Indian Armed Forces

The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic
Indian Armed Forces
of India. It consists of three professional uniformed services: the
Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force.[10] Additionally,
the Indian Armed Forces are supported by the Central Armed
Police Forces,[11] Assam Rifles, Indian Coast Guard and Special
Frontier Force and various inter-service commands and institutions
such as the Strategic Forces Command, the Andaman and Nicobar
Command and the Integrated Defence Staff. The President of India
is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Emblem of the Indian Armed
Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Forces
Defence (MoD) of the Government of India. With strength of over
1.4 million active personnel,[12][13] it is the world's second-largest
military force and has the world's largest volunteer army.[14] It also
has the third-largest defence budget in the world.[15] As per 2015
Credit Suisse report, the Indian Armed Forces is the world's fifth-
most powerful military,[16] whereas the 2020 GlobalFirepower
report lists it as the fourth most-powerful military.[17]

It is important to note that the Central Armed Police Forces, which Flag of Indian Armed Forces
are referred to as 'Armed Police Forces' are not armed forces. As
Service Indian Army
such they are headed by civilian officers from the Indian Police
branches Indian Navy
Service and are under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs,
not the Ministry of Defence. Indian Air
Force
The Indian armed forces have been engaged in a number of major Headquarters Ministry of Defence,
military operations, including: the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947,
South Block, New
1965 and 1971, the Portuguese-Indian War, the Sino-Indian War,
Delhi
the 1967 Chola incident, the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish, the Kargil
War, and the Siachen conflict among others. India honours its Leadership
armed forces and military personnel annually on Armed Forces Supreme President Ram
Flag Day, 7 December. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close Commander Nath Kovind
military relations with Russia, including cooperative development
of programmes such as the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft Prime Narendra Modi
(FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA). Armed with Minister
the nuclear triad,[18] the Indian armed forces are steadily Minister of Rajnath Singh
undergoing modernisation,[19] with investments in areas such as Defence
futuristic soldier systems and missile defence systems.[20][19]
Defence Ajay Kumar,
The Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence Secretary IAS
is responsible for the indigenous production of equipment used by Chief of General Bipin
the Indian Armed Forces. It comprises the 41 Indian Ordnance Defence Staff Rawat
Factories under the control of the Ordnance Factories Board, and
eight Defence PSUs namely: HAL, BEL, BEML, BDL, MDL, Manpower
GSL, GRSE and Midhani.[6] India remains one of the largest Military age 18[1]
importer of defence equipment with Russia, Israel, France and the Conscription No
United States being the top foreign suppliers of military
equipment.[21] The Government of India has launched a Make in Reaching 23,116,044[2]
India initiative to indigenise manufacturing and reduce dependence military
on imports, including defence imports and procurement.[22] age annually
Active 1,455,550[3]
personnel (ranked 2nd)
Contents Reserve 1,155,000[3]
History personnel (ranked 3rd)
Ancient to medieval era Expenditures
British India (1857 to 1947) Budget ₹478,195 crore
Dominion of India (1947–1950) (US$64 billion)
Republic of India (1950 to present) (2021–22)[4]

Current (ranked 3rd)

Overview Percent of 2.4% (2019)[5]
Personnel GDP
Branches Industry
Recruitment and Training
Domestic List
Overseas bases and relations
suppliers Munitions India
Indian Army Limited (MIL)
Doctrine, corps, field force Armoured Vehicles
Mountain Strike Corps Nigam Limited
Army Aviation Corps (AVANI)
Modernisation Advanced Weapons
Mechanised forces and Equipment
Artillery India Limited (AWE)
Infantry Troop Comforts
Exercises Limited (TCL)
Yantra India Limited
Indian Navy
(YIL)
Ships
India Optel Limited
Submarines
(IOL)
Weapons systems
Gliders India
Naval Air Arm
Limited (GIL)
Defence satellite
Hindustan
Exercises
Aeronautics Limited
Modernisation
(HAL)
Indian Air Force Bharat Electronics
Aircraft Limited (BEL)
Network-centric warfare Bharat Earth
Modernisation Movers Limited
(BEML)
Indian Coast Guard
Bharat Dynamics
Paramilitary Forces
Limited (BDL)
Assam Rifles
Mazagon Dock
Special Frontier Force
Shipbuilders Limited
Central Armed Police Forces (MDSL)
Central Reserve Police Force
 Border Security Force Goa Shipyard
Indo-Tibetan Border Police Limited (GSL)
Sashastra Seema Bal Garden Reach
Central Industrial Security Force Shipbuilders and
Engineers (GRSE)
Other forces
Mishra Dhatu Nigam
National Security Guard
(MDN)[6]
Special Protection Group
Railway Protection Force Foreign Russia[7]
National Disaster Response Force suppliers France[7]
Israel[7]
Special Forces
Annual US$42.9 billion
Weapons of mass destruction
imports (2000–16)[8]
Chemical and biological weapons
(Ranked 4th)
Nuclear weapons
Nuclear-armed cruise missiles Annual US$2.23 billion
Other missiles exports (2019–20)[9]
(Ranked 19th)
India's nuclear doctrine
List
Missile defence programme Afghanistan
Ballistic missile defence
Maldives
Cruise missile defence
Tajikistan
S-400 Triumf Nepal
Defence intelligence Bhutan
Research and development Israel
Electronic-warfare, Cyber-warfare, military hardware Oman
Missile development programme Bangladesh
Unmanned aerial vehicles Vietnam

Anti-satellite weapon UAE

Iran
Future programmes
Directed-energy weapons Thailand
Kazakhstan
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle
Turkey
Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions Qatar
United Nations peacekeeping Uzbekistan
Anti-piracy mission Saudi Arabia
Relief operations Malaysia
IAF efforts in eclipse study Philippines
Indian Navy exploration Kyrgyzstan
Misconceptions in nomenclature Indonesia

See also Related articles

References History Military history of
Footnotes India
Citations Presidency armies
British Indian Army
Bibliography
Royal Indian Navy
External links Indian National
 Army
History
Wars involving India

India has one of the longest military histories, dating back several Ranks Army
millennia. The first reference to armies is found in the Vedas as Navy
well as the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. Classical Indian Air Force
texts on archery in particular, and martial arts in general are known
as Dhanurveda.

Ancient to medieval era

Indian maritime history dates back 5,000 years.[23] The first tidal dock is believed to have been built at
Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilisation period, near the present day port of Mangrol
on the Gujarat coast.[24] The Rig Veda written around 1500 BC, credits Varuna with knowledge of the
ocean routes and describes naval expeditions. There is reference to the side wings of a vessel called Plava,
which gives the ship stability in storm conditions. A compass, Matsya yantra was used for navigation in the
fourth and fifth century AD. The earliest known reference to an organisation devoted to ships in ancient
India is in the Mauryan Empire from the 4th century BC. Powerful militaries included those of the: Maurya,
Satavahana, Chola, Vijayanagara, Mughal and Maratha empires.[25] Emperor Chandragupta Maurya's
mentor and advisor Chanakya's Arthashastra devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways
under navadhyaksha (Sanskrit for Superintendent of ships) [1]. The term, nava dvipantaragamanam
(Sanskrit for "sailing to other lands by ships," i.e. exploration) appears in this book in addition to appearing
in the Vedic text, Baudhayana Dharmashastra as the interpretation of the term, Samudrasamyanam.

Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were used for trade for many centuries, and are
responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies. The Cholas excelled in
foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. During
the 17th and 18th centuries, the Maratha and Kerala fleets were expanded, and became the most powerful
Naval Forces in the subcontinent, defeating European navies at various times (See the Battle of Colachel).
The fleet review of the Maratha navy, at which the ships Pal and Qalbat participated, took place at the
Ratnagiri fort.[26] The Maratha Kanhoji Angre, and Kunjali Marakkar, the Naval chief of Saamoothiri were
two notable naval chiefs of the period.

British India (1857 to 1947)

The Royal Indian Navy was first established by the British while much of India was under the control of
the East India Company. In 1892, it became a maritime component as the Royal Indian Marine (RIM).

During World War I the Indian Army contributed a number of divisions and independent brigades to the
European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theatres of war. One million Indian troops served overseas;
62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total, 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war. It
fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the Western Front. Indian divisions were
also sent to Egypt, Gallipoli and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire.

Following WWI, the Indian Armed Forces underwent significant transformation. In 1928, Engineer Sub-
lieutenant D. N. Mukherji became the first Indian to receive a commission in the Royal Indian Marine. In
1932, the Indian Air Force was established as an auxiliary air force within RAF India; two years later, the
RIM was upgraded to the status of a naval service as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).
 Though the
gradual

Humber armoured cars of 10th Indian

A mountain artillery crew from the British Indian Division move forward in Italy, 22
Army demonstrating assembly of the RML 2.5 inch July 1944.
Mountain Gun, c. 1895.

"Indianisation" of the officer corps began after WWI,

at the outbreak of war in 1939, there were no Indian flag, general or air officers in the armed services. The
highest-ranking Indian officers were those serving in the non-combatant Indian Medical Service, who held
no rank higher than colonel; in the regular Indian Army, there were no Indian officers above the rank of
major.[27] The Royal Indian Navy had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior
engineer officer,[28] while the Indian Air Force had no Indian senior officers in 1939, with the highest-
ranking Indian air force officer a flight lieutenant.[28][29]

In World War II, the Indian Army began the war in 1939 with just under 200,000 men. By the end of the
war it had become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men by August 1945.[30]
Serving in divisions of infantry, armour and a fledgling airborne forces, they fought on three continents in
Africa, Europe and Asia. The Indian Army fought in Ethiopia against the Italian Army, in Egypt, Libya
and Tunisia against both the Italian and German Army, and, after the Italian surrender, against the German
Army in Italy. However, the bulk of the Indian Army was committed to fighting the Japanese Army, first
during the British defeats in Malaya and the retreat from Burma to the Indian border; later, after resting and
refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma, as part of the largest British Empire army ever formed.
These campaigns cost the lives of over 36,000 Indian servicemen, while another 34,354 were wounded;
67,340 became prisoners of war. Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations,
and 38 members of the Indian Army were awarded the Victoria Cross or the George Cross.[30]

The demands of war and increasing recognition that the era of

British dominance in the subcontinent was ending increased the
pace of "Indianisation." In 1940, Subroto Mukherjee (later the first
Indian C-in-C and Chief of the Air Staff) became the first Indian to
command an air force squadron and attain the (albeit acting) rank
of squadron leader.[31] In July 1941, Indian Medical Service
officer Hiraji Cursetji became one of the first Indian officers to be
promoted to substantive general officer rank.[32] During the war,
several Indian Army officers, notably Kodandera M. Cariappa, S. Indian pilots of No. 1 Squadron by a
M. Shrinagesh and Kodandera Subayya Thimayya, all of whom Hawker Hurricane.
would subsequently command the Indian Army, achieved
distinction as the first Indian battalion and brigade commanders.
On 1 May 1945, Cariappa became the first Indian officer to be promoted to brigadier.[33]
At the end of hostilities in 1945, the Indian Army's officer corps
included Indian Medical Service officer Hiraji Cursetji as its sole
Indian major-general, one IMS brigadier, three Indian brigadiers in
combatant arms and 220 other Indian officers in the temporary or
acting ranks of colonel and lieutenant-colonel.[34] From October
1945, the granting of regular commissions in the Indian Armed
Forces was restricted to Indians, though provisions were made for
the continued secondment of British officers for as long as was
deemed necessary.[35] In 1946, sailors of the Royal Indian Navy
mutinied on board ships and in shore establishments. A total of 78
ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in
the rebellion, which had an impact across India. Indianization of HMIS Sutlej leaves Hong Kong for
the armed forces nevertheless continued to progress. On 15 May Japan as part of the Allied forces of
1947, Subroto Mukherjee became the first Indian air officer with occupation.
the acting rank of air commodore, in the appointment of Deputy
Assistant to the Air Officer Commanding (Administration).[36] On
21 July, H.M.S. Choudhry and Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman, both of whom would eventually command the
Pakistani and Indian Navies, respectively, became the first Indian Royal Indian Navy officers to be
promoted to acting captain.[37] On 30 July, Brigadiers K.M. Cariappa, Muhammad Akbar Khan and
Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja were promoted major-generals, the first Indian general officers in a
combat arm of the Indian Army.[38]

