Copyright © 2018 by American Scientific Publishers Journal of Advanced Physics

All rights reserved. Vol. 7, pp. 1–10, 2018

Printed in the United States of America (www.aspbs.com/jap)

Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method

for Space-Time Fractional Order Heat-Like and
Wave-Like Partial Differential Equations
Dianchen Lu, Jun Wang, Muhammad Arshad∗ , Abdullah, and Asghar Ali
Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China

In the present paper, we utilized fractional reduced differential transform method (FRDTM) to get the better
optimal solution of space-time fractional order heat-like and wave-like partial differential equations (PDEs). One
of the distinguishing practical features of this technique is its implementation on space-time fractional order
linear and nonlinear PDEs without using discretization and linearization. The advantage of this method to
other existing methods such as HAM, HPM etc. is that no prescribed assumptions are required, and the huge
computational exertion is reduced and round-off errors are also evaded. To show the capability, usefulness and
consistency of the proposed scheme, a few examples have been given to enlightening its efficiency, accuracy
and simplicity. Hence, it is a powerful method for solving general space-time fractional order PDEs used in the

ARTICLE
field of engineering, physics and other disciplines.

KEYWORDS: Fractional Calculus, Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method, Fractional Heat-Like Equations,
Fraction Wave-Like Equations, Series Solution.

1. INTRODUCTION differential equation is tremendous due to the exact and

The Easy way to describe the phenomena governing elec- numerical solutions. In the modeling and control theory,
tricity, plasma physics, fluid mechanics, quantum mechan- many researchers have exposed the valuable role of frac-
ics, propagation of shallow water wave and many others tional calculus, see Refs. [6–11].
model lies surrounded by the domain of partial differential Recently, many methods were developed for solving
equation. In partial differential equation the phenomena fractional differential equations such as differential trans-
of flow of heat and circulation of wave are elaborated in form method,12 13 modified decomposition method14 and
an efficient manner, while the heat equation describes the he’s variational iteration method (VIM).15 Abdulaziz16
similarity over a period of time of temperature in a given used Homotopy perturbation method for system of frac-
region. In the partial differential equations (PDEs) many tional differential equations. He17 used VIM for system
models are connected to population in the area of ecol- of autonomous differential equation. Gorguis and Chan18
ogy, Water waves, vibrations of a string or a membrane, used method of separation variables and ADM to find
propagation of sound waves and electromagnetic or the the solution of heat equation. Rena19 found the result of
transmission in the cables of electric signals are usually caputo-type partial differential equations in 2015. In the
described in wave equation. past few years, many authors were fascinated to discover
In last decade, magnificent development has been inves- the solution of fractional PDEs of heat and wave like with
tigated in the subject of fractional calculus. Derivatives of variable coefficients. In Ref. [20], the Homotopy Analysis
fractional order can be utilized to model a diversity of sys- Method was used to solve the fractional heat and wave like
tems by involving differential equations, main application equations with variable coefficients. Ozis and Agirseven21
which lie in the domain of viscoelasticity, heat conduc- applied He’s homotopy perturbation method to heat-like
tion, electromagnetic waves, diffusion equation, electrode- and wave-like equations with variable coefficients. Differ-
electrolyte polarization and so on (see Refs. [1–5]). In ent kinds of heat-like and wave-like equations were solved
several disciplines application and scope of the fractional by Variational Iteration method.22 The authors of Ref. [24]
used modified Laplace decomposition method to solve frac-
∗
tional NavierStokes equation. Momani23 used Adomian
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Email: muhammad.arshad18@yahoo.com
Decomposition Method to solve the time fractional heat-
Received: 30 November 2017 like and wave-like equations. The paper [25] applied the
Accepted: 1 December 2017 Variational Iteration Method to fractional heat-like and

J. Adv. Phys. 2018, Vol. 7, No. xx 2168-1996/2018/7/001/010 doi:10.1166/jap.2018.1383 1

 Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order Lu et al.

