SEM)
hulls, E-glass transfer
10–60 wt% • Standard micromechanical models
can be applied to natural fiber
systems with mixed success
Hemp/kenaf Polyester Fourier’s heat conduction equation Temperature Thermal/Temperatures • Tensile, flexural, and thermal [100]
hybrid up to variation and cure at the wall (i = 1 and • Once the model was corrected, it
20.6 wt% i = N) predicted very well the
temperatures in the mold
Flax+51/−52° Epoxy Tsai–Hill, Tsai–Wu, Hashin, and Puck Stiffness, strength Matlab Failure criteria • Parametric optimization [101]
failure theories and interaction • Tension and compression
• Hashin and Puck failure theories
are recommended because they
have the smallest error compared
to experimental data
Flax laminates Epoxy Mesoscale damage theory Mechanical • Cost-function minimizing [102]
response, stiffness optimization
degradation, and • Tensile
inelasticity • The damage model and flax-
specific parameters can be
combined with user-defined
material characteristics
Coconut coir and Granular materials Johnson–Champoux–Allard Sound absorption Matlab Acoustic • Impedance tube [103]
rice husk
Table 1: Continued

Fiber type, size Epoxy/hardener Analytical Objective of the Platform Analysis type/ Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.
and orientation study boundary conditions experiments and validation/key
findings and remarks

Four sample • A promising agreement of the

thicknesses acoustic absorption performances
(20–50 mm) was observed between the
experimental and analytical
outcomes
Coconut coir Polyester and Wear rate and Matlab • Fuzzy logic Optimization [96]
Sandwich polyurethane surface coating
(coating) • Wear test and SEM
• Fuzzy approach performed better
assessment on surface coating
quality
Jute woven PU Hirsch, Cox, Halpin T-sai, and mass Tensile strength and Matlab Mechanical • Tensile [58]
fraction (MFS) Young’s modulus • Cox, Hirsch’s,
• and H.T-sai models are reliable
and predictable models (for
mechanical properties)
B & Jute Recycled high Variable order creep model Creep behavior Matlab Mechanical • The variable order creep model [104]
density showed high results accuracy
polyethylene/ compared to experimental results
polypropylene
Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites
 859
860  Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

