QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
Engineering of Engineers
Solutions Tasked to Provide
for the Society”

HGSGSG
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

MODULE 1

I. TOPICS/SUBJECT MATTER

1. Introduction / Definition
1.1. Definition and Classifications of Differential Equations (DE)
1.2. Solution of a DE
2. Solution of some 1st order DE
2.1. Variable Separable
2.2. Exact Equation
2.3. Linear Equation
2.4. Substitution Methods
2.4.1. Homogeneous Coefficients
2.4.2. Bernoulli’s Equation

II. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Define and evaluate the meaning and classifications of Differential equations.

2. Apply the fundamental principles of Differential Equations.
3. Understand the process and solutions in solving the Differential Equations

III. LESSON PRESENTATION

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION/DEFINITION
Definition and Classifications of Differential Equations (DE)

 Differential Equation is the equation that contains one or more terms involving
derivatives of one variable with respect to another variable. An equation containing at
least one derivative.

Example 1.1: The following are the examples of differential equations:

dy
a. = 2x + 5
dx
d2 s
b. − k2 s + a = 0
dt2
c. (x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2xydy =0
∂u ∂2 u ∂2 u
d. = h2 ( 2 + 2 )
∂t ∂x ∂y
3
d2 W dW
e. ( 2 ) + xy ( + W = k)
dx dx

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1.1. Types of D. E.
 Ordinary Differential Equation- an equation containing only one independent
variable. Thus, having only ordinary derivatives in the equation.

 Partial Differential Equation – an equation containing two or more independent

variable, thus having partial derivatives in the equation.

1.2. Order of a D.E.

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest ordered derivative
which appears in the equation.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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1.3. Degree of a D.E.

The degree of a differential equation is the degree (exponent) of the highest ordered
derivative which appears in the equation.

EXAMLPLE 1.2: Consider the examples (a) to (e) given in Example 1. Tabulated below are
the classifications of these five (5) differential equations:

LESSON 2: Linearity of D.E.

A DE of order n is said to be linear if:

 The dependent variable and its derivative occur to the first degree.
 No products of the dependent variable and 1 or any of its derivatives
are present.
Consider the DE
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑜 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The general form of the nth order linear DE. Hence, an ordinary DE that cannot be
written in the above condition is called Non- linear DE.

ORDER

DEGREE

PARTIAL ORDINARY

LINEAR NON-LINEAR

HOMOGENOUS NON-HOMOGENOUS

Example 2.1: Classify the following DE as Linear or Non-linear.

1. 𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 _________linear__________
2. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 0 ______Non - linear________
3
𝑑2 𝑊 𝑑𝑊
3. ( ) + 𝑥𝑦 ( + 𝑊 = 𝑘) _________linear___________
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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LESSON 3: Solution to an Ordinary Differential Equation

The solution to an ordinary differential equation is another equation free of any derivatives or
differentials expressing the functional relationship between the dependent and independent
variables and which, when substituted into the equation, reduces it to identity.

I. Types of solutions of a D.E.

1. General Solution: The solution is said to be general if it contains atleast one
arbitrary constant.
2. Particular Solution: The solution to a differential equation is said to be particular if it
does not contain any arbitrary constants.
 Determination of the particular solution: Since there are 𝑛 arbitrary constants
in the complete solution to an nth- ordered differential equation, there must
necessarily be 𝑛 given initial or boundary conditions for the determination of
these constants. With the knowledge of these constants, which are obtained
upon substitution of the given conditions to the general solution, the
corresponding particular solution is determined.
 Remarks:
1. The term initial condition is used when the independent variable is the time
and the conditions are given at zero-time, 𝑡 = 0.
2. The term boundary is used if the independent variable is anyone of the
spatial coordinates, x, y, or z and the conditions given are for known values of
anyone of these coordinates.

Example 3.1: SOLUTION TO AN ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Find the solutions to the second-ordered differential equation 𝒚′′ = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒.

 The solution to the second ordered differential equation 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 4 is anyone of the

following equations: by using derivative;

a. 𝑦1 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2
b. 𝑦2 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
c. 𝑦3 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥
d. 𝑦4 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 where a and b are constant

Example 3.2: DETERMINATION OF THE PARTICULAR SOLUTION

2. Consider one of the general solution in example 3.1, given the following boundary
conditions:
𝑦 = 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0. Determine the particular solution.

For example consider the fourth solution (d) 𝒚𝟒 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃

 Substitution of the given boundary conditions to the general solution 𝒚𝟒 results in the
following:
(1, 5) 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐(𝟏)𝟑 + 𝒂(𝟏) + 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 = 𝒂 + 𝒃

(0, 3) 𝟑= 𝟎+𝟎+𝟎+𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒃=𝟑

Therefore 𝒂 = −𝟏

 The particular solution to the equation d under given conditions then is:
𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟑

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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“Let us Build
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LESSON 4: The Elimination of Arbitrary Constant

Methods for the elimination of arbitrary constants vary with the way in which the constants
enter the given relation. A method that is efficient for one problem may be poor for another.
One fact persists throughout. Because each differentiation yields a new relation, the number
of derivatives that need be used is the same as the number of arbitrary constants to be
eliminated. Consider the following cases:
(a) Of order equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the given relation.
(b) Consistent with that relation
(c) Free from arbitrary constants.

