ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

MODULE 1

I. TOPICS/SUBJECT MATTERS

1. Fundamental Concepts
1.1. Force and their characteristics
1.2. External and internal effects of forces
1.3. Force systems; concurrent, non-concurrent, parallel, non-concurrent,
non-parallel; coplanar and spatial force systems
1.4. Components of a force; resolution of forces into planar and spatial
components
1.5. Moment of a force
1.6. Vector analysis; addition, subtraction and multiplication of vectors
2. Resultants of force systems
2.1. Resultant of coplanar force systems
2.2. The couple and its characteristics
3. Equilibrium
3.1. Free Body Diagram
3.2. Equations of equilibrium for a coplanar concurrent force system
3.3. Equilibrium of bodies acted upon two to three forces
3.4. Equilibrium of bodies acted upon by coplanar non-concurrent force
system

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Analyze the properties (compo, resultants and moments) of a force and force
systems in 2D and 3D.
2. Solve equilibrium problems of various types of structures including friction
problems using analytical models, rigid bodies, FBDs and equations of
equilibrium.
3. Apply and demonstrate the principles and tools of statics in the analysis and
solution of equilibrium problems.

III. LESSON PRESENTATION

LESSON I: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

INTRODUCTION

Engineering mechanics may be defined as the science which considers the effect of
forces on rigid bodies. The subject divides naturally into two parts: statics and
dynamics. In statistics we consider the effects and distribution of forces on rigid
bodies which are and remain at rest. In dynamics we consider the motion of rigid
bodies caused by the forces acting upon them.

FIGURE I.1: Outline of Engineering Mechanics

1|ENGINEERING MECHANICS -STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

 Rigid Body – is defined as a definite amount of matter the parts which are fixed in
position relative to each other. Actually, solid bodies are never rigid; they deformed
under the action of applied forces. In many cases, this deformation is negligible
compared to the size of the body and the body may be assumed rigid. Bodies made
of steel, cast iron, for example, are of this type. The study of strength of materials,
however, is based on the deformation (however small) of such bodies.

1.1. FORCE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Force may be defined as that which changes, or tends to change the state of
motions of a body. This definition applies to the external effect of the force. The
internal effects of the force are to produce stress and deformation in the body on
which the force acts. External effects of force are considered in engineering
mechanics; internal effects, in strength of materials. The characteristics of a force
are (1) its magnitude, (2) the position of the line of action, and (3) the direction (or
sense) in which the force acts along its line of action.

1.2. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EFFECTS OF FORCES

The principle of transmissibility of a force states that the external effect of

the force on a body is the same for all points of application along its line of action;
it is independent of the point of application. The internal effect of a force however is
definitely dependent on its point of application. It is the state of rest of motion of a
rigid body is unaltered if a force acting in the body is replaced by another force of
the same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on the body along the line
of action of the replaced force. For example, the force F acting on a rigid body at
point A. According to the principle of transmissibility of forces, this force has the
same effect on the body as a force F applied at point B.

FIGURE I.2: Principle of Transmissibility

The following two points should be considered while using this principle.

1. In engineering mechanics, we deal with only rigid bodies. If deformation of

the
body is to be considered in a problem. The law of transmissibility of forces
will not hold good.
2. By transmission of the force only the state of the body is unaltered, but not
the
internal stresses which may develop in the body

Therefore, this law can be applied only to problems in which rigid bodies are
involved.

Force exerted on body has following two effects

1. The external effect, which is tendency to change the motion of the body or
to develop resisting forces in the body
2. The internal effect, which is the tendency to deform the body.

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 If the force system acting on a body produces no external effect, the forces are said
to be in balance and the body experience no change in motion is said to be in
equilibrium.

1.3. FORCE SYSTEMS

A force system is any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body or on
a group of related bodies. When the line of action of all the forces in a force system
lie on one plane, they are referred to as being coplanar; otherwise they are non-
coplanar. The coplanar system is obviously simpler than a non-coplanar system
since all the action lines of the forces lie in the same plane. We shall consider first
a discussion of coplanar system; it will then be a relatively simple step to the
discussion of non-coplanar or space system of forces.

The force systems are further classified according to their line of action. Forces
whose lines of action pass through a common point are called concurrent; those in
which the line of action is parallel are called parallel force systems; and those
which the lines of action neither are parallel nor intersect I a common point are
known as non-concurrent force systems.

Systems of forces
 When numbers of forces acting on the body then it is said to be system of
forces
Types of system of forces
1. Collinear forces:
In this system, line of action of forces act along the same line is called collinear
forces. For example, consider a rope is being pulled by two players as shown in
figure

2. Coplanar forces
When all forces acting on the body are in the same plane the forces are
Coplanar.

3. Coplanar Concurrent force system

A concurrent force system contains forces whose lines-of action meet at same one
point. Forces may be tensile (pulling) or Forces may be compressive (pushing)

3|ENGINEERING MECHANICS -STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

 FIGURE 1.3: Coplanar Concurrent force system

4. Non Concurrent Co-Planar Forces

A system of forces acting on the same plane but whose line of action does not
Pass through the same point is known as non-concurrent coplanar forces or
system for example a ladder resting against a wall and a man is standing on the
rung but not on the center of gravity.

5. Coplanar parallel forces

When the forces acting on the body are in the same plane but their line of actions
are parallel to each other known as coplanar parallel forces for example forces
acting on the beams and two boys are sitting on the sea saw.

6. Non coplanar parallel forces

In this case all the forces are parallel to each other but not in the same plane, for
example the force acting on the table when a book is kept on it.

1.4. COMPONENTS OF A FORCE

Consider figure 3.0 in which the force F acts upon the given body. The effect of the
force is to move the body rightward and upward. Choosing this direction as the
positive direction of perpendicular X and Y reference axis, we project the force F
upon them to obtain the perpendicular components 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 . The relations
between these components and F are determined by the basic definitions of sine
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑥
and cosine of the angle 𝜃𝑋 between F and the X axis, i.e., sin 𝜃𝑋 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃𝑋 =
𝐹 𝐹
which are usually written in the following form:

𝐅𝐱 = 𝐅𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐱 Equation 1.0

𝐅𝐲 = 𝐅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐱

The components 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 are considered positive if they act in the positive
directions of the X and Y axes, and negative if directed in the negative sense of the
reference axes. The choice of the X and Y axes is arbitrary; they may be in any
convenient position; the relations given above are independent of the orientation of
the X axis. If desired, the angle between F and the Y axis, designated as 𝜃𝑦 , may
also be used; whence the components are then given by 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦 =
𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦 . It is obvious that the magnitude, inclination, and direction of a force can
be derived when its rectangular components are known. For example, assuming
values of 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 to be known, we obtain from figure 1.4. the following
Equations:

𝐅 = √(𝐅𝐱)𝟐 + (𝐅𝐱)𝟐
𝐅𝐲 Equation 1.1
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉𝐱 =
𝐅𝐱

FIGURE I.4: Rectangular Components

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 The direction of F is determined by the signs of its components; this is clearly
explained in the table which follows.