Johnson–Champoux–Allard was utilized for inspecting isotropic in M&S of NFC studies, apparently, due to the
the sound absorption of coconut coir and rice husk NFC lack of data about these newly developed materials.
(Table 1). Various boundary conditions were assigned like
Moreover, several analytical models contribute for clamped, free, and simply supported boundary condi-
calculating the mechanical properties of woven fibers tions, as well as PBCs in RVE [67,71,93]. Diverse
composites, such as Halpin–Tsai, Hirsch’s, and Cox [58]. boundaries were taken into account, such as topologies,
However, Fourier’s heat conduction equation was material properties, weight, cost, mass, cost, easy
utilized to study the temperature variation of hemp/ manufacturing, mesh density, element order, microwave
kenaf/epoxy hybrid NFC. The mesoscale damage theory exposure time, and location of specimen in the micro-
was also used for calculating the mechanical response, wave. ANSYS was mostly utilized as a simulation
inelasticity, and stiffness degradation of Flax NFC platform. Also, several element types were used, such
[58,96,101–103]. Furthermore, Cox and Halpin–Tsai as wedge elements (C3D6), linear hexahedral elements
models has an adequate accuracy in predicting the (C3D8R), quadratic tetrahedral elements (C3D10), SHELL
tensile strength. Similarly Hirsch’s model is able to 181, Solid 95, Solid 185, Solid 186, and Solid 187, yet most
calculate the elastic modulus [58]. Hence, less error was studies analyzed NFC as a 3D solid model. Some
optimization algorithms were applied, namely, genetic
revealed while computing the elastic modulus using
algorithm, Topsis, parametric optimization, and APDL,
Halpin–Tsai approach compared to rule of mixture,
regardless of the distinct aspects optimized through the
Nairn shear lag analysis, and stress transfer [57].
aforementioned algorithms, and the implementation of
Comparing with Tsai-Wu and Tsai-Hill theories, Puck
these techniques proved its reliability and effectiveness.
and Hashin exhibit higher accuracy in predicting failure
Very few studies included the design of experiment by
criteria of NFC [101]. However, the ROM- and Tsai-based
using the Taguchi method (ANOVA) for selecting the
rules were commonly used. Hence, Halpin–Tsai ap-
combination of parameters that gives maximum load
proach can be considered as the best approach in
enduring capacity at failure, for instance, Parsad et al.
predicting micromechanical properties. In terms of
considered three factors, namely, three fiber lengths,
woven NFC, Hirsch’s model was the best analytical three CNSL percentages (5, 10, and 15%), and three fiber-
technique for predicting young’s modulus, yet Cox and to-matrix ratios (20, 30, and 40 wt%) and then utilized
Halpin–Tsai models exhibited analogous remarkable Taguchi (Design of experiments [DOE]) method to obtain
accuracy in calculating the tensile strength. John- the analysis number [105]. A significant number of
son–Champoux–Allard model was most accurate model researches indicated that predicted and experimental
for analyzing the sound absorption of NFC; Fourier’s findings were in strong agreement. Table 2 presents the
heat conduction equation was significantly convenient summary of research on numerical M&S of thermal,
to predict the thermal behavior of NFC; and Hashin’s acoustic, moisture diffusion, deflection, and aerody-
model was notably reliable in predicting the fatigue namic properties of NFCs.
criteria. Only few researches implemented optimization To date, simulation of various NFC properties are
theories and design of experiments. still limited, i.e. thermal, aerodynamic, acoustic, vibra-
In the NFC numerical analysis, most researches tend tion, moisture absorption (Table 2). However, the sound
toward using the FEA and RVEs due to the high accuracy transmission loss of few NFC was numerically studied
of this method in predicting the properties of compo- using the finite element analysis in ANSYS and ABAQUS.
sites. Some studies involved analytical theories besides However, FEA of thermal behavior considered hemp/
the numerical methods, such as ROM, Chamis model, acrylic NFC and NF bricks made from bamboo, jute, coir,
Fick’s law, Hamilton’s principle, Halpin–Tsai model, and and sisal fibers. FEA of aerodynamical properties
Hashin and Rosen model. Numerically analyzing the focused on Flax/vinyl-ester NFC.
mechanical properties of NFC was the major focus of a For instance, Haris et al. [50] inspected the noise
notable number of studies. Major natural fiber selected reduction ability of Flax/Carbon/polypropylene hybrid
was flax fiber, and epoxy matrices were mostly chosen. NFC, experimentally conducted the sound transmission
While several researches involved more than one type of loss test, and numerally used Abaqus software, where
natural fibers to develop a hybrid natural fibers eight-node acoustic brick elements (AC3D8) were uti-
composite, NFCs were hybridized with synthetic fibers lized to mesh the air volume and eight-node continuum
like E-glass. Despite the fact that composites and NFCs brick elements (C3D8R) were used for meshing the
are orthotropic, materials were mostly considered as specimen. Flax/carbon/PP and Flax/PP were considered
Table 2: Numerical M&S of thermal, acoustic, and vibration properties of NFCs

Fiber type, Epoxy/ Analytical Numerical Objective of the study Platform Boundary Analysis type Optimization algorithms/ Ref.
size and hardener analysis conditions (macromechanic/ physical experiments and
orientation micromechanical/ validation/key findings and
thermal) remarks