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

The period immediately following Indian independence was a traumatic time for India and her armed
services. Along with the newly independent India, the Indian Armed Forces were forcibly divided between
India and Pakistan, with ships, divisions and aircraft allocated to the respective Dominions. Following
partition, on 15 August 1947, the Indian Armed Forces comprised:

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN): Four sloops, two frigates, 12 minesweepers, one corvette, one
survey vessel, four armed trawlers, four motor minesweepers, four harbour defence
launches and all landing craft of the pre-Independence RIN.[39]
Indian Army: 15 infantry regiments, 12 armoured corps units, 18.5 artillery regiments and 61
engineer units.[39] Of the Nepalese Gorkha regiments formerly attached to the British Indian
Army, the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th (Royal), 8th and 9th Gorkha Rifles remained in Indian service,[40]
with the first and second battalions of the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th Gorkha Rifles placed in
British Army service.[41]
The Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF): Seven fighter squadrons of Hawker Tempest II aircraft
and one transport squadron of Douglas Dakota III/IV aircraft.[42]

By the end of 1947, there were a total of 13 Indian major-generals and 30 Indian brigadiers, with all three
army commands being led by Indian officers by October 1948, at which time only 260 British officers
remained in the new Indian Army as advisers or in posts requiring certain technical abilities.[43] With effect
from April 1948, the former Viceroy's Commissioned Officers (VCO) were re-designated Junior
Commissioned Officers (JCO), the distinction between King's Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIO) and
Indian Commissioned Officers (ICO) was abolished and Indian Other Ranks were re-designated as "other
ranks."[44]

During this period, the armed forces of India were involved in a number of significant military operations,
notably the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and Operation Polo, the code name of a military operation in
September 1948 where the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam,
annexing the state into the Indian Union. On 15 January 1949, General K. M. Cariappa was appointed the
first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian army.[45] In February 1949, the Indian government repealed
colonial-era legislation which mandated limits on the recruitment of certain ethnic groups into the armed
forces.[46]

Republic of India (1950 to present)

Upon India becoming a sovereign republic on 26 January 1950, some of the last vestiges of British rule –
such as rank badges, imperial crowns, British ensigns and "Royal" monikers – were dropped and replaced
with the Indian tricolour and the Lion Capital of Asoka.[47] On 1 April 1951, the remaining units of
Imperial Service Troops of the former princely states were integrated with the regular Indian Army, though
only a percentage of the former princely states forces were found capable enough to be retained in active
service.[48] While India had become a republic, British officers seconded from the British Armed Forces
continued to hold senior positions in the Indian Armed Forces into the early 1960s. On 1 April 1954, Air
Marshal Subroto Mukherjee became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Air Force. Effective
from 1 April 1955, a Parliamentary Act, the Commanders-In-Chiefs (Change in Designation) Act, re-
designated the office of Commander-in-Chief as the Chief of Staff of each branch. Not until 1958 would
the last British chief of staff that of the Indian Navy, be succeeded by an Indian. On 22 April of that year,
Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari became the first Indian Chief of Naval Staff. The Chiefs of Staff of the
Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy were upgraded to four-star rank on par with the Chief of Army Staff
in 1966 and 1968, respectively.

In 1961 tensions rose between India and Portugal over the Portuguese-occupied territory of Goa, which
India claimed for itself. After Portuguese police cracked down violently on a peaceful, unarmed
demonstration for union with India, the Indian government decided to invade and initiated Operation
Vijay.[49] A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces.
Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule ended, and Goa was annexed by India.

India fought four major wars with its neighbour

Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999, and with
China in 1962 and 1967. Indian victory over Pakistan
in the 1971 war, helped create the free country of
Bangladesh. In the late 1970s and early 1980s,
Pakistan began organising tourist expeditions to the
Siachen Glacier, disputed territory with India. Irked
by this development, in April 1984 India initiated the
successful Operation Meghdoot during which it
gained control over all of the 70-kilometre (41-mile)-
long Siachen Glacier, and all of its tributary glaciers,
as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge
immediately west of the glacier—Sia La, Bilafond La, Pakistan's Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi signing the
and Gyong La.[50][51] According to TIME magazine, instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec' 1971,
India gained more than 1,000 square miles in the presence of India's Lt. Gen. J.S. Aurora.
(3,000 km2 ) of territory as a result of its military Standing behind them are officers of India's Army,
Navy and Air Force. The 1971 War directly
operations in Siachen.[52] In 1987 and in 1989
involved participation of all three arms of Indian
Pakistan attempted to re-take the glacier but was
Armed Forces.
unsuccessful. The conflict ended with Indian
Victory.[53] There has been a ceasefire since 2003.
The Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) carried out a mission in northern and eastern Sri Lanka in 1987–
1990 to disarm the Tamil Tigers under the terms of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.[54] It was a difficult battle
for the Indian Army, which was not trained for an unconventional war. After losing approximately 1,200
personnel and several T-72 tanks, India ultimately abandoned the mission in consultation with the Sri
Lankan government. In what was labelled as Operation Pawan, the Indian Air Force flew about 70,000
sorties to and within Sri Lanka.

The beginning of the 21st century saw a reorientation for India on the global stage from a regional role in
the subcontinent to a major role in the Indian Ocean region stretching from the Gulf of Aden to the Malacca
Strait.[55] India's sphere of influence needs to encompass not just the South Asian Sub-continent, but also
the northern Indian Ocean area, from the eastern seaboard of Africa in the west, to the Malacca Straits in
the east, and must include Iran, Afghanistan, the Central Asian Republics (CARs), China and Myanmar.
India's credibility, as a regional power will be contingent on institutional stability, economic development
and military strength, including nuclear deterrence. The long stretches of disputed borders with China and
Pakistan, and sizeable areas under their occupation, continue to be major irritants, in spite of the peace
processes under-way with both countries.

Current

Overview

The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi, the capital city of India. The President of
India serves as the formal Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces,[56] while actual control lies
with the executive headed by the Prime Minister of India. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the ministry
charged with the responsibilities of countering insurgency and ensuring external security of India. General
Manoj Mukund Naravane is the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), Admiral Karambir Singh is the Chief of
the Naval Staff (CNS) and Air Chief Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria is the Chief of the Air Staff
(CAS).[57][58]

The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation. The Indian Army
is divided administratively into seven tactical commands, each under the control of different Lieutenant
Generals. The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands.[59] Each
command is headed by an air officer commanding-in-chief with the rank of air marshal. The Indian Navy
operates three commands. Each command is headed by a flag officer commanding-in-chief with the rank of
vice admiral. There are two joint commands whose head can belong to any of the three services. These are
the Strategic Forces Command and the Andaman and Nicobar Command. The lack of an overall military
commander has helped keep the Indian Armed Forces under civilian control, and has prevented the rise of
military dictatorships unlike in neighbouring Pakistan.[60]

The Armed Forces have four main tasks;[61]

To assert the territorial integrity of India.

To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation.
To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).
To participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations in consonance with India's
commitment to the United Nations Charter.

The code of conduct of the Indian military is detailed in a semi-official book called Customs and Etiquette
in the Services, written by retired Major General Ravi Arora, which details how Indian personnel are
expected to conduct themselves generally.[62] Arora is an executive editor of the Indian Military
Review.[63]

The major deployments of the Indian army constitute

the border regions of India, particularly Jammu and
Kashmir, Ladakh, and Northeast India, to engage in
counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations. The
major commitments of the Indian Navy constitute
patrol missions, anti-piracy operations off the coast of
Somalia, the 'Singapore Indian Maritime Bilateral
Exercise' with the Republic of Singapore Navy in the
Straits of Malacca,[64] maintaining a military presence
in Southeast Asias waters, and joint exercises with South Block in New Delhi is the headquarters of
other countries, such as: Brasil, South Africa,[65] the the Ministry of Defence.
United States and Japan,[66] France (Varuna naval
exercises), the People's Republic of China,[67] the
Russian Navy (INDRA naval exercises), and others.

Between April 2015 and March 2016, India allocated

$40 billion to Defence Services, $10 billion to
Defence (Civil Estimates) and another $10 billion to
the Home Ministry for Paramilitary and CAPF forces
– a total allocation for defence and security of about
$60 billion for the financial year 2015–16.[68][69] In
2016–17, the contribution to the Home Ministry has
been increased from $10 billion to $11.5 billion.[70]

Contemporary criticism of the Indian military have

drawn attention to several issues, such as lack of
political reform,[71] obsolete equipment,[72] lack of Top ten military expenditures in US$ Bn. in 2014,
adequate ammunition,[72] and inadequate research according to the International Institute for Strategic
and development due to over-reliance on foreign Studies.
imports.[73] In addition, the lack of a 'strategic culture'
among the political class in India is claimed to have
hindered the effectiveness of the Indian military.[60] Critics believe these issues hobble the progress and
modernisation of the military. However, analysis by the Central Intelligence Agency indicates that India is
projected to have the fourth most capable concentration of power by 2015.[74] According to a report
published by the US Congress, India is the developing world's leading arms purchaser.[75] It is investing
₹99.7 billion (US$1.3 billion) to build a dedicated and secure optical fibre cable (OFC) network for
exclusive use of the Army, Navy and Air Force. This will be one of the world's largest closed user group
(CUG) networks.[76]

Personnel

During 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had a reported strength of 1.4 million active personnel and
2.1 million reserve personnel. In addition, there were approximately 1.3 million paramilitary personnel,
making it one of the world's largest military forces.[77] A total of 1,567,390 ex- servicemen are registered
with the Indian Army, the majority of them hailing from: Uttar Pradesh (271,928), Punjab (191,702),
Haryana (165,702), Maharashtra (143,951), Kerala (127,920), Tamil Nadu (103,156), Rajasthan (100,592)
and Himachal Pradesh (78,321). Many of them are re-employed in various Central government sectors. [78]
Prior to 1992, women served in auxiliary services. Since then, women have been granted the right to serve
as officers in the military and starting 2015, women fighter jet combat pilots were also inducted. As of
2014, the percentage of the women in the army was 3%, in the navy was 2.8% and in the air force was
8.5%.[79]

The highest wartime gallantry award given by the

Military of India is the Param Vir Chakra (PVC),
followed by the Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) and the Vir
Chakra (VrC). Its peacetime equivalent is the Ashoka
Chakra Award. The highest decoration for meritorious
service is the Param Vishisht Seva Medal.

