Intellectual revolutions

that defined society

a. Copernican
b. Darwinian
c. Freudian
d. Information

GROUP 2
a. Copernican
- one of the most familiar names among
Renaissance scientists
- a mathematician and astronomer who
proposed that the sun was stationary in the
center of the universe and the earth
revolved around it
- created a concept of a universe in which
the distances of the planets from the sun
bore a direct relationship to the size of
their orbits.
Nicolaus Copernicus: Against The Ptolemaic
System A famous philosopher and astronomer Claudius
Ptolemy, stated that the Earth sat stationary and
motionless at the center of several rotating,
concentric spheres that bore the celestial bodies: the
sun, the moon, the known planets, and the stars.
From ancient times, philosophers adhered to the
belief that the heavens were arranged in circles
(which by definition are perfectly round), causing
confusion among astronomers who recorded the
often-eccentric motion of the planets, which
sometimes appeared to halt in their orbit of Earth
and move retrograde across the sky. The Ptolemaic
system remained Europe’s accepted cosmology for
more than 1,000 years, but by Copernicus’ day
accumulated astronomical evidence had thrown
some of his theories into confusion.
In 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenge the Ptolemaic model. Copernicus
introduce the heliocentric theory. Copernicus held that the Earth is another planet
revolving around the fixed Sun once a year, and turning on its axis once a day.
While Copernicus put the Sun at the center of the celestial spheres, he did not put it at the exact center of the
universe, but near it. Copernicus' system used only uniform circular motions, correcting what was seen by many as
the chief inelegance in Ptolemy's system.

The idea is rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since religious belief had taught them that the Earth
was created first before all things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were against
what was widely accepted by religion.
After some time, astronomers realized that the Copernican
Model simplified the orbits of planet. It is also answered
issues that could not be explained using the geocentric or
Ptolemaic model. Public was then accepted the model of
Copernicus because many scientist and astronomers who
have the same ideas that supports the idea of Nicolaus
Copernicus. As the Copernican Model was accepted it was
called “the birth of modern astronomy”, which resulted in
the transformation of society’s beliefs and thoughts.
b. Darwinian
-English naturalist whose scientific theory of
evolution by natural selection became the
foundation of modern evolutionary studies
-His proposition that all species of life have
descended from common ancestors is now
widely accepted and considered a fundamental
concept in science.
-he introduced his scientific theory that this
branching pattern of evolution resulted from a
process that he called natural selection, in which
the struggle for existence has a similar effect to
the artificial selection involved in selective
breeding.
WHAT IS DARWINIAN THEORY?

Darwinism is called the Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad

concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general
scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in
1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories.
Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English
naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species
of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small,
inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete,
survive, and reproduce.
DARWIN'S THEORIES ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE

The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Charles

Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, describes how
organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or
behavioral traits. Individuals with traits that allow them to adapt to their
environments will help them survive and have more offspring, which will
inherit those traits. Individuals with less adaptive traits will less frequently
survive to pass them on. Over time, the traits that allow species to survive
and reproduce will become more frequent in the population and the
population will change, or evolve. Through natural selection, Darwin
suggested, a diverse life-form could arise from a common ancestor.
EXAMPLE:

In the natural theory or adaptation by Charles Darwin, it is only the fittest or who tend to adapt to the surroundings
who can survive. As we can see in the photo not all giraffes have long necks, thus, giraffes with longer necks are
likely to survive because they can reach their food while others with shorter necks cannot.
 Charles Darwin also introduce the theory of evolution.

Example:

The photo explicit the natural selection that fittest to survive with the
adaptation in the environment.
c. Freudian
- Freud was an Austrian neurologist and
the founder of psychoanalysis, who created
an entirely new approach to the
understanding of the human personality.
He is regarded as one of the most
influential - and controversial - minds of
the 20th century.
- considered to be the father of psychiatry.
- the man behind the Revolutionary
Approach to Human Personality. He
developed the revolutionary of thinking
about human mind, he introduces the idea
of unconscious.
WHAT IS FREUDIAN REVOLUTION?