Example 4.1: Eliminate the arbitrary constants 𝐜𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝟐 from the relation
Differentiation.
𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 (1)

Solution: since two constants are to be eliminated, obtain the two derivatives,

𝒚′ = −𝟐𝒄𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 (2)

𝒚" = 𝟒𝒄𝟏 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 (3)

The elimination of 𝑐1 from equation 2 and 3 yields

𝒚" + 𝟐𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟓𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙

The elimination of 𝑐1 from equation 1 and 2 yields

𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 hence 𝒚" + 𝟐𝒚′ = 𝟑(𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚) or

𝒚" − 𝒚′ − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎

Example 4.2: Eliminate C from the equation x 3 − 3x 2 y = C.

Solution: by differentiation

3x 2 dx − [3x 2 dy + 3y(2xdx)] = 0 Divide all by 3x

xdx − xdy − 2ydx Therefore in the simplest form

(𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲)𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱𝐝𝐲

Example 4.3: Eliminate B and ∝ from the relation

𝑥 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎) (4)

In which 𝜔 is a Parameter (not to be eliminated). First we obtain two derivative of x with

respect to t:
𝑑𝑥
= −𝜔𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 ) (5)
𝑑𝑡

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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“Let us Build
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HGSGSG
𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝜔2 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 ). (6)
𝑑𝑡 2

Comparison of equations (4) and (6) shows at once that

𝒅𝟐 𝒙
+ 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐

SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 1

In each of the following, eliminate the arbitrary constants.

1. cxy + c 2 x + 4 = 0 Answer: 𝐱 𝟑 (𝐲 ′ )𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲𝐲 ′ + 𝟒 = 𝟎
2. ysinx − xy 2 = C Answer: 𝐲(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 − 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 − 𝟐𝐱𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎
3. x 2 y = 1 + Cx Answer: (𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝟏)𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟑 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

LESSON 5: SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

In the solution of an ordinary first ordered differential equation, the simplest is the one in
which the variables, say x and y, can be separated. By this, it means that the function of x
times dx is separable from the function y times dy.

𝑑𝑦
𝐹 (𝑑𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 (a) General form of the first ordered differential equation

 The equation a above may also be written in terms of the differentials dx and dy.

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (b)

or simply

Mdx + Ndy = 0 (c)

Where M and N are both functions of x and y

 For the case where the variables are separable, Equation (b) and (c) is written as

f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 (d)

which is the standard form of the first-ordered ordinary differential equation with variable
separable.
 It is easily seen that the standard solution to equation (d) is:

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
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Example 5.1: find the complete solution of the differential equation

dy 2x + 2xy 2
=
dx y + 2x 2 y

Solution:

a. Using cross multiplication the given D.E. may be written as

𝐲(𝟏 + 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 )𝐝𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱(𝟏 + 𝐲 𝟐 )𝐝𝐱

(𝟏+𝟐𝐱 𝟐 )𝐲𝐝𝐲 (𝟏+𝐲 𝟐 )𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱

= (𝟏+𝐲𝟐)(𝟏+𝟐𝐱𝟐)
(𝟏+𝐲 𝟐 )(𝟏+𝟐𝐱 𝟐 )

𝐲𝐝𝐲 𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱
= (𝟏+𝟐𝐱𝟐 )
(𝟏+𝐲 𝟐 )

𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱 𝐲𝐝𝐲
(𝟏+𝟐𝐱 𝟐 )
− (𝟏+𝐲𝟐) = 𝟎 Standard form

 By integration

𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱 𝐲𝐝𝐲
∫ 𝟐 − ∫ (𝟏+𝐲𝟐 ) =𝟎
(𝟏+𝟐𝐱 )

Let u = 1 + 2x 2 ; du = 4xdx
Let u = 1 + 𝑦 2 ; du = 2ydy
Neutralizing factor (N. f) = 1/2

b. Integration of each term leads to

1 1
ln(1 + 2x 2 ) − ln(1 + y 2 ) = C
2 2

1+2x2
Or ln √ =𝐶 General solution
1+y2

c. Find the particular solution when x=1 and y= 2

1+2(1)2
C = ln √ 1+(2)2 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟔

1+2x2
ln √ 1+y2 = −0.26 Particular solution

Example 5.2: Determine the particular solution of ex ey dx − e−2y dy = 0

When y=0 and x=0

Solution:

a. From the given D.E.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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“Let us Build
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𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− =0
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦

𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Standard solution

 By integration
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Let u = x ; du = dx
𝐞−𝟑𝐲
𝐞𝐱 + =𝐜 General solution
𝟑

When y=0 and x=0

𝑒 −3(0)
𝑒0 + 3
=𝑐
1 𝟒
1+ =𝑐 ∴ 𝒄=
3 𝟑

𝐞−𝟑𝐲 𝟒
𝐞𝐱 + =𝟑 Particular solution
𝟑

SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 2

1. Obtain the general solution of the following Differential Equations :

2 𝟐
a. xy 3 dx + ex dy = 0 Answer: 𝐞−𝒙 + 𝒚−𝟐 = 𝒄
dy (2−y)2 𝟏⁄
b. = 1 Answer: 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐱) 𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟐 − 𝐲)−𝟏 = 𝐂
dx
2(1+x)2
2. Find the Particular solution of the Differential Equation:
dy y
c. = x(x−x3) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −2
dx
𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐
Answer : + 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 √ = + 𝐥𝐧
𝒙 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 √𝟑