Branches

Picture showing equivalent ranks and insignia

of Indian Armed Forces. (click to enlarge)

Equivalent ranks of Indian military

Indian Navy Indian Army Indian Air Force
Commissioned ranks
Admiral of Field marshal Marshal of
the fleet the Indian Air Force
Admiral General Air chief marshal
Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal
Rear admiral Major general Air vice marshal
Commodore Brigadier Air commodore
Captain Colonel Group captain
Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander
Lieutenant commander Major Squadron leader
Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant
Sub lieutenant Lieutenant Flying officer
Junior commissioned ranks
Master chief Subedar major [Alt 1] Master warrant officer
petty officer
1st class
Master chief Subedar [Alt 2] Warrant officer
petty officer
2nd class
Chief Naib subedar [Alt 3] Junior warrant officer
petty officer
 Non-commissioned ranks
Petty officer Havildar Sergeant
Leading seaman Naik Corporal
Seaman 1 Lance naik Leading aircraftsman
Seaman 2 Sepoy Aircraftsman
Footnotes

1. Risaldar major in cavalry and armoured regiments

2. Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments
3. Naib risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments.
Called jemadar until 1965.
 Indian Armed Forces[12][80][13]
Governing
Active Reserve[81] Area
Body
Ministry of
Indian Army 1,237,117 960,000
Defence
Ministry of
Indian Navy 67,228 55,000
Defence
Ministry of
Indian Air Force 139,576 140,000
Defence
Indian Coast Ministry of
11,000
Guard Defence

Border Roads
Organisation
1,454,921 1,155,000

Paramilitary Forces[80]
Governing
Active Reserve Area
Body
Ministry of
Assam Rifles 66,000
Home Affairs

Special Frontier Ministry of

10,000[81] Home Affairs
Force
76,000 N.A.

Central Armed Police Forces and Others[80][82]

Indo-Pak Border,
Border Security Ministry of
257,363 Indo-Bangladesh,
Force Home Affairs
others[83]
Central Industrial Ministry of
144,418 Industries, PSUs
Security Force Home Affairs
Central Reserve Ministry of
313,678
Police Force Home Affairs
Indo-Tibetan Border Ministry of
89,432 India-China Border[84]
Police Home Affairs
National Security Ministry of
12,000[81]
Guard Home Affairs
Indo-Nepal Border
Ministry of
Sashastra Seema Bal 76,337 and Indo-Bhutan
Home Affairs
Border[85]

Railway Ministry of
70,000[81] Indian Railways
Protection Force Railways

National Disaster Ministry of Area prone to

13,000
Response Force Home Affairs Disaster in India

Defence Security
31,000[81]
Corps
Special Protection Cabinet
3,000[81] Cabinet Secretariat
Group Secretariat
State Respective States
 State Armed 450,000[81] Governments
Police Forces

Civil Defence 500,000[81]

Home Guard 441,800[81]

1,403,700 987,800

Recruitment and Training

The vast majority of soldiers in Indian Army are enlisted

personnel, called by the Army as Soldier, general duty. These
soldiers are recruited at different recruitment rallies across the
country.[86] At these rallies, Army recruiters look at
candidates from surrounding districts and examine their fitness
for the Army. Candidates for Soldier, general duty must have
Class 10 Leaving Certificate and in the range of 17 to 21
years.[87] The Army also does online applications to appear at
recruitment rallies. Requirements for technical roles, like The National Defence Academy (NDA) at
nurses, artillery, Missile Defense have more stringent Pune. NDA serves as the joint services
educational requirements. The least restrictive job in Army is academy for the army, the navy and the
air force.
House Keeper and Cleaner, for which candidates only have to
be 8th pass.

At the rally, prospective soldiers are evaluated for height, weight, vision and hearing, and physical fitness.
Fitness tests include a 1.6 km Run, Pull Ups, jumping a 9 Feet ditch, and doing a zig zag balance test. After
recruitment rally, accepted candidates go to Basic Training.[88]

The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training personnel.
Military schools, Sainik Schools, and the Rashtriya Indian Military College were founded to broaden the
recruitment base of the Defence Forces. The three branches of the Indian Armed Forces jointly operate
several institutions such as: the National Defence Academy (NDA), the Defence Services Staff College
(DSSC), the National Defence College (NDC) and the College of Defence Management (CDM) for
training its officers. The Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) at Pune is responsible for providing the
entire pool of medical staff to the Armed Forces by giving them in-service training.[87][89]

Officer recruitment is through many military-related academies. Besides the tri-service National Defence
Academy, Pune, the three services have their own training institutes for this purpose. These include: the
Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala, Air Force Academy, Hyderabad,
Officers Training Academy at Chennai and Gaya.[90][91] Other notable institutions are the Army War
College, at Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, the High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS), at Gulmarg, Jammu and
Kashmir, the Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJW), in Vairengte, Mizoram, and the
College of Military Engineering (CME), in Pune. After being commissioned, officers are posted and
deputed, and are at the helm of affairs not only inside India but also abroad. Officers are appointed and
removed only by the President of India.[92]

Overseas bases and relations

Farkhor Air Base is a military air base located near the town of Farkhor in Tajikistan, 130 kilometres
(81 mi) southeast of the capital Dushanbe. It is operated by the Indian Air Force in collaboration with the
Tajikistan Air Force. Farkhor is India's first and only military base outside its territory.[93] There was an
unconfirmed report of India building some assets at Ayni Air Base in Tajikistan,[94] although the Tajik
government has denied this.[95] However, India had deployed its Army and Border Roads Organisation
personnel to upgrade Ayni airbase by extending its runway, constructing an air-traffic control tower and
perimeter fencing around the base. India provided medium-lift choppers to Tajikistan and a dedicated
hospital there as part of efforts to build on the strategic ties between the two countries against the backdrop
of US-led troops pulling out from Afghanistan in 2014.[96] India is also helping with the development of
Chah Bahar Seaport in southeastern Iran, which is speculated to be done to secure India's Maritime assets
and also as a gateway to Afghanistan & Central Asia. However, India and Israel also have a very strong
defence relationship.[97]

In the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, India took

on the obligation to actively assist Nepal in national defence and
military preparedness, and both nations agreed not to tolerate
threats to each other's security.[98][99] In 1958, the then-Indian
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Bhutan and reiterated
India's support for Bhutan's independence and later declared in the
Indian Parliament that any aggression against Bhutan would be
seen as aggression against India.[100] India started the process to
bring the island country Maldives into India's security grid.[101]
India is also one of three countries with whom Japan has a security
pact, the others being Australia and the United States.[102] India
and Russia maintain strong military co-operation. India has
defence pacts with the US focusing on areas including security,
joint training, joint development and manufacture of defence
equipment and technology.[103] In 1951, India and Burma signed a
Treaty of Friendship in New Delhi. Article II of the treaty
stipulates that "There shall be everlasting peace and unalterable
friendship between the two States who shall ever strive to
strengthen and develop further the cordial relations existing Contingent from the Indian Armed
between the peoples of the two countries." [104] India had signed a Forces at the Moscow Victory Day
pact to develop ports in Myanmar and various bilateral issues, Parade, 2015.
including economic co-operation, connectivity, security and
energy.[105] India has a "comprehensive strategic partnership" with
UAE.[106] India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.[107] In 2008, a
landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from
external threats".[108] On 9 June 2012, the JIMEX 2012 naval exercise took place off the coast of Tamil
Nadu in India to Tokyo in Japan. This was the first ever bilateral maritime exercise between the two nations
in a long time, reflecting their similar interests, especially those involving spontaneous regional security
against common external aggressors. The Indian Navy has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam.

As part of its two-decade-old Look East policy, India has substantially stepped up military engagement
with East Asian and ASEAN nations. Although never explicitly stated, ASEAN and East Asian nations
want New Delhi to be a counterweight to increasing Chinese footprints in the region. Philippines, Thailand,
Indonesia and, particularly, Vietnam and Myanmar have time and again pressed India to help them both in
terms of military training and weapons supply.[109] Myanmar's Navy Chief, Vice Admiral Thura Thet Swe
during his four-day visit to India in late July 2012 held wide-ranging consultations with top officials from
the Indian Ministry of Defence. Apart from increasing the number of training slots of Myanmar officers in
Indian military training establishments, India has agreed to build at least four Offshore Patrol Vehicles
(OPV) in Indian Shipyards to be used by Myanmar's navy. For more than a decade now, India has assisted
Vietnam in beefing up its naval and air capabilities. For instance, India has repaired and upgraded more
than 100 MiG 21 planes of the Vietnam People's Air Force and supplied them with enhanced avionics and
radar systems. Indian Air Force pilots have also been training their Vietnamese counterparts. In a first, India
has offered a $100-million credit line to Vietnam to purchase military equipment. A bilateral agreement for
the use of facilities in India by the Singapore Air Force and Army was signed in October 2007 and August
2008 respectively and has been extended up to 2017. Singapore is the only country to which India is
offering such facilities.[110]

Indian Army
The Indian Army is a voluntary service, the military draft
having never been imposed in India. It is one of the largest
standing armies (and the largest standing volunteer army) in
the world, with 1,237,000 active troops and 800,000 reserve
troops.[3] The force is headed by the Chief of Army Staff of
the Indian Army, General Manoj Mukund Naravane. The
highest rank in the Indian Army is Field Marshal, but it is a Indian Army's Arjun Mark 1A tank.
largely ceremonial rank and appointments are made by the
President of India, on the advice of the Union Cabinet of
Ministers, only in exceptional circumstances. (See Field Marshal (India)). Late Field Marshal S.H.F.J.
Manekshaw and the late Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa are the only two officers who have
attained this rank.

The army has rich combat experience in diverse terrains, due to India's varied geography, and also has a
distinguished history of serving in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Initially, the army's main
objective was to defend the nation's frontiers. However, over the years, the army has also taken up the
responsibility of providing internal security, especially in insurgent-hit Kashmir and the north-east. The
Indian Army has seen military action during the First Kashmir War, Operation Polo, the Sino-Indian War,
the Second Kashmir War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Sri Lankan Civil War and the Kargil War. It
has dedicated one brigade of troops to the UN's standby arrangements. Through its large, sustained troop
commitments India has been praised for taking part in difficult operations for prolonged periods. The Indian
Army has participated in several UN peacekeeping operations including those in: Cyprus, Lebanon, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Cambodia, Vietnam, Namibia, El Salvador, Liberia,
Mozambique and Somalia. The army also provided a paramedical unit to facilitate the withdrawal of the
sick and wounded in the Korean War.

Doctrine, corps, field force

The current combat doctrine of the Indian Army is based on

effectively utilising holding formations and strike formations.
In the case of an attack, the holding formations would contain
the enemy, and strike formations would counter-attack to
neutralise enemy forces.[111] In the case of an Indian attack,
the holding formations would pin enemy forces down whilst
the strike formations attack at a point of India's choosing. The
Indian Army is large enough to devote several corps to the
strike role. The army is also looking at enhancing its special
Indian Army Pinaka multi barrel rocket
forces capabilities.[112] With the role of India increasing, and
launcher.
the need to protect India's interests on far-off shores becoming
important, the Indian Army and Indian Navy are jointly
planning to set up a marine brigade.[113]
The Army's field force comprises fifteen corps, three armoured divisions, four Reorganised Army Plains
Infantry Divisions (RAPID), eighteen infantry divisions and ten mountain divisions, a number of
independent brigades, and requisite combat support and service support formations and units. Among the
fifteen, four are "strike" corps – Mathura (I Corps), Ambala (II Corps), Bhopal (XXI Corps) and Panagarh
(XVII Corps). The main combat and combat support units are 68 armoured regiments, and over 350
infantry battalions and 300 artillery regiments (including two surface-to-surface missile (SSM) units).
Amongst major armaments and equipment, there are nearly 4000 main battle tanks, 2000 armoured
personnel carriers, 4300 artillery pieces and 200 light helicopters.[114]

Mountain Strike Corps

India has raised a new mountain strike corps to strengthen its defence along its disputed border with China
in the high reaches of the Himalayas. However, the entire XVII Corps, with its headquarters at Panagarh in
West Bengal, will only be fully raised with 90,274 troops at a cost of 646.7 Billion Indian Rupees by
2018–2019 (circa US$7.3 Billion at 2018 rates). With units spread across the 4,057 kilometres (2,521 mi)
Line of Actual Control (LAC) from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh, the corps will have two high-altitude
infantry divisions (59 Div at Panagarh and 72 Div at Pathankot) with their integral units, two independent
infantry brigades, two armoured brigades and the like. It will include 30 new infantry battalions and two
Para-Special Forces battalions. In other words, it will have "rapid reaction force" capability to launch a
counter-offensive into Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) in the event of any Chinese attack.[115]

Army Aviation Corps

The Army Aviation Corps is another vital part of the Indian

Army formed on 1 November 1986. The army aviation pilots
are drawn from other combat arms, including artillery officers,
to form a composite third dimensional force for an integrated
battle. IAF operates and flies attack Helicopters like the Mil
Mi-25/Mi-35 which are owned and administered by the
Indian Air Force, but under the operational control of the
Army and play a major role to support the armoured columns
and infantry. Apart from the attack role, helicopters like the
HAL Chetak, HAL Cheetah, and HAL Dhruv provide Indian Army's HAL Dhruv helicopter.
logistical support for the Indian Army in remote and
inaccessible areas, especially the Siachen Glacier. To equip
Army Aviation Corps, procurement process for 197 light utility helicopters (LUH) is ongoing, of which 64
will be inducted in the Army Aviation to replace the Cheetak and Cheetah Helicopters. HAL has obtained
a firm order to deliver 114 HAL Light Combat Helicopters to the Indian Army.