wave-like model. Sarwar et al.26–28 applied optimal homo- of the fractional order integral and derivative in Riemann-
topy asymptotic method to solve fractional order heat-like Liouville and Caputo sense respectively, which are used in
and wave-like problems. In this work, we will consider this work.
the fractional order heat-like and wave-like equation of the Definition 2.1. The fractional order derivative
form Dt  > 0 of f t in Caputo’s sense is defined as
⎧ 
⎪  u  u  u  u t
⎪
⎪ = f x y z  + gx y z  + hx y z 1
⎪
⎪  Da f t = t − p−−1 f p  d
⎪
⎪
t x y z p −  a
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ p − 1 <  ≤ p p ∈ N 
⎪
⎪ u0 y z t = p1 y z t ua y z t = p2 y z t (2)
⎨
Where  is the order of the derivative and a is the initial
⎪
⎪ ux 0 z t = q1 x z t ub y z t = q2 x z t
⎪
⎪ value of function f .
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ux y 0 t = r1 x y t uc y z t = r2 x y t Some properties of the Caputo’s fractional derivative we
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ have
⎪
⎩
ux y z 0 =
x y z ut x y z 0 = x y z Da C = 0 C is constant
(1) ⎧
where Dt =   /t  , 0 < x < a, 0 < y < b, 0 < z < c, 0 < ⎪
⎨0  ≤ −1
 ≤ 2, 1 <   ≤ 2, t > 0 and  is describing deriva- Da t  =
⎪  + 1 −
tive of fractional order and ut represents the rate of change ⎩ t   > −1
temperature over time. Temperature ux y z t is a func-  −  + 1
tion of time and space. Furthermore, uxx , uyy and uzz are Similar to integer order differentiation, fractional order dif-
a function of temperature in the direction of x, y and z ferentiation in Caputo’s sense is a linear operation
ARTICLE

respectively. Meanwhile, f , g and h are functions of x, y

and z. If 0 <  ≤ 1, Eq. (1) reduce to space-time frac- Da f t + gt = Da f t + Da gt (3)
tional order heat-like form with variable coefficients. For
where  and  are constants. In this work, our focus on
1 <  ≤ 2, Eq. (1) reduces to space-time fractional order
the space and time fractional heat and wave like problems
wave-like form, which models inconsistent diffusive and
in Eq. (1), where u = ux y z t is consider to be causal
sub-diffusive system, narrative of fractional casual walk,
function of space and time, and fractional derivative in
confederacy of diffusion and wave propagation phenom-
caputo’s sense as follows.
ena, see Refs. [29, 30] for the details.
Definition 2.2. For p to be the smallest integer that
Zhou31 initially introduced differential transform
exceeds , and m to be the smallest integer that exceeds
method (DTM) and solved many models in electric cir-
, the Caputo time fractional derivative of order  > 0 is
cuit analysis. This is an iterative scheme based on the
defined as
Taylor series expansion which construct an analytic way
out in the form of a polynomial. This technique is very Dt ux y z t
well discussed in Refs. [32, 33]. Lately, generalized DTM
  ux y z t
was introduced by Momani et al.12 34–36 and applied more =
effectively to validate the solutions of problems currently t 
⎧ t p
important. Liu and Hou37 applied generalized DTM to ⎪ 1 p−−1  ux y z 
⎪
⎪ t −  d
⎪
coupled burgers equations. Generalized DTM was used ⎨ p −  0
⎪  p
by Matteo and Pirrotta38 to solve fractional order nonlin- = p−1 <  < p
ear boundary value problems. The authors in Ref. [39] ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
used extended RDTM to solve fractional PDEs. To con- ⎪ p
⎩  ux y z t   = p ∈ N
quer the demerit of multipart computation of DTM, the t p
reduced DTM40–43 was introduced, which is a reliable And space fractional derivative operator w.r. to x, y and z
semi-analytical method, and was used to find the approxi- of order  > 0 are defined as respectively
mate solutions of the PDEs.
In this paper, we introduce the fractional reduced dif- Dx ux y z t
ferential transform method (FRDTM) to solve fractional   ux y z t
order space-time heat-like and wave-like problems with =
x 
variable coefficients, which is implemented in less and eas- ⎧ x
⎪ 1  m u y z t
ier computations. ⎪
⎪ x − m−−1 d
⎪
⎨ m −  0
⎪  m
2. FRACTIONAL CALCULUS = m−1 <  < m
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
There are many definitions of a fractional derivative of ⎪ m
⎩  ux y z t 
order  > 01–3 6 Here, we mentions the essential definition =m∈N
x m
2 J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018
Lu et al. Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order

