Contemporary world reviewer: Second, quality of globalization is reflected in the

expansion and the stretching of social relations,

Globalization has no settled definition.
activities, and interdependencies.
Globalization: Process, Condition an Ideology
Third, globalization involves the intensification and
Process - A multidimensional set of social processes acceleration of social exchanges and activities. The
that generate and increase “worldwide social Internet relays distant information in mere seconds, and
interdependence and exchanges while at the same time satellites provide consumers with real-time pictures of
fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening remote events.
connections between the local and the distant.” (Steger,
Fourth, the creation, expansion, and intensification of
2005)
social interconnections and interdependencies do not
 Globalization has taken a long time to happen occur merely on an objective, material level.
 When did globalization actually begin? Thus, Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of
Condition – Globality Scholte (2008) – “ a social social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and
condition characterized by trans-planetary connectivity intensify worldwide social interdependencies and
and supra-territoriality” exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a
growing awareness of deepening connections between
 Trans-planetary – social space or an arena of the local and the distant.
social life
 Supra-territoriality – rendering the national Globalization is a process when the world becomes
borders irrelevant. increasingly interconnected.

Ideology – Globalization exists in people’s  In this process, the world becomes a global
consciousness. A set of coherent and complementary village
beliefs and ideas about the global order. We all can be connected like never before. We are able
6 core claims of globalism: to connect with someone on the other side of the
world, thanks to technology.
 Globalization is liberalization and market
integration The internet allows for a greater spread of ideas and
 Globalization’s inevitability and irreversibility information. There is an international expansion of
 Nobody is in charge of globalization markets and trade.
 Globalization benefits everyone Negative impacts of globalization:
 Globalization leads to more democracy
 Globalization requires a global war on terror  Transnational corporations dominate our
society.
Globalization misconceptions:  Our cultures lose their individuality
 Their uniqueness is replaced by companies and
 Internationalization – state borders
brands
 Liberalization – international trade
 Economic inequality is at an all-time high
 Universalization – homogenization
 The gap between the classes is growing larger,
 Westernization - colonization/Americanization
the rich become richer, and the poor become
They suggest that four distinct qualities or poorer.
characteristics lie at the core of the phenomenon.  It encourages huge companies to seek cheap
labour
First, globalization involves the creation of new and the
 This can promote multinationals to use
multiplication of existing social networks and activities
sweatshops, leading to the exploitation of
that increasingly overcome traditional political,
human rights.
economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.
 Working in these factories can mean long hours,
low pay and terrible conditions.
  People and the environment suffer. Exploitation are. Countries can agree to different levels of
of the poor economic integration.
 Ecological problems such as climate change,
"Preferential trade Agreement" - is a trading block
transportation like airplanes, ships.
where members reduce or remove tariffs on certain
 National environmental standards are ignored.
goods imported and exported throughout their region
 Causes unemployment in industrialized
countries because companies move their "Free Trade Area"- is a block in which countries reduce
factories to places where they get cheaper or remove tariffs on all member nations (ex. North
labor. American free trade agreement)
 Human, animal and plant diseases can also
"Customs Union" - member countries reduce or
spread more quickly.
remove tariffs among themselves and impose a
Advantages of globalization: common tariff against non-member countries.

 Goods are made and sold all over the world "Common Markets Bloc" - countries freely exchange all
 Let’s countries move closer to each other goods, services, labor, and capital.
 People, companies and organizations in "Economic Union" - is a common markets bloc among
different countries can live and work together members that also share one trade policy with non-
 We can exchange goods, money and ideas members
faster and cheaper than ever before
 Modern communication and technology helps "Monetary Union" - Nations share a single currency
us in our daily lives such as the euro
 Globalization lets countries do what they do The good thing about economic integration is its
best members pay smaller expenses to trade which can spur
 Gives you a larger market. You can sell more economic growth. But one member of a bloc can bring
goods and make more money, you can create others down if its economy or growth slows. The more
more jobs. integrated economies become the less flexibility the
 Consumers profit from this, it makes products governments of member nations have to make
cheaper and you can get new goods more adjustments that would benefit themselves
quickly
Sustainable development - economy to grow, and
People and countries can exchange goods more quickly ensure that it would continue to grow in the future
and easily, this process is called globalization.
Worldwide coming together of people and nations. The idea of prosperity can come from material goods
Active exchange of products and economic goods, such as:
service, cultures.  Standard of living
Governments are in favor of globalization because the  Quality of life - social relationship and
economy can grow. environment