Modernisation

Mechanised forces

India is re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high-volume firepower for
rapid thrusts into enemy territory. At present, the Indian army has severe deficiencies in its artillery
(particularly self-propelled guns) and ammunition stocks, not to mention the inability of some of its modern
tanks to operate in the heat and dust of the desert regions around the international border.[116] India
proposes to progressively induct as many as 248 Arjun MBT and to develop and induct the Arjun MK-II
variant, 1,657 Russian-origin T-90S main-battle tanks, apart from the ongoing upgrade of its T-72 fleet.
 Arjun MK-II trials had already begun in August
2013.[117] The improved features of the MK-II
version of Arjun are night vision capabilities with a
thermal imaging system for detecting all kinds of
missiles, Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA), mine
ploughs, the ability to fire anti-tank missiles with its
120 mm main gun, an Advanced Air Defence gun
capable of shooting down helicopters with a 360-
degree coverage, Automatic Target Tracking (ATT)
lending a greater accuracy when it comes to moving
targets and superior Laser Warning and Control
Indian Army's tanks and infantry vehicles during an
systems. The Indian Army will upgrade its entire
exercise.
Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty-2 (BMP-2)/2K infantry
combat vehicle (ICV) fleet to enhance their ability to
address operational requirements. Upgrades include integration of the latest generation fire control system,
twin missile launchers and commander's thermal imaging panoramic sights, anti- tank guided missiles, as
well as automatic grenade launchers.[118]

Artillery

Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan, the army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 pieces of artillery at
a cost of US$3 billion. This includes purchasing 1580 towed, 814 mounted, 180 self-propelled wheeled,
100 self-propelled tracked and 145 ultra-light 155 mm/52 calibre artillery guns. After three years of
searching and negotiations, India ordered M777 155 mm howitzers from USA in September 2013.[119]

To lend greater firepower support to the Mechanized infantry, DRDO has developed the Pinaka multiple
rocket launcher. The system has a maximum range of 39–40 kilometres (24–25 mi) and can fire a salvo of
12 HE rockets in 44 seconds, neutralising a target area of 3.9 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi). The system is
mounted on a Tatra truck for mobility. Pinaka saw service during the Kargil War,[120] where it was
successful in neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. It has since been inducted into the Indian
Army in large numbers.[121][122]

Infantry

The Indian Army has also embarked on an infantry

modernisation programme known as Futuristic Infantry
Soldier As a System (F-INSAS). The infantry soldiers will be
equipped with modular weapon systems that will have
multiple functions. The core systems include bullet proof
helmet and visor. The bullet proof helmet is an integrated
assembly equipped with helmet mounted flashlight, thermal
sensors and night vision device, miniature computer with Indian Army soldier from White Knight
audio headsets. The personal clothing of the soldier of the Corps, 2021.
future would be lightweight with a bullet-proof jacket. The
futuristic jacket would be waterproof, yet it would be able to
breathe. The new attire will enable the troops to carry extra loads and resist the impact of nuclear, chemical
and biological warfare. The new uniform will have vests with sensors to monitor the soldier's health
parameters and to provide quick medical relief. The weapons sub-system is built around a multi-calibre
individual weapon system with the fourth calibre attached to a grenade launcher. These include a 5.56 mm,
a 7.62 mm and a new 6.8 mm under development for the first time in India.[123]
In November 2013, the Indian Army moved a step closer to the battlefield of the future, where command
networks know the precise location of every soldier and weapon, with whom generals can exchange
reports, photos, data and verbal and written communications. Army headquarters called in 14 Indian
companies and issued them an expression of interest (EoI) for developing a Battlefield Management System
(BMS). The BMS will integrate combat units – armoured, artillery and infantry regiments, infantry
battalions, helicopter flights, etc. – into a digital network that will link together all components of the future
battlefield. While precise costs are still unclear, vendors competing for the contract say the army expects to
pay about Rs 40,000 crore for developing and manufacturing the BMS.[124] However, in 2015, the Indian
Army decided to replace the F-INSAS program in favour of two separate projects. The new program will
have two components: one arming the modern infantry soldier with the best available assault rifle, carbines
and personal equipment such as the helmet and bulletproof vests, the second part is the Battlefield
Management Systems (BMS).[125]

Exercises
Exercise Yuddh Abhyas is part of an ongoing series
of joint exercises between the Indian and United
States Armies since 2005, agreed upon under the
New Framework of India-US Defence Relationship.
Commencing at the platoon level, the exercise has
graduated to a command post (CPX) and field
training exercise (FTX).
Exercise Shakti is an ongoing series of joint
exercises between the Indian and French armies
begun in 2011. Exercise Shakti is conducted to An Indian Army officer briefing Russian
practice and validate anti-terrorist operations and soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015.
drills in snowbound and mountainous areas.
Exercise Indra is a bi-annual military exercise
conducted jointly by India and Russia, which began in 2003.
Exercise Nomadic Elephant is a series of exercises held by the Indian Army with the
Mongolian Army. The aim of the exercises is to enhance counter-insurgency and counter-
terrorism operations, and to conduct peacekeeping operations under the mandate of the
United Nation.
Exercise Rudra Akrosh, in May 2012, was an exercise carried out by the Indian Army to test
the preparedness level of its units, and to validate new age technology, battle concepts,
organisational structures and networked operations. The Western Army Command
conducted the exercise in Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir.
Exercise Ashwamedha was a recent exercise to test the army's network-centric warfare
capabilities. It was held in the Thar desert with over 300,000 troops participating.
Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by the Indian Army during the exercise.

Indian Navy
The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian armed forces. With 58,350 men and women, including
7,000 personnel of the Indian Naval Air Arm, 1,200 Marine Commandos (MARCOS) and 1,000 personnel
of the Sagar Prahari Bal.[126][127] The Indian Navy is one of the world's largest naval forces and aspires to
develop into a blue water navy.[128][129] The Indian Navy has a large operational fleet consisting of 2
aircraft carriers, 1 amphibious transport dock, 9 Landing ship tanks, 10 destroyers, 14 frigates, 1 nuclear-
powered attack submarine, 14 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 24 corvettes, 6 mine
countermeasure vessels, 25 patrol vessels, 4 fleet tankers and various auxiliary vessels.
Ships

The Indian navy operates two aircraft carriers- the first is

the INS Vikramaditya, a modified Kiev-class ship,[130] and
the second being the indigenously built INS Vikrant
(undergoing trials). The navy also operates three Delhi-
class and five Rajput-class guided-missile destroyers. The
Delhi and Rajput-class destroyers will be replaced in the
near future by the next-generation Kolkata class (Project
15A destroyers). In addition to destroyers, the navy Indian Navy ships in transit led uuby aircraft
operates several classes of frigates such as three Shivalik carrier INS Vikramaditya.
(Project 16 class) and six Talwar-class frigates. Seven
additional Shivalik-class frigates (Project 17A-class
frigates) are on order. The older Brahmaputra-class and Godavari-class frigates will be replaced
systematically one by one as the new classes of frigates are brought into service over the next decade.
Smaller littoral zone combatants in service are in the form of corvettes, of which, the Indian Navy operates
the Kamorta, Kora, Khukri, Veer and Abhay classes. Replenishment tankers such as the Jyoti-class tanker,
the Aditya class and the new Deepak-class fleet tankers help improve the navy's endurance at sea. These
tankers will be the mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the first half of the 21st century.

Submarines

The Indian Navy operates a sizeable fleet of Sindhughosh

(Russian Kilo-class design) and Shishumar (German Type
209/1500 design)-class submarines. A nuclear-powered
attack submarine INS Chakra has been leased from
Russia. India has started construction of six Scorpène-class
submarines at Mazagon Dockyards Limited (MDL), in
Mumbai under technology transfer from French firm
DCNS. The new submarines will feature air-independent
propulsion and are expected to start joining the navy
INS Chakra is India's nuclear-powered attack during the second half of 2016. Designed for coastal
submarine. defence against under-water threats, the 1,750-tonne
submarine-submarine-killer (SSK) Scorpène is 67 metres
(219 ft 10 in) in length and can dive to a depth of 300
metres (980 ft). According to French naval officials, the submarine can stay at sea for 45 days with a crew
of 31.[131] The standard version has six torpedo tubes and anti-shipping missile launchers. Another
ambitious project in this regard is the nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine manufacture programme
– Arihant class.

Weapons systems

In the category of weapon systems, the Indian Navy operates K Missile family submarine launched ballistic
missiles, the Prithvi-III ballistic ship-launched missile, and a number of land-attack cruise/Anti-ship missiles
such as BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile, 3M-54E/3M-14E Klub Anti-Ship/Land Attack Cruise Missile
(SS-N-27 Sizzler), Kh-35 (SS-N-25 SwitchBlade), P-20 (SS-N-2D Styx), Sea Eagle missile and Gabriel.
Nirbhay long-range subsonic cruise missile and BrahMos Hypersonic Cruise Missile are in development.
India has also fitted its P-8I Neptune reconnaissance aircraft with all-weather, active-rader-homing, over-
the-horizon AGM-84L Harpoon Block II Missiles and Mk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight Torpedoes.[132]
Indian warships' primary air-defence shield is provided by Barak-1 SAM, while an advanced version
Barak-8, developed in collaboration with Israel, has entered
service.[133] India's next-generation Scorpène-class
submarines will be armed with the Exocet anti-ship missile
system. Among indigenous missiles, a ship-launched
version of Prithvi-II is called the Dhanush, which has a
range of 350 kilometres (220 mi) and can carry a nuclear
warhead.[134]

