Course outline

1. Introduction to Human relations

Meaning of human relations
 Need to study Human relations
Human relations theories
Essentials of Human relations
 2.
Social Organisation
Meaning of social organisation
Factors determining social stratification
Meaning of Bureaucracy
3. Personality
Definition of personality
Constituents of personality
Factors that make individuals to differ 
4. Attitude
Definition of attitude
Formation of attitude
Effects of attitudes on behavior
5.Frustration and defence mechanism
Definition of frustration
Causes of frustration
Defense mechanisms to frustration
Solutions to frustrations
6.Introduction to public relation
Definition public
Importance of public relations
Evolution of public relation
Role of public relations in an organization
7. Scope of Public Relations
Meaning of PR
Cope of public relations
Types of public
Relationship between the organisation and the public
8. Ethics of public relations
Definition of ethic
Functions of public relations office
Qualities of public relations office
Code of consultancy practice
Code of professional conduct
9. Media And public relations
Definition of media
Media used in public relations activities
Factors influencing choice of media in public relations activities
10. Planning Implenting and evaluating public programs
Carrying out planning and implementation of public relations programs
Factors consideres when choosing the implementers of public relations progra
ms
Method of evaluating public relations
11. Special uses of public relations
Special areas of public relations
Distinction between special area of public relations
12. Emerging issues
Emerging issues and trends in human and public relations
Challenges posed by emerging issues and trends in human public relations
Coping with emerging issues and trends in human public relation

HPR NOTES

Meaning of human Relations

The "study of human problems arising from organizational

and interpersonal relations (as an industry).

Social Organisation

a social organization is a pattern of relationships between

and among individuals and social groups.

Factors in determining social stratification

Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of
its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors
like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender,
occupation, social status, or derived power(social or
political).

TOPIC

Attitude

Definition: An attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs,

and behaviours toward a particular object, person, thing, or
event. 

BELIEFS

Definition: something believed, an opinion or conviction

Values

Definition: the importance, worth, or usefulness of

something.

Personality:

1. Direct Personal Experience:

 A person’s direct experience with the attitude object
determines his attitude towards it. The personal
experience of an individual, whether it is favourable
 or unfavourable, will affect his attitude. These
attitudes which are based on personal experience are
difficult to change
 eg an individual joins a new job, which is
recommended to him by his friend. But when he joins
the job, he finds his work repetitive, supervisors too
tough and co-workers not so co-operative, he would
develop a negative attitude towards his job, because
the quality of his direct experience with the job is
negative.
2.Association
 Sometimes an individual comes across a new attitude
object which may be associated with an old attitude
object. In such a case, the attitude towards the old
attitude object may be transferred towards the new
attitude object.
 Eg. If a new worker remains most of the time in the
company of a worker, who is in the good books of the
supervisor, and towards whom the supervisor has a
positive attitude, the supervisor is likely to develop a
favourable attitude towards the new worker also.
 Hence the positive attitude for the old worker has
been transferred towards the new worker because
of the association between the old and the new
worker.
3.Family and Peer Groups.
 Attitudes like values are acquired from parents,
teachers and peer group members. In our early years,
 we begin modelling our attitudes after those we
admire, respect or may be even fear.
 We observe the way our family and friends behave
and we shape our attitudes and behaviour to align
with theirs. We do so even without being told to do so
and even without having direct experience.
 Similarly, attitudes are acquired from peer groups in
colleges and organisations. Eg. If your parents
support one political party, without being told to do
so, you automatically start favouring that party.
4. Neighbourhood.
 The neighbourhoods in which we live has certain
cultural facilities, religious groupings and ethnic
differences.
 It also has people, who are neighbours. These people
may belong to different cultures have different
attitudes and behaviours. Some of these we accept and
some of these we deny and possibly rebel.
 The conformity or rebellion in some respects is the
evidence of the attitudes we hold.
5. Economic Status and Occupations.
 The economic status and occupational position of the
individual also affect his attitude formation.
 Our socio-economic background influences our
present and future attitudes. Research findings have
shown that unemployment disturbs former religious
and economic values.
 Respect for the laws of the country is associated with
increased years of higher education.
6. Mass Communications.
 Attitudes are generally less stable as compared to
values. Advertising messages for example, attempt to
alter the attitude of the people toward a certain
product or service.
 Eg. If the people at Kenchick can get you to hold a
favourable feeling toward their products that attitude
may lead to a desirable behaviour (for them)-your
purchase of Kenchick products eg. Chicken.
Effects of attitudes on behaviour
Assignment:
Highlight the effects of attitudes on behaviour.
TOPIC 5