Economic Integration During the middle ages, small regions were controlled
by a powerful ruler who would promise the locals
Economic integration security in exchange for financial support. Peasants
 Reduces or eliminates trade barriers among would work for land and pay taxes. Over time these
nations and coordinates monetary and fiscal rulers became more powerful, turning into kings.
policies. Its aims is to reduce costs for This type of economy is a MERCANTILISM, the king
consumers and producers as well as to increase could control the merchants in order to ensure that the
trade between countries. The more integrated monarchy always had enough money to have strong
economies become the fewer trade barriers armies.
exist and the more politically coordinated they
By the 1700s people began to question this. The famous  Started as GATT (General agreement on tariffs
philosopher Adam Smith outlined the ideas of modern and trade)
capitalism. He said that the government shouldn’t be  Works to establish free trade, trade that is free
controlling the economy because the wealth of the from tariffs or other regulatiions that inhibit
nation wasn't in how much gold the king had, but could international trade.
be found in all of the goods and services made by the
people. He argued that anyone should be allowed to Trade bloc - group of countries that work together (ex.
start a business they want, and the invisible hand would NAFTA (canada, us, mexico), EU)
control the economy instead of the king. These trade agreements have its pros and cons
After World War 2 with laissez faire capitalism, a poor Pros:
economy can lead to the rise of support for extreme
political ideas like fascism and communism to fix their  encourages trade between neighbors
problems. Countries then came together to encourage  it expands already succesful programs (ex. Auto
trade with each other to prevent that instability Pact, allowed car parts made in the US or
between countries. They believed that a capitalist Canada without any tariffs being added)
system where the citizens of a country are free to trade  more jobs, promoting sustainable economic
with each other would encourage world peace. development

At Bretton Wood Conference, 44 nations came Cons:

together and signed agreements that created the World
 Those jobs are easier to move around,
Bank and the IMF. The World Bank helps developing
companies set up in areas with cheaper labor
nations get loans from funds funded by developed
costs. Workers migrate to place that pay people
nations. This would strengthen the developing nation’s
more, this then increases the people in the
economy, then encourage international trade. The
labor force, resulting to wages going down.
government of that developing nation must agree to
reduce their govt debt, reduce/eliminate corruption, All of these agreements encourage trade liberalization
and minimize costs associated with social programs which is increased economic globalization.
establishing a more capitalist economy. Friedman and
Transnational corporations become a way of life.
Hayek are strong supporters of capitalist ideas,
including limited government intervention. Communication Technology
World Bank: Transportation Technology - easier and cheaper to ship
goods around the world
 Promotes economic expansion within
developing nations through long term loans for Economic Globalization based on Istvan Benczes’
major projects article
 Receives its funding through contributions from
Economic globalization is a historical process, the result
developed nations and international
of human innovation and technological progress. It
investments.
refers to the increasing integration of economies
IMF: around the world, particularly through the movement
of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term
 Oversees international monetary systems
sometimes also refers to the movement of people
 Stabilizes exchange rates to encourage
(labor) and knowledge (technology) across international
international trade
borders. (IMF, 2008)
 Provides short term loans to support economic
development Interconnected Dimensions:
 Monitors currencies.
1. The globalization of trade of goods and
World trade organization services;
 2. The globalization of financial and capital Roosevelt aide, Harry Hopkins, while meeting at
markets; the White House on December 29th, 1941
3. The globalization of technology and
Who are the members?
communication; and
4. The globalization of production.  There are 193 member states of the United
Nations, in addition to the member states, the
Internationalization – is about the extension of
UN also invites 2 non-member states to become
economic activities of nation states across borders
observers at the UN General Assembly
Economic Globalization – is functional integration (Currently two: the Holy See and Palestine).
between internationally dispersed activities Allowing them to participate and speak in the
General Assembly meeting, but not vote.
‘In economic terms globalization is nothing but a
process making the world economy an “organic system” The Secretary General of the United Nations is Antonio
by extending transnational economic processes and Guterres, a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is
economic relations to more and more countries and by serving as the ninth Secretary General of the United
deepening the economic interdependencies among Nations.
them.’ (Szentes)
What is the United Nations?
States ceased to exist as primary economic organization
units in the wake of a global market. People are  The United Nations is an international
consuming highly standardized global products and organization founded in 1945 committed to
services produced by global corporations in a maintain peace, develop relations, promote
borderless world. Globalization transforms the national social progress and create better living
economy into a global one where ‘there will be no standards and human rights for all the nations
national products or technologies, no national in the world
corporations, no national industries’ The UN has 4 main purposes:
In all probability the major players of present-day global  To keep peace throughout the world.
economy are the transnational corporations (TNCs). For  To develop friendly relations among nations.
some, contemporary globalization is equated primarily  To help nations work together to improve the
with TNCs, the main driving forces of economic lives of poor people.
globalization of the last 100 years, accounting for  To be a center to achieve these goals.
roughly two-thirds of world export (Gereffi, )
Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)
All in all, the current trade regime and especially its
main propagator, the WTO, is heavily criticized for ‘a
striking asymmetry. National boundaries should not
matter for trade flows and capital flows but should be
clearly demarcated for technology flows and labor flows
… This asymmetry … lies at the heart of inequality in
the rules of the game for globalization’ (Nayyar, 2002)