Naval Air Arm

The Indian Navy's BrahMos supersonic anti-
The Indian Naval Air Arm is a branch of Indian Navy ship cruise missile.
which is tasked to provide an aircraft carrier based strike
capability, fleet air defence, maritime reconnaissance, and
anti-submarine warfare. Flag Officer Naval Aviation
(FONA) at Goa directs the field operations of the air arm.
Naval Air Arm operates eight Tu-142 aircraft, which
entered service in 1988. Upgrading of the aircraft is taking
place, which helps to extend the service life of the aircraft
by sixteen years. The BAE Sea Harrier operates from the
INS Viraat. The BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 / T Mk.60
fly with the INAS 300 and INAS 552 squadrons of the
Indian Navy. The Mikoyan MiG-29K will be deployed
aboard INS Vikramaditya. The Indian Navy operates five An Indian Navy P-8I Neptune anti-submarine
Il-38 planes. They are being upgraded to use Sea Dragon warfare aircraft.
suite. Used principally for anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
and search and rescue roles, the helicopter fleet of Westland
Sea King and the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King operate from INS Garuda (Kochi) as well as INS Kunjali-II
(Mumbai) air stations. 56 more naval utility helicopters are planned to be inducted from 2016. These will be
used for surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, electronic intelligence gathering and search and rescue
operations. The helicopters will be equipped with 70 mm rocket launchers, 12.7 mm guns, lightweight
torpedoes and depth charges.[135] The Indian Navy will also continue to procure HAL Dhruv as a multi-
role utility platform. In the long-range maritime reconnaissance (LRMR) role, the navy uses Boeing P-8I
Neptune and has issued a global tender for nine medium-range maritime reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft
for coastal defence.[136]

Defence satellite

India's first exclusive defence satellite GSAT-7 was successfully launched by European space consortium
Arianespace's Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou spaceport in French Guiana in August 2013, giving a major
push to the country's maritime security. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band, home-built
communication spacecraft, which is operational. GSAT-7 was designed and developed by the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) and is expected to operate for seven years in its orbital slot at 74 degrees
east, providing UHF, S-band, C-band and Ku-band relay capacity. Its Ku-band capacity is expected to
provide high-density data transmission facility both for voice and video. This satellite has been provided
with additional power to communicate with smaller and mobile (not necessarily land-based) terminals. This
dedicated satellite is expected to provide the Indian navy with an approximately 3,500–4,000 kilometres
(2,200–2,500 mi) footprint over the Indian Ocean region, and over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal region and enable real-time networking of all its operational assets in the water (and land). It also
will help the navy to operate in a network-centric atmosphere.[137]
Exercises

India often conducts naval exercises with other friendly

countries designed to increase naval interoperability and also
to strengthen cooperative security relationships. Some
exercises take place annually like: the Varuna with the French
Navy, Konkan with the Royal Navy, Indra with Russian
Navy, Malabar with the US and Japan navies, Simbex with
the Republic of Singapore Navy and IBSAMAR with the
Brasil and South African navies. In 2007, Indian Navy
conducted naval exercise with the Japan Maritime Self-
Defence Force and the U.S Navy in the Pacific and also
Ships from the Indian navy, Japan
signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint Maritime Self-Defense Force during
naval patrolling in the Asia-Pacific region. India has also held exercise Malabar 2017.
naval exercise with Vietnam, the Philippines and New
Zealand. In 2007, India and South Korea decided to conduct
annual naval exercises and India participated in the South Korean international fleet review. In addition, the
Indian Navy will also be increasing naval co-operation with other allies, particularly with Germany, and
Arab states of the Persian Gulf including Kuwait, Oman,[138] Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.[139] Indian Navy
also took part in the world's largest naval exercise/war-game RIMPAC 2014 along with 22 other
nations[140] and has since taken part in RIMPAC each year.

Modernisation

In recent years, the Indian Navy has undergone

modernisation and expansion with the intention of countering
growing Chinese maritime power in the Indian Ocean and
reaching the status of a recognised blue-water navy.[141][142]
New equipment programmes include: the lease of a nuclear-
powered submarine INS Chakra from Russia, the ex-Soviet
carrier INS Vikramaditya and the first of the indigenously-
built Arihant-class ballistic missile submarines by 2016, the
first of the Scorpène-class submarines by 2016 and the
INS Vikrant is the Indian Navy's first indigenously-built aircraft carrier INS Vikrant by 2018. The
indigenous aircraft carrier, shown here
plan in the near future is to have two aircraft carriers at sea at
during its maiden sea trials, August 2021.
all times, with a third docked up in maintenance.[143] Other
programmes include the Talwar and Shivalik frigates and the
Kolkata-class destroyers, all of which will be equipped with
the BrahMos cruise missile. In a significant step towards India's pursuit for self-reliance in indigenous
warship building, four anti-submarine Kamorta-class stealth corvettes with features such as an X Form Hull
and inclined sides for low radar cross-section, infra-red suppression, and acoustic quieting systems are
being built for the Indian Navy.

Recent induction of the attack submarine INS Chakra, and the development of INS Arihant, make the
Indian Navy one of six navies worldwide capable of building and operating nuclear-powered
submarines.[144] (Others include: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.) India
also launched a 37,500-ton indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant in August 2013 in its bid to join a select
group of nations – the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia and France – capable of building such
warships. It will undergo extensive tests in the next few years before it is commissioned into the navy. INS
Vikrant, is expected to carry MiG 29K fighters and light combat aircraft such as the HAL Tejas.
India is also set to become the first country to buy a military
aircraft from Japan since World War II. India is expected to
sign a deal for the purchase of six Utility Seaplane Mark 2
(US-2) amphibian aircraft when Prime Minister Narendra
Modi visits Japan from 31 August – 3 September 2014. The
47-tonne US-2 aircraft does not require a long airstrip to take
off or to land. It is capable of taking off from land and water
(300 metres (330 yd)-stretch). It can carry loads of up to 18
tonnes and can be engaged in search and rescue operations.
Guided missile destroyer INS Delhi.
With a range of over 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) it can patrol
areas 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) away and react to an
emergency by landing 30 armed troops even in waves as high
as 10 feet (3.0 m).[145]

Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian
airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as
an auxiliary air force of the British Raj and the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition of its services
during World War II. After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal
Indian Air Force served the Dominion of India, with the prefix being dropped when India became a
republic in 1950. The Indian Air Force plays a crucial role in securing Indian airspace and also in India's
power projection in South Asia and Indian Ocean. Therefore, modernising and expanding the Indian Air
Force is a top priority for the Indian government. Over the years, the IAF has grown from a tactical force to
one with transoceanic reach. The strategic reach emerges from induction of Force Multipliers like Flight
Refuelling Aircraft (FRA), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and credible strategic lift capabilities.

Aircraft

Historically, the IAF has generally relied on Soviet, British,

Israeli and French military craft and technology to support its
growth. IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the
additional capability to conduct air-ground (strike) missions is
Sukhoi Su-30MKI. The IAF have placed an order for a total
of 272 Su-30MKIs of which 205 are in service as of May
2015.[146] The Mikoyan MiG-29 is a dedicated air
superiority fighter, and constitutes a second line of defence
India's Sukhoi Su-30MKI.
after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. At present, 66 MiG-29s are in
service, all of which are being upgraded to the MiG-29UPG
standard. The Dassault Mirage 2000 is the primary multirole
fighter in service and the IAF operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs which are being upgraded to the Mirage 2000-5
MK2 standard. As part of the upgrade, the aircraft will also be equipped with MBDA's MICA family of
medium-range missiles.[147] To give the IAF fighters an edge in anti-ship and land attack roles, a smaller
version of BrahMos missile is being developed to be integrated in Sukhoi Su-30MKI[148] and is expected
to be delivered to IAF by 2015.[149]

In the aerial refuelling (tanker) role, the IAF operates six Ilyushin Il-78MKIs. For strategic military transport
operations the IAF uses the Ilyushin Il-76, and has placed orders for 10 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, four
of which were delivered by November 2013. The C-130J Super-Hercules planes of the IAF is used by
special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations. There are six C-130Js in service and six more are
planned to be procured.[150] The Antonov An-32 serves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF.
As an airborne early warning system, the IAF operates the
Israeli EL/W-2090 Phalcon Airborne Early Warning and
Control System AEW&C. A total of three such systems are in
service, with possible orders for two more.[151] The DRDO
AEW&CS is a project of India's DRDO to develop an
AEW&C system for the Indian Air Force. The DRDO
AEWACS programme aims to deliver three radar-equipped
surveillance aircraft to the Indian Air Force. The aircraft
platform selected was the Embraer ERJ 145. Three ERJ 145
India's Tejas multi-role fighter aircraft.
were procured from Embraer at a cost of US$300 Million,
including the contracted modifications to the airframe.
Probable delivery date for the first batch of three is 2015.[152]

Network-centric warfare

The Indian Air Force (IAF) made progress towards becoming

a truly network-centric air force with the integration of Air
Force Network (AFNET), a reliable and robust digital
information grid that enables accurate and faster response to
enemy threats, in 2010. The modern, state-of-the-art AFNET
is a fully secure communication network, providing IAF a
critical link among its command and control centre, sensors
such as the Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems,
and attack platforms such as fighter aircraft and missile
DRDO AEW&CS.
launchers. Integrated Air Command and Control System
(IACCS), an automated command and control system for Air
Defence (AD) operations will ride the AFNet backbone
integrating all ground-based and airborne sensors, AD weapon systems and C2 nodes.

Subsequent integration with other services networks and civil

radars will provide an integrated Air Situation Picture to
operators to carry out Air Defence role. AFNet will prove to
be an effective force multiplier for intelligence analysis,
mission planning and control, post-mission feedback and
related activities like maintenance, logistics and
administration. A comprehensive design with multi-layer
security precautions for "Defence in Depth" have been
planned by incorporating encryption technologies, Intrusion
Prevention Systems to ensure the resistance of the IT system A C-130 J tactical transport aircraft.
against information manipulation and eavesdropping.[153]

In October 2013, IAF launched its own stand-alone ₹3 Billion (US$34 Million) cellular network, through
which secure video calling and other information exchange facilities will be provided. The IAF also plans
to issue around one hundred thousand mobile handsets to its personnel of the rank of sergeant and above to
connect and provide secure 'end-point' connectivity to airborne forces deployed across the country. The
captive network has been named 'Air Force Cellular'. While Phase I of the project will ensure mobile
connectivity to all air combat units in the National Capital Region, its Phase II will cover the rest of the
bases.[154]

Modernisation
The Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) competition, also known as the MRCA tender, was a
competition to supply 126 multi-role combat aircraft to the Indian Air Force (IAF). The Defence Ministry
has allocated ~ US$13 billion for the purchase of these aircraft, making it India's single largest defence
deal. The MRCA tender was floated with the idea of filling the gap between its future Light Combat
Aircraft and its in-service Sukhoi Su-30MKI air superiority fighter. On 31 January 2012, it was announced
that Dassault Rafale won the competition due to its lower life-cycle cost. However the tender was cancelled
in July 2015.[155] The Indian Air Force (IAF) is also in the final stages of acquiring 22 Apache Longbow
gunships, armed with Hellfire and Stinger missiles in a $1.2 billion contract and 15 heavy-lift Boeing CH
Chinook helicopters.[156] The IAF has initiated the process for acquisition of additional Mi-17 IV
helicopters, heavy lift helicopters, Advanced Light Helicopter and Light Combat Helicopters. Among
trainer aircraft, the Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer has been inducted and the Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT)
would be acquired in the near future.

In recent times, India has also manufactured its own aircraft such
as the HAL Tejas, a 4th generation fighter, and the HAL Dhruv, a
multi-role helicopter, which has been exported to several countries,
including Israel, Burma, Nepal and Ecuador. A weaponised
version of Dhruv is called the HAL Rudra, which is armed with
high-velocity M621 20 mm cannon, long-range 70 mm rockets
(8 km), air-to-air missiles (Mistral-II), and MAWS (missile A CH-47F(I) helicopters of Indian Air
approach warning system).[157] Combat in Kargil highlighted the Force at Air Force Station,
requirement of an attack helicopter specially made for such high- Chandigarh
altitude operations. The HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) is a
multi-role combat helicopter being developed in India by
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for use by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. The LCH is
being designed to fit into an anti-infantry and anti-armour role and will be able to operate at high
altitudes.[158] LCH will be fitted with indigenous anti-tank missile Helina.