FRUSTRATION

Meaning:

1.the feeling of being upset or annoyed as a result of being unable

to change or achieve something

2.Frustration is a result of interpersonal interactions which will be

resulted when a motivated drive gets blocked before reaching the
desired goal.

Causes of frustration

1. Limited Resources
When an adequate resource is not available in the workplace, the
job performance will be negatively influenced. As a result of which
frustration may arise among employees.

2. Unclear Relationship

The unclear relationship between employees to employees or

employees to managers causes frustration. If the relationship is
not defined clearly, it will be impossible to assign tasks to the
employees as per their status, position and ability

3. Unclear communication

Effective communication plays a vital role in motivating

employees towards better job performance. If the flow of
communication is not defined clearly, it will cause employee’s
frustration. It is because unclear communication blocks the
regular flow of work, job performance techniques, objectives, and
suggestions.

4. Status and Role Inconsistencies

If an employee’s role and status are not consistent, he/she will be

frustrated. This is because of frequent change in role. status and
position create confusion and dilemma in the actual work
environment.

5. Goal Difference

Goal difference is goal inconsistency between individual to

individual. The goal difference occurs due to individual differences
in goals, objectives, needs, and wants. Such goal difference
between each and every employee leads to employee’s
frustration.

6. Personal Background

Everyone has his/her own family, societal, cultural background,

and way of perception. If such backgrounds differ from the
organizational culture, and working relationships, the individual
may feel frustrated from the work.

7. Organizational Climate

Organizational climate represents an overall working environment

and relationship with the organization. The healthy and friendly
environment helps to motivate people at work. On contrary,
unhealthy and uncomfortable working environment leads to
employee’s frustration.

8. Lack of Goal Harmony

Goal harmony means a proper match between individual goals

and organizational goals. A proper goal harmony creates
improved job performance thereby resulting the higher degree of
motivation. Contrary to it, the lack of it creates employee’s
frustration.

9. Poor Staffing

Staffing involves all activities necessary to create roles and

responsibilities in an organizational environment. But poor staffing
results into less commitment. As a result of which, employees
may be frustrated.
 10. Lack of Effective Personnel Policy

If the organization is lacking an effective personnel policy, the

employees will not commit themselves towards better
performance. As a result, frustration occurs at the workstation.

11. Lack of Incentive And Motivation Procedure

The best incentive and motivation procedure helps to achieve

high job satisfaction. But in case of its inadequacy, employees
feel frustrated at work because they feel bored by performing
hideous work

Defense mechanism to frustration.

