Estimation Final
Estimation Final
P.O.BOX 1 KYAMBOGO
Tel: 0414-285037/285001, Fax: 0414-22046
FACULT OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND BUILDING
ENGINEERING
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND
BUILDING ENGINEERING
Hard Core
The material to be used shall be graded hard stone with a particle size not exceeding 240 mm from
an approved stone quarry which shall be hand packed to form layers as shown in the drawings or
as instructed by the project manager with all interstice filled in.
CONCRETE WORKS
Execution of any concrete work for different components of this project shall be carried out by
competent people while ensuring that it shall comply with B.S. 8124 "Structural use of reinforced
concrete in buildings", B.S. 8007 "Code of Practice for the Structural use of concrete for retaining
aqueous liquids
The cement to be used in the works shall be ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which complies with
EN 197-1 at the time of use unless otherwise specified in the specifications.
Aggregates shall consist of natural sands and gravels, crushed rock, or other inert substances
having clean, uncoated grains of hard, strong, durable materials in accordance with BS 882. They
shall be free of reactivity with alkalis in cement, organic matter,
The Project Manager shall be notified of the proposed source of each kind of aggregate not less
than 21 days in advance of the concreting operations.
Upon delivery on site, Aggregate shall be stored on platforms or otherwise as to avoid the inclusion
of dirt and to prevent intermixing of aggregates
Formwork
Formwork to be used shall remain sufficiently rigid during placement, compaction and that the
hardened concrete while still supported by the shuttering shall conform accurately to the required
shape, position, and level, subject to the tolerance and to the standards of finish specified.
The design of the formwork shall take into account the additions stresses imposed on the supports,
braces etc., where vibration is employed to consolidate the concrete. The joints in the formwork
shall be made sufficiently tight to prevent loss of grout from the concrete and the construction of
the shuttering or moulds shall be such as to allow their removal without shock or damage to the
concrete. Formwork for slabs and beams shall provide the midspan cambers specified in the
technical specifications.
Formwork shall be removed without shock or vibration after the concrete has been allowed to set
for the time specified in the technical specifications.
(a) Concrete shall be discharged from the mixer and transported to the works by means that shall
be approved by the project manager and which shall loss of ingredients and ensures that
concrete is of the required workability at the point and time of placing.
(b) The reinforcement and other items to be embedded in concrete shall be inspected by the project
manager before pouring.
(c) Upon approval by the project manager, the concrete shall be deposited as near as possible to
its final position working from the stop end. The concrete shall be discharged at a height less
than 2m and within 20 minutes after the first wetting of the cement in any one batching.
(d) During concreting of all reinforced concrete, competent steel fixers shall be in attendance to
ensure that reinforcement and embedded fittings shall be kept in position as works proceeds.
(e) Precast concrete spacer blocks shall be of Grade 30/24 concrete, cured in water for 14 days.
During the execution of concrete, we shall ensure that the steel shall be kept entirely free from
strain while concrete is being placed and the ends of all the tying wire shall be turned into the
concrete away from the surface.
(f) Vibration: compaction or Vibration of concrete shall be made by professionals using approved
vibrators of various sizes and of immersion type and frequencies in such a manner as shall
ensure that concrete shall be satisfactorily and uniformly compacted. The immersion vibrators
shall penetrate the full depth of the layer and avoid over-vibrations and hitting reinforcement
steel, forms, and embedded fittings. However, slabs less than 250mm thick shall be compacted
by approved vibrating screeds.
(g) During casting and compaction, professional carpenters shall watch the form work. Should any
displacement happen, immediately casting shall be stopped and necessary remedies, which
shall be completed before the set of the concrete already cast will be made.