Example Problem 1:

A force of 200 lb. is directed as shown in figure I.5. Determine the X and Y
components of the force.

Figure I.5

Solution: by projecting the force upon the axes, we discover that the sign of 𝐹𝑥 is
minus and of 𝐹𝑦 positive. Applying equation 1.0, we obtain

Fx = F cosθx Fx = −200 cos 30O = −𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟐 𝐥𝐛. answer

Fy = F sinθx Fy = −200 sin 30O = +𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛. answer

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 Example Problem 2:

1. Determine the components of the 300 lb. force directed down to the right at
a slope of 2 to 3 as shown in figure I.6.

Figure I.6

Solution:

The major difference between this problem and the preceding one is that the
direction of the force is defined by its slope instead of its angle. We can compute
𝜃𝑥 from its tangent and then substitute its tangent and then substitute its sine
and cosine function into equation 1.0, but it is simpler and more direct to
compute the hypotenuse of the slope triangle as √32 + 22 = 3.61 and then apply
the definition of sine an cosine as follows:

3
[Fx = F cosθx ] Fx = 300 x = 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝐥𝐛
3.61

2
[Fy = F sinθx ] Fy = 300 x = −𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝐥𝐛
3.61

2. The components of a certain force are defined by Fx = 300 lb andFy = −200 lb.
Determine the magnitude, inclination with the X axis, and pointing of the
force.

Solution:

The magnitude of the force is found by applying the first Equation 1.1.

[F = √(Fx)2 + (Fy)2 ] F = √(300)2 + (200)2 𝐅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝐥𝐛

The inclination with X axis is determined by the second part of Equation

1.1.

Fy 300
[tan θ𝑥 = ] tan θ𝑥 = = 0.667 𝛉𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝒐
Fx 200

Self-Check Activity 1

Determine the component of the force (X and Y) , the magnitude and the
inclination with the x-axis of the following in the given figure.

1. Answer: Fx = −89.44 lb
Fy = 44.72 lb
F = 100 lb
θx = 26.57o lb

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 2. Answer: Fx = 265 lb
Fy = −141 lb
F = 300.20 lb
θx = 28.02 lb

1.5. MOMENT OF A FORCE

The moment of a force about an axis or line is the measure of its ability to
produce turning or twisting about the axis. The magnitude of the moment of
force about an axis which is perpendicular to a plane containing the line of
action of the force is defined as the product of the force and the
perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force. For
example, in figure I.7., the moment of the horizontal force F about the
vertical axis Y Equals F times d or FD. The distance d is frequently called
the moment arm of the force.

Figure I.7

In the figure 1.7 shown, O represents the center of moment. Then the
moment arm of the force becomes the perpendicular distance from this
moment center O to the line of action of the force. It should always be
remembered, however, that the center of moments is really the intersection
of the axis of moments with the plane of the forces.

APPLICATIONS: In some cases, it is more convenient to determine the

moment of a force from the sum of the moments of its components rather
than from the force itself. For example, in Figure I.8 suppose a force F,
making an angle 𝜃 with the X axis, passes through a point A having the
coordinates, (𝑥, 𝑦).

Figure I.8

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 In this case it is inconvenient to calculate the moment arm d. By resolving the force
into its component 𝐹𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦 at A, the moment arm of 𝐹𝑥 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 is the coordinate
distance y, and the moment arm of 𝐹𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 is the coordinate distance x. then
the moment of F is expressed by

EQUATION 1.2

From which the value of the moment arm d may be computed if desired. The
intercepts of the line of action of F with the x and y axes may also be computed
from the principle of moments. Replacing F by its components at B and at C in
Figure 1.8, we have,

EQUATION 1.2 - a

Note that 𝐹𝑦 at B and 𝐹𝑥 at C both have zero moment about O since they both pass
through O and therefore have zero moment arms. Having already determine the
moment of F by means of Equation 1.2, the intercept 𝑖𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑥 now readily
computed from Equation 1.2-a.

Another example is shown in figure 1.9, suppose it is desired to find the moment
about point A of the force P acting on the roof truss. At a point B on the action line
of P, resolve the force into its components 𝑃𝑥 and 𝑃𝑦.

Figure I.9

Applying the principle that the moment of a force is equal to the moment sum of its
components we have,

EQUATION 1.2 - b

Note that 𝑃𝑥 intersects the moment center A and therefore has no moment arm.

Example problem 3:

In Figure I.10, a force 𝐹 passing through C causes a clockwise moment of 120 ft-lb
about A and clockwise moment of 70 ft-lb about B. Determine the force and its x
intercept 𝑖𝑥 .

Given:
MA = 120 lb − ft
MB = 70 lb − ft
Assume clockwise as
positive (+)

Figure I.10

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 SOLUTION:

a) By resolving the force into its components at C, we observe that since 𝐹𝑦 passes
through A, the moment of F about A is due only to 𝐹𝑥, which must act leftwards
as shown in order to create a clockwise moment about A. The magnitude of 𝐹𝑥
therefore is.

+ ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹𝑥 . 𝑦 120 = Fx(2) Fx = 60 lb

b) Considering again the components at C, we see that with respect to B, 𝐹𝑥 causes

a counterclockwise moment, and hence 𝐹𝑦 must act upwards in order to create
the specified clockwise moment of 70 ft-lb about B. By applying the principle of
moments, the value of 𝐹𝑦 is

+ ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐹𝑦 . 𝑥 − 𝐹𝑥. 𝑦 70 = Fy(5) − (60)(3) Fy = 50 lb

c) Now that the components of F are known, we apply Equation 1.0 to obtain

[F = √(Fx)2 + (Fy)2 ] F = √(60)2 + (50)2 F = 78.20 lb

𝐹𝑦 Fy
[tan 𝜃𝑥 = ] θx = tan−1 ( ) θx = 39.8O
𝐹𝑥 Fx

d) To determine the x intercept of F, at D where F crosses the X axis, resolve F into

its components. Since 𝐹𝑥 at D causes zero moment about B, the specified
clockwise moment about B can be created only by placing 𝐹𝑦 to the left of B as
shown. Then we obtain,

+ ∑ MB = Fy . x 70 = 50e e = 1.4 ft

Whence the x intercept from O is ix = 5 − e, i = 5 − 1.4 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐟𝐭

Example problem 4:

In the figure I.11 shown, assuming clockwise moments as positive, compute the
moment of force F = 450lb and of force P = 361lb about points A, B, C and D.