1.Displacement
Have ever had a really bad day at work and then gone home and taken
out your frustration on
family and friends? Then you have experienced the ego defense
mechanism of displacement.
Displacement involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses
on people or objects
that are less threatening. Displaced aggression is a common example of
this defense
mechanism. Rather than express our anger in ways that could lead to
negative consequences
(like arguing with our boss), we instead express our anger towards a
person or object that
poses no threat (such as our spouse, children, or pets).
2.Denial
Denial is probably one of the best-known defense mechanisms, used
often to describe
situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an
obvious truth (i.e. "He's in
denial."). Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that
something has occurred or is
currently occurring. Drug addicts or alcoholics often deny that they
have a problem, while
victims of traumatic events may deny that the event ever occurred.
Denial functions to protect the ego from things with which the
individual cannot cope. While
this may save us from anxiety or pain, denial also requires a substantial
investment of energy.
Because of this, other defences are also used to keep these
unacceptable feelings
from conscious awareness.
In many cases, there might be overwhelming evidence that something
is true, yet the person
will continue to deny its existence or truth because it is too
uncomfortable to face.
Denial can involve a flat out rejection of the existence of a fact or
reality. In other cases, it might involve admitting that something is true,
but minimizing its importance.
Sometimes people will accept reality and the seriousness of the fact,
but they will deny their ownresponsibility and instead blame other
people or other outside forces.
Addiction is one of the best-known examples of denial. People who are
suffering from a
substance abuse problem will often flat-out deny that their behavior is
problematic. In other
cases, they might admit that they do use drugs or alcohol, but will claim
that this substance
abuse is not a problem.
3. Repression and Suppression
Repression is another well-known defense mechanism. Repression acts
to keep information
out of conscious awareness. However, these memories don't just
disappear; they continue to
influence our behavior. For example, a person who has repressed
memories of abuse suffered
as a child may later have difficulty forming relationships.
Sometimes we do this consciously by forcing the unwanted information
out of our awareness,
which is known as suppression. In most cases, however, this removal of
anxiety-provoking
memories from our awareness is believed to occur unconsciously
4. Sublimation
Sublimation is a defense mechanism that allows us to act out
unacceptable impulses by
converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form. For example,
a person experiencing
extreme anger might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting
frustration. Freud believed that
sublimation was a sign of maturity that allows people to function
normally in socially
acceptable ways.
5.Projection
Projection is a defense mechanism that involves taking our own
unacceptable qualities or
feelings and ascribing them to other people. For example, if you have a
strong dislike for
someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you.
Projection works by
allowing the expression of the desire or impulse, but in a way that the
ego cannot recognize,
therefore reducing anxiety.
6.Intellectualization
Intellectualization works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a
cold, clinical way. This
defense mechanism allows us to avoid thinking about the stressful,
emotional aspect of the
situation and instead focus only on the intellectual component. For
example, a person who has
just been diagnosed with a terminal illness might focus on learning
everything about the
disease in order to avoid distress and remain distant from the reality of
the situation.
7.Rationalization
Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an
unacceptable behavior or
feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the
behavior. For example,
a person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation
by saying they were not
attracted to the other person anyway. A student might blame a poor
exam score on the
instructor rather than his or her lack of preparation.
Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it may also protect self-
esteem and self-concept.
When confronted by success or failure, people tend to attribute
achievement to their own
qualities and skills while failures are blamed on other people or outside
forces.
8. Regression
When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon
coping strategies and revert
to patterns of behavior used earlier in development. Anna Freud called
this defense
mechanism regression, suggesting that people act out behaviors from
the stage of
psychosexual development in which they are fixated. For example, an
individual fixated at an
earlier developmental stage might cry or sulk upon hearing unpleasant
news.
Behaviours associated with regression can vary greatly depending upon
which stage at which
the person is fixated. An individual fixated at the oral stage might begin
eating or smoking
excessively, or might become very verbally aggressive. A fixation at the
anal stage might result
in excessive tidiness or messiness.
9.Reaction Formation
Reaction formation reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling,
impulse, or behavior. An
example of reaction formation would be treating someone you strongly
dislike in an
excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings. Why do
people behave this
way? According to Freud, they are using reaction formation as a
defense mechanism to hide
their true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner.
Other Defense Mechanisms
Since Freud first described the original defense mechanisms, other
researchers have
continued to describe other methods of reducing anxiety. Some of
these defense mechanisms
include:
Acting Out: In this type of defense, the individual copes with stress by
engaging in actions
rather than reflecting upon internal feelings.
Affiliation: This involves turning to other people for support.
Aim Inhibition: In this type of defense, the individual accepts a
modified form of their original
goal (i.e. becoming a high school basketball coach rather than a
professional athlete.)
Altruism: Satisfying internal needs through helping others.
Avoidance: Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or
situations.
Compensation: Overachieving in one area to compensate for failures in
another.
Humour: Pointing out the funny or ironic aspects of a situation.
Passive-aggression: Indirectly expressing anger.
Fantasy: Avoiding reality by retreating to a safe place within one's
mind.
Solutions to defense mechanisms
1BECOME MORE SELF-AWARE
 -Accepting that one’s using defense mechanisms
in the first place. Once they are able to recognize
 when they are using them, one can dig deeper to
identify their emotions.
 Allow your feelings to communicate with you. Let them say
what they need to say.
 Then act to change your situation, instead of burying how
you feel. 
 Once you identify how you’re coping with stress or negative
situations, you can more easily change your state.
2.TAKE RESPONSIBILITY
 Defense mechanisms are often a way of placing the blame
on something outside of ourselves.
 We believe that things are being done to us, rather than
taking responsibility for our own part in our circumstances.
 The truth is “Life is a gift, and it offers us the privilege,
opportunity and responsibility to give something back by
becoming more.
 Whatever happens, take responsibility.” To become more, yo
must accept that you cannot control the way others act.
You can control the way that you react.
 One an control their own emotions. This is the difference
between those who let life happen to them, and those
who make life happen.
3.BREAK THE PATTERNS
 Humans are creatures of habit. We all get stuck in patterns
and they often don’t serve us.
 Once you learn to take responsibility for your own emotions,
you’re ready to break those patterns and stop using
defense mechanisms.
 Strategies like mindfulness and practising gratitude can help
one shift their mind-set and see the world in a more positive
way.
 Journaling allows one to work through their feelings and
begin to see the patterns that hold them back.
  A professional coach can act as an accountability person
and hold one accountable when they are making unhealthy
choices.
Working past one’s  defense mechanisms takes effort, but it’s well
worth it.
Assignment.
Briefly describe five solutions to frustration.
TOPIC
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC RELATIONS.