(h) Curing of concrete shall be done by flooding, spraying with water or covering with sacks,
sheeting or sand and keeping the work damp for a period of six, eight or ten days after placing,
Floors and roofs shall be cured by flooding with water to a minimum depth of 15mm and for
this purpose a nib of mortar shall be constructed around each panel or section of the work and
all drains or openings sealed. Moist curing of the floors of water retaining structures shall
continue beyond the specified curing period until roof construction is sufficiently advanced to
afford protection from the direct rays of the sun and the effects of frost or, if there is no roof,
until water is introduced and covers the floor. Curing of floors and roofs shall be commenced
immediately the final set has taken place.
(i) When it is necessary to resume concreting work against a surface which has already set other
than movement joints, the whole surface shall be thoroughly roughened to expose the
aggregates and cleaned of loose and foreign matter and laitance, washed and all the
immediately before placing the fresh concrete. Horizontal joints in vertical walls shall be
covered with approved cement slurry consisting of 2(two) parts of cement to 1 (one) part of
water, the new concrete shall be placed and compacted against the face of the joint.
Testing Concrete
For slump tests, we shall provide one metal mold, consisting of a truncated cone 300mm high,
with top and bottom diameters of 240 and 200mm respectively. With it shall be supplied a round-
ended 16mm steel rod 600mm long. The cone shall be fitted with lifting handles and foot pieces.
Where required by the Project Manager samples of the concrete shall be taken from random batch
mixes as placed in the concrete structures during a pour, and a set of six cubes shall be prepared
and cured. They shall be marked with a distinguishing sign which shall be entered in a Concrete
Cubes Log Book with origin of each cube and date of casting also entered. At the time of preparing
the test cubes a slump test shall be taken of the batch of concrete from which the cubes are made
and the results recorded by the Project Manager.
Crushing tests
For crusting tests, the two compressive strength test cubes shall be tested for compressive strength
at 3 days' or at 7 days' age, and the remaining four cubes at 28 days' age. The results of these tests
shall be confirmed in writing by the laboratory and given to the Project Manager immediately.
BUILDING WORKS
THE FOUNDATION WORK
Footings and foundation wall
In foundation works, building works shall be carried out as per the foundation requirements for the
structure or as directed by the project Manager.
Foundation walls shall be solid clay block work to the thicknesses as shown on the drawings, with
full bed wire, and ladder type reinforcement at 450 mm spacing maximum, during execution of
foundation walls we shall provide openings for pipes, conduits, etc., as required or as directed by the
project Manager
Footings shall have reinforced Class 25/20 concrete as shown on the drawings. Footings shall be
placed on 50 mm of fill concrete placed immediately after excavation to avoid deterioration of the
excavated material.
Floor Slabs
Floor slabs shall be constructed of the required concrete grade, thickness and reinforced with
reinforcing mesh as shown on the drawings, laid on a layer of hard core of minimum thickness of
Set up reinforcement and form work for foundation footings and column bases as per the drawings
and specifications
Make alignment
Set up slab form work, Lay DPM and Slab reinforcement as per the drawings and technical
specification or as instructed by the Project Manager
THE SUPER-STRUCTURE
we shall reasonably organize the work force with the form work and concrete casting as the core.
When the main structures are completed, block laying for the walls will be executed from the ground
floor to roof. Indoor decoration and exterior work may start in the early stage in order to guarantee
timely completion as planned.
Block Work
Execution Procedure for block Work
(a) All the drawings shall be studied and understood completely before block work starts.
(b) Lines and levels shall be set out by competent persons.
(c) Materials shall be stacked as close as possible to the working area and blocks shall be supplied
manually.
(d) The cement-sand mortar (mix1:4) will thoroughly be mixed in an approved mechanical mixer.
(e) The polythene damp proof course of bitumen impregnated fabric shall be laid where required
immediately prior to the first course (opening course) while exercising great care to provide
for sufficient side over laps and to avoid damage.
(f) Before laying blocks, all blocks shall be well wetted before laying and tops of walls where left
off shall be well wetted before commencing building. The blocks will be laid in a way the
upper layer and lower layer are offset joints while ensuring that all joints shall be at least 24mm
thick and flushed up and grouted in solid as the work proceeds. The block work shall be
carefully pointed both sides to provide a good and slightly fair face to the approval of the
Architect.
raked out to a depth instructed by the Project Manager while mortar is green to form adequate
key During execution, all exposed faces of walls for plastering shall be left rough and the joints.