Flax bundle Fourier expansion Numerical MATLAB • The model was sufficiently [106]
simulation relevant to render the
morphometric factors of
the observed fibers in a
statistical sense
Flax Styrene Cartesian FEA Crystal structure • XRD, FTIR, Flexural, [107]
butadiene coordinate nanoindentation
rubber • Finite element analyses
reveal the success of
L-lysine templated coatings
Flax PE Wave FEA Dispersion curves ANSYS Lamb waves • Genetic algorithm [108]
• Tensile
• Wave FEA is more
convenient for such
analysis types
FlaxCar Hood Vinyl ester FEA Aerodynamic Nastran/ Aerodynamic • Full-scale static [109]
Patran structural test
• FEA and experimental
results showed high
agreement
Hemp car Acrylic Nonlinear transient FEA Curing Behavior COMSOL Neumann Thermal • Heat compression molding [110]
mirror heat transfer boundary • Simulation procedure is
conditions numerically valid and
stable and provides
reasonably accurate
predictions
Hemp Bio-epoxy FEA Sound ANSYS Acoustic • Shear, compression, and [81]
sandwich transmission loss Tensile
• FEA and experimental
results were in high
agreement
Hemp & e- Epoxy Life cycle analysis Static and Design Nastran • Results are promising from [111]
Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites

glass dynamic FEA the structural point of view

electronic rack
in helicopter


Jute and ramie Polyester Halpin–Tsai FEA Free undamped ANSYS Simply Vibration [112]
plies vibration supported
861
Table 2: Continued

Fiber type, Epoxy/ Analytical Numerical Objective of the study Platform Boundary Analysis type Optimization algorithms/ Ref.
862 

size and hardener analysis conditions (macromechanic/ physical experiments and

orientation micromechanical/ validation/key findings and
thermal) remarks

edges, free • SEM, tensile, water

edges, and absorption, and swelling
clamped edges thickness
• Ramie, jute, and ramie/jute
mode shapes as well
Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

dimensionless frequency
agreed with the literature
Bamboo, jute, Clay FEA Thermal conductivity ANSYS Thermal • Porosity, bulk density, [113]
coir & sisal water absorption, and
bricks thermal conductivity
• The model is applicable as
highest variance between
FEA and experimental
was 7.8%
Agave Epoxy and Fick’s law FEA Moisture diffusion Abaqus Moisture diffusion • Water absorption and SEM [114]
hardener • Results showed that mass
diffusion appeared to
follow Fick’s diffusion
performance in composite
specimens
Maise Polyester FEA Deflection and stress ANSYS • SEM and X-ray [115]
properties diffractometer
• FEA values are acceptable
with proper assumptions
Rice husk PE Injection Design Moldflow • Further work is required to [116]
window frame molding enhance the precision
analyses of the rice husk/
PE NFC
Areca sheath Epoxy FEA Effect of fiber length ANSYS Dynamic frequency • Fast Fourier technique [51]
25, 27 response • FEA results highly agreed
& 29 mm with were experimental
findings
B-Boron Epoxy Hamiltonian FEA Critical buckling ANSYS Simply Buckling and Vibration • Analytical and FEA results [117]
system and loads, fundamental supported were in high agreement
Symplectic frequencies and edges, Free
 Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites  863

[118]
Ref.

deflection), shear modulus,

number, and modular ratio

validation/key findings and
physical experiments and
Optimization algorithms/

and Young’s modulus

behavior (frequency
responses), flexural

parameters, layers’
• Findings are highly
• Dynamic structural

accurate for both

strength (central
remarks
micromechanical/
(macromechanic/

Figure 6: Mesh of STL specimen with air [50].

Analysis type

thermal)

as orthotropic materials, and NFC model dimensions

were of 3.7 and 4.6 mm thickness with a diameter of
clamped edges

100 mm. The performed simulation proved its high

edges, and
conditions
Boundary

reliability as it was in high accordance with the

experimental findings. The aforementioned model is
shown in Figure 6.
Similarly, only few studies investigated the moisture
Objective of the study Platform

MATLAB

diffusion characteristics of NFC, for instance, Jain et al.