Meaning/definition of publics
Publics are those groups of people, internally ( within the organisation)
and externally (outside the organisation) with whom an organisation
communicates. Eg. The community, potential employees, employees,
suppliers of services and materials, investors, distributors e.t.c.
The Importance of public relations

1.PR Increases Brand Credibility and trust.

Be it in any organisation the success of a business can be tied to public
relations officers who are employed to bridge the gap between the
public and the organisation.
The public relations officer works on increasing the reputation and
increasing credibility within their given industry. This is often done
through network strategies, influencer connections, and thought
leadership pieces.
2.PR Increases Leads, Sales, and Profits
Without marketing PR is incomplete. When enhancing its reputation
through PR practices, a company makes sure that the new potential
customers find their way right to their organisation. Also, clients and
customers will have more options in staying connected with the
organisation through its press releases and business stories.
The PR help organizations in making it possible to resonate their target
customers by creating the right messages in impressive ways, which
ultimately means bigger profits.

3.PR Changes People’s Way of Thinking About the

organisation/business.
In this online world, people get the freedom to express their own views
on business. Some of the shared views and strategies are true, while
some are not.
However, PR campaigns is the most effective way to rectify this. The
right campaign and PR support increases cognizance for a brand while
upholding a positive image.

4.PR Enhances Online Presence

In today’s world, everyone is digitally connected, and PR is helping
organisations create a strong online presence, which is visible to their
targeted clients. Guidance and support are provided by the PR which
help companies/organisations market themselves. PR helps companies to
recover from disasters or something threatening that damages the
reputation of the company.
The best influencers and channels are identified by the PR experts to
deliver the right message of the company to the right people. The
companies can thus use their industry connections and valued experience
to maximize the reach.
PR uses some reliable tools to help their clients increase their
profitability and strengthen their brand image. Some of the tools used
are an influencer and social media connections with promotional
content-publishing websites and press releases. Additionally, these tools
can be also used in overcoming challenges that threaten the success of a
company.

Role of public relations in an organisation.

1.Communication management – A fundamental technique used

in public relations is to identify the target audience and to tailor
messages to be relevant to each audience. The public relations
role calls for developing communications objectives that are
consistent with the organization’s overall objectives. As two-way
communicators, public relations professionals interact directly
with key publics, relaying the resulting information (with
recommendations) to other members of the management team.

2.Crisis management – Public relations establishes methods and

policies to be used when the operations of the organization
become involved in an emergency affecting the public. This
includes policies and procedures for the distribution of
information to employees, media, government and other key
publics.