All other faces shall be cleaned down on completion with a wire brush or as necessary and
mortar droppings, smear marks.
(g) All putlog holes shall be carefully, properly and completely filled as specified in the technical
specifications upon completion of walling and before plastering is commenced.
THE ROOFS
Structural Steel Roof
All Structural steel members shall have to be cut to size and primed/painted prior to fixing in final
position. The joints shall either be bolted or welded together to the approval of the project manager.
Mangalore burnt clay roofing tiles from a trusted supplier shall be used.
The Door and Window Work
Aluminum to windows and external doors, timber doors to internal shall be used. Installations shall
be made in accordance with the schedule to keep finishing work in sequence and to avoid lapping of
activities that cause delay or damage impact to other finishing work. Installed doors, louvers and
windows shall be kept protected to avoid damages caused by other ongoing finishing works and
other parties.
FINISHES
Ceiling Works
The ceilings in this project shall be scheduled to be executed before the roof covering is laid and
proper coordination to mechanical and electrical works shall be made to avoid lapping of works
that cause delay in executing the work.
The timber and other requirements as the per the project specification of the ceiling construction
shall be supplied to site 2 days towards the end of the roof construction.
When the roof construction has been finished, 240x50 mm timber ceiling joints shall be fixed at
1200 centers and around walls and the undersides shall be perfectly leveled, 50x50 mm timber
branderings shall be fixed at 600mm centers, maximum, in both directions. Approved expanded
metal lathing shall be fixed on to the noggings
25mm thick of cement, gypsum and sand mortar mix 1:2:9 shall be applied to the bottom of the
back ground layer and finished as specified. After the general ceiling surface has set, fresh mortar
shall be applied along the edges of the ceiling to form cornices to the approval of the project
manager.
No decoration works shall be done on plastered or rendered surfaces until the walls and the plaster
are thoroughly dry to the satisfaction of the project Manager. In order to deliver the project in the
shortest time possible Coordination shall be made between plastering/rendering and installation
works. When working on the walls and ceilings, the site agent and the quality control Project
Manager shall have to check if any water and electrical work missing to avoid the walls from being
broken after plastering and rendering has been completed.
External rendering shall be applied in two coats of cement/sand mortar with a wood float finish to a
minimum overall thickness of 20 mm. plastering to internal walls and ceiling surfaces shall be
applied in two coats to a minimum overall thickness of 20 mm.
Undercoats shall be thoroughly applied, straightened and scratched and brought to a true surface.
Finished surfaces shall be left true, even and free from blemishes and all corners shall be finished
true, vertical and even and carried out at the same time as adjacent wall surfaces.
PAINTING
In preparation for painting work, Ceramic wall tiles will be used in wet areas. Technical information
on all paint products to be used will be submitted to the Project Manager for review and approval 25
days before the proposed date of commencement of painting works in any of the components of the
project.
Surface preparation before painting shall conform to the manufacturer’s instruction to each kind of
paint material. Number of coats, dry film thickness shall comply with the approved paint schedule.
Where required, final coat shall be carried out, after or almost all of the work nearby is completed to
minimize damage.
During the execution of painting works, no paint shall be used without the prior approval of the
Project Manager. Paints shall be thoroughly mixed under the supervision of a competent foreman.
Each coat shall be approved by the Architect before the next coat is applied.
Flooring
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
The materials to be used shall be of the best quality and shall conform to the appropriate British
Standards Specifications (B.S.S) or approved equivalent. The whole of the Electrical works shall be
executed by qualified and highly experienced electricians under proper supervision in compliance
with the following;
In accordance with the drawings, schedules and technical specification in such a manner that
wiring can be carried out and later renewed from box and point positions easily while ensuring
that the general architectural appearance of the building is preserved.