LESSON 6: Homogeneous Differential Equations

a) Homogenous Functions
The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogenous of degree n if there exists a constant n such
that for every quantity r (weather a constant or a variable),

𝐟(𝐫𝐱, 𝐫𝐲) = 𝐫 𝐧 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) (e)

Example 6.1:
1. f(x, y) = 3x 2 − 2xy 2 − 4y 3 is homogenous of degree 3 since

f(rx, ry) = 3(rx)3 − 2(rx)(ry)2 − 4(ry)3

f(rx, ry) = 3r 3 x 3 − 2r 3 xy 2 − 4r 3 y3

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
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HGSGSG
f(rx, ry) = r 3 (3x 2 − 2xy2 − 4y 3 ) and

f(rx, ry) = r 3 f(x, y)

2x
2. f(x, y) = is homogenous of degree zero (0) since
√r2 x2 −r2 y2
2(rx)
f(rx, ry) =
√(rx)2 −(ry)2

2(rx) 2(rx)
f(rx, ry) = =
√r2(x2−y2) r√(x2−y2 )
2x
f(rx, ry) =
√(x2 − y2 )

Homogenous, zero degree

b) Homogeneous Differential Equations

The first – ordered differential equation

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0

Is said to be homogeneous of degree n if

M(rx, ry) = r n M(x, y) And

N(rx, ry) = r n N(x, y)

Remarks: For Mdx + N dy = 0 to be homogeneous, the functions M and N must be both

homogeneous of the same degree.

c) Solution to a Homogeneous Differential Equations

 A homogeneous first-ordered differential equation can be solved by using either of
the following substitutions
y = vx dy = vdx + xdv
x = uy dx = udy + ydv

Remarks: Both substitutions y = vx and x = uy , provide the same solution to a

homogeneous equation. However, in terms of mathematical works, one has a
decided advantage over the other. It is suggested that we use:

 If N is simpler than M use y = vx

 If M is simpler than N use x = uy

The reason for this can easily be verified by the reader as he proceeds on the actual
application of either substitution to a homogeneous equation.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
Engineering of Engineers
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for the Society”

HGSGSG
Example 6.2:
Find the complete solution of (3x + 2y)dx + 2xdy = 0
SOLUTION:

a) The given D.E. is homogeneous of degree 1 since 𝐍 = 𝟐𝐱 is simpler than

𝐌 = 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 , we use
y = vx dy = vdx + xdv Since N is simpler than M

[3x + 2(vx)]dx + 2x(vdx + xdv) = 0

3xdx + 2vxdx + 2vxdx + 2x 2 dv = 0

3xdx + 4vxdx + 2x2 dv = 0

(3 + 4𝑣 )xdx + 2x 2 dv = 0

(3+4𝑣)xdx 2x2dv
(3+4𝑣)x2
+ (3+4𝑣)x2
=0

xdx 2dv
+ (3+4v) = 0 Standard solution
x

b) Integrate

xdx 2dv
∫ + ∫ (3+4v) = 0
x

1
ln(𝑥 ) + 2 ln(3 + 4v) = 0

y
 Then substitute v = x to give

𝟏 𝐲 𝐲
𝐥𝐧(𝒙) + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 (𝟑 + 𝟒 𝒙) = 𝟎 or 𝐥𝐧(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐧 √(𝟑 + 𝟒 𝒙) = 𝟎 ANSWER

Example 6.3:

Determine the particular solution of xy 2 dy − (x 3 − y 3 )dx = 0 ; y = 0 and x = 1.

SOLUTION:

a) This is a D.E. which is homogeneous of degree 3. Once more N is simpler than M, so we

y = vx dy = vdx + xdv
b) Substitute to the given D.E.

x(vx)2 (vdx + xdv ) − (x 3 − (vx )3 )dx = 0

v3 x 3 dx + v2 x 4 dv − x 3 dx − v 3 x 3 dx = 0

Divide each term by x 3 and simplify

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
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v 2 xdv − dx = 0 or
HGSGSG
dx
v 2 dv − =0
x
c) Integrate to give
dx
∫ v 2 dv − ∫ x
=0

v3
− ln x = c
3

y
 Then substitute v = to give
x

y3
− ln x = c
3𝑥 3

d) When y=0, x=1 and C=0, and so the particular solution is

𝐲𝟑 = 𝟑𝐱 𝟑 𝐥𝐧𝐱 ANSWER

SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 3

Find the complete or particular solution of the following differential equations:

1. ydx + (2x + 3y )dy = 0

ANSWER: 𝐱𝐲𝟐 + 𝐲𝟑 = 𝐂
2. (2xy + y 2 )dx − 2x 2 dy = 0 ; y = e, x = e.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲𝐥𝐧𝐱 = 𝟑𝐲
3. xydx + 2(x 2 + 2y 2 )dy = 0; x = 0, y = 1
ANSWER: 𝐲𝟒 (𝟑𝐱𝟐 + 𝟒𝐲𝟐 ) = 𝟒
4. y(x 2 + xy − 2y 2 )dx + x(3y 2 − xy − x 2 )dy = 0

𝐲𝟑
ANSWER: 𝟐𝐲𝟐 𝐥𝐧 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝐂𝐲𝟐
𝐱

LESSON 7: Exact Differential Equations

If there exists a function 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) such that its total differential 𝑑𝐹 is exactly equal to the left
side of the first ordered differential equation represented by equation e.