Figure I.11

9|ENGINEERING MECHANICS -STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

 SOLUTION:

a. From the figure I.11-a shown, solve for the value of moment at D. assume
that clockwise moment as positive

First, Solve for Fx and Fy

@ 𝐅 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐥𝐛

3
tan θ = ; θ = 36.87o
4
Fy Fy
sin(36.87O ) = =
F 450
Fy = 450 sin(36.87o ) = 270 lb

Fx Fx
cos(36.87O ) = =
F 450
Fx = 450 cos(36.87) = 360 lb
Figure I.11-a

For F

+ ∑ M@D = − (270 lb)(1ft) + (360 lb)(3ft)

+ ∑ 𝐌@𝐃 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐛.

@ 𝐏 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝐥𝐛

3
tan θ = ; θ = 56.31𝑜
2
Py Py
sin(56.31O ) = =
P 361
Py = 361 sin(56.31o ) = 300.40 lb
Px Px
cos(56.31O ) = =
F 361
Px = 361 cos(56.31o ) = 200.25 lb

For P

+ ∑ M@D = (300.40 lb)(2ft) + (200.25 lb)(3ft)

+ ∑ 𝐌@𝐃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭

+ ∑ M@D = ∑ force ∗ distance

+ ∑ M@D = − Fy(1ft) + Fx(3ft) + Py(2ft) + Px(3)

+ ∑ M@D = − (270 lb)(1ft) + (360 lb)(3ft) + (300.40 lb)(2ft) + (200.25 lb)(3ft)

+ ∑ M@D = 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭

+ ∑ 𝐌@𝐃 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭 answer

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 Self-Check Activity 2

From the given figure 2.1 –a, Solve the moment at A, B and C.

ANSWER: + ∑ 𝐌@𝐀 = −𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭 answer

+ ∑ 𝐌@𝐁 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭 answer

+ ∑ 𝐌@𝐂 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭 answer

1.6. SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

Scalar quantity. is that quantity which has only magnitude (numerical value with
suitable unit) or Scalars quantities are those quantities, which are completely
specified by their magnitude using suitable units are called scalars quantities. For
example, mass, time, volume density, temperature, length, age and area etc. The
scalars quantities can be added or subtracted by algebraic rule e.g.
7kg + 8kg = 15 kg sugar Or 4 sec + 5 sec = 9 sec
Imagine two groups of marbles, one consisting of 10 marbles and the other 5. If a
common is formed by mixing them, the resultant number will be 15 marbles, a
result obtained bt arithmetical addition. Quantities which possess magnitude only
and can be added arithmetically are defined as scalar quantities.

Vectors.

Vector quantity is that quantity, which has magnitude unit of magnitude as well as
direction, is called vector quantity. Or Vector quantities are those quantities, which
are completely specified by their magnitude using suitable units as well directions
are called vector quantities. For example, velocity, acceleration, force, weight,
displacement, momentum and torque etc. are all vector quantities. Vector quantity
can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by particular geometrical or
graphical methods.

Vector representation

A vector quantity is represented graphically by a straight line the length of line

gives the magnitude of the vector and arrowhead indicates the direction. For
example, we consider a displacement (d) of magnitude 10 km in the direction of
east. Hence we cannot represent 10 km on the paper therefore we select a suitable
scale shown in fig. Scale 1 cm = 2 km. So we draw a line of length 5 cm which
show the magnitude of vector quantity that is 10 km while the arrow indicates the
direction form origin to east ward as shown in fig.

Point A is called tail that shows the origin.

Point B is called head, which shows the direction of vector quantity.
The length of line is the magnitude of the vector quantity

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 LESSON II: RESULTANTS OF FORCE SYSTEM

The effect of a system of forces on a body is usually expressed in terms of resultant.

The value of this resultants determines the motion of the body. As we shall see, if
the resultant is zero, the body will be in equilibrium and will not change its original
state of motion. This is the province of statics. If the resultant of the force system is
not zero, the body will have a varying state of motion, thereby creating a problem in
dynamics. In this lesson we shall consider the technique for determining the
resultant effect of various types of coplanar force systems.

Resultant of three or more Concurrent forces

The determination of the resultant of three or more concurrent forces that are not
collinear requires determining the sum of three or more vectors. There are two ways
of accomplishing the addition of three or more vectors; graphically and
analytically.

GRAPHICALLY. Two vectors can be added to give a resultant; this resultant; in turn
can be added to a third vector, etc. until all the vectors have been added together to
give an overall resultant. These vectors can be added in any order.

Consider the system of three concurrent forces shown in figure II.1. If the
parallelogram method of vector addition is used, forces F and P may be combined to
give a resultant R1 as shown in Figure 2.2-b. Since R1 is equivalent to and replaces F
and P, the original system of three forces now consists of only two; R1 and Q. These
may also be combined by the parallelogram method to give the final resultant R. If
the original system consists of more than three forces, this same technique can be
extended to include the additional forces.

Figure II.1 – Resultant determined by Parallelogram law

PARALLELOGRAM LAW

The method of vector addition is based on what is known as the parallelogram law.
The parallelogram law cannot be proved; it can only be demonstrated by
experiment. It is one of the fundamental axioms of mechanics. One method of
demonstrating the law is by means of the apparatus shown in figure II.2. Tie three
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 chords together and fasten the weights P, Q, and W to the free ends. (The sum P
and Q must be greater than W). Place the cords to which P and Q are attached over
the smooth pegs as shown and allow the system to reach a position of equilibrium.

FIGURE II.2: Parallelogram law

The parallelogram law states that the resultant of two forces is the diagonal of the
parallelogram formed on the vectors of these forces.

Example problem 5:

The screw eye in Fig. II.3- (a) is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

(a) (b)
Figure II.3

SOLUTION
Parallelogram Law. The parallelogram is formed by drawing a line from the head
of F1 that is parallel to F2, and another line from the head of F2 that is parallel to
F1. The resultant force FR extends to where these line intersect at point A, Figure.
II.3 – (b). The two unknowns are the magnitude of FR and the angle 𝜃(theta).