India also maintains unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) squadrons

(primarily Searcher-II and Heron from Israel) which can be used to
carry out ground and aerial surveillance.[159] India is also testing
its own long-range Beyond Visual Range missile| (BVR) an air-to-
air missile named Astra,[160] and also building a Medium Altitude
Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) called
Rustom.[161]
The HAL Light Combat Helicopter in
India is also in an ambitious collaboration programme with Russia digital camouflage
to build fifth-generation fighter aircraft, called HAL/Sukhoi FGFA
which will be based on the Russian Sukhoi Su-57 fighter. Earlier
in 2013, the two sides completed the preliminary design of the FGFA and are now negotiating a detailed
design contract.[162] Although there is no reliable information about the Su-57 and FGFA specifications
yet, it is known from interviews with individuals in the Russian Air Force that it will be stealthy, have the
ability to supercruise, be outfitted with the next generation of air-to-air, air-to-surface, and air-to-ship
missiles, and incorporate an AESA radar.

Joint co-development and co-production of Multi-role Transport Aircraft (MTA), by Russian partners and
HAL, is being launched to meet the requirements of the Russian and Indian Air Forces. The aircraft will be
designed for the roles of a 15–20 ton cargo / troop transport, paratrooping / airdrop of supplies including
Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System (LAPES) capability. It will be configured such that all types of
cargo can be transported, and the aircraft would be capable of operating from semi-prepared runways. The
MTA is expected to replace the Indian Air Force's ageing fleet of Antonov An-32 transport aircraft. The
aircraft is expected to conduct its first flight by 2017, and to enter service by 2018.[163]
To protect IAF assets on the ground, there has been a search for short-range surface-to-air missile. India has
begun deploying six Akash surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons in the northeast to deter Chinese jets,
helicopters and drones against any misadventure in the region. The IAF has started taking delivery of the
six Akash missile squadrons, which can "neutralise" multiple targets at a 25 kilometres (16 mi) interception
range in all weather conditions, earmarked for the eastern theatre. The IAF has already deployed the first
two Akash squadrons at the Mirage-2000 base in Gwalior and the Sukhoi base in Pune.[164]

Indian Coast Guard

The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) protects India's
maritime interests and enforces maritime law, with
jurisdiction over the territorial waters of India,
including its contiguous zone and exclusive economic
zone. The Indian Coast Guard was formally
established on 18 August 1978 by the Coast Guard
Act, 1978 of the Parliament of India as an
independent Armed force of India. It operates under
the Ministry of Defence.[165]
Indian Coast Guard (ICG) helicopter takes a
The Coast Guard works in close co-operation with the survivor to an ICG ship during a mock drill.
Indian Navy, the Department of Fisheries, the
Department of Revenue (Customs) and the Central
and State police forces.

Paramilitary Forces

Assam Rifles

The Assam Rifles trace their lineage to a paramilitary police force that was formed under the British in
1835 called Cachar Levy. Since then the Assam Rifles have undergone a number of name changes before
the name Assam Rifles was finally adopted in 1917.[166] Over the course of its history, the Assam Rifles,
and its predecessor units, have served in a number of roles, conflicts and theatres including World War I
where they served in Europe and the Middle East, and World War II where they served mainly in Burma.
In the post-World War II period, the Assam Rifles have expanded greatly as has their role. There are
currently 46 battalions[167] of Assam Rifles under the control of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA). They perform many roles including: the provision of internal security under the control of the army
through the conduct of counter insurgency and border security operations, provision of aid to the civil
power in times of emergency, and the provision of communications, medical assistance and education in
remote areas.[168] In times of war they can also be used as a combat force to secure rear areas if needed.

Special Frontier Force

The Special Frontier Force (SFF) is India's paramilitary unit. It was initially conceived in the post Sino-
Indian war period as a guerrilla force composed mainly of Tibetan refugees whose main goal was to
conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in case of another war between the People's Republic of
China and India. Later, its composition and roles were expanded.

Based in Chakrata, Uttarakhand, SFF is also known as the Establishment 22.[169][170] The force is under
the direct supervision of the Research and Analysis Wing, India's external intelligence agency.[171]
Central Armed Police Forces
The following are the five police forces termed as Central Armed
Police Forces (CAPFs) according to the nomenclature adopted from
the year 2011.[172][173][174]

Central Reserve Police Force

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is the largest of the CAPFs

with 325,000 personnel in 246 battalions.[175][176][177] The CRPF
includes the Rapid Action Force (RAF), a 15 battalion anti-riot force
trained to respond to sectarian violence, and the Commando Battalion
for Resolute Action (COBRA), a 10 battalion strong anti-Naxalite
force.[178][179]

Border Security Force

A CRPF QRT operator in full
The primary role of the Border Security Force (BSF) is to guard the loadout.
land borders of the country, except the mountains. The sanctioned
strength is 257,363 personnel
in 186
battalions, [180][181][182][183]
and is headed by an Indian
Police Service Officer.

Indo-Tibetan Border
Police

The Indo-Tibetan Border

Police (ITBP) is deployed for
guard duties on the border
with China from Karakoram
Pass in Ladakh to Diphu La in
Arunachal Pradesh covering a
Women personnel of Border total distance of 2,488
Security Force.
kilometres (1,546 mi).[184] It
has 90,000 personnel in 60
battalions.[185][186][187]

A CRPF commando with the IWI

Sashastra Seema Bal Tavor X95.

The objective of the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) is to guard the Indo-
Nepal and Indo-Bhutan Borders. As of 2019, it has 94,261 active personnel in 73 battalions and a strength
of 98,965 is sanctioned.[188]

Central Industrial Security Force

One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
provides security to various public sector companies (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations
across the country, such as airports. It has a total strength of about 144,418 personnel in 132
battalions.[189][190][183]

Other forces

National Security Guard

The National Security Guard (NSG) is an elite counter-terrorist and rapid response force. Its roles include
conducting anti-sabotage checks, rescuing hostages, neutralising terrorist threats to vital installations,
engaging terrorists, responding to hijacking and piracy and protecting VIPs. It has 8636 personnel
(including 1086 personnel for regional hubs.[191]). The NSG also includes the Special Ranger Group
(SRG), whose 3,000 personnel provide protection to India's VVIPs.

Special Protection Group

The Special Protection Group (SPG) was formed in

1988 by an act of the Parliament of India to "provide
proximate security to the Prime Minister of India and
former Prime Minister of India and members of their
immediate families (wife, husband, children and
parents)". For former Prime Ministers and their
dependents, a regular review is held to decide
whether the threat to their life is high enough to NSG operator with SIG MPX, M249 SAW and MP5
warrant SPG protection. during Republic Day parade in 2021.

Railway Protection Force

The Railway Protection Force (RPF) was established under the Railway Protection Force Act 1957. The
RPF is charged with providing security for Indian Railways.[192] It has a sanctioned strength of 75,000
personnel.[193]

National Disaster Response Force

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is a

specialised force constituted "for the purpose of
specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or
disaster". It is manned by persons on deputation from
the various Central Armed Police Forces. At present it
has 12 battalions, located in different parts of
India.[194] The control of NDRF lies with the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
which is headed by the Prime Minister.
NDRF personnel undergoing training
Special Forces
The Special Forces of India are Indian military units[195] with specialised training in the field of special
operations such as" Direct action, Hostage rescue, Counter-terrorism, Unconventional warfare, Special
reconnaissance, Foreign Internal Defence, Personnel recovery, Asymmetric warfare and Counter-
proliferation. The various branches include,

Para (Special Forces): Formed in 1966, the

Para (SF) are the largest and most important
part of the Special Forces of India. They are
a part of the highly trained Parachute
Regiment of the Indian Army.[196] The main
aim of having a Parachute Regiment is for
quick deployment of soldiers behind the
enemy lines to attack the enemy from behind
and destroy their first line of defence. Para
(SF) conducted a series of joint exercises
with US army special forces called Vajra
Prahar. Indian Army's Para SF contingent marching at
Republic Day Parade 2016.
Ghatak Force:Ghatak Platoon, or Ghatak
Commandos, is a special operations
capable infantry platoon. There is one
platoon in every infantry battalion in the Indian Army. Ghatak is a Hindi word meaning "killer"
or "lethal". They act as shock troops and spearhead assaults ahead of the battalion. Their
operational role is similar to Scout Sniper Platoon, STA platoon of the US Marine Corp and
the Patrols platoon of the British Army. A Ghatak Platoon is usually 20-men strong,
consisting of a commanding captain, 2 non-commissioned officers and some special teams
like marksman and spotter pairs, light machine gunners, a medic, and a radio operator. The
remaining soldiers act as assault troopers. Most undergo training at the Commando Training
Course in Belagavi, Karnataka. Often, other specialised training like heliborne assault, rock
climbing, mountain warfare, demolitions, advanced weapons training, close quarter battle
and infantry tactics are also given. Members of the platoon are also sent to the High Altitude
Warfare School and Counterinsurgency and Jungle Warfare School.[197]

Marine Commandos (MARCOS): Marine Commandos

(MARCOS) is an elite special operations unit of the
Indian Navy.[198] It is specially organised, trained and
equipped for the conduct of special operations in a
maritime environment. The force has gradually acquired
experience and a reputation for professionalism over the
two decades it has been in existence. Now it is one of
the finest Special Forces units in the world and among
the few units qualified to jump in the water with a full A MARCOS operator in full gear
combat load. The MARCOS are capable of undertaking during Malabar 2021 exercises.
operations in all types of terrain, but are specialised in
maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the
Jhelum River and Wular Lake.[199] To strengthen its capabilities to carry out special
operations, the navy is planning to procure advanced Integrated Combat System (ICS) for
the MARCOS. The Navy wants the ICS for effective command, control and information
sharing to maximise capabilities of individuals and groups of the MARCOS while engaging
enemies.[200] The individual equipment required by the navy in the ICS includes light weight
helmets, head-mounted displays, tactical and soft ballistic vests along with communication
equipment. The group-level gear requirements include command and control and
surveillance systems along with high speed communication equipment.

Garud Commando Force: The Garud Commando Force is the Special Forces unit of the
Indian Air Force. It was formed in September 2004 and has a strength of approximately 2000
 personnel. The unit derives its name from
Garuda, a divine bird-like creature of Hindu
Mythology. Garud is tasked with the
protection of critical Air Force bases and
installations; search and rescue during
peace and hostilities and disaster relief
during calamities.[201] Garuds are deployed
in the Congo as part of the UN peace
keeping operations.

Garud Commandos of the Indian Air Force.

Weapons of mass destruction

Chemical and biological weapons

In 1992 India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), stating that it did not have chemical
weapons or the capacity or capability to manufacture them. By so doing, India became one of the original
signators of the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC] in 1993, and ratified it on 2 September 1996. In
June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons (1,044 tonnes of sulphur mustard) had been
destroyed. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material
stockpile and was granted an extension to destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009.[202] It was
expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame. India informed the United Nations in
May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international
Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to
do so. This was cross-checked by United Nations' inspectors.

India has also ratified the Biological Weapons Convention (January 1973) and pledges to abide by its
obligations. There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly points toward an offensive
biological weapons programme. India does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch
such an offensive programme, but has chosen not to do so.