Dy ux y z t Substituting Eq. (5) in Eq. (7) yields

  ux y z t 
t − t0 k
= ux t = Dt0 k ux tt=t0 (8)
y  k=0
k + 1
⎧ y
⎪ 1  m ux  z t Which in practical application can be approximated by a
⎪
⎪ y − m−−1 d
⎪
⎪ m −  0 finite series
⎪
⎨
 m

N
= m−1 <  < m u∗N x t = Uk xt − t0 k (9)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪  m ux y z t
k=0
⎪
⎪
⎩  =m∈N where N is the order of this approximate solution. There-
y m fore, the exact solution can be obtained as follows
Dz ux y z t 

ux t = lim u∗N x t = Uk xt − t0 k (10)
  ux y z t N →
= k=0
z In case of  = 1 Fractional reduced DTM is reduces to
⎧ z classical reduced DTM.30 31
⎪ 1  m ux y  t
⎪
⎪ z − m−−1 d Definition 3.2. Let X = x1  x2  x3  be a vector. Then
⎪ m −  0
⎪  m
⎨ FRDTM is define as follows
= m−1 <  < m
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪ Uk X = Dt0 k uX tt=t0 (11)
⎪ m
⎩  ux y z t   = m ∈ N k + 1
zm The fractional reduced differential inverse transform of
To establish our outcome, we also inevitably introduce the Uk X is defined as

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subsequent Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator. 

Definition 2.3. The Riemann-Liouville integral oper- uX t = Uk Xt − t0 k (12)
ator J0 of order  ≥ 0 of a function f ∈ C ,  ≥ −1 k=0

defined as Substituting Eq. (11) in Eq. (12) yields

1 x 
t − t0 k
J0 f x = x − t−1 f t dt  > 0 x > 0 (4) uX t = Dt0 k uX tt=t0 (13)
 0 k=0
k + 1
Some properties of the operator J0 can be found.17 For From definitions some basic properties of the Fractional
f ∈ C ,  ≥ −1,   ≥ 0, ≥ −1: reduced DTM are as:
(i) J00 f x = f x Theorem 3.1. If uX t = vX t ± wX t, then
(ii) J0 x =   + 1/  + + 1x+  Uk X = Vk X ± Wk X
(iii) J0 J0 f x = J0+ f x
Theorem 3.2. If uX t = avX t, Then Uk X =
One can see below cited references for further information aVk X
on properties of fractional derivative and integral. l l l
Theorem 3.3. If uX t = x11 x22 x33 t m , then Uk X =
l l l
x11 x22 x33 k − m where
3. FRACTIONAL REDUCED DIFFERENTIAL ⎧
TRANSFORM METHOD ⎨1 if k = m
Definition 3.1. If ux t is analytic and continuously k − m =
⎩
differentiable with respect to time and space in the domain 0 if k = m
of interest. Then the spectrum function is Theorem 3.4. If uX t = Dt0 vX t, then
1 k + 1 + 1 
Uk x = Dt0 k ux tt=t0 (5) Uk X = Vk+1 X
k + 1 k + 1
where 0 <  ≤ 1, Dt0 k = Dt0 · Dt0 · Dt0    Dt0 , k times and Proof. From the definition we have
Dt0 denotes the fractional differential operator with respect 1
Uk X = Dt0 k Dt0 vX tt=t0
to time of order , is gamma function is defined as k + 1

1
x = t x−1 e−t dt (6) = Dt0 k+1 vX tt=t0
0 k + 1
The fractional reduced differential inverse transform of k + 1 + 1
Uk x is defined as = Dt0 k+1 vX tt=t0
k + 1 k + 1 + 1


k + 1 + 1 
ux t = Uk xt − t0 k (7) = Vk+1 X
k=0 k + 1
J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018 3
 Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order Lu et al.