From the figure given use the law of cosine

𝐹𝑅 = √(100N)2 + (150 N)2 − 2(100 N)(150 N) cos 115o

𝐹𝑅 = 213 𝑁

Applying the law of sines to determine 𝜃,

150 N 212.6 N
=
sin θ sin 115o
150 N
sin θ = 212.6 N (sin 115o )

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 θ = 39.8𝑜

Thus, the direction ∅ (𝑝ℎ𝑖)𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑅 , measured from the horizontal, is

𝑜 0 𝑜
∅ = 39.8 + 15.0 = 54.8

NOTE: The results seem reasonable, since Figure II.3-b shows FR to have a
magnitude larger than its components and a direction that is between them.

TRIANGLE LAW/ FORCE TRIANGLE

FIGURE II.4: Triangle law

If we examine closely the parallelogram formed by forces P and Q as in Figure

11.4-(b) , we observed that side BC is parallel and equal to side AD. If the triangle
ABC were drawn alone as in Figure II.4-(c), the resultant R joining A to C would
have the same magnitude and direction as the diagonal of the parallelogram ABCD.
In this instance force Q has been represented by the free vector BC. A free vector is
defined as one which does not show the point of application of the vector, as
distinguished from a localized vector which does.

It is also evident that, as DC is equal and parallel to P, the triangle ADC in Figure
II.4-(a) may also be used to determine R. in this case, P is taken as the free vector
and Q is the localized vector.

Therefore, the triangle law as a convenient corollary of the parallelogram law states
that if two forces are represented by their free vectors placed tip to tail, their
resultant vector is the third side of the triangle, the direction of the resultant being
from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last vector.

Special case - if the angle between two forces become zero or 180 o, the forces act
along the same line, the force are collinear. By taking one direction as positive and
the other direction as negative, it will be apparent that the resultant of two
collinear forces is their algebraic sum.

ANALYTICALLY. The vectors can be resolves into components that coincide with
arbitrary chosen axes. The components of each vector with respect to this axes can
be added algebraically, and the resulting additions will be the components of the
overall resultant vector.

Figure II.5 shows the X and Y components of each force by projection upon the
reference axes. It is apparent that Rx, the x component of R, is equivalent to the
algebraic sum of the X components of 𝐹, 𝑃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄; also that Ry is equivalent to the
algebraic um of the Y components of F,P, and Denoting such algebraic summations
of the components of the forces by ∑ 𝑋 and ∑ 𝑌 respectively, we have,

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 𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝑋

𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝑌

Figure II.5.- Rectangular components of Resultant

Having thereby computed the components of the Resultant R, we can now

determine its magnitude and inclination by using the method discussed in
Equation 1.1. doing this transforms Equation 1.1 into

2 2
R = √(∑ X) + (∑ Y)
EQUATION 1.3
∑Y
tan 𝜃𝑥 =
∑X

The pointing of R is determined by the signs of its rectangular components ∑ 𝑋 and

∑ 𝑌.

Example problem 5:

Determine completely the resultant of the concurrent force system shown in

FigureII.5-a

FigureII.5-a

15 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 SOLUTION:

a. We first determine the components of the resultant from the algebraic

summations of the components of the given forces.

LOADS 𝐗 − 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐘 − 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭

300 lb. −300 cos(60𝑜 ) 300 sin(60𝑜 )
400 lb. −400 cos (0𝑜 ) 0
50 lb. 0 −50 cos(0𝑜 )
100 lb. 100 cos(45𝑜 ) −100 sin(45𝑜 )
200 lb. 200 cos(30𝑜 ) 200 sin(30𝑜 )
𝐓𝐎𝐓𝐀𝐋 ∑ 𝐗 = −𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟖 𝐥𝐛 ∑ 𝐗 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐛

2 2
R = √(∑ X) + (∑ Y)

R = √(−306.08 lb)2 + (239.10lb)2

𝐑 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝐥𝐛

∑ Y 𝟐𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐛
tan 𝜃𝑥 = =
∑ X 𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟖 𝐥𝐛

𝟐𝟑𝟗.𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐛
𝜃𝑥 = tan−1 (𝟑𝟎𝟔.𝟎𝟖 𝐥𝐛) = 38𝑜

Since the signs of ∑ X and ∑ Y were neglected in finding the inclination of R, it

follows that ∅𝑥 is the acute angle between R and X axis. The direction of R is
obtained from a mental tip-to-tail addition of ∑ X and ∑ Y. since ∑ X is minus
(directed to left) and ∑ Y is positive (directed up), R points up to the left at an
angle of 38𝑜 with the X axis.

2.2. THE COUPLE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Sometimes the resultant of a force system will be zero in magnitude and yet
have a resultant moment sum. For example, consider the force system shown in
Figure II.6. The magnitude of the resultant is given by

[𝑅 = ∑ 𝐹] 𝑅 = −10 + 20 + 30 − 40 𝑅=0

The student should not leap to the conclusion that a resultant does not exist,
since on taking a moment sum about B, we find

+ ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = −20𝑥3 − 30𝑥4 + 40𝑥6 ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = +60 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡

Figure II.6.

The system shown therefore does produce some effect; in this case, it is a tendency
to rotate with a magnitude of 60 lb.ft. before discussing the nature of the resultant
in this case, let us take moment sums about points C, D, E, and also any other
point A as follows:
16 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 + ∑ MC = −10x3 − 30x1 + 40x3 ∑ MC = +60 lb lb − ft

+ ∑ MD = −10x4 − 20x1 + 40x2 ∑ MD = +60 lb lb − ft

+ ∑ MB = −10x6 − 20x3 + 30x2 ∑ MB = +60 lb lb − ft

+ ∑ MA = +10x2 − 20x5 − 30x6 + 40x8 ∑ MA = +60 lb lb − ft

In this case, the resultant is seen to have the same clockwise moment effect
regardless of where the moment center is chosen.

The special case in which the resultant has zero magnitude but does have a moment
is said to consist of a couple. We define a couple as made up of two equal, parallel,
oppositely directed forces, as shown in Figure II.6-a. the perpendicular distance
between the action lines of the forces is called the moment arm of the couple. It is
evident that the magnitude of the resultant of these two forces is zero. Their
moment sum is constant and independent of the moment center. This is proved
by selecting moment centers at A and B to give respectively.

