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Intellectual Revolutions and Society

This document discusses three major intellectual revolutions: the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions. The Copernican revolution marked a paradigm shift away from geocentric to heliocentric models of the universe. The Darwinian revolution introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Freudian revolution established psychoanalysis and the concepts of the id, ego, and superego in theories of personality. These revolutions significantly changed scientific thinking in astronomy, biology, and psychology.

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Zaira Mar Haji
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72 views16 pages

Intellectual Revolutions and Society

This document discusses three major intellectual revolutions: the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions. The Copernican revolution marked a paradigm shift away from geocentric to heliocentric models of the universe. The Darwinian revolution introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Freudian revolution established psychoanalysis and the concepts of the id, ego, and superego in theories of personality. These revolutions significantly changed scientific thinking in astronomy, biology, and psychology.

Uploaded by

Zaira Mar Haji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Intellectual Revolutions and Society

Intellectual Revolutions
• In science and technology, intellectual revolutions refer to the series or events
that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific
thinking across critical periods in history.

• In understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that these revolutions

are, in themselves, paradigm shifts.


• These shifts resulted from a renewed and
enlightened understanding of how the
universe behaves and functions.

• They challenged long-held views about the


nature of the universe.
The Copernican Revolution
• Refers to the 16th century paradigm shift
named after the Polish mathematician and
astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus.

• Copernicus formulated the Heliocentric


Model of The Universe.

• He introduced the heliocentric model in


1543.
• The Copernican model also had multiple
inadequacies that were later filled in by
astronomers who participated in the revolution.

• Nonetheless, despite problems with the model


and the persecution of the Church, the
heliocentric model was soon accepted by other
scientists of the time, most profoundly by
Galielo Galilei.
 It served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away
from age-long views about the position of the Earth
relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe.
This marked the beginning of modern astronomy.

 The model was capped off by Sir Isaac Newton a


century later.

 It marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and


astronomy making it a truly important intellectual
revolution.
The Darwinian Revolution
• The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist,
Charles Darwin, is credited for stirring another
important intellectual revolution in the mid 19th
century.

• His treatise on the science of evolution, On The


Origin of Species, was published in 1859 and
began a revolution that brought humanity to a
new era of intellectual discovery.
• Darwin gathered evidence pointing to
what is now known as natural selection,
an evolutionary process by which
organisms, including humans, inherit,
develop, and adapt traits that favored
survival and reproduction.

• These traits are manifested in offsprings


that are more fit and well-suited to the
challenges of survival and reproduction.
• The Darwinian revolution can be likened to
the Copernican Revolution in its
demonstration of the power of the laws of
nature in explaining biological phenomena of
survival and reproduction.
The Freudian Revolution
• Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud, is credited for
stirring a 20th century intellectual revolution named
after him.

• Psychoanalysis, as a school of thought in psychology


is at the center of this revolution. Freud developed
psychoanalysis—a scientific method of
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts,
embedded within one’s personality, springing from
free associations, dreams and fantasies of the
individual.
Theory of Personality
1. Id – the repository of unconscious wishes the libidinal and aggressive;
all the animal-like impulses the individual experiences.
2. Ego – the mediator between the demands of the Id and the outer forces
of reality. It may operate with the Id in the unconscious level and the
reality principle at the preconscious and conscious level.
3. Superego – this maintains the standard of personality. It corresponds
to one’s conscience. To strive for perfection, the superego must inhibit
Id impulses and persuade the Ego to substitute moralistic goals for
realistic goals.
• Scientists working on a biological approach in
studying human behavior criticized
psychoanalysis for lack of vitality and
bordering on being unscientific as a theory.
Particularly, the notion that all humans are
destined to exhibit Oedipus and Electra
complexes did not seem to be supported by
empirical data.

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