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Differential Equations:: Cagayan State University-Carig Campus

This document is a lecture module on differential equations that discusses orthogonal and isogonal trajectories. It begins by introducing the topic and definitions of orthogonal and isogonal trajectories. Orthogonal trajectories intersect at 90 degree angles, while isogonal trajectories intersect at a constant angle. The document then provides examples of finding orthogonal and isogonal trajectories of various equations by setting up and solving the appropriate differential equations. The purpose is to enhance students' skills in solving differential equations of the first order and apply them to problems involving orthogonal and isogonal trajectories.

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john dave rivas
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2K views3 pages

Differential Equations:: Cagayan State University-Carig Campus

This document is a lecture module on differential equations that discusses orthogonal and isogonal trajectories. It begins by introducing the topic and definitions of orthogonal and isogonal trajectories. Orthogonal trajectories intersect at 90 degree angles, while isogonal trajectories intersect at a constant angle. The document then provides examples of finding orthogonal and isogonal trajectories of various equations by setting up and solving the appropriate differential equations. The purpose is to enhance students' skills in solving differential equations of the first order and apply them to problems involving orthogonal and isogonal trajectories.

Uploaded by

john dave rivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cagayan State University–Carig Campus

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LECTURE MODULE 10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: CHAPTER 3

TOPIC 10
ORTHOGONAL AND ISOGONAL TRAJECTORIES

In Chapter 2, we have studied all the different solutions in solving a differential equation in the first order
and first degree, including linear differential equations and Bernoulli’s equations. These solutions are unique in their
own forms but provide same answers to a particular equation as long as applicable.

Having mastered these solutions, we now proceed to the physical applications of first-order first-degree
differential equations. The entire Chapter 3 will focus on the understanding of differential equations to different
physical applications by applying the solutions studied on the previous chapter. Let us begin with orthogonal and
isogonal trajectories.

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

1. enhance techniques in solving differential equation of order one;


2. perform these solutions in solving equations for orthogonal and isogonal trajectories.

1.1 Orthogonal and Isogonal Trajectories

A trajectory or path of a moving particle is said to be isogonal if a given family of curves in a plane 𝐺 intersects
another curve at another plane 𝑇 at a constant angle, θ. Similarly, a trajectory is said to be orthogonal to the trajectory
of another moving particle if their tangent lines at their point of intersection makes an angle of 90° with respect to
each other.

For isogonal families that intersect at (𝑥, 𝑦) with slope 𝑚 𝑇 (plane 𝑇) and 𝑚𝐺 (plane 𝐺), they intersect at the constant
angle θ, where:
𝑚 𝑇 − 𝑚𝐺
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚 𝑇 𝑚𝐺

𝑑𝑦
From Calculus 1, it was known that the slope of the curve at any point is given by its first derivative, 𝑑𝑥. From
Mathematics for Engineers, we have known that if two lines are perpendicular to each other, their slopes are the
negative reciprocal of each other. We will make use of these in order to determine the orthogonal trajectories of a
given curve.

Example 1:

Find the isogonal trajectories intersecting the hyperbolas 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝐶) = 1 at 45°.

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
Eliminate the arbitrary constant 𝐶 and solve 𝑑𝑥 .

ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 1 | Page


Cagayan State University–Carig Campus
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LECTURE MODULE 10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: CHAPTER 3

𝑑𝑦
Since we do not know the value of 𝑚 𝑇 , assume that 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦′. Use the formula:

Solve the differential equation by separation of variables.

Example 2:

Find the orthogonal trajectories of 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 3 .

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
Eliminate the arbitrary constant 𝐶 and solve 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑚𝐺 represents the slope of the given curve. So we get the negative reciprocal of 𝑚𝐺 to get the slope of the tangent
to the orthogonal trajectories of the curve, 𝑚 𝑇 .

Solve the differential equation by separation of variables.

ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 2 | Page


Cagayan State University–Carig Campus
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LECTURE MODULE 10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: CHAPTER 3

Example 3:

Find the orthogonal trajectories of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

Solution:

By following the steps in Example 2,

Example 3:

Find the orthogonal trajectories of 𝑥 2 = 2𝐶𝑦.

Solution:

Canva. (n.d.). Retrieved from Canva: www.canva.com


Zill, D. G., & Wright, W. S. (2013). Succeeding with Differential Equations (8th Edition). Cengage Learning.

ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 3 | Page

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