Figure II.6-a: moment of

couple is independent of
moment center.
+ ∑ MA = F. d

+ ∑ MB = 𝐹(𝑑 + 𝑎) − 𝐹. 𝑎 = 𝐹. 𝑑c

We conclude that the moment of a couple C is equal

to the product of one of the forces composing the couple
multiplied by the perpendicular distance between their
action lines. This relation is expressed by the equation

𝐶 = 𝐹. 𝑑

In the above example, the resultant is completely determined by specifying it to be a

clockwise couple having neither a magnitude of 60 lb.-ft. since neither the force nor
the moment arm of this couple is known, any pair of forces separated by a distance
which give a clockwise moment of 60 lb-ft could comprise the couple. Such couples
might consist of two 60 lb. forces 1 ft. apart or two 30 lb. forces 2 ft. apart, etc.

Since the only effect of a couple is to produce a moment that is independent of the
moment center, the effect of a couple is unchanged if

a) The couple is rotated through any angle in its plane

b) The couple is shifted to any other position in its plane
c) The couple is shifted to a parallel plane

For the somewhat special case in which the given force system is composed entirely
of couples in the same or parallel planes, the resultant will consist of another
couple equal to the algebraic summation of the moment sum of the original
couples.

17 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 Example problem 6:
Determine the resultant of the parallel force system acting on the bar AB shown in
Figure II.6-b. the forces position is given in the figure.

Figure II.6-b
SOLUTION

a) The magnitude of the resultant force is first obtained by applying

[𝐑 = ∑ 𝐅] 𝐑 = −𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 = −𝟒𝟎 𝐥𝐛

Upward forces having been assumed to be positive, the negative sign of R

indicates it to be directed downward.

b) Applying the principle that the moment of resultant is equal to the moment
sum of its parts, we have, taking clockwise moments about A as positive.

[𝑀𝑅 = ∑ 𝑀𝐴 ] + ∑ MA = 10x2 − 30x5 + 40x8 = 190 lb − ft

[𝑀𝑅 = 𝑅. 𝑑 = ∑ 𝑀𝐴 ] 40𝑑𝐴 = 190 𝐝𝐀 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 𝐟𝐭

c) To determine the position of R relative to A, draw R acting downward (because

of the minus sign) as shown in Figure II.6-c. since the moment sum of the
original forces was found to be clockwise, R must lie to the right of the
moment center A in order also to produce a clockwise moment.

Figure II.6-c
By locating R with respect to B, it is really shown that the position of the
resultant is independent of the choice of moment center.

[𝑀𝑅 = ∑ 𝑀𝐵 ] + ∑ MB = −20x8 − 10x6 + 30x3 = −130 lb − ft

[𝑀𝑅 = 𝑅. 𝑑 = ∑ 𝑀𝐵 ] 40𝑑𝐵 = 130 𝐝𝐁 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝐟𝐭

Self-Check Activity 3:

1. A parallel force system acts on the lever shown in the figure. Determine the
magnitude and position of the resultant.

Answer: 𝐑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐛 ↓ 𝐚𝐭 𝟔 𝐟𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀.

18 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 LESSON III: EQUILIBRUM

3.1. FREE BODY DIAGRAM

One of the most important concepts in mechanics is that of the free-body diagram.
It is introduced here to help the beginner distinguished between action and
reaction forces. To do so, it is necessary to isolate the body being considered. A
sketch of the isolated body which shows on the forces acting upon the body is
defined as a free-body diagram. The reaction forces are those exerted by the fee
body upon other bodies. The free body may consist of an entire assembled
structure or an isolated part of it. For example, consider the derrick shown in
Figure III.1. The three body diagram of pin C (Figure III.1b) shows only the forces
acting upon C. These forces consist of the weight, the pull T is exerted by the cable,
and the force P exerted by the boom. If the free-body diagram of the entire derrick
were desired, it would show only the forces acting on the derrick as in Figure III.1
c.

Figure III.1: Free - body diagrams

Procedure of Drawing Free Body Diagram

To construct a free-body diagram, the following steps are necessary:
✓ Draw Outline Shape
Imagine that the particle is cut free from its surroundings or isolated by
drawing the outline shape of the particle only

✓ Show All Forces

Show on this sketch all the forces acting on the particle. There are two
classes of forces that act on the particle. They can be active forces, which
tend to set the particle in motion, or they can be reactive forces which are
the results of the constraints or supports that tend to prevent motion.
✓ Identify Each Force
The forces that are known should be labeled complete with their magnitudes
and directions. Letters are used to represent the magnitudes and directions
of forces that are not known.

19 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM TABLE

3.2. Equations of equilibrium for a coplanar concurrent force system

THE conditions of the equilibrium for concurrent force systems are obtained by
determining the equations that produce a zero resultant. In equation 1.3, it was
shown that the magnitude of the resultant of concurrent force system is found by
means of equation

2 2
R = √(∑ X) + (∑ Y)

Obviously, the result will be zero and equilibrium will exist when the following
equations are satisfied:

∑X = 0

∑Y = 0

These equations are known as the conditions of equilibrium. It is important to note

that with two conditions of equilibrium; only two unknown quantities can be
determined to create equilibrium of a concurrent force system.

Problem Example 7:
A system of cords knotted together at A and B support the weights shown in the
Figure III.2. Compute the tensions P, Q, F, and T acting in the various cords.

20 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 Figure III.2

Solution:
We begin by drawing FBD of knots A and B. Of these two concurrent force systems,
we must first solve that at A. The force system at B is temporarily indeterminate
because it contains three unknown forces and has available only two independent
equations of equilibrium. Its solution must be postponed until one of the
unknowns, P in this instance, has been determined from the concurrent system
acting at A, where P, exerting an equal and opposite effect to its action on B, is only
one of two unknowns.

A. Let’s us discuss each of these methods so that their individual advantages

or disadvantages will enable us to select the most efficient and rapid method
to use in similar problems.