Theorem 3.5. If uX t = DtN

0
vX t, then Using fractional reduced differential inverse transform as
k + N + 1  ux t
Uk X = Vk+N X
k + 1 
4
≈ Uk xt k
Theorem 3.6. If uX t =  
/xi vX t, then k=0
Uk X =   /xi Vk X 1
= x2 + x4− t 
 + 1 3 − 
4. NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS 5 − 
Example 1. Consider the one-dimensional space-time + x 6−2 t 2
2 2 + 1 3 −  5 − 2
fractional heat-like equation of the form:
5 −  7 − 2
+ x 8−3 t 3
1  u 4 3 + 1 3 −  5 − 2 7 − 3
Dt u = x 2 
2 x 5− 7−2 9−3
0 < x < 1 0 <  ≤ 1 1 <  ≤ 2 t ≥ 0 (14) + x10−4 t 4
8 4+1 3− 5−2 7−3 9−4

with initial condition The approximate numerical solutions corresponding

Example 1 are given in Table I and Figure 1.
ux 0 = x2 (15) Example 2. Consider the two-dimensional space-time
fractional heat-like problem of the form:
The analytical solution of Eq. (14) ( = 1 and  = 2) was

found to be Refs. [22, 23]: 1 2  u 
2 u
Dt u = y + x
2 x  y 
ARTICLE

ux t = x2 et (16)
0 < x y < 1 0 <  ≤ 1 1 <  ≤ 2 t ≥ 0 (19)
Applying fractional reduced DTM on Eqs. (14) and (15),
with initial condition
got Eqs. (17) and (18)
 ux y 0 = y 2 (20)
k + 1 1 2  

Uk+1 x = x U x (17) The analytical solution of Eq. (19) at  = 1 and  = 2 was
k + 1 + 1 2 x  k
found to be:22
U0 x =x 2
(18)
ux y t = y 2 cosh t + x 2 sinh t (21)
For k = 0 1 2 3    using recurrence relation Eq. (17)
and transform initial condition Eq. (18), we got Applying Fractional reduced DTM on Eqs. (19) and (20),
got Eqs. (22) and (23)
1
U1 x = x 4−  1 k + 1
 + 1 3 −  
Uk+1 x y =
2 k + 1 + 1
5 −  
U2 x = x 6−2   
2 2 + 1 3 −  5 − 2 × y 2  Uk x y + x2  Uk x y (22)
x y
5 −  7 − 2
U3 x = x 8−3  U0 x y = y 2 (23)
4 3 + 1 3 −  5 − 2 7 − 3
5 −  7 − 2 9 − 3 For k = 0 1 2 3    using recurrence relation Eq. (22)
U4 x = x 10−4
8 4 + 1 3 −  5 − 2 7 − 3 9 − 4 and transform initial condition Eq. (23), yield

Table I. Fourth order approximate numerical solution at different values of  and  and comparison of absolute error at  = 1,  = 2 for ux t by
FRDTM.

t x  = 07,  = 15  = 09,  = 19  = 1,  = 2 Exact ( = 1,  = 2) Absolute error

0.25 03 0121035618 0120098243 0115561523 0115562288 764064E−07

06 0562567761 0490838530 0462246094 0462249150 305626E−06
09 1437513196 1119224279 1040053711 1040060588 687658E−06
0.5 03 0152817044 0156786910 0148359375 0148384914 255394E−05
06 0820638420 0654390445 0593437500 0593539657 102157E−04
09 2371947922 1511818227 1335234375 1335464229 229854E−04
0.75 03 0192345225 0204476094 0190507148 0190530001 228531E−05
06 1188959083 0871745183 0762190859 0762120006 708533E−05
09 3822113647 2040674018 1714944336 1714770013 174322E−04

4 J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018

Lu et al. Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order

Fig. 1. The figures demonstrate the solutions of Eq. (14): (a) Exact solution at  = 1,  = 2; (b) FRDTM solution at  = 1,  = 2; (c) FRDTM
solution at  = 05,  = 18.