[114] investigated the mass diffusion in Agave/epoxy
NFC considering several environmental conditions and
corresponding mode

fibers were of an average length of 2.8 m and diameter

between 100 and 150 µm; moreover the aforementioned
Deflection and

fibers were assumed as homogeneous and isotropic.

frequency

Regarding concentration profiles of moisture of Agave

shapes

NFC treated with sodium hydroxide and cleaned with

water at 75°C, an increase in moisture absorption was
observed by increasing the time. The results of the FEA
Numerical
analysis

were in high accordance with bond graph results; as the

moisture diffusion analysis exhibited similar moisture
FEA

ingress trends, the 3D model created in Abaqus verified

the model studied in the bond graph [119]. Figure 7
shows whole-body model with a small meshed region.
superposition

Few researches numerically studied the vibration

Hamilton’s
Analytical

principle
method

properties of NFC using ANSYS while involving some

analytical approaches like Halpin–Tsai, Hamiltonian
system, and Symplectic superposition method.
Furthermore, Waddar et al. [120] investigated the
hardener

buckling and vibration behavior of syntactic foam core

Epoxy/

Epoxy

sandwich beam that has sisal fabric/epoxy outer layers,

Table 2: Continued

and the model was represented as a 210 mm × 12.5 mm

rectangle using Shell 181 in ANSYS. The utilized model
orientation
Fiber type,

evidenced its ability of predicting vibration and buckling

size and

behavior by revealing results that significantly agreed

Luffa

with the experimental results.

864  Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

Table 4 presents the summary of research on numerical

M&S of impact, bending, burst pressure, and other
properties of NFCs.
As presented in Table 4, the FEA of impact property
was mostly considered for flax fibers with diverse
matrixes such as vinyl ester, PE, PP, and thermoplastic
resin, as well as hemp hybrid NFC with polypropylene
matrix. Several NFCs were analyzed through FEA to
identify their flexural (Bending) characteristics such as
flax, jute, wood, rice husk, and pine. Figure 8 shows an
Figure 7: Moisture diffusion model and its mesh [114]. Agave NFC beam under bending load.
Thus, Petrone and Meruane [142] numerically
Majority of the researches focused on investigating the analyzed the mechanical properties of flax/polyethylene
mechanical properties of NFC. Multiple simulation plat- laminate (250 × 15 × 1 mm) NFCs using structural
forms were utilized, such as ANSYS, ABAQUS, MATLAB, dynamic toolbox in Matlab software, and the authors
LS-DYNA, Nastran/Patran, Siemens PLM NX 10.0, NISA, had to modify the mechanical properties assigned to the
and so on. In addition, several analytical techniques finite element model due to the discrepancies between
were involved like experimental modal analysis, FEA and experimental results. After two parameter’s
Newton–Raphson nonlinear, Maximum strain and Tsai- update stages, it was observed that outcomes may be
Wu, J-Integral, ROM, Weibull distribution, Chamis enhanced by including further information through the
model, Nielsen Elastic model, and Halpin–Tsai model. model update procedure like panel shape and thickness
Table 3 presents the summary of research on numerical dimensions. Xiong et al. [121] studied the micromecha-
M&S of tensile strength, joint strength, and stress and nical characteristics of flax/polyoxymethylene NFCs
strain characteristics of NFCs. using RVE micro-scale. The multiscale constitutive
Numerical M&Ss of NFCs were barely reported model was conducted in two stages: first, an orientation
compared to glass and carbon composite materials. averaging technique was utilized to calculate micro-
However, initial FEA steps consist of creating the model mechanical characteristics of the twisted yarn and then,
geometry followed by assigning the characteristics of the the outputs of stage 1 were shifted into a mesco-scale
material. FEA that considers the mechanical behavior of RVE of a single ply NFC to inspect its elastic behavior.
an NFC requires specific failure criteria, which defines Results showed that elastic properties of this NFC are
the failure initiation and propagation. It is worthy to highly affected by the twist angle of the yarn. The latter
mention that in terms of tensile properties, natural fibers has a simultaneous effect on the distributed stress
behave in a different manner compared to synthetic throughout the RVE.
fibers. Failure criteria of strong synthetic fibers are Further mechanical performance has the potential
usually involved in NFC analyses, as the specific failure to be inspected through the FEA at costs lower than
criteria of NF are not proposed. Thus, the aforemen- experimental testing, for example, Davoodi et al.
tioned criteria contribute in predicting the ultimate [146] numerically studied the impact properties of a car
tensile strength, yet it ignores other characteristics like bumper made from hybrid kenaf/glass/epoxy using Catia
nonlinear tensile response of a NF [139]. As given in and Abaqus platforms. Figure 9 illustrates the displace-
Table 3, numerical M&S of NFC mostly focused on the ment profile of a car beam after applying an impact
tensile behavior compared to other mechanical proper- load. Usually, the variation between the results of
ties. The tensile strength and stress/strain properties of experimental and FEA analyses is due to unconsidered
numerous natural fibers were simulated, i.e., flax, hemp, material properties, and it is worthy to mention
jute, banana, sisal, wood, and so on. Several analytical that natural fibers are orthotropic, as well as NFCs
approaches were considered along with the numerical contain voids, discontinuity, and porosity [153]. To
techniques, such as maximum strain failure criterion, examine the sound transmission loss, it is conceivable
Tsai–Wu, Weibull distribution, Chamis model, Nielsen to create a mechanical model in FEA using the data
Elastic, Halpin–Tsai, rule of mixture, Hahsin, and Rosen. obtained from mechanical testing and assign identical
Different polymeric matrixes were selected, for example, boundary conditions imposed in the impedance
epoxy, polypropylene, POM, polystyrene, and PLA. tube [81].
Table 3: Numerical M&S of tensile and elastic behavior of NFCs