Figure III.2-a

METHOD I – Using Horizontal and vertical Axes

This is a routine method requiring no imagination. Selection reference axes that

are horizontal and vertical as shown in figure 2.7-a, we apply the conditions of
equilibrium, equation 1.3, to obtain.

loads X Y
P Pcos 15o Psin 15o
Q −Qcos30o Qsin 30o
300lb 0 −300

Therefore,

[∑ X = 0] Pcos 15o − Qcos30o = 0 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)

[∑ Y = 0] Psin 15o + Qsin 30o − 300 = 0 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏)

21 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 Solving equation (a) and (b) simultaneously yields;

𝐏 = 𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐛

METHOD II – Using Rotated Axis

The disadvantage of method I is necessity of solving simultaneous equations. Since

the reference axes are arbitrarily selected in the first place, a better choice of the
reference axes will eliminate simultaneous equations; this simplifies the numerical
work and reduces the chance for error. For example, let X axis be selected to pass
through one of the unknowns, say Q. In this case Q will have no Y component and
will not appear in a Y summation.

Figure III.2-b

The methods of determining the angles between the forces and the rotated
reference axis are shown in Figure III.2b-(a); the final values of the angles are
shown in Figure III.2b-(b);. When actually solving the problems, only the X axis
need be drawn, as in Figure III.2b-(b, the Y axis can be omitted; it is understood to
be perpendicular to the X axis. Since the X axis was chosen to coincide with Q, it is
evident that Q has no Y component. Hence by applying the condition of
equilibrium, we automatically eliminate Q from the equation. Thus we have,

[∑ Y = 0] Psin 45o − 300sin 60o = 0 𝑃 = 367 𝑙𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑠

Having determined P, we readily find the second unknown Q by applying the

second equation of Equilibrium

[∑ X = 0] 367cos 45o + 300cos60o − 𝑄 = 0 𝑄 = 410 𝑙𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑠

METHOD III – Using Force triangle

When three forces are in equilibrium, the easiest solution is generally obtained by
applying the sine law to the triangle representing the polygons of forces. Since
forces is equilibrium have a zero resultant, the tip of the last vector must touch the
tail of the first vector. This tip to tail addition gives the closed polygon of the forces
shown in Figure III.2-c. applying the law of sines to this triangle, we obtain

300 𝑃 𝑄
𝑜 = 𝑜 =
sin 45 sin 60 sin 75𝑜

Whence as before

𝐏 = 𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐛

Figure III.2-c

22 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 Determine the forces F and T, Applying the method of rotated axes to the FBD of B,
we draw the X axis to coincide with T as if Figure III.2-d, thereby eliminating T
from a Y summation. Hence we obtain F from

Figure III.2-d

[∑ Y = 0] Fsin 45o − 367cos 45o − 200 sin 60𝑜 = 0 𝐅 = 𝟔𝟏𝟐 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐬

The remaining unknown T is now determined from

[∑ X = 0] 𝑇 + 200cos 60o − 367cos45o − 612 cos 45𝑜 = 0 𝐓 = 𝟓𝟗𝟑 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐬

SELF-CHECK ACTIVITY- 4

1. Determine the magnitude of P and F necessary to keep the concurrent force

system shown in the figure

Answer:

𝑷 = −𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟔 𝒍𝒃

𝑭 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃

2. The cable and boom shown in the figure support a load of 6oo lb. determine
the tensile force T in the cable and the compressive force C in the boom.

Answer:

𝐓 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗 𝐥𝐛

𝐂 = 𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝐥𝐛

23 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 3.3. Equilibrium of bodies acted upon two to three forces

A. Three coplanar forces in equilibrium are concurrent

- Occasionally equilibrium of a structure is maintained by only three coplanar

forces. We shall now prove that three coplanar forces in equilibrium must be
concurrent (or parallel). Then the methods in the preceding articles may be
applied to such cases. We shall see later that such problems may also be
solved by other methods, but the principle that three coplanar forces in
equilibrium must be concurrent is convenient for determining the directions of
unknown forces.

Problem Example 8:

The bell crank shown in the Figure III.2-e is supported by a bearing at A. a 100 lb
force is applied vertically at C, rotation being prevented by the force P acting at B.
Compute the value of P and the bearing reaction at A.

Figure III.2-e

SOLUTION:
Since the bell crank is in equilibrium, the three forces which act upon it must pass
through a common point. Prolonging the lines of action of the forces to intersect at
D makes the direction of RA such that it must pass through A and D. From the
geometry pf the figure, the distance AE is found to be 13.67 in, whence the
distance CD=21.67 in, the direction of R A is found from

𝐷𝐶 21.67
[tan ∅𝑥 = ] tan ∅𝑥 = = 2.71 ∅𝑥 = 69𝑂 45′
𝐴𝐶 8

PLOTTING the polygon of forces that

are acting on the bell crank as shown
in the figure, we obtain by applying the
law of sines.

100 𝑃 𝑅𝐴
= =
sin 24𝑜 45′ sin 20𝑜 15′ sin 125𝑜

Therefore,

𝐏 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟖 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐀 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝐥𝐛

24 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 Problem Example 9:

The loads applied to the truss shown in the Figure III.2-f, cause the reactions
shown at A and D. A free-body diagram of hinge A forms the concurrent force
system shown enclosed at A. Determine the magnitudes of the force P and F,
directed respectively along bars AB and AE, that maintain equilibrium of thus
system.

Figure III.2-f

Figure III.2-f(a)

Solution:

In Figure III.2-f (a). the horizontal and vertical components of forces P and F are
shown acting along their extended lines of action at B and C respectively. The
dimensions of the truss determine the forces to have the indicated slopes so that
the relations between the components of forces P are

𝑃ℎ 𝑃𝑣 𝑃
= =
2 3 3.61

And for force F are

𝐹ℎ 𝐹𝑣 𝐹
= =
4 3 5

25 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 To determine P, take a moment summation about any point on the line of action of
F, thereby eliminating F from the moment equation. In this case, C is a convenient
moment center since it is not only eliminates F but also the component 𝑃ℎ which
passes through C. Thus we obtain

+ ∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 8𝑃𝑣 + 200 𝑥 12 − 400 𝑥 16 = 0 𝑃𝑣 = 500 𝑙𝑏

Whence, using the relations (a), we have

Ph = 333 lb and P = 601 lb

Observe that any moment center on the line of action of F may be selected to
determine P even though components of P may then appear in the moment
summation. For example, taking E in figure 2.9 as a moment center, both 𝑃ℎ and 𝑃𝑣
appear in∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0, but we may use the relations between them given by Equation
2 3
(a) to substitute𝑃ℎ = 𝑃𝑣 , or 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃ℎ so that one of the components of P can be
3 2
found directly from the moment summation. Of course, if a moment center like C is
available, we would prefer to use it, but we need not waste too much time looking
for it.