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = dF (e)

Differentiation:

𝝏𝑴
Where x is constant and y is variable
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝑵
Where y is constant and x is variable
𝝏𝒙

The differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is said to be exact

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= provided that 𝑀, 𝑁, , are continuous functions of x and y.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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HGSGSG
Integration:

𝐅 = ∫ 𝐌(𝐱, 𝐲)𝛛𝐱 + 𝐟(𝐲) y is constant

𝐅 = ∫ 𝐍(𝐱, 𝐲)𝛛𝐲 + 𝐠(𝐱) x is constant

o The first of these two equations is integrated partially relative to x (holding y constant), while
the second is integrated partially to y (holding x constant).
o The constants of partial integration, f(y) and g(x), are found by comparison of these two
possible solutions.

Example 7.1: Test for exactness and find the complete solution of
(𝟐𝐱𝐲 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 )𝐝𝐱 + (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎.
Solution:

Using Differentiation

M = 2xy − 3x 2 ; N = x 2 + 2y

When x is constant

𝛛𝐌 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱
= 𝟐 (𝐱 𝛛𝐲 + 𝐲 𝛛𝐲) − 𝟔𝐱 𝛛𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱
𝛛𝐲

When y is constant

𝛛𝐍 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲
= 𝟐𝐱 ( ) + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝐱
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱

Since the two partials are equal, ∴ the equation is exact.

Using Integration

1. For 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) -------------- y is constant

𝐹 = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 )𝜕𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑥2 3𝑥 3
𝐹 = 2𝑦 − + 𝑓(𝑦)
2 3

𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑓(𝑦)

2. For 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) -------------- x is constant

𝐹 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦)𝜕𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑦2
𝐹 = 𝑥2𝑦 + 2 + 𝑔(𝑥)
2

𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑥)

In comparison of 1 and 2 using integration gives us 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 3

Therefore the solution is 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒄

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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Example 7.2: Test for exactness and find the general solution of:

(cos2y − 3x 2 y 2 )dx + (cos2y − 2xsin2y − 2x 3 y)dy

SOLUTION:

a) M = cos2y − 3x 2 y 2 x is constant

∂M
= −2sin2y − 6𝑥 2 𝑦
∂y

N = cos2y − 2xsin2y − 2x 3 y y is constant

∂N
= −2sin2y − 6𝑥2 𝑦
∂x

The equation is exact

b) The solution is 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶, where

1. F = ∫ M ∂x + f(y)
F = ∫(cos2y − 3x 2 y 2 ) ∂x + f(y)
F = xcos2y − x 3 y 2 + f(y)
2. F = ∫ N ∂y + g(x)
F = ∫(cos2y − 2xsin2y − 2x 3 y) ∂y + g(x)
1
F = sin2y + xcos2y − x 3 y 2 + g(x)
2
Comparison of (1) and (2) shows that
1
f(y) = sin2y and g(x) = 0
2

The solution is:

𝟏
𝐱𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐲 − 𝐱 𝟑 𝐲𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐲 = 𝐂 Answer

SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 4

In the following differential equations, test for exactness and determine the solution of each.

1. (6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟑 = 𝐂
2. (2xy − tany)dx + (x 2 − xsec 2 y)dy = 0
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 − 𝐱𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐲 = 𝑪
dx xdy
3. − =0
y y2
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐱 = 𝐂𝐲

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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LESSON 8: Non - Exact Differential Equations

 In the differential equation represented by the equation (e)

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 , 𝑖𝑓

∂M ∂N
≠
∂y ∂x
The equation is said to be non-exact, and therefore the method of the previous
chapter cannot be readily applied.

It is, however, possible for some few special cases that the multiplication of each
term in the equation (e) by a function ∅(𝑥, 𝑦) will reduce it to an exact differential
equation, or

𝑀∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁∅𝑑𝑦 = 0 (f)

Such that

𝜕(𝑀∅) 𝜕(𝑁∅)
= (𝑓. 1)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Where ∅(𝑥, 𝑦) is called the integrating factor.

DETERMINATION OF THE INTEGRATING FACTORS

The few special cases where the determinations of the integrating factor are relatively
simple are the following:

CASE 1: When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

∅ = ∅ ( x)

1 ∂M ∂N
( − ∂x ) = f(x ); (g)
N ∂y

∅ = integrating factor(i. f. ) = e∫ f(x)dx (g.1)

Remarks: With the integrating factor now known, under CASE 1, the condition for the
exactness of the new equation (f) which is defined by equation (f.1) will now be satisfied.

