NAME: CUEVAS, EMMANUEL D.

_____________ DATE: JANUARY 28, 2021_______________

CELL COMPONENTS: ANIMAL CELL

Structure Molecular Composition Function

Extracellular The surfaces of animal cells are This complex coating is cell specific, serves
Matrix covered with a flexible and sticky in cell – cell recognition and
layer of complex carbohydrates, communication, creates cell adhesion, and
proteins, and lipids. provides a protective outer layer.

Cell Membrane Roughly 50:50 lipid: protein as a 5 The function of animal’s cell membrane has
(Plasma nm – thick continuous sheet of lipid 2 functions which is forming an outer
Membrane) bilayer in which a variety of boundary of the cell and therefore holding
proteins are embedded the cell together and allowing certain
substances to pass through it while
prohibiting others from doing so. Which
controls the movement of substances into
and out of the cell.

Nucleus Separated from the cytosol by a The function of animal’s nucleus this
double membrane, the nuclear organelle has two major functions. It stores
envelope. The DNA is complexed the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it
with basic proteins (histones) to coordinates the cell's activities, which
form chromatin fibers, the material include intermediary metabolism, growth,
from which chromosomes are made. protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell
A distinct RNA-rich region, the division) which carries genetic information
nucleolus, is the site of ribosome and controls what happens inside the cell.
assembly.

Endoplasmic Flattened sacs, tubes, and sheets of The ER is a labyrinthine organelle where
Reticulum (ER) internal membrane extending both membrane proteins and lipids are
and Ribosomes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell synthesized. Proteins made by the ribosomes
and enclosing a large of rough ER pass through the ER membrane
interconnecting series of volumes into the cisternae and can be transported via
called cisternae. The ER membrane golgi to the periphery of the cell. Other
is continuous with the outer ribosomes unassociated with the ER carry on
 membrane of the nuclear envelope. protein synthesis in the cytosol. The nuclear
Piece of the sheetlike areas of the membrane, ER, Golgi, and additional
ER is studded with ribosomes, vesicles are all parts of a continuous
giving rise to rough ER. Eukaryotic endomembrane system.
ribosomes are larger than
prokaryotic ribosomes.

Golgi An asymmetrical system of Involved in the packaging and processing of

Apparatus flattened membrane bounded macromolecules for secretion and for
vesicles often stacked into a delivery to other cellular compartments.
complex. The face of the complex
nearest the ER is the cis face; that
most distant from the ER is the trans
face. Many small vesicles found
peripheral to the trans face of this
organelle contain secretory material
packaged by the Golgi.

Mitochondria Certain organelles surrounded by The function of the mitochondria in animal

two membranes that differ markedly cells is to produce energy for the cell via
in their protein and lipid ATP production as part of the Krebs cycle
composition. The inner membrane and the most respiration reactions happen in
and its interior volume— the matrix mitochondria.
—contain many important enzymes
of energy metabolism.
Mitochondria are about the size of
bacteria, ↓ 1 m. Cells contain
hundreds of mitochondria, which
collectively occupy about one-fifth
of the cell volume.

Lysosomes These are vesicles 0.2-0.5 m in They break down excess or worn-out cell
diameter, bounded by a single parts. They may be used to destroy invading
membrane. They contain hydrolytic viruses and bacteria. If the cell is damaged
enzymes such as proteases and beyond repair, lysosomes can help it to self-
nucleases that act to degrade cell destruct in a process called programmed cell
constituents targeted for destruction. death, or apoptosis.
They are formed as membrane
vesicles budding from the Golgi
 apparatus.

Peroxisomes Like lysosomes, these are 0.2-0.5 m, Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymes,
single membrane-bounded vesicles. which primarily function together to rid the
They contain a variety of oxidative cell of toxic substances, and in particular,
enzymes that use molecular oxygen hydrogen peroxide (a common byproduct of
and generate peroxides. They are cellular metabolism).
also formed from membrane
vesicles budding from the smooth
ER.

Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is composed of a The cytoskeleton organizes other

network of protein filaments: actin constituents of the cell, maintains the cell's
filaments ,8-10 nm; and shape, and is responsible for the locomotion
microtubules, 25 nm. These of the cell itself and the movement of the
filaments interact in establishing the various organelles within it.
structure and functions of the
cytoskeleton. This links network of
protein filaments gives structure and
organization to the cytoplasm.

