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CELL ORGANELLES-WPS Office

The document provides an overview of cell organelles, including their structures and functions within eukaryotic cells. Key organelles discussed include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, each playing vital roles in processes such as energy production, protein synthesis, and cellular regulation. Additionally, it covers the cell membrane, cell wall, and vacuoles, highlighting their importance in maintaining cell integrity and homeostasis.

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7 views33 pages

CELL ORGANELLES-WPS Office

The document provides an overview of cell organelles, including their structures and functions within eukaryotic cells. Key organelles discussed include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, each playing vital roles in processes such as energy production, protein synthesis, and cellular regulation. Additionally, it covers the cell membrane, cell wall, and vacuoles, highlighting their importance in maintaining cell integrity and homeostasis.

Uploaded by

William
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELL

ORGANELLES
By Jey The Scientist
Introduction
• An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm of
a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed within a
membrane and performs a specific job. Organelles
are involved in many vital cell functions. Organelles
in animal cells include the nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles,
and vacuoles. Ribosomes are not enclosed within a
membrane but are still commonly referred to as
organelles in eukaryotic cells.
.
•.
.
•.
.
•.
.
•.
The Nucleus
The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic
cell and is considered to be the cell’s control center. It
contains most of the cell’s DNA, which makes up
chromosomes and is encoded with the genetic
instructions for making proteins. The function of the
nucleus is to regulate gene expression, including
controlling which proteins the cell makes. In addition
to DNA, the nucleus contains a thick liquid called
nucleoplasm that is similar in composition to the
cytosol found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus.
• Most eukaryotic cells contain just a single nucleus,
but some types of cells, such as red blood cells,
.
•.
Mitochondria
• The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is an
organelle that makes energy available to the cell.
• This is why mitochondria are sometimes referred to
as the power plants of the cell. They use energy
from organic compounds such as glucose to make
molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an
energy-carrying molecule that is used almost
universally inside cells for energy.
.
•.
.
•.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (plural, reticuli) is a
network of phospholipid membranes that form hollow
tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs. These flattened,
hollow folds and sacs are called cisternae. The ER has two
major functions:
• Transport: Molecules, such as proteins, can move from
place to place inside the ER, much like on an intracellular
highway.
• Synthesis: Ribosomes that are attached to the ER, similar to
unattached ribosomes, make proteins. Lipids are also
produced in the ER.
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
• is studded with ribosomes, which gives it a “rough”
appearance. These ribosomes make proteins that
are then transported from the ER in small sacs
called transport vesicles. The transport vesicles
pinch off the ends of the ER. The rough
endoplasmic reticulum works with the Golgi
apparatus to move new proteins to their proper
destinations in the cell. The membrane of the RER
is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear
envelope.
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
• does not have any ribosomes attached to it, and so
it has a smooth appearance. SER has many different
functions, some of which include lipid synthesis,
calcium ion storage, and drug detoxification. The
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in both
animal and plant cells and it serves different
functions in each. The SER is made up of tubules
and vesicles that branch out to form a network. In
some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of
RER. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and RER form
an interconnected network.
.
•.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is a large organelle that
processes proteins and prepares them for use both
inside and outside the cell.
• It modifies, sorts, and packages different
substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use
within the cell. It is found close to the nucleus of
the cell where it modifies proteins that have been
delivered in transport vesicles from the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is also involved in the
transport of lipids around the cell.
• It also produces new organelles called lysosomes
.
•.
Centrioles
• Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division.
The function of centrioles is to help organize the
chromosomes before cell division occurs so that
each daughter cell has the correct number of
chromosomes after the cell divides. Centrioles are
found only in animal cells and are located near the
nucleus. Each centriole is made mainly of a protein
named tubulin. The centriole is cylindrical in shape
and consists of many microtubules,
.
•.
Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are


made. Although they are not enclosed within a
membrane, they are frequently considered organelles.
Each ribosome is formed of two subunits. Both subunits
consist of proteins and RNA. RNA from the nucleus
carries the genetic code, copied from DNA, which
remains in the nucleus. At the ribosome, the genetic
code in RNA is used to assemble and join together
amino acids to make proteins. Ribosomes can be found
alone or in groups within the cytoplasm as well as on
the RER
Chloroplasts
• In plants and some algae, organelles known as
chloroplasts serve as the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts contain a pigment known as
chlorophyll, which captures the sun’s energy to
transform water and carbon dioxide into glucose for
food. Chloroplasts allow autotrophic organisms to
meet their energy needs without consuming other
organisms.
.
•.
Lysosome
• The lysosome is the cell’s recycling center. These
organelles are spheres full of enzymes ready to
hydrolyze (chop up the chemical bonds of)
whatever substance crosses the membrane, so the
cell can reuse the raw material. These disposal
enzymes only function properly in environments
with a pH of 5, two orders of magnitude more
acidic than the cell’s internal pH of 7. Lysosomal
proteins only being active in an acidic environment
acts as safety mechanism for the rest of the cell - if
the lysosome were to somehow leak or burst, the
Cell membrane (Plasma
membrane/
Plasmalemma)
• A plasma membrane is composed of lipids and
proteins where the composition might fluctuate
based on fluidity, external environment, and the
different stages of development of the cell
Structure of Cell
Membrane
• Structurally, it consists of a phospholipid bilayer along with two
types of proteins viz. embedded proteins and peripheral proteins
that function in providing shape and allowing the movement of
particles in and out of the cell.
• The most abundant lipid which is present in the cell membrane is a
phospholipid that contains a polar head group attached to two
hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
• The embedded proteins act as channels for the transfer of
particles across the cell with some proteins acting as receptors for
the binding of various components.
• The peripheral proteins function as to provide fluidity as well as
mechanical support to the structure of the cell.
Functions of Cell
Membrane
• The cell membrane provides mechanical support
that facilities the shape of the cell while enclosing
the cell and its components from the external
environment.
• It regulates what can be allowed to enter and exit
the cell through channels, acting as a semi-
permeable membrane, which facilities the
exchange of essential compounds required for the
survival of the cell.
• It generates and distributes signals in and outside
of the cell for the proper functioning of the cell and
.
•.
Cell Wall

• An additional non-living layer present outside the


cell membrane in some cells that provides
structure, protection, and filtering mechanism to
the cell is the cell wall
Structure of Cell Wall

• In a plant cell, the cell wall is made up of cellulose,


hemicellulose, and proteins while in a fungal cell, it
is composed of chitin.
• A cell wall is multilayered with a middle lamina, a
primary cell wall, and a secondary cell wall.
• The middle lamina contains polysaccharides that
provide adhesion and allow binding of the cells to
one another.
• After the middle lamina is the primary cell wall
which is composed of cellulose. The last layer,
Functions of Cell
Wall
• The critical function of the cell wall is protecting
and maintaining the shape of the cell. It also helps
the cell withstand the turgor pressure of the cell.
• It initiates cell division by providing signals to the
cell and allows the passage of some molecules into
the cell while blocking others.
Vacuole
• Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures varying
in size in cells of different organisms.
• Structure of Vacuoles
• The vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called
tonoplast, which encloses fluid containing inorganic
materials like water and organic materials like
nutrients and even enzymes.
• These are formed by the fusion of various vesicles,
so vacuoles are very similar to vesicles in structure
Functions Vacuoles

• Vacuoles act as a storage for nutrients as well as


waste materials to protect the cell from toxicity.
• They have an essential function of homeostasis as it
allows the balance of pH of the cell by influx and
outflow of H+ ions to the cytoplasm.
• Vacuoles contain enzymes that play an important
role in different metabolic processes.
.
•.

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