A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund Freud,

especially his ideas about the way in which people's hidden
thoughts and feelings influence their behavior especially with
respect to the causes and treatment of neurotic and
psychopathic states, the interpretation of dreams, etc. relating
to or influenced by Sigmund Freud and his methods of
psychoanalysis, (Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary
Approach to Human Personality) especially with reference to
the importance of sexuality in human behavior.
EXPLORING THE
UNCONCIOUS
Freud developed the theory that humans have
an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive
impulses are in perpetual conflict for
supremacy with the defenses against them. The
late 1800s mark the end of the Victorian age.
Any expression of human sexuality was
considered an outrage. In 1886 Dr. Sigmund
Freud begun treating people with a simple and
radical approach. His goal was to get his
patient to talk as much as possible about
anything and everything. In 1897, he began an
intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his
major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was
published in which Freud analyzed dreams in
terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
It is during the stages of development that the
experiences are filtered through the three levels
of the human mind. It is from these structures
and the inherent conflicts that arise in the mind
that personality is shaped. According to Freud
while there is an interdependence among these
three levels, each level also serves a purpose in
personality development.
Each stage is processed through Freud’s concept of the human mind as a three-tier
system consisting of the superego, the ego, and the id.
Super ego: functions at a conscious level. It serves as a type of screening center for what is going on. It is at this
level that society and parental guidance is weighed against personal pleasure and gain as directed by one’s id.
Obviously, this puts in motion situations ripe for conflict.

Ego: much like a judge in a trial, once experiences are processed through the superego and the id, they fall into the
ego to mediate a satisfactory outcome. Originally, Freud used the word ego to mean a sense of self, but later
revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense,
synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory.

Id: the egocentric center of the human universe, Freud believed that within this one level, the id is constantly
fighting to have our way in everything we undertake.
Reasons for the Freudian revolution

1.The first is purely practical: psychoanalysis has enormous historical

significance. Mental illness affects a large proportion of the population,
either directly or indirectly, so any curative scheme as widely accepted as
was Freud's is important to our history in general.
2.The second, more important, reason is that Freud gave people a new
way of thinking about why they acted the way they did. He created a
whole new way of interpreting behaviors: one could now claim that a
person had motives, desires, and beliefs–all buried in the unconscious–
which they knew nothing about but which nonetheless directly controlled
and motivated their conscious thought and behavior.
d. Information

It came from the Latin word informare, means to give from, shape or character
to something. In a general sense, is processed, organized and structured data. It
provides context for data and enables decision making.
The Basics

The information age began around 1970's and it's still going on today. It is also shown as the
Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which
people could access information and knowledge easily.
INFLUENCES OF THE PAST ON THE INFORMATION AGE

The Renaissance influenced the information Age by creating the idea

inventions, while too advanced for the time, the basic idea used to
develop modern inventions. The Renaissance also changed literature. At
first, only books that told stories of religion and religious heroes were
written. During the Renaissance people began to write realistic books
and not just religious stories. People's mindset about themselves
changed. It was no longer about what humans could do for God, but
what humans could do for themselves. This way of thinking is called
HUMANISM.
The SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION changed the modern era
by introducing important scientist such as Galileo,
Copernicus, and Sir Isaac Newton. Their discoveries paved
the way for modern tools, inventions and innovations.

The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION brought about major

changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology. This era had a profound effect
on a social, economic, and cultural conditions of the world.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS

There were many different inventions that came about

because of the information age, one of which was the
computer. The internet allowed people to access
information with the touch of a button. The internet has
turned society into homebodies, they can do everything
online; shopping, communicating, bill paying, working,
education, entertainment, even ordering food.
These are the several important people of the Information Age:

Tim Bernes Lee

- created the
World Wide Web
 STEVE JOBS

- who was created

the first effective
personal computer
called the Apple 1
 BILL GATES

- is also a huge force in

the information age. He
founded Microsoft,
which creates almost
everything that to do
with computers.
CHANGES OF THE INFORMATION AGE

The Information Age has changed people, technology, science, economies, culture,
and even the way people think. The internet is arguably the most important
prominent innovations of the Information Age for it changed the way people do
everything.

IMPACTS OF THE INFORMATION AGE

The Information Age brought about many new inventions and innovations. Many
communication services like texting, email, and social media developed and the
world has not been the same since.
The Information Age is also known as the Age of Entrepreneurship. Now
entrepreneurs can start and run a company easier that before.
HOW DID IT CHANGE IT CHANGE/INFLUENCE SOCIETY AND
THE WORLD

- Information Age influenced many factors in the society because it led us to

the age of the internet
- The world has experienced phenomena network growth during the last
decade and further growth is imminent

IN CONCLUSION

The Information Age is now. Every era from the Stone Age up to The
Industrial Revolution has led to the world as we know it. Without the
information, knowledge and discoveries of those from the past, we would not
be where we are today. The past has shaped our present and will continue to
shape our future.