To determine F from a moment summation, select B as a moment center, thereby

eliminating P as well as 𝐹ℎ . Setting moments about B equal to zero, we obtain

+ ∑ MB = 0 8Fv + 200 x 12 − 400 x 8 = 0 Fv = 100 lb

Whence, from relation (b), we obtain

Fh = 133 lb and F = 167 lb

These results may be easily checked by horizontal and vertical force summations
applied to the FBD A as follows:

[∑ H = 0] Fh + Ph + 200 = 0
133 − 333 + 200 = 0 check
[∑ V = 0] Fv + Pv + 400 = 0
100 − 500 + 400 = 0 check

SELF-CHECK ACTIVITY 5

The truss shown in the figure is supported by a hinge at A and a roller at B. A load
of 2000 lb is applied at C. Determine the reactions at A and B.

ANSWER: R A = 2100 lb down to the left at θh = 34.7o ; R B = 2200 lb

EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL FORCES

The conditions for equilibrium of parallel force systems are determined from the
conditions necessary to create a zero resultant. The resultant of parallel force
systems is determined by the equations.
26 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 𝑅 = ∑𝐹

𝑅. 𝑑 = ∑ 𝑀

Since equilibrium means zero resultant, we conclude that the independent

equations of equilibrium are

∑𝐹 = 0

∑𝑀 = 0

From which only two unknowns may be determined to hold a parallel force system
in equilibrium. A force summation may be replaced by a moment summation.
Hence the equations of equilibrium for parallel forces may also be expressed by

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

Where the moment centers A and B connect a line that is not parallel to the forces.

Problem Example 10:

1. A beam, simply supported at the ends, carries a concentrated load of 300 lb an

a uniformly distributed load weighing 100 lb per linear foot, as shown in
Figure IV.1. Determine the beam reaction.

SOLUTION:

To begin with the uniformly distributed load is equivalent to a resultant of 6

x 100 = 600 lb acting at the center of gravity of the uniform load diagram.
This resultant is represented by the dash line vector of 600 lb. The original
loading produces the reaction as the equivalent two concentrated loads.

Figure IV.1

𝑅1 Is found by taking moments about a point on the line of action of 𝑅2 ,

thereby eliminating 𝑅2 from the moment equation.

+ ∑ M𝑅2 = 0 10𝑅1 − 300 𝑥 8 − 600 𝑥 3 = 0 𝑅1 = 420 𝑙𝑏

Similarly, 𝑅2 is found by a moment sum about a point on the action line of 𝑅1 . This
result in

+ ∑ M𝑅1 = 0 10𝑅2 − 600 𝑥 7 − 300 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑅2 = 480 𝑙𝑏

27 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 A vertical summation of forces is used to check the results; thus we have

[∑ Y = 0] 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 − 300 − 600 = 0
420 + 480 = 300 + 600 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘

2. The upper beam in the Figure IV.1-a is supported by a reaction 𝑅3 at D and a

roller at C which separates the upper and lower beams. Determine the reaction
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑅3 .

Figure IV.1-a

SOLUTION:

The FBD of the assembled beams is statically indeterminate. There are three
unknown forces and only two independent equations of equilibrium available. By
taking the assembly apart and drawing a separate FBD of each beam as shown in
(b) and (c), we expose the contact force F exerted by the roller C as an additional
unknown. As compensation for this additional unknown force, however, we may
write two independent equations of equilibrium. Thus for (b), we obtain

[∑ Mc = 0] 12R 3 − 960 x 9 = 0 R 3 = 720 lb

[∑ MD = 0] 12F − 960 x 3 = 0 F = 240 lb

The value of F on AB acting equal and opposite to its action on CD is now used in
(c) to obtain

[∑ MA = 0] 12R 2 − 240 x 8 = 0 R 2 = 160 lb

[∑ MB = 0] 12R1 − 240 x 4 = 0 R1 = 80 lb

A check on these results is available by applying ∑ Y = 0 to the FBD of the original assembly in (a).
Doing this gives.

[∑ Y = 0] 80 + 160 + 720 − 960 = 0 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘

28 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 6

Determine the reactions for the beam shown in the figure.

Answer: 𝐑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟎 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐛

Equilibrium of bodies acted upon by coplanar non-concurrent force system

Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Force Systems

In the Resultants of force systems was demonstrated that the resultant of a non-
concurrent force system could be determined from the components ∑ X, ∑ Y, and ∑ M
The resultant will therefore equal zero, and hence equilibrium will exist, only when

∑X = 0 ∑X = 0 ∑ M𝐴 = 0

∑Y = 0 Or ∑ M𝐴 = 0 Or ∑ M𝐵 = 0

∑M = 0 ∑ M𝐵 = 0 ∑ M𝐶 = 0

The second and third sets of the equilibrium equations are obtained by replacing a
force summation by an equivalent moment summation. The moment centers may
be chosen anywhere provided that a line joining A and B is not perpendicular to
the X axis, and that A, B, and C do not lie on the same straight line.

Problem Example 11:

1. The roof truss shown in the Figure is supported on rollers at A and hinged at B.
the wind loads are perpendicular to the inclined members. Determine the
components of the reactions at A and B.

Figure IV.2

SOLUTION:
The roller at A constrains the reaction to be vertical. The reaction at B is resolved
into its components 𝐵𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵ℎ as shown in the Figure IV.2-a.These three unknown
quantities are determined by applying the equations of equilibrium. To simplify
computations, the symmetrical dead loads have been replace by their resultant OF
600 lb. The 400 lb resultant of the wind loads has been resolved into its
components acting at C. Its vertical component is 400 cos θ = 320 𝑙𝑏 , and its
horizontal component is 400 sin 𝜃 = 240 𝑙𝑏 , since from the small 3-4-5 triangle, the
29 | E N G I N E E R I N G M E C H A N I C S - S T A T I C S O F R I G I D B O D I E S
 3 4
functions of 𝜃 are sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 = . Referring to Figure IV.2-b, we now obtain
5 5
𝐵ℎ from a horizontal summation which thereby eliminates 𝐴𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑣 . Thus, a
moment summation about A eliminates 𝐴𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵ℎ and solves directly for 𝐵𝑣 as
follows:

[+ ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0] 80𝐵𝑣 − 600 𝑥 40 − 320 𝑥 20 − 240 𝑥 15 = 0 𝐁𝐯 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

Finally 𝐴𝑣 is determined from a moment summation about B which, by eliminating

𝐵𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵ℎ , gives a result which is independent of the reaction at B.