During the execution of electrical work, we shall undertake all civil work ancillary to the electrical
work required for the project, whether that electrical work is the subject of this Contract or of other
contracts. Such work will generally include excavating cable trenches and sealing cable ducts
where cables enter buildings. The provision of lighting, socket outlets, cabling and switchboards
shall be carried out so as to provide a complete functional electrical installation to the buildings.
The external lighting shall be arranged as indicated on the drawings and positioned as instructed
by the project Manager.
All damage to finish or unfinished surfaces shall be made good to the satisfaction of the Project
Manager.
Work requiring electrical isolation shall he performed after obtaining prior written approval of
service interruption, by the owner’s representative and that of the Project Manager.
Before starting any work, submit the required number of copies of Drawing and Specifications to
the Authorities for their approval and comments.
On or before the completion of this Contract, we shall obtain the necessary Certificates of
Inspection from the relevant electrical authorities; and shall forward the Certificate to the Project
Manager before final acceptance of the work.
External works
Parking
The parking lot shall be of pavers and shall be laid in the dimensions as specified in the drawing
on well compacted levelled ground. The ground shall be compacted with rollers to the required
standards
Boundary wall
During the execution of the boundary wall, we shall reasonably organize the work force with the
form work and concrete casting as the core. We will have our work forces of different trade to work
continuously to avoid them from sitting idle. The site project management team will carry out the
execution in a way as the assemble line works and various groups will work orderly and in turns.
When the main structures are completed, block laying for the walls will be executed from the ground
floor to the required height
Land scaping
Surfaces required to be grassed shall be planted with approved local grass at a spacing of 200 mm
x200 mm. The grassed areas shall be replanted if the first or subsequent operation is unfruitful or
if for any reason the grass is destroyed. Grassed areas shall be watered and attended until the grass
has become well established.
The soiling and planting of the grass in slopes shall be carried out immediately the slope is formed
and the grass shall be kept weeded and cut until the work is accepted at the time of the Certificate
of Completion
Question Two
Techniques / Methods of Estimating
Unit rate estimating technique
This is based on the traditional B.O.Qs approach where the quantities of works are defined and
measured in accordance with the standard methods of measurement.
Operational estimating technique
This is a complex procedure based on calculating the total quantity of work involved in an
operation (e.g. excavation and concreting) and estimating the total elapse time of the operation in
weeks and combining this with the selected resources (materials, labour and plant).
This method of calculation if favoured by estimators involved in plant dominated activities e.g.
excavation and concrete works.
Spot (gash) techniques
Are direct cost estimates which are not based on calculation but based on experience. o Man-hour
technique – It is a labour based method. Work is broken down into unskilled, semi-skilled and
skilled according to the required standards. o Empirical cost interference and production function
approach.
Global method
It is a crude estimating method which relies on the existence of data for similar projects assessed
purely on a single characteristic such as the size, capacity or output. o Factorial technique – It is
widely used of process plants e.g. water works where the key components can be easily identified
and priced and all other works are calculated as factors of this component.
