Solkor Rf

Pilot wire current differential feeder protection

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Solkor – Relays and Components

POLES

CASE
MODEL RL NOTES

Feeder Differential Solkor R/Rf 3 E6 3 0.5A, 1A, 2A, 5A

Pilot Isolation 15kV Isolating Transformer SP Rf mode
Guard Relay B69 3 E6
Pilot Supervision Supply Transf./Rectifier E4 5kV Scheme
Send End B22 Supply Supvn Relay E2
(PSSE) Supply Transf./Rectifier 1.5V 15kV Scheme
B22 Supply Supvn Relay E2
Pilot Supervision Receive/Repeat B74 + B75 E4 5kV Scheme
Receive End Receive B75 1.5V 15kV Scheme
(PSRE) Receive Repeat B74 E2
Injection TEC 1.5V 5kV, 15kV
Intertrip Send Inverter SP

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The Solkor range of Pilot Wire Feeder Differential relays

• Solkor A - 1942 Pilotwire Differential using voltage balance

• Solkor B - 1948 Pilot wire voltage balance

• Solkor R - 1963 Half wave current balance

• Overall Solkor - 1965 Current balance for transformer feeder circuits.

• Solkor Rf – 1982 Full wave current balance

• Solkor M - 1993 Digital with Vf signalling

• Solkor N - 2001 Numerical Phase Segregated Differential

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Solkor R/Rf - Key features

Metallic Pilots

Simple, robust, biased current differential protection

Suitable for use with dedicated metallic pilots - requires 2 cores
5kV pilot insulation standard
Compatibility with Solkor R
E6 Case Suitable for 19 inch rack or flush panel mounting
0.5A, 1A, 2A & 5A rated relays

Options:
15 kV isolating transformers
Pilot wire supervision
Two way Injection Intertripping
Overcurrent Guard
T&D 12975

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Solkor Rf - Circulating Current Protection

B B
3 O - Operating Coil 3
O O
1 B - Bias Coil 1
1 1

SUMMATION SUMMATION
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

Summation transformers allow 3 phase information to be carried on two pilot cores

Biasing is provided by internally generated voltage gradients

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Summation Transformer

R
B
1
Y

1
B OUTPUT
R

N Y

n+2
300

EQUIVALENT OUTPUTS FOR 1.

EQUAL FAULT CURRENTS: 73
2
R-N = n + 2
Y-N = n + 1
B-N = n n+1
R-Y = 1 n
Y-B = 1
B-R = 2
3ph. = 1.732

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Calculation of Induced Volts in Pilot Conductors (OHL Systems)

Earth wire

C S

Pilot circuit

• Earth fault current returns through:

– Earth mass, earth wire (if applicable), pilot cable sheath (if applicable)

• Induced Volts per km = 0.145 Ie log10 D/S

– Ie = single phase/earth fault current
– D = equivalent depth of earth return (typically 450 - 900m)
– S = Distance between pilots and phase conductors(m)

• Reduction factor will apply for the proportion of current carried by earth wires or pilot cable sheath.

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Calculation of Induced Volts in Pilot Conductors (Cable Systems)

LONGITUDINAL INDUCED VOLTAGE (same polarity in each conductor)

Pilot cable sheath/armour

Power cable sheath/armour

3-Phase Power Cable Ie Coupling
flux Earth mass

• e = 2πf MILK

Earth fault current returns through:

– Power cable sheath/armour (screening factor typically
0.1)
– Pilot cable sheath/armour (screening factor typically
0.5)
– Earth mass

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Estimation of Voltage Induced in Pilot Conductors (Cable systems)

• e = 2πf MILK

– Where:
• e = Longitudinal voltage
• M = Coupling between power circuit and pilots
• I = Zero sequence current
• L = Length of common path
• K = Screening factor

• Typically 0.0045 to 0.12 V/A/km

– Lower values apply to aluminium sheathed cables
– Higher values apply to lead sheathed cables

• 5kV insulated relays and pilots are generally applicable to 11kV cable systems. Short cables and low
fault currents may allow use on higher voltage systems.

• 15kV insulated relays and pilots are generally applicable to higher voltage cable systems.

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 Typical Induced voltages alongside Cables.