3.Issues management – This involves identifying problems,

issues and trends relevant to the organization and then
developing and executing a program to deal with them. This also
includes the study of public policy matters of concern to the
organization.
4.PR in marketing management – PR role in marketing
management includes product publicity, product placement, third
party endorsement, use of spokespersons, participation in trade
exhibitions, and cause related marketing.

5.Relationship management – This involves the role of public

relations in identifying key publics and establishing strategies for
building and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with
those publics.

6.Reputation or image management – The planning and

implementing of policies, procedures and strategies that
demonstrate the commitment of the organization to public and
social responsibility, ethical behaviour, corporate identity and
reputation with key publics.

7.Resource management – Public relations management of

human and financial resources revolves around setting objectives,
planning, budgeting, recruiting and hiring PR employees and
administering of these resources.

8.Risk management – As preventive PR, this role involves making

the organization recognize areas of potential danger so that
needed changes can be made before potential dangers develop
into crises.

9.Strategic management – Acting as a counsellor, the PR

professional helps the management team in The PR
professional integrates an understanding of the concerns
and attitudes of key publics into the organization’s
managerial

1.Outline three positive mechanisms which an employee may

adopt to cope with frustration in the workplace. (3marks).

2.Outline four techniques that can be used to change the

attitude of employees in an organisation. (8marks).

3.Outline three benefits that an organisation may get

from clearly defining its publics.

TOPIC 6

SCOPE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Types of publics

Publics of one organisation may differ from those of another.

1.Potential employees can be recruited from

schools, colleges or universities.

3. Employees can be of many kinds eg. Those in

management and executives, factory and warehouse
workers, office staff, sales and transport staff. They
may be concentrated in one building or in different
 locations. They may represent many different salary
wage, social and ethnic groups.

4.suppliers they can be those who supply services eg.

Energy, professional services and those who supply
raw materials components, packaging buyers.

5.Financial publics eg the local bank . The publics

will include investors , investment analysts, pension
fund managers, banks insurance companies.
Willingness to buy shares or invest will depend on
what is known about the company’s background.

6.Distributors- these handle the goods between

producer and consumer. They include:- wholesalers,
commission agents brokers, retailers, salespeople,
vending machines, importers and exporters.

7.Consumers and users- these include trade and

industrial buyers

Relationship between the organisation and the

public
A commercial organisation has to communicate with
many groups of people other than distributors and
consumers.

TOPIC

Ethics of public Relations

Meaning

moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or

the conducting of an activity.

Functions of PR office

 Public relations functions are designed to help build

trust and credibility with groups that are important to
the organization. as well as give it a chance to define,
control and distribute its message to those both inside
and outside your organisation
 Effective public relations functions can also promote
your organization, help communicate during a crisis
or defend its reputation from attacks people make on
it in the media.
1.Media Representation

 Representing a company or individual to the media is one of

the more well-known functions of public relations.

 Media management includes developing and distributing

both written and video news releases, pitching stories to
journalists and responding to reporter inquiries.

 Depending on the organization, spokesperson duties may

also be handled by the public relations department.

 Media representation also includes monitoring and

measuring news coverage of the organization or individual.

2.Crisis Communication

 Protecting a company from a threat to its reputation is

another public relations function. While media
representation is a part of crisis communication, preparing a
crisis communication plan and training leadership and
employees on its components is handled by a public
relations department.

 A crisis communication plan developed by a public relations

team typically includes determining specific logistics for
expected reporters, the designation of an official
spokesperson for the crisis, the development of targeted
messages for internal and external audiences and training
for company leadership on how to handle tough or hostile
questions.

3.Content Development

 Preparing documents, written and electronic, is another

function of public relations. Examples of content developed
 by a public relations department include company
newsletters, blogs, speeches and annual reports.

 Content may also be written for another member of the

company, such as a letter to employees from the CEO.

 Often, a public relations department will work with another

department to ensure a project fits with an overall company
message. For example, a public relations department may
work with advertising and marketing departments on
creating a description, report or other content about a new
product or service.

4.Stakeholder Relations

 Stakeholders are any persons or groups who have an

interest in or could be affected by an organization's
objectives or actions, such as the company's employees,
lenders and government agencies.