U1 x y U2 x y U3 x y    and then using inverse The analytical solution of Eq. (24) at  = 1 and  = 2 was
transform as found to be:23 45

ux y t ux y z t = xyz4 et − 1 (26)

1 Applying fractional reduced DTM on Eqs. (24) and (25),
≈ y2 + x 2 y 2− t 
 + 1 3 −  got Eqs. (27) and (28)
1 
Uk+1 x y z
+ x 2− y 4− t 2
2 + 1 3 − 2 k + 1
=

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5 −  k + 1 + 1
+ x 4− y 4−2 t 3
2 3 + 1 3 − 2 5 − 2


 5 − 2 1 
+ x 4−2 y 6−2 t 4 × xyz4 k + x2  Uk x y z
4 4 + 1 3 − 2  5 − 22 36 x

  2 

The approximate numerical solutions corresponding +y 2
U x y z + z  Uk x y z

(27)
Example 2 are given in Table II and Figure 2. y  k z
Example 3. Consider the three-dimensional space-time U0 x y z = 0 (28)
fractional heat-like problem of the form:
For k = 0 1 2 3    using recurrence relation Eq. (27)


1  u  u  u and transform initial condition Eq. (28), yield
Dt u = xyz4 + x2  +y 2  +z2  U1 x y z U2 x y z U3 x y z    and then using
36 x y z
inverse transform as
0 < xyz < 1 0 <  ≤ 1 1 <  ≤ 2 t ≥ 0 (24)
ux y z t
with initial condition

3
1
≈ Uk x y zt k = x4 y 4 z4 t 
ux y z 0 = 0 (25) k=0
 + 1

Table II. Fourth order approximate numerical solution at different values of  and  and comparison of absolute error at  = 1,  = 2 for ux y t
by FRDTM.

t x y  = 075,  = 15  = 09,  = 18  = 1,  = 2 Exact ( = 1,  = 2) Absolute error

0.1 01 0 0 0 0001001667 0001001668 833532E−10

04 0162359706 0162134651 0161802333 0161802334 105579E−09
08 064747735 0645708201 0644204333 0644204335 172258E−09
02 0 0 0 0004006667 000400667 333413E−09
04 0166934901 0165848323 0164807333 0164807337 3556389E−09
08 0655691727 0650461561 0647209333 0647209338 422317E−09
0.2 01 0 0 0 0002013333 000201336 266921E−08
04 0165121728 0165541146 0165224 0165224041 409245E−08
08 0659087922 0657770833 0654856 0654856084 836216E−08
02 0 0 0 0008053333 000805344 106768E−07
04 0173384822 0172760066 0171264 0171264121 121001E−07
08 0675865464 0667787864 0660896 0660896164 163698E−07

J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018 5

 Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order Lu et al.

Fig. 2. The figures demonstrate the solutions of Eq. (19) for t = 15: (a) Exact solution at  = 1,  = 2; (b) FRDTM solution at  = 1,  = 2;
(c) FRDTM solution at  = 075,  = 15.

+
2
x6− y 4 z4 + x4 y 6− z4 + x4 y 4 z6− t 2 U0 x = x
3 2 + 1 5 −  ⎧
⎨x 2  if k = 1
1 Uk x = k = 1 2 3    N − 1
+ ⎩
54 3 + 1 5 −  0 if k = 1

48 (33)
× x 6− y 6− z4 + x6− y 4 z6− + x4 y 6− z6− 
5 −  For  = 15 i.e., N = 3,  = 1/2 and k = 0 1 2 3   

7 −  8−2 4 4 in Eqs. (32) and (33) yield
+ x y z + x4 y 8−2 z4 + x4 y 4 z8−2  t 3
7 − 2
U0 x = x
1/2
U1 x = 0
1/2
U2 x = x 2 
1/2
ARTICLE