Nuclear weapons

India has been in possession of nuclear weapons since 1974. Its most recent nuclear test took place on 11
May 1998, when Operation Shakti (Pokhran-II) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and three
fission bombs. On 13 May 1998, two additional fission devices were detonated. However, India maintains
a "no-first use" and a nuclear deterrence policy against nuclear adversaries. Its nuclear doctrine envisages
building a credible minimum deterrent for maintaining a "second strike capability" which would be massive
and designed to induce unacceptable damage on the enemy.[203] India is one of only four nations in the
world to possess a Nuclear triad. India's nuclear missiles include the Prithvi, the Agni the Shaurya, the
Sagarika, the Dhanush, and others. India conducted its first test with the Agni-V in April 2012 and a
second test in September 2013. With its 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) range, it can carry a nuclear warhead
to the east to include all of China, and to the west deep into Europe.[204] Agni-VI, with a perceived range
of 6,000–8,000 kilometres (3,700–5,000 mi) is also under development with features like multiple
independently targetable re-entry warheads (MIRVs).[205][206]

India also has bomber aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-142 as well as fighter jets like the Dassault Rafale,
Sukhoi Su-30MKI, the Dassault Mirage 2000, the MiG-29 and the HAL Tejas capable of being armed
with nuclear tipped bombs and missiles.[207] Since India does not have a nuclear first use policy against an
adversary, it becomes important to protect from a first strike. This protection is being developed in the form
of the two layered Anti-ballistic missile defence system.
India's Strategic Nuclear Command controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the navy controls the
ship and submarine based missiles and the air force the air-based warheads. India's nuclear warheads are
deployed in five areas:

1. Ship based mobile, like the Dhanush. (operational)

2. Land-based mobile, like the Agni. (operational)
3. Fixed underground silos (operational)
4. Submarine based, like the Sagarika. (operational)[18]
5. Air-based warheads of the Indian Air Forces' strategic bomber force like the Dassault Mirage
2000 and the Jaguar (operational)

Land-based nuclear armed ballistic missiles

Range
Name Type Status
(km)
Prithvi-
Short-range ballistic missile 150
I
Prithvi-
Short-range ballistic missile 250–350
II
Prithvi-
Short-range ballistic missile 350–600
III
Short / Medium-range ballistic 700–
Agni-I
missile 1,250
Deployed The Agni-V intercontinental ballistic
2,000– missile.
Agni-II Medium-range ballistic missile
3,000
Intermediate-range ballistic 3,500–
Agni-III
missile 5,000
Agni- Intermediate-range ballistic
4,000 km
IV missile
Intermediate / Intercontinental 5,000–
Agni-V
ballistic missile and MIRV 8,000
Agni- Intercontinental ballistic 8,000– Under
VI missile and MIRV 12,000 development
Intercontinental ballistic 12,000–
Surya Unconfirmed
missile and MIRV 16,000

Sea-based nuclear armed ballistic missiles

Name Type Range (km/mi) Status
Dhanush Short-range ballistic missile 350 km (220 mi) Operational

Sagarika (K-15) Submarine-launched ballistic missile 700 km (430 mi) Operational[18]

K-4 Submarine-launched ballistic missile 3,500 Tested[208]

K-5 Submarine-launched ballistic missile 5,000 Under Development[209]

K-6 Submarine-launched ballistic missile 6,000 Under Development[210]

Nuclear-armed cruise missiles

BrahMos:
The BrahMos is a Mach 3 Supersonic Cruise Missile
developed in collaboration with Russia. Its land attack
and anti-ship variants are in service with the Indian
Army and Indian Navy. Sub-Launched and Air
Launched variants are under development or testing.

BrahMos II

The BrahMos II is a Mach 7 Hypersonic Cruise INS Chennai firing BrahMos (missile).
Missile being developed in collaboration with Russia.

Nirbhay:

The Nirbhay is a Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. This Missile has a range of over 1,000 kilometres
(620 mi).[211][212]

Other missiles

Akash:

The Aakash is a medium-range, mobile surface-to-air missile defence system.[213][214] The missile system
can target aircraft up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) away, at altitudes up to 18,000 metres (20,000 yd)[215]

Nag:

The Nag is a third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile developed in India. It is one of five missile
systems developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the Integrated
Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP).

Helena:

The Helena is a variant of the NAG Missile to be launched from a helicopter.[216] It will be structurally
different from the Nag.

Shaurya:

The Shaurya is a canister launched hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical missile with a range more than
750 kilometres (470 mi).[217] It provides the potential to strike an adversary in the short-intermediate
range.[218][219]

Prahaar:

The Prahaar is a solid-fuelled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile.[220]

Astra:

The Astra is a "Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile" (BVRAAM) developed for the Indian Air
Force.[221]

India's nuclear doctrine

India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based
on "credible minimum deterrence". In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the
doctrine[222] which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a
policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear
first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail".[222]

The fourth National Security Advisor of India Shivshankar Menon signalled a significant shift from "no
first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of the Golden
Jubilee celebrations of the National Defence College in New Delhi on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon
said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence".[223] However, whether
the policy shift actually took place or not is unclear.[224] Some argued that this was not a substantive
change but "an innocent typographical or lexical error in the text of the speech".[225] India's current PM
Modi has, in the run up to the recent general elections, reiterated commitment to no first use policy.[226] In
April 2013 Shyam Saran, convener of the National Security Advisory Board, affirmed that regardless of
the size of a nuclear "attack against India," be it a miniaturised version or a "big" missile, India will
"retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage".[227] Here, the term "attack against India" means attack
against the "Union of India" or "Indian forces anywhere".[228]

Missile defence programme

India's missile defence network has two principal components – the Air Defence Ground Environment
System (ADGES) and the Base Air Defence Zones (BADZ). The ADGES network provides for wide area
radar coverage and permits the detection and interception of most aerial incursions into Indian airspace. The
BADZ system is far more concentrated with radars, interceptors, surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and anti-
aircraft artillery (AAA) units working together to provide an intense and highly effective defensive barrier
to attacks on vital targets.[229]

Ballistic missile defence

The Ballistic Missile Defence Program is an initiative to develop and

deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect India
from ballistic missile attacks.[230][231]

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,[232] it is

a double-tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles, namely the
Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high-altitude interception, and the
Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception.
The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile
launched 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) away.[233]

PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December

2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country
to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after the
United States, Russia and Israel.[234] On 6 March 2009, India again
successfully tested its missile defence shield, during which an incoming
"enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 kilometres
(47 mi).[235]
Launching of an Advanced Air
Defence (AAD) missile.
On 6 May 2012, it was announced that Phase-I is complete and can be
deployed on short notice to protect Indian cities.[236][237] New Delhi,
the national capital, and Mumbai, have been selected for the ballistic
missile defence shield.[238] After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used
to cover other major cities in the country.[239] This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched
from as far as 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) away. When the Phase II is completed and the PDV is
developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) both at exo
and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions. The missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit
probability of 99.8 percent.[240][241] This system can handle multiple targets simultaneously with multiple
interceptors.[242]

India is reported to have procured a squadron of S-300V systems which are in use as an anti-tactical
ballistic missile screen.[243][244]

Cruise missile defence

Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned
aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system. To
ward off the threats of nuclear-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme
which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been
created with an AAD missile.[245] DRDO Chief, Dr. V K Saraswat stated in an interview: "Our studies
have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept."[246]

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like AWACS to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order
to stay on top of the threat.[246]

Barak-8 is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system being developed jointly by Israel
Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of
India.[247] The Indian Army is considering the induction of a variant of the Barak 8 missile to meet its
requirement for a medium-range surface-to-air air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the
capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.[248] It
would also be inducted into the Indian Air Force, followed by the Army.[249] Recently developed, India's
Akash missile defence system also has the capability to "neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise
missiles and air-to-surface missiles".[250][251] Both the Barak-8 and the Akash missile defence systems can
engage multiple targets simultaneously during saturation attacks.[252]

On 17 November 2010, in an interview Rafael's vice-president Mr. Lova Drori confirmed that the David's
Sling system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces.[253] This system is further designed to
distinguish between decoys and the actual warhead of a missile.[254]

S-400 Triumf

In October 2018, India inked an agreement with Russia for US$5.43 billion to purchase five S-400 Triumf
surface-to-air missile defence systems.[255]

Defence intelligence
The Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) is an organisation responsible for providing and co-ordinating
intelligence for the Indian armed forces.[256][257] It was created in March 2002 and is administered within
the Union Ministry of Defence.[257] It is headed by a Director General who is also the principal adviser to
the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence Staff.
Traditionally, the bulk of intelligence work in India has been carried out by the Research and Analysis
Wing (R&AW) and the Intelligence Bureau (IB). The various services intelligence directorates namely the
Directorate of Military Intelligence (DMI), the Directorate of Air Intelligence (DAI), Directorate of Naval
Intelligence (DNI) and some other agencies are also involved but their activity is smaller by comparison.
The R&AW and IB agencies are composed largely of civilians. Military personnel are often deputed to
these agencies, but the letter of the law and concerns of deniability limit the use of serving military officers
in some types of activity (especially collection and action). The creation of an intelligence agency co-
ordinating the intelligence arms of the three military services had long been called for by senior Indian
military officers.[257] It was formally recommended by the Cabinet Group of Ministers, headed by the then
Deputy Prime Minister of India Lal Krishna Advani. The Group of Ministers investigated intelligence
lapses that occurred during the Kargil War and recommended a comprehensive reform of Indian
intelligence agencies.[257][258] The Defence Intelligence Agency was created and became operational in
March 2002.[258] As part of expanding bilateral co-operation on gathering intelligence and fighting
terrorism, the United States military also provided advice to Indian military officers on the creation of the
DIA.[258]

DIA has control of MoD's prized technical intelligence assets – the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and
the Defence Image Processing and Analysis Centre (DIPAC). While the Signals Directorate is responsible
for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications, the DIPAC controls India's satellite-based image
acquisition capabilities. The DIA also controls the Defence Information Warfare Agency (DIWA) which
handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire, including psychological operations, cyber-war,
electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves.

Research and development

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India,
responsible for the development of technology for use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It
was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of
Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. DRDO has a network of
52 laboratories which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like
aeronautics, armaments, electronic and computer sciences, human resource development, life sciences,
materials, missiles, combat vehicles development and naval research and development. The organisation
includes more than 5,000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel.
Annual operating budget of the DRDO is pegged at $1.6 billion (2011–12).[259]

Electronic-warfare, Cyber-warfare, military hardware

The DRDO's avionics programme has been a success story with its mission computers, radar warning
receivers, high accuracy direction finding pods, synthetic aperture radar, Active Phased Array Radar,
airborne jammers and flight instrumentation in use across a wide variety of Indian Air Force aircraft and
satellites. DRDO labs have developed many electronic warfare systems for IAF and the Indian Army and
high-performance Sonar systems for the navy.

DRDO also developed other critical military hardware, such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank, and is engaged
in the development of the future Infantry Combat Vehicle, the "Abhay". The DRDO is also a member of
the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. INSAS, India's de facto standard small
arms family including assault rifle, light machine guns and carbine, is developed at the Armament Research
and Development Establishment, a DRDO laboratory. ARDE also worked on the development of Pinaka
Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher, which has a maximum range of 39 kilometres (24 mi) – 40 kilometres
(25 mi) and can fire a salvo of 12 high-explosive rockets in 44 seconds, neutralising a target area of 3.9
square km. This project was one of the first major Indian defence projects involving the Private sector.
India has created the Defence Cyber Agency, which has the responsibility of conducting
Cyberwarfare.[260]

Missile development programme

DRDO executed the Integrated Guided Missile Development

Programme (IGMDP) to establish the ability to develop and design
a missile locally, and manufacture a range of missile systems for the
three defence services. The programme has seen significant success
in its two most important constituents – the Agni missiles and the
Prithvi missiles, while two other programmes, the Akash SAM and
the anti-tank Nag Missile have seen significant orders. Another
significant project of DRDO has been the Astra beyond-visual-
range air-to-air missile (BVR), for equipping IAF's air-superiority DRDO-built 3rd-generation ATGM
fighters. The crown jewel of DRDO has been the BrahMos Nag missile.
programme (as a joint venture with Russian NPO), which aims at
creating a range of supersonic cruise missiles derived from the
Yakhont system. The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos, aspects of
its propulsion, airframe and seeker, fire control systems, mobile command posts and the Transporter Erector
Launcher.