Fiber type, size and Epoxy/hardener Analytical Numerical Objective of the Platform Boundary Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.
orientation analysis study conditions experiments and validation/key
findings and remarks

Flax 46.2 WT% POM FEA RVE PBCs • Tensile, SEM [121]
(homogenized) • Results obtained from RVE and
FEA models significantly agreed
with experimental results
Flax one by one Epoxy Grillage FEA Stresses & strain Abaqus Simply • Parametric study is 5% lower in [122]
top-hat stiffened supported accuracy compared to FEA
composite plate boundary
conditions
Flax PP Maximum strain FEA Strain Abaqus • Stamping and Aramis [123]
failure criterion monitoring system
• FLC and MSF criteria can
accurately predict failure
regions in all specimens
HempNaca cowling Epoxy Maximum strain and FEA Mechanical Fluent and • Tensile, three-point bending [124]
of an acrobatic Tsai–Wu properties ANSYS) and SEM
ultra-light airplane • FEA and experimental results
were different
Hemp 30 WT% PP FEA (RVE) Mass fraction, Kebir • Tensile [125]
tensile simulation • PF approach could be
platform considered as a complementary
technique to micro-mechanical
approaches
Hemp/Jute Epoxy & Mechanical ANSYS • Tensile, flexural, impact, [126]
Hybrid30°,45° Polyester properties specific gravity, water test, and
& 90° hardness tests
• High agreement was exhibited
between FEA and experimental
results
Jute 45°–90° Epoxy FEA Tensile behavior Siemens PLM • Tensile testing and SEM [127]
NX 10.0 • Simulation outputs significantly
agreed with tensile testing
results
Jute Epoxy and (PU J-Integral (compliance FEA Tensile fracture Matlab • Bulk tensile [128]
Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites

joints) calibration method, toughness of subroutine • Trapezoidal law reproduces the

cubic polynomial, and adhesive joints experimental behavior with a
corrected beam theory & CZM reasonable level of accuracy


Jute Epoxy Rule of mixiture, FEA Tensile, strain, and MENTAT • Predicting failure stress and [129]
Weibull distribution elastic modulus & MARC tensile strength were
865
Table 3: Continued

Fiber type, size and Epoxy/hardener Analytical Numerical Objective of the Platform Boundary Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.
866 

orientation analysis study conditions experiments and validation/key

findings and remarks

significantly improved by
updating fibers’ strength with
accordance to their length
postfailure.
Jute/banana hybrid Cashew nut shell FEA Strength Solidworks, • Tensile [105]
resin ANSYS & • FEA and experimental results
Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