UNITED NATIONS

Who headed the United Nations?

- 8 goals that they plan to achieve by 2015
 The people who headed the United Nations are
- Signed officially in Jan 1, 2016 and governments
also the people who wrote the text of the
began to mobilize efforts to achieve the goals.
Declaration of United Nations. They were
written by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and
Sustainable Development Goals - “To promote international cooperation and to
achieve peace and security”
(1) No Poverty
(2) Zero Hunger, What does it take to be a United Nations Member?
(3) Good Health and Well-being
- Membership in the organization, in accordance
(4) Quality Education
with the charter of the United Nations. “is open
(5) Gender Equality
to all peace-loving states that accept the
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation
obligations contained in the United Nation
(7) Affordable and Clean Energy
Charter and, in the judgement of the
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth
organization, are able to carry out their
(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
obligations.”
(10) Reducing Inequality
(11) Sustainable Cities and Communities Why not Palestine?
(12) Responsible Consumption and Production
(13) Climate Action - It is considered not an independent state.
(14) Life Below Water - There are no prevalent political rights.
(15) Life On Land - There are staggering territorial issues to be
(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions discussed.
(17) Partnerships for the Goals Why not Vatican City?
UN adapted the 17 SDGs that aims to end all forms of - There are no established civil laws that
poverty by the year 2030 concerns with as a political governing body
Signed officially in Jan 1, 2016 and governments began - Separation between state and church
to mobilize efforts to achieve the goals. How was the United Nations Formed?
When did the United Nations start? - On the New Year of 1942, 26 representatives
- The United Nation was originally drafted by gathered at Washington to sing a treaty. “The
President Franklin Roosevelt during the World Declaration by United Nations”, a document
War II, on January 1, 1942 and later on that pledges these 26 nations to maximize their
members of this alliance drafted a charter for a war effort and bound them against making a
post- war organization. And lastly on October separate peace.
24, 1945, the United Nation was officially - On the year 1945, 50 nations gathered together
recognized alongside 51 members. for the San Francisco Conference
- The United Nations officially forming on 24
Significant events in the history of the UN October 1945.
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted Who will be included under the Global Governance of
(1948) the United Nations?
- World Food Program established (1961)
- UNICEF wins Nobel Peace Prize (1965) - The ones who are included under the Global
- Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Governance are those countries who belong to
Weapons (1968) the United Nations as there are 195 countries in
- First-ever UN Emergency Health Mission (2014) the world today. This total comprises of 193
countries that are member states of the United
What pushed the formation of the United Nations? Nations and 2 countries that are non-member
observer states: the Holy See and the State of
- It was during the 2nd world war, when
Palestine.
representatives of 26 nations pledged their
governments to continue fighting together How does the UN work?
against the axis power.
- The UN has 6 different parts/organs (or the UN
Why was the United Nations formed? System)
 - General Assembly When does the UN intervene when it comes to
- Security Council managing global issues and international
- The Economic and Social Council concerns?
- The Trusteeship Council
- The United Nation intervenes internationally
- The International Court of Justice
when there is an occurred threat towards the
- The Secretariat
maintenance of peace or if there is a
Will it be exclusively for the members of the union? humanitarian threat.
- When it comes to global issues, the United
- Global Governance is NOT exclusive only for
Nation responds to this with their subfields and
those who belong in the union because it aims
programs that are dedicated to help solve a
to give solutions to the problems and issues of
particular issue that one country faces; such as
the world, to improve the economy,
poverty, monetary, environmentally, & etc.
development, finance, trade and lives of people
in terms of security, peace and justice making it European Union (EU)
multi-faceted.
- Is essentially an attempt to create one big
What do we mean by Global Governance? nation out of many nations in Europe.