CASE 2: When the integrating factor is a function of y alone, or

∅ = ∅(y)

1 ∂N ∂M
( − ) = g(y) ; (h)
M ∂x ∂y
∅ = integrating factor(i. f. ) = e∫ g(y)dy (h. 1)

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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CASE 3: When the integrating factor is the product of powers of the variable x and y, or

∅ = xm yn

Mn Nm ∂N ∂M
− = − (I)
y x ∂x ∂y

∅ = integrating factor(i. f. ) = xm yn (I. 1)

Example 8.1: Find the complete solution of (x 2 + y 2 + 1)dx + x(x − 2y)dy = 0

SOLUTION:
a. M = x 2 + y 2 + 1

∂M
= 2y
∂y

N = x 2 − 2xy

∂N
= 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
∂x

Therefore, the equation is non-exact.

b. Try the solution by CASE 1: use the equation (g).

1 ∂M ∂N
𝑓(𝑥) =? ( − )
N ∂y ∂x

1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =? (2𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
x 2 − 2xy

−2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥

∴ 𝐂𝐀𝐒𝐄 𝟏 𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞.

c. The integrating factor is obtained by equation (g.1)

−2 dx
∅ = e∫ f(x)dx = e∫ x dx = e−2 ∫ x
−2
∅ = e−2lnx = elnx

Since elnx = x
1
∴ ∅ = x−2 or ∅=
x2

𝟏
d. Multiply the given D.E. by to get
𝒙𝟐

1
[(x 2 + y 2 + 1)dx + x(x − 2y)dy = 0]
x2

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
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HGSGSG
(1 + x −2 y 2 + x −2 )dx + (1 − 2x −1 y)dy = 0

Which can now be shown to be an exact equation:

∂M𝑛 2𝑦
= 0 + (𝑥 −2 . 2𝑦) + 0 = 2
∂y 𝑥
∂N𝑛 2𝑦
= 0 − (2)(−1)(𝑦𝑥 −2 ) = 2
∂x 𝑥

Therefore, the equation becomes exact. The subscript n denotes the new M and N
functions.

e. The solution is 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝑪 , where:

1. F = ∫ M𝑛 ∂x + f(y)
F = ∫(1 + x −2 y 2 + x −2 ) ∂x + f(y)
𝑦2 1
F=x− − 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
𝑥

2. F = ∫ N ∂y + g(x)
F = ∫(1 − 2x −1 y) ∂y + g(x)
𝑦2
F=y− + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥
In comparison with 1 and 2 it gives the solution of:
1
𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 −
𝑥
𝒚𝟐 𝟏
So, 𝑭 =𝒙− −𝒙+𝒚=𝑪
𝒙

Example 8.2:

Find the general solution of (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION:

1. This is non – exact D.E. since

∂M
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 2x − 2y + 1
∂y

∂N
𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3
∂x
2. Try CASE 1: Use Equation (h)

1 ∂M ∂N
𝑓(𝑥) =? ( − )
N ∂y ∂x

1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =? 2 (2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3)
3𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥

Note that this is nod reducible to one where the right side is a function of x alone.
Therefore, CASE 1 is not possible.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
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3. Try CASE 2: Use Equation (h)
1 ∂N ∂M
𝑔(𝑦) =? ( − )
M ∂x ∂y
1
𝑔(𝑦) =? 2 [(6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 − (2x − 2y + 1))]
2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑦
2
𝑔(𝑦) = Therefore CASE 2 is possible.
𝑦

4. The integrating factor by equation (h.1) is:

𝑑𝑦
2∫
∅= e∫ g(y)dy = e 𝑦 = 𝑒2𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑦2
5. Multiply each term in the given equation by 𝒚𝟐

(2𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

Which is now an exact D.E since:

∂M𝑛
 𝑀𝑛 = 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 3 ; = 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2
∂y
∂N𝑛
 𝑁𝑛 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ; = 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2
∂x

6. The solution is 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝑪 , where:

1. F = ∫ M𝑛 ∂x + f(y)
F = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 3 ) ∂x + f(y)
F = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + f(y)

2. F = ∫ N𝑛 ∂y + g(x)
F = ∫(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) ∂y + g(x)
F = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑔(𝑥)

In comparison with 1 and 2 it gives the solution of:

𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 So, 𝐅 = 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟑 − 𝐱𝐲𝟒 + 𝐱𝐲𝟑 = 𝐂

Example 8.3:

Find the complete solution of 2ydx + (x − x 3 y 3 )dx

SOLUTION:

From the trial of exactness of the equation and determination of the integrating factors, the
result is as follows:

-The equation is not exact

- CASE 1 and CASE 2 is not possible since the equation is not reducible for both function
of x and y alone.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
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- Therefore use CASE 3
HGSGSG
a. Try CASE 3; use equation I.

Mn Nm ∂N ∂M
− =? −
y x ∂x ∂y

2yn (x − x3 y3 )𝑚
− =? 1 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2
y x

2n − m + m𝑥 2 𝑦 3 =? −3𝑥2 𝑦3 − 1

Note here that similar terms are present at each side of this resulting equality, where

Coefficient of x 2 y 3 : m=-3
Constant term: 2n-m = -1

Substitution of m = -3 to the second equation gives n = -2.