The approximate numerical solutions corresponding

Example 3 are given in Table III and Figure 3. 1
U3 x = U4 x = 0
1/2 1/2
U5 x =
1/2
x4− 
Example 4. Consider the one-dimensional space-time 7/2 3−
fractional wave-like equation of the form
1  u U6 x = U7 x = 0
1/2 1/2
Dtt u = x 2   0 < x ≤ 1 1 <   ≤ 2 t ≥ 0 (29)
2 x
5 − 
with initial conditions U81/2 x = x 6−2 
2 10/2 3 −  5 − 2
ux 0 = x ut x 0 = x 2 (30)
U91/2 x = 0 1/2
U10 x = 0
The analytical solution of Eq. (29) at  = 2 and  = 2 was
found to be:22 45 5 −  7 − 2
U11 x =
1/2
x 8−3
4 13/2 3 −  5 − 2 7 − 3
ux t = x + x2 sinh t (31)
Using inverse transform, yield
Let  = N, then applying Fractional reduced DTM on
Eqs. (29) and (30), yield ux t

k + 1 1 2   1
Uk+N x =

x U x (32) ≈ x + x2t + x 4− t 5/2
k + N  + 1 2 x  k 7/2 3 − 

Table III. Third order approximate numerical solution at different values of  and  and comparison of absolute error at  = 1,  = 2 for ux y z t
by FRDTM.

t x y z  = 08,  = 16  = 095,  = 19  = 1,  = 2 Exact ( = 1,  = 2) Absolute error

0.05 02 01 03 129294E−10 786846E−11 66447E−11 664473E−11 340903E−16

06 207419E−09 125972E−09 1063152E−09 106316E−09 545445E−15
09 105209E−08 637971E−09 538221E−09 538223E−09 276132E−14
03 03 105037E−08 637906E−09 538221E−09 538223E−09 276132E−14
06 168510E−07 102127E−07 861153E−08 861158E−08 441811E−13
09 854711E−07 517211E−07 435959E−07 435961E−07 223667E−12
0.1 04 01 03 367209E−09 249048E−09 218082E−09 218082E−09 881572E−14
06 5902775E−08 398947E−08 348918E−08 348932E−08 141052E−12
09 299844E−07 202115E−07 1766396E−07 176647E−07 714073E−12
03 03 298984E−07 202074E−07 1766396E−07 176647E−07 714073E−12
06 480611E−06 323701E−06 282623E−06 282635E−06 114252E−10
09 244138E−05 163993E−05 143078E−05 143084E−05 578399E−10

6 J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018

Lu et al. Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order

Fig. 3. The figures demonstrate the solutions of Eq. (24) for t = 15, x = 09: (a) Exact solution at  = 1,  = 2; (b) FRDTM solution at  = 1  = 2;
(c) FRDTM solution at  = 09,  = 125.

5 −  The approximate numerical solutions corresponding

+ x 6−2 t 4
2 10/2 3 −  5 − 2 Example 4 are given in Table IV and Figure 4.
5 −  7 − 2 Example 5. Let us consider two dimensional space-
+ x 8−3 t 11/2 time fractional wave-like equation:
4 13/2 3 −  5 − 2 7 − 3

2 

(34) 1 2 u 2 u
Dtt u =

x +y
12 x 2 y  (37)
For  = 175 i.e., N = 7,  = 1/4 and
0 < x y < 1 1 <   ≤ 2 t ≥ 0
k = 0 1 2 3    in Eqs. (32) and (33), got
U01/4 x U11/4 x U21/4 x U31/4 x    and then using with initial conditions

ARTICLE
GRD inverse transform, yield
ux y 0 = x4  ut x y 0 = y 4 (38)
ux t
1 The analytical solution of Eq. (37) at  = 2 and  = 2 was
≈ x + x2t + x4− t 11/4
15/4 3 −  found to be:45
5 − 
+ x 6−2 t 18/4 ux y t = x 4 cosh t + y 4 sinh t (39)
2 22/4 3 −  5 − 2
5 −  7 − 2 Let  = N, then applying Fractional reduced DTM on
+ x 8−3 t 25/4 Eqs. (37) and (38), yield
4 29/4 3 −  5 − 2 7 − 3
(35) 1 k + 1

Uk+N x y =
12 k + N  + 1
For  = 2 i.e., N = 2,  = 1 and k = 0 1 2 3    in
2 

Eqs. (32) and (33), got U01 x, U11 x, U21 x, U31 x, 2  2 
× x U x y + y
 
U x y
U41 x    and then using inverse transform, yield x 2 k y  k
1 (40)
uxt ≈ x +x2 t + x 4− t 3
4 3−
5− U0 x y = x 4 
+ x6−2 t 5 ⎧
2 6 3− 5−2 ⎨y 4  if k = 1
5− 7−2 Uk x y = k = 1 2 3    N − 1
+ x8−3 t 7 ⎩
4 8 3− 5−2 7−3 0 if k = 1
(36) (41)