 Representing an organization to stakeholder groups is

another function of public relations. For example, you'll want
to give employees and prospective employees a positive
image of the business, and make it seem relevant,
successful and important, so people want to work for you.

5.Social Media Management

 Establishing, monitoring or growing an organization's or

individual's online presence is another function of public
relations.

 Specific tasks may include creating or updating Facebook

pages, tweeting information and keeping an eye on what
others are saying in cyberspace about an organization.
Qualities of a PR officer
 Excellent communication skills both orally and in writing.
 Excellent interpersonal skills.
Good IT skills
 Excellent Presentation skills.
 Initiative.
 Ability to prioritise and plan effectively.
 Awareness of different media agendas.
Creativity.
Code of consultancy practice

1.Have a positive duty to observe the highest standards in the practice of

public Relations and to deal fairly and honestly with employees and
clients (past and present) and fellow professionals, the public
relations profession, other professions, suppliers, employees and
above all the public.

2.Be aware of, understand and observe this code, any amendment to it and
any other codes which shall be incorporated into it. Remain upto date
with the content and recommendations of any guidance or practice
papers issued and have a duty to conform to good practice as
expressed in such guidance.

3. Uphold this code and cooperate With fellow members to enforce

decisions on any matter arising from its application.

Code of professional conduct

1.integrity of communication.

Members shall make every effort not to publish or otherwise disseminate

false information.

2.Confidential information.
Members who are given or obtain information in confidence during the
course of their professional duties shall not publish or otherwise
disclose such information except as required by law.

3.Injury to other members.

A member shall not maliciously injure the professional reputation of

another member.

4.Reputation of the profession.

Members shall not conduct themselves in a manner which is likely to be

detrimental to the reputation of the Association.

5.Legal requirements

 Members shall seek to ensure that the communications media for

which they are responsible comply with the legal requirements in
particular those concerning copyright, libel and publishing imprints.

6.Upholding this code.

A member shall uphold this code of professional conduct and cooperate

with other members in so doing.

Revision Assignment

1.Explain six qualities that an effective that an effective public relations

officer should possess. 9mks

2.It is necessary for managers to understand the attitudes of their

employees. Give four reasons why this is necessary. 8mks

4. Highlight 4 codes of professional conduct 4mks.

TOPIC 9

Media and public Relations

Media is the communication outlets or tools used to store and
deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the
mass media communications industry, such as print media,
publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting
(radio and television), and advertising.

Media used in Public Relations activities.

1.Radio

Radio is different from the press and has certain advantages.

It has the intimacy of the human voice and the attractiveness of

the broadcaster's voice is very important. The public will listen to
a voice they like although they may never know what the speaker
looks like.

Programme material can be produced very quickly and

inexpensive. Urgent announcement can be broadcast in one of
the frequent news bulletins.

It has a large audience including those who do not have formal

education.

Television

Limited advertising time is sold in breaks in programs which are

produced independently of the advertisers. Sponsored television
means that the advertisers sponsor the program which includes
their advertisement.

Television has sound, movement, vision and colour. In PR terms

this means that great care is necessary in choosing people for
viewers will be looking at both their physical appearance and their
mode of dress rather than listening to What they have to say.

Print/ press media

means of mass communication in the form of printed

publications, such as newspapers and magazines, journals.

Internet- social media

websites and applications that enable users to create and share

content or to participate in social networking.

They are interactive computer-mediated technologies that

facilitate the creation or sharing of information, ideas, career
interests, and other forms of expression via virtual communities
and networks. 

Some of the most common ways PR teams use in social

media Include:-

 To find influencers

 To identify brand threats

 To influence journalists stories

 To swiftly react to negative press.

Factors influencing choice of media in PR activities.

a)the editorial policy- the journal’s outlook and the kind of material it
prints eg. Does the newspaper regularly print brief details of business
appointments.
b) frequency of publication- daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly,
annually. The number of editions are important also.

c) copy date- what is the last date or time to supply material for the
next issue. This depends on frequency and printing process.

d) Printing process- using different types of printing process currently

available.

e) Circulation area – Is it international, national regional, urban or

suburban.

f) readership profile – types of people who read the

edition/newspaper/magazine ie age, groups, gender, religion,
politics, etc.

g)Distribution methods - retail, subscription, free newspaper/ news

letter etc

Revision Questions.