The integrating factor by equation(I.1)

∅ = 𝐱 𝐦 𝐲𝐧 𝐨𝐫 ∅ = 𝐱 −𝟑 𝐲 −𝟐

b. Multiply each term in the given D.E. by this integrating Factor

𝟐𝐱 −𝟑 𝐲 −𝟏 𝐝𝐱 + (𝐱 −𝟐 𝐲 −𝟐 − 𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Which is now an exact equation since

∂Mn
 Mn = 𝟐𝐱 −𝟑 𝐲 −𝟏 ; = −2x −3 y −2
∂y
∂Nn
 Nn = 𝐱 −𝟐 𝐲 −𝟐 − 𝐲 ; = −2x −3 y−2
∂x

c. The solution is 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝑪 , where:

2. F = ∫ M𝑛 ∂x + f(y)
−3 −1
F = ∫ (2x y ) ∂x + f(y)
−1
F = 𝑥2 𝑦 + f(y)

3. F = ∫ N𝑛 ∂y + g(x)
F = ∫(x−2 y−2 − y ) ∂y + g(x)
−1 𝑦 2
F= − + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥2 𝑦 2

In comparison with 1 and 2 it gives the solution of:

𝑦2 −1 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 So, 𝐅 = − =𝐂
2 𝑥2 𝑦 2

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
Engineering of Engineers
Solutions Tasked to Provide
for the Society”
SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 5
HGSGSG
Find the complete solutions of the following differential equations:

1. (2x 2 y − 2y 2 + 2xy)dx + (x 2 − 2y)dy = 0

Answer: 𝐲(𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲) = 𝐂 𝐞−𝟐𝐱

2. (4xy + y 2 )dx − 2(x 2 − y)dy = 0

Answer: 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐱𝐲 + 𝟐𝐥𝐧𝐲 = 𝐂𝐲

3. (x 2 + y 2 )dx − xydy = 0

𝐲𝟐
Answer: 𝐥𝐧𝐱 − =𝐂
𝟐𝐱 𝟐

LESSON 9: First – Ordered Linear Equations

The standard form of a linear differential equation of the first order is written in the following
manner.

dy
Linear in y: + Py = Q Where: P and Q are both function of x
dx

dx
Linear in X: + Px = Q Where: P and Q are both function of y
dy

Linear Standard Form Solution Integrating factor

dy
In y 1. dx
+ Py = Q y∅ = ∫ ∅Q(x) dx + C ∅ = e∫ P(x)dx

dx
In x 2. + Px = Q x∅ = ∫ ∅Q(y) dy + C ∅ = e∫ P(y)dy
dy

Example 9.1: Find the general solution of (x 4 + 2y)dx − xdy = 0

SOLUTION:

a) Expand the given equation and rearrange

dy 2y
− = x3
dx x

Which is the standard form of a linear equation of the first order. Here we have
−2
P(x) = and Q(x) = x 3
x

b) The integrating factor is

dx⁄
∅ = e∫ P(x)dx or ∅ = e−2 ∫ 𝑥

∅ = e−2lnx or ∅ = 𝑥 −2

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
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c) The solution is

y∅ = ∫ ∅Q(x) dx + C
y(x −2 ) = ∫(x −2 )(x3 ) dx + C
𝑥2
y(x −2 ) = +𝐶
2
2y
= 𝑥2 + 𝐶
𝑥2

Therefore 2y = 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐂𝐱 𝟐 Answer

Example 9.2: Find the complete solution of y ′ = cscx − ycotx

SOLUTION:
a) Write the given D.E. in the standard form that
dy
+ ycotx = cscx
dx

Where: P = cotx and Q = cscx

b) The integrating factor is

∅ = e∫ P(x)dx or ∅ = e∫ cotxdx

∅ = elnsinx or ∅ = sinx

c) The solution is
y∅ = ∫ ∅Q dx + C
1
ysinx = ∫ sinx cscx dx + C Note from the trigonometric function: cscx =
sinx

𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 = 𝒙 + 𝑪 Answer

dy
Example 9.3: Find the particular solution of y − 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 − 2 when y = 2 and x = 1
dx

Solution: use linear of x

1
a) Multiply the given equation by to set it as standard form
𝑦

dy 1 dy −2 2
(y dx − 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 − 2) (𝑦) = + ( 𝑦 )𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 𝑦
dx

−2 2
Where: P = and Q = 3𝑦 −
𝑦 𝑦

b) The integrating factor is

−2
∫ 𝑦 dy
∅ = e∫ P(y)dy or ∅ = e

∅ = e−2lny or ∅ = y −2

c) The solution is
x∅ = ∫ ∅Q(y) dy + C
2
x(y −2 ) = ∫(y −2 ) (3𝑦 − ) dy + C
𝑦

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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HGSGSG−2 2
x(y ) = ∫ (3𝑦 − ) dy + C
𝑦3
1
x(y −2 ) = 3lny + +𝐶
𝑦2
when y = 2 and x = 1

𝐶=0
x 1
= 3lny +
y2 y2

d) Multiply by y 2

x 1
( 2 = 3lny + 2 ) (𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 1
y y
𝟐
𝐱 = 𝐥𝐧𝐲 𝟑𝐲 +𝟏 Answer

SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 6

Find the general or particular solutions of the following differential equations:

1. xy ′ + y = x 4 − 3x
𝐱𝟒 𝟑𝐱
Answer: 𝐲 = − + 𝐂𝐱 −𝟏
𝟓 𝟐

2. x 2 y ′ − 2xy = x 4 + 3; when y = 2 and x = 1

Answer: 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 −𝟏

3. (sin 2θ − 2pcosθ)dθ = 2dp

Answer: 𝐩 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 − 𝟏 + 𝐂𝒆−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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LESSON 10: The Bernoulli Equation

The standard form of the Bernoulli equation takes a form similar to that of the linear
differential equation of the first order. The main difference is on the factor 𝑦 𝑛 contained at
the right side of the Bernoulli equation, which is

If y - dependent If x - dependent
𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐱
+ 𝐲𝐏(𝐱) = 𝐲 𝐧 𝐐(𝐱) + 𝐱𝐏(𝐲) = 𝐱 𝐧 𝐐(𝐲)
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲

z∅ = ∫ ∅Q 𝑟 (x) dx + C z∅ = ∫ ∅Q 𝑟 (y) dy + C
∅ = e∫ P𝑟 (x)dx ∅ = e∫ P𝑟 (y)dy
z = 𝑦 1−𝑛 z = 𝑥 1−𝑛

Pr (x) = (1 − n)P(x) Pr (y) = (1 − n)P(y)

Q r (x) = (1 − n)Q(x) Q r (y) = (1 − n)Q(y)

NOTE: The Subscript r is used to denote the reduced function P and Q.

y
Example 10.1: Find the complete solution of dy + dx = 3x 2 y 2 dx
x

SOLUTION:

a) The given DE is reduced to the standard form of the Bernoulli Equation.

dy 𝑦
+ = 𝑦 2 (3𝑥 2 )
dx 𝑥
1
Where: P(x) = and Q(x) = 3x 2
x

𝑛 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1 − 𝑛) = −1
−1
So P𝑟 (x) = (1 − 𝑛)P(x) =
𝑥

Q 𝑟 (x) = (1 − 𝑛)Q(x) = −3x 2

b) The reduced DE as given by the equation

−1 −1 1
∅ = e∫ P𝑟 (x)dx = e∫ 𝑥 dx = 𝑒 −1𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 =𝑥

1
z = 𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑦 1−2 =
𝑦

MISSION
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c) To complete the solution
1 1 1
z∅ = ∫ ∅Q 𝑟 (x) dx + C ; ( ) ( ) = ∫ ( ) (−3x 2 ) dx + C
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐
Therefore, =− +𝑪 Answer
𝒙𝒚 𝟐
2
Example 10.2: Find the general solution of dx − 2xydy = 6x 3 y 2 e−2y dy

SOLUTION:

a) The given DE is reduced to the standard form of the Bernoulli Equation.

dx 2
− 2xy = 6x 3 y 2 e−2y
dy

dx 2
+ x(−2𝑦) = x 3 (6y 2 e−2y )
dy
2
Where: P(y) = −2y and Q(y) = 6y 2 e−2y

𝑛 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1 − 𝑛) = −2

So P𝑟 (y) = (1 − 𝑛)P(y) = (−2)(−2y ) = 4y

2 2
Q 𝑟 (y) = (1 − 𝑛)Q(y) = (−2)(6y 2 e−2y ) = −12y 2 e−2y

b) The reduced DE as given by the equation

2
∅ = e∫ P𝑟 (y)dy = e∫ 4ydy = 𝑒 2𝑦
1
z = 𝑥 1−𝑛 = 𝑥 1−3 =
𝑥2

c) To complete the solution

1 2 2 2
z∅ = ∫ ∅Q 𝑟 (y) dy + C ; ( ) (𝑒2𝑦 ) = ∫ (𝑒2𝑦 ) (−12y2 e−2y ) dx + C
𝑥2
2
𝑒2𝑦
= −4𝑦 3 + 𝐶
𝑥2
2
Therefore, 𝑒 2𝑦 = −4𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝐶1 Answer

SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 7

Find the complete solutions of the following differential equations.

1. 2xdy − y(x + 1)dx + 6y 3 dx = 0

Answer: 𝐲 𝟐 (𝟔 + 𝐂𝐞−𝐱 ) = 𝐱
2. 2𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 )
Answer: 𝐲 𝟐 (𝐂 − 𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟑
3. 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Answer: 𝟏 = 𝒚𝒆𝒙 (𝑪 − 𝒙𝟐 )

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WORK SHEET
Preliminary Term

NAME: ________________________________ SCORE:_________________

YEAR/SECTION: ________________________

DIRECTION: Solve the following problems in neat and orderly manner.

Activity Task 1
Determine the order, degree, and the type of the following Differential Equations.