CELL COMPONENTS: PLANT CELL

Structure Molecular Composition Function

Cell Wall Plant cell walls are primarily made of Protection against osmotic or mechanical
cellulose, which is the most abundant rupture. The walls of neighboring cells interact
macromolecule on Earth. Cellulose in cementing the cells together to form the
fibers are long, linear polymers of plant. Channels for fluid circulation and for
hundreds of glucose molecules. These cell-cell communication pass through the walls.
fibers aggregate into bundles of about The structural material confers form and
40, which are called microfibrils. strength on plant tissue.

Cell Membrane Plant cell membranes are similar in Cell membranes are built of a phospholipid bi-
overall structure and organization to layer that is embedded with various proteins.
animal cell membranes but differ in Phospholipids are essentially fats. This
lipid and protein composition. structure lends itself to two primary membrane
 functions: structure and passage.

Nucleus The spherical nucleus occupies about It stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA,
10 percent of a cell's volume, making and it coordinates the cell's activities, which
it the cell's most prominent feature. include intermediary metabolism, growth,
Most of the nuclear material consists protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell
of chromatin, the unstructured form division).
of the cell's DNA that will organize to
form chromosomes during mitosis or
cell division.

Endoplasmic It is connected to the double-layered The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of sacs

Reticulum and nuclear envelope, providing a pipeline that manufactures, processes, and transports
Ribosomes between the nucleus and the chemical compounds for use inside and outside
cytoplasm. In plants, the endoplasmic of the cell.
reticulum also connects between cells
via the plasmodesmata.

Golgi The plant GA is seen to consist of a The plant Golgi apparatus (GA) is a
Apparatus set of one to several hundred carbohydrate factory serving two major
dispersed Golgi stack-trans-Golgi functions: it assembles the oligosaccharides
network (TGN) units, each of which sidechains of glycoproteins and synthesizes the
is embedded in a ribosome-excluding complex polysaccharides of the cell wall
Golgi matrix.y matrix.

Lysosomes Consists of a collection of enzymes A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains

surrounded by a single-layer digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved
membrane. with various cell processes. They break down
excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be
used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.

Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are the sole site of fatty They play an important role in photorespiration
acid β-oxidation in plant cells and are in conjunction with mitochondria and
involved in generating two chloroplasts.
phytohormones: IAA and JA.
Cytoskeleton The plant cytoskeleton is the network A structure that helps cells maintain their shape
of protein filaments, microtubules, and internal organization, and it also provides
and interconnecting filamentous mechanical support that enables cells to carry
bridges that give shape, structure, and out essential functions like division and
organization to the cytoplasm of the movement.
plant cell.

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts allow plants to capture the energy

of the Sun in energy-rich molecules; cell walls
Chloroplasts have a double-
allow plants to have rigid structures as varied
membrane envelope, an inner volume
as wood trunks and supple leaves; and vacuoles
called stroma, and an internal
allow plant cells to change size.
membrane system rich in thylakoid
membranes, which enclose a third
compartment, the thylakoid lumen.
Chloroplasts are significantly larger
than mitochondria. Other plastids are
found in specialized structures such as
fruits, flower petals, and roots and
have specialized roles.

Mitochondria Mitochondria are double-membrane Plant mitochondria are the main source of
bound organelles, which are tiny, energy generation in photosynthetic cells in the
organ-like structures, and so they're dark and non-photosynthetic cells under all
made up of an outer membrane, an conditions.
inner membrane, and the matrix,
which is inside the inner membrane
and contains high numbers of
proteins, enzymes, and other
molecules necessary for the
production of ATP.

Vacuole The vacuole is usually the most Vacuoles help maintain water balance.
obvious compartment in plant cells. It Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most
is a very large vesicles enclosed by a of the interior space of the plant cell.
single membrane called the tonoplast.
Vacuoles tend to be smaller in young
cells, but in mature cells, they may
occupy more than 50% of the cell’s
volume. Vacuoles occupy the center
of the cell, with the cytoplasm being
located peripherally around it. They
resemble the lysosomes of animal
cells.