Table IV. Approximate numerical solution at different values of  and  and comparison of absolute error at  = 2,  = 2 for ux t by FRDTM.

t x  = 15,  = 16  = 175,  = 19  = 2  = 2 Exact ( = 2,  = 2) Absolute error

0.3 02 0212358097 0212298361 0212180812 0212180812 21714019E−12

04 044990178 0449280064 0448723247 0448723247 86857188E−12
06 0713055212 071100072 0709627306 0709627306 19542812E−11
08 1002120275 0997492186 0994892988 0994892988 34742764E−11
0.6 02 022609928 0226057632 0225466142 0225466143 11145011E−09
04 0507279606 0504843731 0501864569 0501864573 44580042E−09
06 0846240151 0836754398 082919528 082919529 10030510E−08
08 1244964363 1222017471 1207458275 1207458293 17832017E−08

J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018 7

 Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order Lu et al.

Fig. 4. The figures demonstrate the solutions of Eq. (29): (a) Exact solution at  = 2,  = 2; (b) FRDTM solution at  = 2,  = 2; (c) FRDTM
solution at  = 175,  = 185.

Table V. Approximate numerical solution at different values of  and  and comparison of absolute error at  = 2,  = 2 for ux y t by FRDTM.

t x y  = 125,  = 15  = 15,  = 175  = 2,  = 2 Exact ( = 2,  = 2) Absolute error

0.2 025 03 0006037308 0005819859 0005615457 0005615457 2595589E−13

06 0030953489 0030580683 0030077782 0030077782 4310476E−13
09 0139620213 0138121933 0136081187 0136081187 11741996E−12
05 03 0071871741 006843493 0065384994 0065384994 3981454E−12
06 0096787922 0093195754 0089847318 0089847318 4152942E−12
09 0205454646 0200737004 0195850723 0195850723 4896084E−12
ARTICLE

0.4 025 03 0008506561 0008079043 0007550033 0007550033 6946502E−11

06 0060107077 0059332832 005745644 005745644 1573642E−10
09 0287199706 0282867572 0273717539 027371754 5382608E−10
05 03 0085449263 0078466693 0070894116 0070894117 1023541E−09
06 0137049779 0129720482 0120800524 0120800525 1111440E−09
09 0364142408 0353255222 0337061623 0337061624 14923370E−09

For  = 125 i.e., N = 5,  = 1/4 and k = 7− 9−2

+ y 10−3 t 19/4 +···
0 1 2 3 4    in recurrence relation Eqs. (40) and (41), 72 23/4 5− 7−2 9−3
got U01/4 x y U11/4 x y, U21/4 x y, U31/4 x y, (42)
1/4
U4 x y,   and then using inverse transform, yield
For  = 15 i.e., N = 3,  = 1/2 and k = 0 1 2 3   
uxyt

 in recurrence relation Eqs. (40) and (41), got U01/2 x y,
= x 1+
4 1
t 5/4 +
1
t 10/4 +
1
t 15/4 +···
U11/2 x y, U21/2 x y, U31/2 x y, U41/2 x y    and then
9/4 14/4 19/4 using inverse transform, yield
2
+y 4 t + y 6− t 9/4
13/4 5− uxyt


7− 1 1 1
+ y 8−2 t 14/4 = x4 1+ t 3/2 + t 6/2 + t 9/2 +···
6 18/4 5− 7−2 5/2 8/2 11/2

Fig. 5. The figures demonstrate the solutions of Eq. (37): (a) Exact solution at  = 2,  = 2; (b) FRDTM solution at  = 2,  = 2; (c) FRDTM
solution at  = 15,  = 19.

8 J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018

Lu et al. Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Space-Time Fractional Order

2 References and Notes

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ARTICLE

10 J. Adv. Phys., 7, 1–10, 2018