The US Department of Defence (Pentagon) has written to India's Ministry of Defence (MoD), proposing
the two countries collaborate in jointly developing a next-generation version of the Javelin anti-tank
missile.[261]

Unmanned aerial vehicles

The DRDO has also developed many unmanned aerial vehicles-

such as the Nishant tactical UAV and the Lakshya Pilotless Target
Aircraft (PTA). The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three
services for their gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are
ongoing to develop the PTA further, with an improved all-digital
flight control system, and a better turbojet engine. The DRDO is
also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAV,
referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) and
MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations. The A scaled-down model of the
MALE UAV has been tentatively named the Rustom, and will Rustom-1 MALE UAV.
feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including optronic,
radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional
landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links, allowing it to
be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into an unmanned
combat aerial vehicle (UCAV),[262] and weaponising UAVs such as AURA.[263]

Anti-satellite weapon

In 2010, the defence ministry drafted a 15-year "Technology Perspective and Roadmap", which held
development of ASAT weapons "for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO (2,000-km
altitude above earth's surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit" as a thrust area in its long-term
integrated perspective plan under the management of DRDO.[264] On 10 February 2010, Defence
Research and Development Organisation Director-General, and Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister,
Dr VK Saraswat stated that India had "all the building blocks necessary" to integrate an anti-satellite
weapon to neutralise hostile satellites in low earth and polar orbits. India is known to have been developing
an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites.[265]

On 27 March 2019, India conducted the first test of an ASAT weapon.[266]

Future programmes

Directed-energy weapons

It is also known that DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs) and has identified
DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security, and hypersonic vehicles/missiles as focus areas in the
next 15 years.[267]

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle

The Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is an unmanned scramjet demonstration

aircraft for hypersonic flight (Mach 6.5). The HSTDV program is run by the DRDO.[268]

Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions

United Nations peacekeeping

India has been the largest troop contributor to UN

missions since their inception.[269] So far India has taken
part in 43 peacekeeping missions with a total contribution
exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of
police personnel having been deployed.[270] India has so
far, provided one Military Advisor (Lt Gen R K Mehta),
one Police Adviser (Ms Kiran Bedi), one Deputy Military
Adviser (Lt Gen Abhijit Guha), 14 Force Commanders
and numerous Police Commissioners in various UN Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in
Missions. The Indian Army has also contributed lady Congo, Africa.
officers as Military Observers and Staff Officers apart
from them forming part of Medical Units being deployed
in UN Missions. The first all women contingent in a
peacekeeping mission, was a Formed Police Unit from
India, deployed in 2007 to the UN Operation in
Liberia(UNMIL).[271] India has suffered 127 soldier
deaths while serving on peacekeeping missions.[272] India
has also provided army contingents performing a
peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and
1990 as the Indian Peace Keeping Force. In November
1988, India also helped to restore the government of
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom in the Maldives under Indian Army doctors attend to a child in
Congo.
Operation Cactus.[273] As of June 2013, about 8000
Indian UN peacekeepers, both men and women, are
deployed in nine missions, including the Congo, South
Sudan, Liberia, UNDOF, Haiti, Lebanon, Abeyi, Cyprus and Cote de Ivoire.[269]

Anti-piracy mission

India sought to augment its naval force in the Gulf of Aden by deploying the larger INS Mysore to patrol
the area. Somalia also added India to its list of states, including the US and France, who are permitted to
enter its territorial waters, extending up to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the coastline, in an effort
to check piracy.[274] An Indian naval official confirmed receipt of a letter acceding to India's prerogative to
check such piracy. "We had put up a request before the Somali government to play a greater role in
suppressing piracy in the Gulf of Aden in view of the United Nations resolution. The TFG government
gave its nod recently."[275] In November 2008, an Indian navy warship destroyed a suspected Somali pirate
vessel after it came under attack in the Gulf of Aden. In a report on Somalia submitted to the Security
Council, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon said "I welcome the decision of the governments of India
and the Russian Federation to cooperate with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia to fight
piracy and armed robbery against ships." India also expressed the desire to deploy up to four more warships
in the region.[276][277] On 2010-09-06, a team of Indian marine commandos (MARCOS) boarded MV Jag
Arnav and overpowered attacking pirates – seven heavily armed Somalis and one Yemeni national. In the
seven-year time frame India deployed 52 warships to combat piracy, which resulted in the area up to 65
degrees east being cleared of pirates.[278]

Relief operations

The Indian Air Force provides regular relief operation for food and
medical facilities around the world using its cargo aircraft most
notably the Ilyushin Il-76. The most recent relief operation of the
IAF was in Kyrgyzstan.[279][280] During the 2010 Ladakh floods,
two Ilyushin Il-76 and four Antonov-32 aircraft of the IAF carried
30 tonnes of load, which include 125 rescue and relief personnel,
medicines, generators, tents, portable X-ray machines and
emergency rescue kits. A MI-17 helicopter and Cheetah helicopter
An Indian Air Force helicopter
were used to increase the effectiveness of the rescue
rescues stranded people during 2015
operations.[281] During the 2013 Uttrakhand Floods, the Indian Chennai Floods.
armed forces took part in rescue operations. By 21 June 2013, the
Army had deployed 10,000 soldiers and 11 helicopters, the navy
had sent 45 naval divers, and the Air force had deployed 43 aircraft including 36 helicopters. From 17 to 30
June 2013, the IAF airlifted a total of 18,424 people – flying a total of 2,137 sorties and dropping/landing a
total of 3,36,930 kg of relief material and equipment. The IAF participated in the rescue operation
codenamed Operation Raahat and evacuated more than 4640 Indian citizens (along with 960 foreign
nationals from 41 countries) from Yemen during the 2015 military intervention by Saudi Arabia and its
allies in that country during the Yemeni Crisis.[282][283][284][285][286][287]

IAF efforts in eclipse study

The Indian Air Force successfully undertook sorties to help Indian scientists study the total solar eclipse that
took place on 23 July 2010. Two separate missions from Agra and Gwalior were flown along the path of
the moon's shadow, a mission that was deemed hugely successful by scientists associated with the
experiment. While one AN-32 transport aircraft carrying scientific equipment, cameras and scientists took
off from Agra and landed back after a three-hour flight, a Mirage-2000 trainer from Gwalior took images of
the celestial spectacle from 40,000 feet (12,000 m). With weather being clear at such altitudes and
coordinates planned by the IAF pilots, both the AN-32 and Mirage-2000 pilots were able to accomplish the
mission successfully.[288]

Indian Navy exploration

The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions. The

sailing ship and training vessel INS Tarangini began
circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003, intending to
foster good relations with other nations; she returned to India in
May of the following year after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations. Lt.
Cdr. M.S. Kohli led the Indian Navy's first successful expedition to
Mount Everest in 1965. Another Navy team also successfully
scaled Everest from the north face, the more technically
challenging route.[289] An Indian Navy team comprising 11
The Indian Navy expedition to North
members successfully completed an expedition to the North Pole
Pole, 2008.
in 2006.[290] The Indian Naval ensign first flew in Antarctica in
1981. The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv by
traversing to the South Pole on skis in 2006. With this historic expedition, they set the record for being the
world's first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the geographic south pole.[291]

Misconceptions in nomenclature
There are number of uniform forces in India apart from the Indian Armed Forces. All such forces are
established under the acts of Parliament. They are: the Central Reserve Police Force, the Border Security
Force, the Indo-Tibetan Border Police, the Central Industrial Security Force, the Sashastra Seema Bal, the
Assam Rifles, the National Security Guard under the Ministry of Home Affairs (India), the Special
Protection Group under the Cabinet Secretariat of India, the Railway Protection Force under Ministry of
Railways (India), and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) under the Ministry of Defence (India). These forces
are referred to as "Armed Force of the Union" in their respective acts, which means a force with armed
capability and not necessarily "Armed Forces", the term as per international standards and conventionally
referred to as "Army", "Navy" and "Air Force". The Supreme Court in its judgements reported in AIR
1996 SC 1705 held that the military service is only confined to three principal wings of the armed forces i.e.
Army, Navy and Air Force. Further the Honourable Supreme Court of India in a case reported in AIR 2000
SC 3948 clarified that unless it is a service in the three principal wing of the Armed Forces, a force included
in the expression "Armed forces of the Union" does not constitute part of the military service/military.[292]
To differentiate from Armed Forces, Some of other forces were commonly referred to as Central
Paramilitary Forces which caused confusion and give the impression of them being part of the military
forces.

To remove such confusion, in 2011 the Ministry of Home Affairs adopted the uniform nomenclature of
Central Armed Police Forces for only five of its Primary Police organisations.[293][294] These were
formerly called as Paramilitary Forces. Central Armed Police Forces are still incorrectly referred to as
"Paramilitary Forces" in the media and in some correspondences. These forces are headed by officers from
the Indian Police Service and are under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Other uniform services are referred to by their names only such as: the Railway Protection Force, the NSG,
the SPG, the ICG, the Assam Rifles etc., but not under any collective nomenclature. However,
conventionally some forces are referred to as the Paramilitary Forces of India, for example the Assam
Rifles, the SFF and the ICG.
The Indian Coast Guard is often confused incorrectly as being a part of the military forces due to the
organisation being under the Ministry of Defence. The Supreme Court in its judgement has held that unless
it is a service in the three principal wings of the Armed Forces, a force included in the expression "Armed
forces of the Union" does not constitute part of military service/military. The Indian Coast Guard works
closely with civilian agencies such as Customs, the Department of Fisheries, the Coastal Police etc. with its
primary role being that of a non-military, maritime law enforcement agency.[295][296] It is independent of
the command and control of the Indian Navy. ICG was initially planned to be kept under the Ministry of
Home Affairs but has been kept under the Ministry of Defence for better synergy since it is patterned like
the navy.[297] The ICG does not take part in any protocol of military forces such as the President's Body
Guard, ADCs, the Tri-Services Guard of Honour etc. Their recruitment is also not under the Combined
Defence Services Exam/National Defence Academy Exam which is one of the prime modes of
commissioning officers to the Armed Forces. Indian Coast Guard Officers continue to get their training
with Indian Navy Officers since the ICG does not have its own training academy. Already a new Indian
Coast Guard Academy for training of their officers is under construction. Often ICG loses its credit for
being incorrectly recognised as part of Indian military Forces and not as a unique independent force.

See also
Military budget of India One Rank, One Pension Demand
National Security Council (India) Law enforcement in India
Ordnance Factories Board Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses
Defence Research and Development Indian Armed forces rank flags
Organisation

References

Footnotes

^ Does not include members of the Indian Police Service.

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External links
Indian Army (http://indianarmy.nic.in/) – Official website
Indian Air Force (http://indianairforce.nic.in/) Official website
Indian Navy (https://web.archive.org/web/20121016110244/http://www.nausena-bharti.nic.i
n/) Official website
Bharat-Rakshak (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/) – Military & Defence News
India Defence News (http://www.defencetalk.com/tag/india/) Indian Defence & Military News

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