Minitab are close

Banana Polystyrene Chamis model, FEA (RVE) Elastic properties ABAQUS PBCs • The phenomenological [95]
Nielsen elastic model, analytical model estimations
Halpin–Tsai model, highly agreed with FEA results
and the ROM
Sisal and banana Epoxy ROM and Halpin–Tsai FEA Elastic Properties ANSYS • Tensile and SEM [130]
• The FEA combined with the
micromechanical analysis had
the ability to describe the
interface state of the NFC
phases
Sisal/coir hybrid Epoxy FEA (RVE) Mechanical ANSYS • Tensile [131]
properties • Significant agreement between
FEA and experimental results
Agave Epoxy Linear elastic FEA Effect of joint ANSYS • Tension [132]
orthotropic model geometry on the • Tensile strength of lap shear
strength joints was extremely lower than
plain NFC, dissimilar to
intermingled fiber joints and
laminated fiber joints
Nettle & grewia Polylactic acid FEA Joint strength COMSOL • Microwave heating and [133]
optiva and adhesive bonding
polypropylene • By considering experimental
and numerical results, the
proposed model may be utilized
to study the joining
performance of composite
materials using microwave
Pineapple Epoxy ROMs, modified rule FEA (RVE) Mechanical ANSYS & Matlab x, y, z = 0 • Electronic tensometer and [134]
of mixtures (MROMs), properties single fiber pull-out
chamis model,
Table 3: Continued

Fiber type, size and Epoxy/hardener Analytical Numerical Objective of the Platform Boundary Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.
orientation analysis study conditions experiments and validation/key
findings and remarks

Halpin–Tsai model, • MROM as well as Chamis model

Hashin and Rosen showed high accuracy
model
Pulp ellipsoidal Poly lactic acid FEA Dimensions and ANSYS • Tensile test, SEM [135]
orientation of fiber • The predicted strength using
agglomerates the stress concentration factor
theory disagreed with
experimental findings
Henequen PE Photoelastic FEA Fiber curvature NISA • Tensile test [136]
laminates effect on the tensile • Much better agreement was
properties obtained after decreasing the
fiber efficiency by using an
average length value to
compensate for the fiber
curvature in the strength
properties
Wood 60 WT% 18% PE and FEA Joint strength Yamada-Sun Simply • Tension [137]
12% PP failure criterion supported • Predicted and experimental
in ABAQUS results are in high agreement
Wheat straw four PP FEA Microstructural AutoCAD and • Tensile and SEM [138]
fiber lengths behavior and Abaqus • The FEA curves are well matched
microcellular-voided in general to the experiments
Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites
 867
Table 4: Numerical M&S of impact, flexural, and compression behaviors of NFCs
868

Fiber type, size, and Epoxy/hardener Analytical Numerical objective of the Platform Boundary Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.


orientation analysis study conditions experiments and validation/key

findings and remarks

Flax Vinyl ester FEA Impact • Impact and compression [140]

• The structural design and test
showed that the designed
bonnet structure is acceptable
FlaxHoneycomb Thermoplastic FEA Impact Abaqus • Impact [53]
resin • Agreement between numerical
Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

results and experimental data

FlaxLaminates PP FEA Flexural property .Patran/Nastran • Numerical results agreed with [141]
experimental results
Flax PE Experimental modal FEA Mechanical Matlab Free boundary • Classical static tests [142]
analysis conditions • Authors had to change the
mechanical characteristics
assigned for Finite element model
due to the discrepancies between
FEA and experimental results
Basalt & Flax (Vf Epoxy FEA Burst pressure CATIA V5 & • Studying one-eighth of the tank is [143]
60%) high-pressure ANSYS adequate, hence deduce the
vessel outputs on the remaining region
of the tank by symmetry
Flax and jute channel Epoxy Newton–Raphson FEA Bending ANSYS • Tension and four-point bending [144]
non-linear • Experimental ultimate moment
capacities were predicted using
the numerical models with a
variation mean of 0.99 and
coefficient of 0.06
Hemp lass PP FEA Impact LS-DYNA • Tensile [145]
fibers2–4.5 mm • FEA results and macro-cracks
< 30 WT% agreed with experimental results
Hybrid kenaf/glass Epoxy FEA (Impact) Deflection, strain Catia and • TOPSIS [146]
energy, and the Abaqus • Experimental work should be
rib possibility done to validate the results
Ramie triangular PMI foam Solid model method, FEA Load-carrying ANSYS • APDL [147]
structure beam model method, and capacity • Four point bending
simplified method (SM) • SM and BMM have lower accuracy
than SMM
Wood PVC Classical beam theory FEA Flexural strength ABAQUS Simply • Compression, tensile, and flexural [148]
supported
Table 4: Continued