ID Task Name Duration Start Sep '19 Finish Oct '19 Nov '19 Dec '19 Jan '20 Feb '20
30 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17
1 PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A DOUBLE STORIED 87 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Tue Feb 11, '20
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE IN THE SBSURBS OF KCCA
2 Substructure 14 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Thu Oct 31, '19
3 Earth works in soft soil 1 day Mon Oct 14, '19 Mon Oct 14, '19
4 Settingout 1 day Tue Oct 15, '19 Tue Oct 15, '19
5 Excavation for Fdn Trench 2 days Wed Oct 16, '19 Thu Oct 17, '19
6 Excavation of Column Bases 1 day Fri Oct 18, '19 Fri Oct 18, '19
7 Leveling the Foundation trench & Bases 1 day Mon Oct 21, '19 Mon Oct 21, '19
8 Blinding the Column bases and Fdn Trench 1 day Tue Oct 22, '19 Tue Oct 22, '19
9 Casting the strip Concrete 1 day Tue Oct 22, '19 Tue Oct 22, '19
10 Plinth Wallin 2 days Wed Oct 23, '19 Thu Oct 24, '19
11 Casting Below Grade columns 1 day Wed Oct 23, '19 Wed Oct 23, '19
12 Backfilling & compacting the sizes & slab base 1 day Thu Oct 24, '19 Thu Oct 24, '19
13 Hardcore filling 1 day Fri Oct 25, '19 Fri Oct 25, '19
14 Slab beam steels work 2 days Fri Oct 25, '19 Mon Oct 28, '19
15 Casting the oversite concrete 3 days Tue Oct 29, '19 Thu Oct 31, '19
16 Super structure 63 days Wed Oct 30, '19 Fri Jan 24, '20
17 Ground Floor 41 days Wed Oct 30, '19 Wed Dec 25, '19
18 steel work for columns 3 days Wed Oct 30, '19 Fri Nov 1, '19
19 Formwork to columns 3 days Mon Nov 4, '19 Wed Nov 6, '19
20 Casting columns 2 days Thu Nov 7, '19 Fri Nov 8, '19
21 Shuttering to beam and bottom of slabs 5 days Fri Nov 15, '19 Thu Nov 21, '19
22 max span and steel works to slab 2 days Fri Nov 22, '19 Mon Nov 25, '19
23 Casting the slab concrete 2 days Tue Nov 26, '19 Wed Nov 27, '19
24 Block works to internal and External walls 5 days Thu Nov 28, '19 Wed Dec 4, '19
25 Plastering & Finishes 5 days Mon Dec 16, '19 Fri Dec 20, '19
26 Tile works 3 days Mon Dec 23, '19 Wed Dec 25, '19
27 First Floor 35 days Mon Dec 9, '19 Fri Jan 24, '20
28 steel work for columns 2 days Mon Dec 9, '19 Tue Dec 10, '19
29 Formwork to columns 4 days Wed Dec 11, '19 Mon Dec 16, '19
30 Casting columns 2 days Tue Dec 17, '19 Wed Dec 18, '19
31 Shuttering to Ring beam 3 days Thu Dec 19, '19 Mon Dec 23, '19
32 Casting Ring Beam 3 days Tue Dec 24, '19 Thu Dec 26, '19
33 Block works to internal and External walls 5 days Fri Dec 27, '19 Thu Jan 2, '20
34 Plastering & Finishes 5 days Tue Jan 14, '20 Mon Jan 20, '20
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ID Task Name Duration Start Sep '19 Finish Oct '19 Nov '19 Dec '19 Jan '20 Feb '20
30 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17
35 Tile works 4 days Tue Jan 21, '20 Fri Jan 24, '20
36 Electrical Works 28 days Fri Jan 3, '20 Tue Feb 11, '20
37 Phase one 7 days Fri Jan 3, '20 Mon Jan 13, '20
38 Phase Two 7 days Tue Jan 14, '20 Wed Jan 22, '20
39 Phase three 7 days Mon Feb 3, '20 Tue Feb 11, '20
40 Mechanical 21 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Mon Nov 11, '19
41 Phase one 14 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Thu Oct 31, '19
42 Phase 7 days Fri Nov 1, '19 Mon Nov 11, '19
43 External works 82 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Tue Feb 4, '20
44 Paving parking area 7 days Mon Jan 27, '20 Tue Feb 4, '20
45 Boundary wall 7 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Tue Oct 22, '19
46 Walkway 7 days Mon Oct 14, '19 Tue Oct 22, '19
47 Hand over 1 day Mon Oct 14, '19 Mon Oct 14, '19
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Mar '20 Apr '20 May '20 Jun '20 Jul '20 Aug '20 Sep '20 Oct '20 Nov '20
17 24 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2
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Mar '20 Apr '20 May '20 Jun '20 Jul '20 Aug '20 Sep '20 Oct '20 Nov '20
17 24 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2
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