[+ ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0] 80𝐴𝑣 + 240 𝑥 15 − 320 𝑥 60 − 600 𝑥 40 = 0 𝐀 𝐯 = 𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝐥𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

A vertical summation may be used to check 𝐴𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑣 , but a more reliable check
involving all the forces is obtained from a summation of moments about the apex D
of the truss, ∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0

2. Determine the load P required to hold bar AB in a horizontal position on the

smooth inclines shown in the Figure IV.3. Also determine the reactions at A and B.

Figure IV.3

SOLUTION:

Applying the conditions of equilibrium ∑ X = 0 , ∑ Y = 0 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ M𝐴 = 0 provides a

solution which is quite cumbersome since it leads to a set of three simultaneous
equations relating the three unknowns. A much solution is obtained by choosing a
moment center which eliminates two of the unknowns. This center O, lying at the
intersection of R A and R B , is easily located geometrically in Figure by applying the
sine law to triangle AOB:

(a) (b)

Figure IV.3

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 20 AO OB
o = o =
sin 105 sin 45 sin 30o

Whence AO = 14.62 ft and OB = 10.34 ft. Then 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝑂 cos 30𝑜 = 12.68 𝑓𝑡 and 𝐷𝐸 =
𝑂𝐵 cos 45𝑜 = 7.32 𝑓𝑡 as shown in the Figure IV.3. Applying a moment summation
about O, we now obtain

[∑ MO = 0] 8.68 P − 400 x 5.32 = 0 P = 245 lb

This value of P is used to obtain the force polygon shown in the Figure IV.3-bto
which the sine law is applied to give

645 RA RB
o = o =
sin 75 sin 45 sin 60o

Whence

𝐑𝐀 = 𝟒𝟕𝟐 𝒍𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐑𝐁 = 𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝒍𝒃

WORKSHEET

DIRECTION: Solve and analyze the following problems in neat and orderly manner

ACTIVITY 1 – COMPONENTS OF A FORCE

1. Determine the component of the force (X and Y) , the magnitude and the
inclination with the x-axis of the following in the given figure.

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 2. Determine the ∑ 𝑋 and ∑ 𝑌 components of each of the forces shown in the figure.
Analyze and solve it in neat and orderly manner.

ACTIVITY 2 – MOMENT OF A FORCE

1. Determine the resultant moment about point A of the system of forces

shown in the figure. Each square is 1 ft on side.

2. The rectangular framework shown in the figure is subjected to the indicated

non-concurrent system of forces. Determine the magnitude and direction of
the resultant; also its moment arm relative to the origin O.

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 3. Completely determine the resultant and moment with respect to O of the
force system shown in the figure.

4. The cantilever truss shown in the figure carries a vertical load of 2400 lb.
the truss is supported by a bearing at A and B which exert the
forcesAv , Ah and Bh. The four forces shown constitute two couples which must
have opposite moment effects to prevent movement of the truss. Determine
the magnitudes of the supporting forces.

RESULTANTS OF FORCE SYSTEMS

Resultant of Coplanar Force System

ACTIVITY 3 – Resultant of three or more Concurrent forces

1. Determine the resultant of the concurrent forces shown in figure a and b.

2. Determine the resultant of the four forces acting on the body shown in
Figure c.
3. The resultant of a certain system of forces has the X and Y components
shown in Figure d. determine the components of this resultant with respect
to N and T axes rotated 30o counterclockwise relative to the X and Y axes.

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 4. If 𝜃 = 30𝑜 and = 6 𝐾𝑁 , determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting
on the eyebolt and its direction measured clockwise from the positive x axis.

5. If the magnitude of the resultant force is to be 9 KN directed along the

positive x axis, determine the magnitude of force T acting on the eyebolt and
its angle𝜃.

6. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the bracket and its
direction measured counterclockwise from the positive u axis.

7. The plate is subjected to the two forces at A and B as shown. If θ = 60o ,

determine the magnitude of the resultant of these two forces and its
direction measured clockwise from the horizontal.

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 8. Resolve F1 into components along the 𝑢 and 𝑣 axes and determine the
magnitudes of these components.

9. The truck is to be towed using two ropes. Determine the magnitudes of

forces FA and FB acting on each rope in order to develop a resultant force of
950 N directed along the positive x axis. Set 𝜃 = 50°.

10. If ∅ = 45o , F1 = 5𝐾𝑁 , and the resultant force is 6 kN directed along the
positive y axis, determine the required magnitude of F2 and its direction 𝜃.

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 EQUILIBRIUM

ACTIVITY 4 – FREE BODY DIAGRAM

In the figure shown, a 200 lb cylinder is supported by a horizontal rod AB and

rests against the uniform bar CD which weighs 100 lb. draw the free-body
diagrams.(a) rod AB, (b) the cylinder, (c) the bar CD, (d) the assembled cylinder and
bar. Assume the pins A,B,C,D and the rollers to be smooth and frictionless. The
Rod AB is assumed to be weightless, a statement which although physically
impossible is often used to mean that the weight is negligible when compared with
other loads or forces.

ACTIVITY 5 – EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

1. The figure shown represents the concurrent force system acting at a joint of a
bridge truss. Determine the values of P and F to maintain equilibrium of forces.

2. The system of knotted cords shown in the figure support the indicated weights.
Compute the tensile force in each chord.

3. The cylinders in the figure have the indicated weights and dimensions.
Assuming smooth contact surfaces, determine the reactions at A,B,C, and D on
the cylinders.

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 4. Forces P and F acting along the bars shown in the figure maintain
equilibrium pin A. Determine the values of P and F.

5. Determine the reactions 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 of the beam in the figure loaded with a
concentrated load of 1600 lb and load varying from zero to an intensity of
400 lb per ft.

6. The upper beam in the figure is supported by a reaction at 𝑅3 and roller at A

which separates the upper and lower beams. Determine the values of the
reactions.

7. Compute the total reactions at A and B for the truss shown in the figure.

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 8. The jib crane is supported by a pin at C and rod AB. If the load has a mass
of 19,620N with its center of mass located at G, determine the horizontal
and vertical components of reaction at the pin C and the force developed in
rod AB on the crane when x = 5 m.

9. Determine the horizontal and vertical component of reaction at the pin A

and the tension developed in cable BC used to support the steel frame.

10. A 12-ft bar of negligible weight rest in a horizontal position on the smooth
planes shown in the figure. Compute the distance x at which 𝑇 = 100𝑙𝑏.
should be placed from point B to keep the bar horizontal.

End of Module 1

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