- Is set up with the aim of ending the frequent
- Global Governance is an interdisciplinary study
and bloody wars between neighbors
of power and authority in the global arena.
United Nations (UN)
What do we mean by State and Non State Actors?
- Is an organization that is trying to promote
- Actors are entities that participate in or
cooperation and peaceful relations (on a
promote international relations.
voluntary basis) between independent
- State Actors are entities that represent their
countries.
government and promote international
relations. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- Non State Actors are entities that do not
- Is a regional trade and economic organization
represent a government but have significant
with 10 member nations who work together to
political influence.
promote common governance structures to
Actors should at least: improve the economic and social strength of
the regional overall.
- Have overall capacity to decide on their
purpose. The UN fulfill its mission of Modern Governance by:
- Have necessary resources to achieve their
- “Preventing disputes among nations from
interests.
escalating into war, or to help restore peace
- Be significant enough to influence the state to
when armed conflict does break out, and to
state relations
promote lasting peace in societies emerging
Intergovernmental Organizations from wars.”
- Promoting democracy and open governance, as
- Group of important players in the international
well as coordinating policy review, dialogue and
scene established by states through a treaty.
recommendations on both the environmental
- IGO's are operated by states and cannot decide
and human rights, and ensuring that all nations
on their own without their consent
are independent and self-governing.
Nongovernmental Organizations - Fostering communication between member
states to achieve global goals.
- Non-profit organizations that advocate or
pursue policies for the benefit of the common The United Nations as the primary venue and formal
good. arrangement for global governance involving states
and non-state actors.
United Nations: - Comprised by the strongest military states and
is a concrete manifestation of the reality of
- Is a multipurpose international organization
power dynamics
- Gives aid and support
- 15 members
- Resolves territorial disputes
- (5) China, France, Great Britain, Russia and the
- Is a ultimate organization
UD
- Has big connections
- (10) 2 year terms
6 Principal Organs of the UN: - 5 (African and Asian states); 1 (Eastern
European states), 2 (Latin American states) and
(1) General Assembly 2 (Western European and other states)
(2) Security Council
(3) Secretariat Functions of the UN Security Council:
(4) International Court of Justice
- Investigating any situation that has the
(5) Economic and Social Council
potential of creating international tensions
(6) Specialized Agencies
- Call for military action towards an aggressor or
General Assembly threat
- Impose economic sanction and other measures
- Made up of 193 states - Determine the existence of a breach of peace
- Annually meets every September and actions to be pursued
- Elects the non-permanent members of the -
Security Council (UNSC)
- Each country has 1 vote Secretariat
- Debates issues and problems
- Provides studies and information that the UN
- Is the only UN organ with universal
needs
representation, with all 193 members’ state
- Communicate to different councils
represented in the body.
- Headed by Ban Ki Moon
- Decides on essential questions with a simple
majority, while concerns related to peace and International Court of Justice
security, budgetary matters and new
- Where international laws are debated and
membership admissions require 2/3 majority.
prosecuted
- GA President and 21 VP
- composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms
- Can only make recommendations when a
and are appointed by the General Assembly
dispute is being discussed by the Security
Council. Economic and Social Council
- Collective action in times of crises may be
coursed through the: SC, GA and the Office of - Centers on helping developing countries
the SecGen - Promotes human rights
- - Works with agencies like WHO (World Health
Organization)
Security Council
The UN Main Bodies:
- Exist to maintain international peace and
prevent conflict 1. UN General Assembly
- 15 members Is the main deliberative organ of the UN and is
- 5 permanent members: China, France, Russia, composed of representatives of all Member States
the United Kingdom, and the United States
- Most potent organ with the power to make 2. UN Security Council
legally binding resolutions. It has primary responsibility for the maintenance of
international peace and security.