1.list three ways in which an employee may avoid frustration

caused by lack of adequate skills in his area of work 3mks.

2. State four characteristics of the bureaucratic style of

management. 4mks
3.list four social needs that may motivate employees in an
organisation 4mks

Topic

Personality

Meaning:

According to Lundberg and others, “The term

personality refers to the habits, attitudes and other
social.

Constituents of personality

 Honesty-Humility (H): Sincerity, Fairness, Greed

Avoidance, Modesty

 Emotionality (E): Fearfulness, Anxiety, Dependence,

Sentimentality

 Extroversion (X): Social Self-Esteem, Social

Boldness, Sociability, Liveliness

 Agreeableness (A): Forgivingness, Gentleness,

Flexibility, Patience

 Conscientiousness (C): Organization, Diligence,

Perfectionism, Prudence
  Openness to Experience (O): Aesthetic Appreciation,
Inquisitiveness, Creativity, Unconventionality
Honesty-Humility (H): Sincerity, Fairness, Greed
Avoidance, Modesty

EMOTIONAL STABILITY: People with positive emotional

stability tend to be calm, self confident and secure. Those with
high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed and
insecure.

RELEVANCE: less negative thinking, fewer negative emotions,

less hyper vigilant

WORK: Higher job & life satisfaction, lower stress levels

EXTRAVERSION: Extroverts tend to be assertive and sociable.

Introverts tend to be reserved timid and quiet.

RELEVANCE: Better interpersonal skills, greater social

dominance, more emotionally expressive .

WORK: Higher performance, enhanced leadership, higher job

and life satisfaction.

AGREEABLENESS : Highly agreeable people are cooperative,

warm and trusting. Those who score low on agreeableness are
cold, disagreeable and antagonistic.
RELEVANCE : Better liked, more compliant and conforming.

WORK : Higher performance, lower levels of deviant behaviour.

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: Is a measure of reliability. A highly

conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and
persistent. Those who score low are easily distracted disorganised
and unreliable.

RELEVANCE: Greater effort and persistence, more drive and

discipline, better organized and planning.

WORK: Higher performance, enhanced leadership, Greater

longevity.

Factors that make individuals to differ

1.Hereditary

Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at

conception e.g Physical structure, facial

attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle

composition, and reflexes, energy level, and biological
rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered
to be either completely or

influenced by the parents.

 Family and Social Factors

 Family and social groups have the most

significant impact on personality development.

 Parents and other family members have a strong

influence on the personality development of the
child.

 Parents have more effect on personality

development as compared to other members of the
family.

 Besides a person’s home environment and family

members, there are other influences arising from
social factors like- friends, neighbour, relatives,
etc. These groups have their impact through
socialization

Identification Process

The identification process occurs when a person tries to identify

himself with some person to whom he feels ideal in the family.

 First identification can be viewed as the similarity of

behavior between the child and the model.
 Second identification can be looked in as the child motives
or desires to be like the model.
  Third, it can be viewed as the process through which
the child actually takes on the attributes of the
model.

Cultural Factors

 Culture determines attitude towards

independence, aggression competition, and
cooperation.
 Each culture expects and trains its members to
behave in a way that is acceptable to the group.

Intelligence

 There is some relationship between intelligence

and personality.

 Intelligence is mainly hereditary. Persons who

are very intelligent can make a better
adjustment in home, school, and society than
those persons who are less intelligent.

Gender Differences

 Boys are generally more assertive, tough-

minded and vigorous. They have better need to
succeed with regard to interest and aptitudes.
 Boys show interest in machinery and outdoor
activities. They prefer adventures.
Topic

SOCIAL ORGANISATION

Meaning

 *Social organization* refers to the network of

relationships in a group and how they interconnect.
 This network of relationships helps members of a group
stay connected to one another in order to maintain a sense
of community within a group.

FACTORS DETERMINING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION