Lab Manual

Virtual Lab

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bhilai Institute of Technology, Raipur

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Virtual Lab Manual

 CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, BHILAI (C.G)
Branch: Mechanical Engineering Semester: IV
Subject: Virtual Lab Code: B037424(037)
Total Lab Periods: 48 Batch Size: 30
Maximum Marks: 40 Minimum Marks: 20

List of Experiments
S.No Name of Virtual Lab Website link
A Strength of materials Lab http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/ (Any 3)

To study the mechanical properties of Mild Steel and Cast iron specimen under tension load and
1
compression load.
2 To study the mechanical properties of mild steel under torsion and bending.
3 To determine experimentally, the ultimate shear strength of timber.
To find the Rockwell and Brinell hardness number of mild steel, cast iron, brass, aluminum and
4
spring steel.
5 To find the impact resistance of mild steel and cast iron using Izod and Charpy test.
B Mechanics of Machine lab/ Mechanisms http://mm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/
(Any 3)
Lab http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/mr/
1 To study Kinematic analysis of Slider cranks mechanism.
2 To study Kinematic analysis of Elliptical Trammel.
3 To study Kinematic analysis of Crank and Slotted Mechanism
4 To study Oldham Coupling Mechanism.
5 To study quick return mechanism
C Virtual laboratory Experience in Fluid
https://mfts-iitg.vlabs.ac.in/ (Any 3)
and Thermal Sciences
1 To perform conduction analysis of Single Material Slab and cylinder.
2 To perform conduction analysis of Double Material Slab.
3 To perform conduction analysis of cylinder.
4 To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in the parallel flow heat exchanger.
5 To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in the counter flow heat exchanger.
D Micromachining laboratory http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/ (Any 2)

1 To study the Wire Electrical Discharge Machining process.

2 To study the Laser Hardening process.
3 To study the electrochemical machining Process.
E Fabrication Laboratory (FAB LAB) http://fabcoep.vlabs.ac.in/Introduction.html (Any 1)

1 Study of Molding and Casting of complex shapes using Polyurethane rubber mold compounds.
To understand the process parameters of 3D scanning to generate digitized data from physical
2
model.

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Virtual Lab Manual

Course Outcomes:
On successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1 Perform experiments of material testing laboratory through virtual simulator.
2 Analyze different type of mechanism through virtual simulator.
3 Analyze various heat transfer parameter in virtual laboratory
4 Describe EDM, Laser cutting, ECM after learning the process through micromachining laboratory
5 Describe casting/ 3D scanning after learning the process through fabrication laboratory.

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Virtual Lab Manual

 INDEX

Signature
Date of Date of
S. No. Name of Experiment of Remark
Experiment submission
Teacher
To study the mechanical properties of Mild
1. Steel and Cast iron specimen under tension
load and compression load.

To study the mechanical properties of

2. Cast iron specimen under tension load
and compression load.

To find the impact resistance of mild

3. steel and cast iron using Izod and
Charpy test.

To find the Rockwell and Brinell

4. hardness number of mild steel, cast iron,
brass, aluminum and spring steel.

To study Kinematic analysis of Slider

5. cranks mechanism.

To study Kinematic analysis of Crank

6.
and Slotted Mechanism

To study Kinematic analysis of Elliptical

7. Trammel.

8. To Study Oldhem Coupling Mechanism

To study quick return mechanism

9.

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Virtual Lab Manual

 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab Link : http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/
To study the mechanical properties of Mild Steel and Cast iron specimen
Experiment No. 01
under tension load and compression load.
TENSILE TEST

PROCEDURE:

1 Measure the Initial Diameter of the tension test sample in two perpendicular directions using
vernier caliper and calculate the initial area.
2 Measure the Length of the specimen between the grips using a scale.
3 Make punch marks at a distance of 2.5d.
4 Insert the specimen into its position and mount extensometer on the specimen.
5 Readings on the dials A and B of extensometer are adjusted to zero.
6 Experiment is conducted. Load, extensometer readings are read at regular intervals of load upto
the yield point. Ivory scale readings are noted till the specimen failure.
7 Plot the Graph between Load and Extensometer reading
8 Join two pieces of the test sample and measure the diameter at the neck of the specimen.
9 Measure the final length between three punch marks.
10 Calculate the yield stress, Tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Percentage Elongation(%) and
Percentage reduction in area (%)

OBSERVATION:

1. Initial diameter in mm = 12.55mm

2 Length of the specimen between the grips in mm = 190mm
3 Punch mark at a interval of 2.5d in mm = 31.38mm
4 Final Length between the 3 punch mark in mm = 82.1mm
5 Final Diameter in mm = 7.5mm
6 Original c/s area(A,)in mm² = 123.6mm2
7 Final area of c/s at neck in mm2 = 44.15mm2
8 Least Count(LC) in mm = 0.01mm
9 Gauge Length of the extensometer in mm =

CALCULATION

1. Yield stress,

Yield stress= 335.65N/mm2

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2 Tensile strength,

Tensile strength=416.53N/mm2

3 Modulus of Elasticity,

Modulus of Elasticity= 211GPa

4 Percentage Elongation(%)

% elongation= 29.91%

5 Percentage reduction in area (%)

% reduction in area= 64.28%

ASSIGNMENT

1. Draw the stress strain diagram for a ductile and brittle material and what is the difference in it?
2. What do you understand by strain hardening?
3. What do you mean by percentage reduction in area?
4. Explain the steps in ductile fracture.
5. Explain the modes of failure in tension test.

COMPRESSIVE TEST

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the Diameter of the test sample using vernier caliper and calculate the Moment of Inertia.
2 Measure the Length of the specimen.
3 Make punch marks at a distance of 2.5d.
4 Insert the specimen into its position in UTM.
5 Start the loading process, note down the deflections using dial gauge for corresponding load
interval
6 Plot the Graph between Load and Dial reading
7 Measure the final diameter of the specimen.
8 Measure the final length of the specimen.
9 Calculate the proof stress, Compressive strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Secant Modulus and
Tangent Modulus.

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OBSERVATION:

1 Initial diameter in mm = 20.1

2 Length of the specimen = 42
3 Original c/s area(A,)in mm² = 317.15
4 Final area of c/s at neck in mm2 = 299.36
5 Slope 1 in kN/div = 111.11
6 Slope 1 in kN/div = 47.92
7 Slope 1 in kN/div = 141.18
8 Least Count(LC) in mm = 0.01

CALCULATION
1. Proof stress,
proof stress = 213.43 N/mm2 .

2 Compressive strength,
Compressive strength, = 866.09 N/mm2

3 Modulus of Elasticity,
Modulus of Elasticity=20.14Gpa

4 Secant Modulus
Secant Modulus = 18.26 Gpa

5 Tangent Modulus
Tangent Modulus = 8.91 Gpa

ASSIGNMENT
1. Define compressive strength?
2. What are the types of compression failure?
3. How a mild steel specimen fails under compression load?
4. Define modulus of elasticity?
5. What is the importance of mechanical properties determined in compression test to engineering
design?

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab Link : http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/
To study the mechanical properties of Cast iron specimen under tension
Experiment No. 02
load and compression load.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the Initial Diameter of the tension test sample in two perpendicular directions using
vernier caliper and calculate the initial area.
2 Measure the Length of the specimen between the grips using a scale.
3 Make punch marks at a distance of 2.5d.
4 Insert the specimen into its position and mount extensometer on the specimen.
5 Readings on the dials A and B of extensometer are adjusted to zero.
6 Experiment is conducted. Load, extensometer readings are read at regular intervals of load upto
the yield point. Ivory scale readings are noted till the specimen failure.
7 Plot the Graph between Load and Extensometer reading
8 Join two pieces of the test sample and measure the diameter at the neck of the specimen.
9 Measure the final length between three punch marks.
10 Calculate the yield stress, Tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Percentage Elongation(%) and
Percentage reduction in area (%)

OBSERVATION:

1. Initial diameter in mm = 20.1mm

2 Length of the specimen between the grips in mm = 190mm
3 Punch mark at a interval of 2.5d in mm = 50.25mm
4 Final Length between the 3 punch mark in mm = Negligible
5 Final Diameter in mm = Negligible
6 Original c/s area(A,)in mm² = 317.14mm2
7 Final area of c/s at neck in mm2 = Same

CALCULATION

1. Proof stress,
Proof stress= 175.78N/mm2

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2 Tensile strength,

Tensile strength=208.1N/mm2

3 Secant of Elasticity,
Secant of Elasticity = 16.47GPa

4 Tangent Modulus:-
Tangent Modulus=9.71GPa

5 Modulus of Elasticity:-
Modulus of Elasticity = 20.13GPa

ASSIGNMENT

1. Draw the stress strain diagram for a ductile and brittle material and what is the difference in it?
2. What do you understand by strain hardening?
3. What do you mean by percentage reduction in area?
4. Explain the steps in ductile fracture.
5. Explain the modes of failure in tension test.

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab Link : http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/
To find the impact resistance of mild steel and cast iron using Izod and
Experiment No. 03
Charpy test.

IZOD TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Select the Izod test specimen.

2 Test for friction loss is conducted by adjusting the pointer to 164 Joules, then the pendulum is
released by operating the lever without keeping the specimen.
3 The Izod test specimen as per Indian Standards IS:3766-1977 is placed in position.

4 The pendulum is released. The hammer strikes against the specimen, breaks it and swings further
then the observation is noted down.

OBSERVATION:

1. Specimen Material = Cast iron

2 Length of selected specimen, L (mm) =76.4,75,76

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 3 Breadth of selected specimen, B (mm) =9.4,9.3,9.44
4 Depth of selected specimen, D (mm) =9.16,9.4,9.64
5 Depth of Notch, d (mm) =2,4.2,4.6
6 Loss of energy due to friction, Ef (J) =2
7 Total loss of energy during transit of Hammer Et (J) =8,10,5
8 Energy for failure of specimen (Et – Ef) =6,8,3

CHARPY TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Test for friction loss is conducted by adjusting the pointer to 300 Joules, then the pendulum is
released by operating the lever without keeping the specimen.

2 The Charpy test specimen as per Indian standard IS: 1499-1977 is used to conduct the test.
3 The Charpy test specimen is placed in position

4 The pendulum is released by operating the lever. The hammer strikes against the specimen
and breaks it.

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OBSERVATION:

1. Specimen Material = Mild steel

2 Length of selected specimen, L (mm) =57.46,57.46,57.46
3 Breadth of selected specimen, B (mm) =9.22,9.22,9.22
4 Thickness of selected specimen, D (mm) =9.42,9.42,9.42
5 Depth of Notch, d (mm) =5,5,5
6 Distance between supports =40mm
7 Radius of curvature of support =10mm
8 Taper of support =1±0.1 in 5slope
9 Angle at tip of hammer =30°
10 Radius of curvature of the tip of hammer =2mm
11 Root radius of notch =1.0mm
12 Depth below notch =8mm
13 Loss of energy due to friction, Ef (J) =1
14 Total loss of energy during transit of Hammer Et (J) =47.5,47.5,47.5
15 Energy for failure of specimen (Et – Ef) =47.5,47.5,47.5

ASSIGNMENT

Izod Test:
1. Write a note on toughness mechanism in brief.
2. What is the standard size of square and round test specimen?
3. Which property of material can be determined by impact test?
4. Why friction loss test is conducted in impact test experiment?
5. What is the difference between charpy impact test and izod impact test?

Charpy Test:
6. Why a notch is made on charpy or izod test specimen?
7. Give the standard size of charpy impact test specimen?
8. What is the standard speed of pendulum at the instant of striking?
9. What are the factors affecting charpy impact energy?
10. Explain how the specimen will be placed in charpy impact test?

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab Link : http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/
To find the Rockwell and Brinell hardness number of mild steel, cast iron,
Experiment No. 04
brass, aluminum and spring steel.

BRINELL TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Select the load P based on the type of material selected (Mild Steel, Cast Iron, Brass, Aluminum).
2 The specimen is placed on the supporting table, then the hand wheel below the table is turned in
clockwise direction until the gap between the surface of the specimen and the indentor is 5mm.

3 The motor is switched ON. The hand lever is pulled into load position. The load is applied for
a period of 10 to 15 seconds.
4 The hand lever is pulled back into unload position. The diameter of the impression is measured
through a microscope attached to the apparatus.

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OBSERVATION:

1. Specimen Material = Cast iron

2 Diameter of the indentor, D (mm) = 10mm
3 Load, P (kg) = 3000Kg
4 P/D2 = 30

Calculate the Brinell Hardness Number (HBW):

Material Diameter of Load, P/D2 Diameter of indentation Average d/D HBW
indenter P dix diy Diameter di
Cast iron 10 3000 30 5.8 5.8 5.8 0.58 103.07
Cast iron 10 3000 30 6.03 6.03 6.03 0.603 94.47

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Select a specimen of your choice (Cast Iron, Mild Steel, Spring Steel, Brass and Aluminium)
2 The hand wheel is turned until the specimen is in contact with the indenter and the pointer of the
smaller dial gauge reaches the RED DOT so that minor load of 10kg is applied.

3 Based on the material the major load is set & the motor is switched ON. The hand lever is kept in
load position. The reading is noted down using B-scale or C-scale based on indentor used.

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OBSERVATION:

1. Specimen Material = Cast iron

2 Type of indentor used = Ball Indender
3 Rockwell Hardness Number = 78.50

Calculate the Rockwell Hardness Number (HBW):

Material Total Load Scale Used Rockwell Hardness Number

Cast iron 100 B 82

Cast iron 100 B 75

ASSIGNMENT

Brinell Hardness Test:

1. Why minor load is applied to the specimen?
2. On which basis major load is selected?
3. How do the Brinell tests actually measure hardness? Explain.
4. Which are the possible indentation patterns in brinell hardness test?
5. What precautions are taken in brinell hardness test?

Rockwell Hardness Test:

1. Why it is necessary to do hardness test?
2. Describe the procedure for the Rockwell test, explaining the reason for the pre-load.
3. What are the materials generally used for indenter?
4. What are the precautions to be taken before conducting the experiments?
5. What is the principle involved in Rockwell hardness test?

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab

Experiment No. 05 To study Kinematic analysis of Slider cranks mechanism.

Slider-Crank Mechanism
Slider-crank mechanism, arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert straight-line motion to
rotary motion, as in a reciprocating piston engine, or to convert rotary motion to straight-line motion, as in a
reciprocating piston pump. The basic nature of the mechanism and the relative motion of the parts can best be
described with the aid of the accompanying figure, in which the moving parts are lightly shaded. The darkly
shaded part 1, the fixed frame or block of the pump or engine, contains a cylinder, depicted in cross section by its
walls DE and FG, in which the piston, part 4, slides back and forth. The small circle at A represents the main
crankshaft bearing, which is also in part 1. The crankshaft, part 2, is shown as a straight member extending from
the main bearing at A to the crankpin bearing at B, which connects it to the connecting rod, part 3. The connecting
rod is shown as a straight member extending from the crankpin bearing at B to the wristpin bearing at C, which
connects it to the piston, part 4, which is shown as a rectangle. The three bearings shown as circles
at A, B, and C permit the connected members to rotate freely with respect to one another. The path of B is a circle
of radius AB; when B is at point h the piston will be in position H, and when B is at point j the piston will be in
position J. On a gasoline engine, the head end of the cylinder (where the explosion of the gasoline-air mixture
takes place) is at EG; the pressure produced by the explosion will push the piston from position H to
position J; return motion from J to H will require the rotational energy of a flywheel attached to the crankshaft and
rotating about a bearing collinear with bearing A. On a reciprocating piston pump the crankshaft would be driven
by a motor.

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab

Experiment No. 06 To study Kinematic analysis of Crank and Slotted Mechanism

Theory:-

The crank and slotted quick return mechanism converts rotatory motion into linear motion. It is
extensively used in shaping and cutting machines and is particularly useful in cutting flat surfaces out of
metal stock. The return stroke of the ram is faster than the advancing stroke. The mechanism consists of
an arm attached to a rotating disc that moves at a controlled uniform speed. Unlike the crank, the arm of
the mechanism runs at a different rate than the disc. By having the disc run at a different rate than the
attached arm, productivity increases because the amount of time needed for a cut is reduced.

The crank and slotted quick return mechanism was invented by Whitworth in the 1800s. It played an
active role in increasing productivity by reducing cutting times in shaping machines.

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab

Experiment No. 07 To study Kinematic analysis of Elliptical Trammel.

Elliptical Trammel Mechanism

• Figure shows an elliptical trammel in which the fixed link 1 is in the form of guides for sliders 2 and
4.
• With the movement of the slider, any point C on the link 3, except the midpoint AB will trace an
ellipse on a fixed plate.
• The midpoint of AB will trace a circle.
• Let at any instant, the link 3 make angle θ with the X-axis. Considering the displacements of the
sliders from the center of trammel,

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Rearranging this equation we get,

· This is an equation of an ellipse. Therefore the path traced by C is an ellipse with the semi-major and
semi-minor axes being equal to AC & BC respectively.

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab

Experiment No. 08 To Study Oldhem Coupling Mechanism

]Oldham Coupling Mechanism

A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of
transmitting power. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however
there are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded.

An Oldham′s coupling is a third inversion of double slider crank chain and which is obtain by
fixing the connecting link.It is used to join two shafts which have lateral mis-alignment. It consists of two
flanges A and B with slots and a central floating part E with two tongues T1 and T2 at right angles as
shown in Fig.. The central floating part is held by means of a pin passing through the flanges and the
floating part. The tongue T1 fits into the slot of flange A and allows for relative motion of the shafts,
while the tongue T2 fits into the slot of the flange B and allows for vertical relative motion of the parts.
The resultant of these two components of motion will accommodate lateral misalignment of the shaft as

they rotate.

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 BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Laboratory: Virtual Lab Subject Code: 337862(37)

Name of Virtual Lab: Strength of materials Lab

Experiment No. 09 To study quick return mechanism

Quick return mechanism

A quick return mechanism is an apparatus to produce a reciprocating motion in which the time
taken for travel in return stroke is less than in the forward stroke. It is driven by a circular motion source
(typically a motor of some sort) and uses a system of links with three turning pairs and a sliding pair. A
quick-return mechanism is a subclass of a slider-crank linkage, with an offset crank.
Quick return is a common feature of tools in which the action is performed in only one direction
of the stroke, such as shapers and powered saws, because it allows less time to be spent on returning the
tool to its initial position.

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