3. UN Economic and Social Council

Is the principal organ to coordinate the economic, social - The United Nations is an International
and related work of the UN and the specialized agencies organization founded in 1945 after the Second
and institutions World War by 51 countries committed to:

4. UN Secretariat o Maintaining international peace and

security
It carries out the day-to-day work of the
Organization. It services the other principal organs and o Developing friendly relations among
carries out tasks as varied as the issues dealt with by the nations
UN: administering peacekeeping operations, surveying o Promoting social progress
economic and social trends, preparing studies on o Better living standards and
human rights, among others.
o Human rights.
5. International Court of Justice - Due to its unique international character, the
Is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It Organization can take action on a wide range of
settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory issues, and provide a forum for its 192 Member
opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies. Its States to express their views.
Statute is an integral part of the United Nations Charter. - As of 2018, there are 195 countries (193
countries that are member states of the United
Nations and 2 countries that are non-member
UN Trusteeship Council observer states: the Holy See and the State of
Palestine.)
- Currently inactive
- Made in the 1940s to help developing countries - Primary organization for international
become independent countries cooperation, peace and security.
- Suspended in the 1990s after helping 70
- The only international organization that can
countries become independent
authorize the use of force against an aggressor.
What is Global Governance?
- UN is a membership directed organization and
- The formal and informal arrangements that the members are all states. This strongly affects
produce a degree of order and collective action what it can do.
above the state in the absence of a global The UN System
government that involve coordination of the
state and non- state actors. (Young) - The United Nations System is the whole
- Encompasses the totality of institutions, network of: International Organizations,
policies, norms, procedures and initiatives treaties, and conventions
through which States and their citizens try to That were created by the UN
bring more predictability, stability and order to Philippines and the UN
their responses to transnational challenges.
- Effective global governance can only be - Philippines joined 49 other nations in signing
achieved with effective international the United Nations Charter in October 24,
cooperation. 1945.
- The actions of any State can and often do - Dr. Carlos Peña Romulo, the former Foreign
affect the welfare of other States. This Secretary and Philippine Ambassador to the
imposition of mutual externalities and the United Nations (from 1946 to 1954) was the
existence of global goods provides both the first Asian to become president of the UN
need and justification for global governance. General Assembly.
- In consultation with partners and stakeholders,
The United Nations the unique blend of assets which distinguish the
UN System from other multilateral and bilateral
 development players include its strengths as: (i) - Global North is generally viewed to be more
an advocate for the poor and vulnerable, affluent and economically stable countries.
working for the realization of human rights, Includes the G8 countries
MDGs, global norms and standards; (ii) an - Global South includes most nations located in
honest broker towards inter-sectoral and multi- Africa, Latin America and the developing parts
level consensus and partnerships on sensitive of Asia with the exception of Japan
issues and for humanitarian responses; (iii) an - Classification is more than just geographical
innovator and repository of global best
UNDP’s Human Development Index
practices and knowledge on complex
development issues; and (iv) an enabler, Global North – 64 countries who have high HDI
supporting capacity development of duty
bearers and claimholders. Global South – 133 countries
(https://unicmanila.org/the-un-in-the-
region/the-un-in-the-philippines/)

LOCATING THE GLOBAL SOUTH

“Global North vs. Global South”

Brandt Line GNI per capita - Gross national income (GNI) is the sum
of value added by all resident producers plus any
- The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the
North-South divide between their economies, valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income
based on GDP per capita, proposed by Willy (compensation of employees and property income)
Brandt in the 1980s. It encircles the world at a from abroad.
latitude of 30° N, passing between North and
Central America, north of Africa and India, but
lowered towards the south to include Australia
and New Zealand above the line.

NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

- “richer and poorer countries”

- More of a socio political and economic
classification
 - Former colonial entities are almost
categorizable as states in an international
system of governance.
- Terms like 3rd world, developing world, global
south are all ways to represent interstate
inequalities
- The term interstate is crucial because we are
discussing imbalances of aggregate economic
and political power between states.
- Focus on the state and interstate dynamics
creates a methodological narrowing, which
ignores the richness of non-state politics.

What is hidden when we emphasize the state?

- Former colonial entities are almost

The term “global south” and similar categories are categorizable as states in an international
relevant to the study of globalization; (as a result of system of governance.
large scale political projects –MAY SERVE AS - Terms like 3rd world, developing world, global
RHETORICAL ANCHORS IN A GRAMMAR THAT south are all ways to represent interstate
REPRESENTS GLOBAL DIFFERENCE inequalities
Levander and Mignolo (2011) “the important question - The term interstate is crucial because we are
may not be “what the global south is” but rather “for discussing imbalances of aggregate economic
whom and under what conditions the global south and political power between states.
becomes relevant” - Focus on the state and interstate dynamics
creates a methodological narrowing, which
Sparke (2007) – The Global South is everywhere, but it ignores the richness of non-state politics.
is also somewhere and that somewhere, located at the - Increase and intensification of global flows
intersection of entangled political geographies of spread both poverty and affluence.
dispossession and repossession. - Spaces of underdevelopment in developed
countries may mirror the poverty of the global
Global South is…
south and spaces of affluence in the developing
Both a reality and provisional work in progress world mirror of the global north.
- Various forms of inequality cut across national
- Examine how actors on the ground, particularly
boundaries and Marx was correct to claim “the
from the global south itself, mobilize the
proletariat has no country”
concept
- There is a global south in the global north and
- Should not be defined a priori, but rather
vice versa
articulated in the context of provisional and
mutable processes of political praxis. Allows us Reasons why insist on analyzing state and interstate
to historicize it and be mindful inequalities
- Concomitantly, the global south can be located
- Decolonization process produced states now
in between the objective reality of global
recognized as sovereign under the system of
inequality and the various subjective
international law promoted by UN.
experiences to these.
- Solutions to problems produced by
- There is no uniform global south and academic
globalization are largely forwarded and
analysis is in a better position to document its
articulated on a state level.
articulation rather than set its ontological limits
- The state remains the main mechanism for
Emphasizing the State: social transfers, making it the strongest vehicle
for social redistribution
 - State’s ability to protect the environment. The universalization of Western liberal democracy (Francis
global environmental crisis is a reflection of Fukuyama)
interstate inequality
The Lexus is a metaphor for the marvels of
- Phenomena largely considered as transnational
technological development and global integration.
are the results of state policies
- State as an important unit of analysis The "Olive Tree" serves as a metaphor for cultural
heritage, identity, spirituality, ritual, conventional, old
In the global south, the struggle for autonomous
ways, community, values, home, national identity and
governance is largely waged as a struggle to
all the things that provide a person's meaning and value
democratize the state in order to make it responsive to
in life.
the needs of the people on the ground rather than the
demand of external power All Lexus and no Olive Tree result in people with no
sense of identity or self. People that have only the
Colonialism, Modernity, and Global Inequality:
Olive Tree are either going to become poor or remain
Global south – A product of western imagination cut off from the major sources of economic growth in
the world today.
Colonization – A necessary tool for the spread of
“civilization” Half the world lusts "the Lexus." Half of the world fights
over the olive tree.
Creation of the UN
This is the reality of globalization.
Continued through theories that either homogenize the
global south or present its development in linear terms. Challenge of the Colonial Order

“The global south, therefore, continues to be imagined

and reimagined by those who dominate it even as
movements from below reshape these constructions
through resistance”

Overdomination and Reification of Global South:

- Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations

- Francis Fukuyama’s End of History
- Thomas Friedman’s Lexus metaphor

“What we may be witnessing is not the end of the Cold There is a global south in the global north and there is
War but the end of history as such; that is, the end a global north in the global south.
point of man’s ideological evolution and
The Global South: Globalization

- ills of the global south is globalized. - A process that transforms the Asia Pacific and
- The global south has routinely provided models South Asia.
of resistance for the world. - A force for good bringing economic
- Rising discussion of the environment development, political progress, and social and
cultural diversity to the region.
ASIAN REGIONALISM
A. Economy
Globalization and the Asia Pacific and South Asia
- Opening to world market
Acceleration of
- increasing globalized economic system and
Globalization (introduced
benefitted from export oriented growth
and led by western Neither of the two is
countries) absolute policies
Emerging influence of - Southeast Asian ‘tigers’
Asia as a GLOBAL FORCE - close ties between the state and business elite
- autonomous decision-making structure
- rise of manufacturing

B. Politics
Why would we consider ASIA as an emerging global
force? - Substantial fall in authoritarian regimes with a
corresponding rise in democratic regimes. This
- the center of gravity of the global economy is has been attributed to a number of factors
shifting to Asia; and including rising middle classes, a more globally
- play a larger role in global economic leadership. connected world, and the end of the Cold War
How can Regionalism benefit Asia? (Huntington, 1991).