Activity Task 2
Classify the following DE as Linear or Non-linear.

d2 y dy
1. +5 + 6y = 0 ____________________________
dx2 dx

d4 y d3 y dy
2. + x 2 dx3 + x 3 dx = xex ____________________________
dx4

d2 y dy
3. + 5 dx + 6y 2 = 0 ____________________________
dx2

d2 y dy
4. + 5y dx + 6y = 0 ____________________________
dx2

d2 y dy 3
5. + 5 (dx) + cosxy = 0 ____________________________
dx2

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
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Activity Task 3: Elimination of Arbitrary Constant
In each of the following Differential Equations, eliminate the arbitrary constants.
4. 𝐜𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲
Solution:

5. 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐱 + 𝐜 𝟐 + 𝟏

Solution:

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
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3. 𝐱 = 𝐀𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 + 𝐁); 𝛚 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

4. Obtain the differential equation of the family of straight line with slope and y-
intercept . (y = mx + b → y = cx + c) eliminate the constant.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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5. 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟒𝐚𝐱

6. 𝐲 = 𝐜𝟏 + 𝐜𝟐 𝐞𝟑𝐱

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Activity Task 4: Separation of Variables

1. Find the complete solution of xcos 2 ydx + tanydy

2. Find the particular solution of ydx − 4dy = x 2 dy when x = 4 and y = 1

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Find the complete or particular solutions of the following differential equations

dy 4x+xy2
3. =
dx y−x2 y

4. 𝑑r = b(cosθdr + rsinθdθ) (b is constant)

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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x2 +1
5. xey dy + dx = 0
y

6. dz − (4x 3 − 4x 3 z + x 3 z 2)dx + (4y − 1)(2 − z)2 dy

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
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Activity Task 5: Homogenous Differential Equation
1. Find the general solution of (6x 2 − 7y 2 )dx − 14xydy = 0

2. Determine the complete solution of xydy − (x + 2y)2 dy = 0

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
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x π
3. Find the particular solution of (xcos 2 − y) dx + xdy = 0 ; where y = and x = 1
y 4

4. Find the particular solution of y(x 2 + y 2 )dx + x(3x 2 − 5y 2 )dy ; where x = 2 and y = 1.

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Find the complete or particular solution of the given differential equation:
HGSGSG2
5. y(x + xy − 2y 2 )dx + x(3y 2 − xy − x 2 )dy = 0

6. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Activity Task 6: Exact Differential Equation
1. Test for exactness and determine the particular solution of:
(yexy − 2y 3 )dx + (xexy − 6xy 2 − 2y)dy = 0 ; where x = 0 and y = 2

y 1
2. Test for exactness and find the complete solution of (x−1)
dx + {ln(2x − 2) + } dy = 0
y

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
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Test for exactness and determine the solution of the given differential equations:

3. (6x + y 2 )dx + y(2x − 3y)dy

4. (2xy − tany)dx + (x 2 − xsec 2 y)dy = 0

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
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y x
5. (ex + lny + ) dx + ( lnx + siny) dy = 0
x y

6. 3y(x 2 − 1)dx + (x 3 + 8y − 3x)dy = 0 ; where y = 1 and x = 0

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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Activity Task 7: Non - Exact Differential Equations
1. Find the complete solution of ydx + (x + y 2 )dy = 0

2. Find the solution of y(2xy + 1)dx − xdy = 0

MISSION
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appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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3. Find the complete solution of (x 2 y + y 3 − y)dx + (x 3 + xy 2 + x)dy = 0
Hint: Expand and Simplify

4. Find the complete solution of xdy + (x 3 − xy 2 − y)dy = 0

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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5. Find the complete solution of (x + 4y 3 dy − ydx = 0)

6. Find the particular solution of 2xydx + (y 2 − x 2 )dy = 0 ; where y = 2 and x = 0

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
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Activity Task 8: First – Ordered Linear Equations
dx
1. Determine the particular solution of y − 2x = 3y 2 − 2; where y = 1 and x = 1
dy

2. Find the complete solution of tds = (3t + 1)sdt + t 3 e3t dt

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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1⁄
3. Find the general solution of (1 + x 2 )y ′ + xy = x −1 (1 + x 2 )− 2

dy
4. Determine the general solution of = 1 + 3y tanx.
dx

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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5. Find the particular solution of x 2 y ′ − 2xy = x 4 + 3; where y = 2 and x = 1

6. Find the particular solution of ydx − 4xdy = y 6 dy; where x = 4 and y = 1.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
Engineering of Engineers
Solutions Tasked to Provide
for the Society”

HGSGSG
Activity Task 9: The Bernoulli Equation

dy 3y
1. Find the general solution of 3 + = y4 (2x 4 )
dx x

dS S
2. Find the solution 2 dt − t = 5t3 S 3

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
Engineering of Engineers
Solutions Tasked to Provide
for the Society”

HGSGSG
3. Find the complete solution of 2xdy − y(x + 1)dx + 6y 3 dx = 0

4. Find the complete solution of 2𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 )

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Cabarroguis, 3400Quirino
www.qsu.edu.ph
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
0917-126-9160
“Let us Build a Community of Engineers Task to Provide
“Let us Build
Efficient a Community
Engineering of Engineers
Solutions Tasked to Provide
for the Society”

HGSGSG
dy
5. Find the complete solution of dx + 2x = 2x 2 y 2 ex dx
y

dt
6. Find the complete solution of 2wt = t 2 − 2w 3
dw

----------------------------------------------END OF MODULE 1 ----------------------------------------------------------

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of
Quirino Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.