Fiber type, size, and Epoxy/hardener Analytical Numerical objective of the Platform Boundary Optimization algorithms/physical Ref.
orientation analysis study conditions experiments and validation/key
findings and remarks

boundary • FEA results exhibited higher

condition accuracy compared to analytical
findings
Wood pallet RPP FEA Static SolidWorks and • Shadow moire [149]
deformation CosmosWorks • Simulation and deflection results
showed highest agreement at the
pallet center
Rice husk, radiata HDPE FEA Flexural strength ABAQUS • Optical micrograph, impact, [82]
pine, and poplar flexural, creep, and thermal
wood ply expansion
• FEA findings indicates that the
NFCs comprise orthotropic
flexural characteristics that rely
on the angle of fiber orientation
Wood3D printing Tango plus ROM Mechanical ANSYS • Compression [150]
properties • Simulations results agreed with
and experimental results
Human hair FEA Stress ANSYS • Some of the properties of proteins [151]
distribution in hair cannot be fed into the
material properties and the
provision is lacking, the accuracy
may not be high
Oil palm Polyethylene FEA Fiber pull-out MATLAB and • SEM, X-ray microtomography, and [152]
resistance ABAQUS degree of grafting
• FEA model proved that the
addition of silica bodies improves
the performance of the NFC
Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites
 869
870  Mohamad Alhijazi et al.

predict thermal, mechanical, and acoustic properties of

NFCs, such as Fourier’s heat conduction equation, rule
of mixture, Tsai–Hill, Tsai–Wu, Halpin Tsai, and
Johnson–Champoux–Allard. Halpin–Tsai theory exhib-
ited higher accuracy compared to Nairn shear lag and
rule of mixture. Moreover, findings obtained from Puck
and Hashin approaches were in higher agreement with
the experimental results compared to the ones obtained
from Tsai–Wu and Tsai–Hill. However, most utilized
approaches in analytical modeling were Tsai-based
ROM. Hence, Halpin–Tsai approach exhibited highest
Figure 8: Agave NFC bending analysis [153].
accuracy in predicting the micromechanical character-
istics of NFCs. In terms of NFC numerical researches, the
FEA and RVEs were drastically utilized. Yet, few
researches used analytical approaches along with the
FEA. Thus, ANSYS is the most common FEA platform
used for M&S of NFC, with solid and shell elements.
Several boundary conditions were considered, such as
simply supported, clamped, and free boundary condi-
tions, as well as PBCs in RVE. As a future work agenda,
thermal conductivity, sound absorption, and vibration of
further NFC types made from palm, flax, Luffa, cotton
have to be numerically analyzed, and thus, optimization
algorithms can be implemented to determine the ideal
fibers’ size and orientation on the corresponding
property. Complex loading scenarios can be analyzed,
and DOE can be employed for meta-modeling or Taguchi
for the worst-case analysis. Major challenges in M&S of
NFCs are defining accurate materials properties inputs,
assigning a failure criteria specifically for NF, and
analyzing the nonlinear stress/strain behavior of a
natural fibers composite.

Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge

the financial support from National Natural Science
Figure 9: Displacement profile of double hat profile after Foundation of China (Grant no. 11972204).
impact [146].
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of
5 Conclusion interest regarding the publication of this paper.

This article presents a comprehensive review and critical

comparison of recent research on M&S of NFC.
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