- Regional cooperation, effectively structured and ASIA AS THE SUBJECT OF GLOBALIZATION

implemented, is a powerful new tool in Asia’s Proofs:
policy arsenal.
- -It can help Asia address regional challenges as - spice trade
well as provide stronger foundations for its - China’s unprecedented maritime fleet,
global role. - early 15th century under Zeng Ho as far as
Africa
How can we achieve this? - Colonies in Asia influenced the west
- COOPERATION. - Japanese development in the 1950’s, 1960’s,
- Yet the challenge of cooperation should not be 1970’s
underestimated; it will require trust, - Globalized key parts of the world.
innovation, and compromise—and, most likely, - At present, China is one of the world’s importer
time. of raw materials.
- availability of Chinese goods and loans for
How can Asian regionalism benefit the world? consumptions
- So long as Asia’s economies continue to - India’s textile and low
integrate not just with each other, but also with - wage sector
the rest of the world, sustained Asian - source of international migrant labor and
dynamism, strengthened by regional domestic helpers
cooperation, could bolster Asia’s role as a new - adoption of ‘Open regionalism’/open
and stabilizing engine of global economic membership in Asian organizations-APEC
growth. - source of wide variety of cultural phenomena

An Externalist view of Globalization:

 - e.g. Hello Kitty, anime, Pokemon, Power - Plus Three Process would remain as the main
Rangers, Kung-fu, Bollywood, K-Wave (K-pop, vehicle towards the long-term goal of building
Gangnam style) an East Asian community, with ASEAN as the
driving force
Asian Region as an alternative to Globalization
- “…The future scope of ASEAN Plus Three
- Asia is a source of resistance to Globalization cooperation would include, but not be limited
to, the following areas: (1) Political and Security
Ex. Cooperation; (2) Economic and Financial
East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere (1930s-1940s) Cooperation; (3) Energy, Environment, Climate
Change and Sustainable Development
- “Asia for Asiatics” Cooperation; (4) Socio-cultural and
- Japan, Manchukuo, Outer Mongolia, China, Development Cooperation; and, (5) establish an
Burma, Philippines, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation Fund”
Thailand as members of the Sphere (Beasley,
2000 as cited by Kimura, 2014) Asian Regional Arrangements

Asian Values (Mid to late 1990s) Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) (Islamic Congregation)

- “Asia has culturally distinct characteristics that - “Alleged goal… is to create an Islamic state in
make it different from Western liberal Indonesia followed by a pan-Islamic caliphate
democracies”(Kimura, 2014 citing Mohamed incorporating Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and
Mahathir) the Southern Philippines” (ICG, 2002b as cited
- In a democratic framework, the Asian way is by Kimura, 2014)
reaching consensus on national goals, which is - “…JI articulated an alternative vision of political
in contrast with the Western values where and social organization in the region, one that
every individual can do what he likes… clashes directly with the paradigm of
(Langlois, 2001 as cited by Kimura, 2014) globalization” (ICG, 2002b as cited by Kimura,
- “Asians tend to respect authority, hard work, 2014)
thrift, and emphasize community over the Emerging Local Movements
individual”(Kimura, 2014)
- “Concepts such as individual rights, political Santi Suk in Thailand (2009)
liberalism, and democracy are Western
- “…Created their own currency, bia [loosely
concepts, antithetical to the Asian
translated as merit], and operates through a
tradition”(Kimura, 2014)
‘central bank’ located within the village
(Hookway, 2009 as cited by Kimura, 2014)
- “The currency can be used to purchase various
commodities but cannot be used outside of
participating villages and cannot be exchanged
for Thailand baht” (Kimura, 2014)

Lok Samiti in India

- “…Advocates local village level education and

development and campaigns against the Coca
Cola bottling plant in Mehdiganj” (Kimura, 2014
citing Lok Samiti)
ASEAN + 3 SECOND JOINT STATEMENT ON EAST ASIA
COOPERATION of 2007 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Japan, n.d.)