Volts/kA/km
Size Of Power Cable and With effect of Main Cable Sheath
Without effect of
Nominal Voltage Main Cable
Sheath
Lead Aluminium

3 x 1 core each 400mm2 33kV 300-600 60-120 30-60

3 x 1 core each 320mm2 132kV 300-600 60-120 30-60

3 x 1 core each 1930mm2 132kV 300-600 30-60 12-24

3 x 1 core each 960mm2 275kV 300-600 45-90 12-24

3 x 1 core each 960mm2 400kV 300-600 30-60 9-18

Induced volts per kA of through fault per km of line length

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Operating principle

T&D 0000

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Solkor Rf Connection Diagram

D1 D2

Ra 35 65 130 260 500 PILOT 500 260 130 65 35 Ra

Pilot Padding Resistors CABLE
Pilot Padding Resistors
5kV
Barrier D3 D4
N1 N1
N Metering Point N

Test Link
B B
Y Y
R R

Summ.
Transf. D7 D8

Ra Ra

D5 D6

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Load Current/External Fault

V
V

X1 Y C X Y1
C C C

V
X Y1 V X1 Y

X1 Y1
+ - -
X1 Y1
+
Ra Rp/2
Rp/2 Ra

C C
C C

Rp/2 Ra Rp/2
Ra
- + + -
X Y X Y

Pilot Volts: Pilot Volts: Pilot Volts: Pilot Volts:

X1 - X Y1 - Y X1 - X Y1 - Y

Relay Volts: Relay Volts:

Relay Volts: Y1 - C Relay Volts: Y1 - C
X1 - C X1 - C

Relay Volts: Relay Volts:

Relay Volts: Y -C Relay Volts: Y -C
X -C X -C

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Internal Fault

X1 Y1

Ra Rp/2

+V +V

+ +
C O O

Rp/2 Ra

X Y

X1 Y1

Rp/2

C O O
- -

+V +V

Ra Rp/2 Ra

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Applications

• Solkor + Overcurrent Guard

• Solkor + Pilot wire Supervision

• Solkor + Pilot wire Supervision + Overcurrent Guard

• Solkor + Injection Intertripping

• Solkor + Pilot wire Supervision + Injection Intertripping

• Plain Feeder
– Including In-Zone teed -off load
• Note
• OC Guard and injection intertrip cannot be used together

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Basic Solkor Rf

Basic Solkor Rf insulated to 5kV

Isolation transformers provide isolation to 15kV

Isolation
Transformer
15kV

Biasing characteristic of Solkor Rf allows

tolerance to 20% in zone bleed-off

5kV Isolation 15kV Isolation 5kV Isolation

Bleed off current supplied
to in-zone load

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Application of Overcurrent Guard Relays

5kV Isolation

OC Guard B69 or
Is > ILOAD MR302 or
Inst. AG1

• Guard relays are used:

– Where damage to pilots can occur e.g. mechanical excavator
– Tripping must be avoided

• Note
• Where Argus relays are used with Solkor the Solkor can be arranged to trigger the
Argus waveform storage feature

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Solkor Rf + Pilot Wire Supervision

5kV Isolation

Supply B75
Transf./Rec. B22 B74
Supervision
Unit
PSSE (5kV) PSRE (5kV)
A.C.
Supply

15kV Isolation

Transf./Rec. Unit

Supply
B22 B75
Supervision
Isolation
Transformer B74 DTL
A.C. PSSE (15kV)
Supply
PSRE (15kV)

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Injection Intertripping

5kV Isolation

Transf./Rec. Unit

Supply B75
B22 B74
Supervision
110V dc
PSSE (5kV) PSRE (5kV)
Supply
A.C.
Conns for
Supply
PULSED or
SUSTAINED
intertrip OP

Intertrip RESET
Initiate
B34 TR141
90ms P.U.
DDB1
2s P.U. Unstabilises remote Solkor by injecting AC onto pilots

Can be installed at both ends

Pulsed or sustained intertrip

5kV isolation

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 System requirements

Metallic Pilots

PILOT CIRCUIT

Specification for pilot cables for use with Solkor RF is ;-

Pilot loop resistance < 2000 Ohms
Inter-core capacitance < 0.8 microfarad.

Application of 5kV or 15kV insulated systems is based on the calculation for induced longitudinal
volts:
0.06 - 0.12V / Amp / Km for Steel armoured cables, and
0.03 - 0.06V / Amp / Km for Aluminium armoured cables of 400 sq. mm.

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
50 I F
VK = + (R CT + 2R L )
In N
Solkor burden approx. 3VA.
CT magnetising currents at each line ends must not differ by more than I/20 Amperes for output
voltages < 50V.

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Performance - Sensitivity and Operate Speed

A
B
C

T yp e F A U L T S E T T IN G S
of (% o f C T R a tin g )
F a u lt 5K V S chem es 15K V S chem es
T y p ic a l T y p ic a l
N 1 N N 1 N
A - E 18 25 25 35
B - E 21 32 30 44
Operating times ;-
C - E 25 42 35 59
A - B 125 177 5KV schemes - 45mS
B - C 125 177 15KV schemes - 40mS
A - C 62 8 8 .5
AB C 72 101

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 Solkor Rf

Pilot wire current differential feeder protection

Created: July 06
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