MACHINE BASED EXPERIMENTS LAB REPORT- 1

NAME: KARTHICKEIEN E
BY: CH.EN.U4CCE21024
GROUP: A
TOPIC: DC Machine

REPORT FOR EXERCISE:

Problem Statement:
✓ A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Objective:
✓ To conduct load test on the DC Shunt Motor and to plot its performance
characteristics.

Apparatus Required:
No Apparatus Range
1. Ammeter (0 – 10) A
2. Voltmeter (0- 300) V

3. Rheostat 230 Ω /1.7 A

THEOREY:
Load Test or Brake Test is the direct method of finding the efficiency of the DC motors of smaller
capacity. To determine directly the efficiency, the motor is loaded directly by means of Brake drum - spring
balance arrangement. The various performance characteristics of the DC Series motor can also be obtained
from the Load Test.
While discussing the DC motor characteristics, the following two relations should be kept in mind.
Speed of the DC motor is given by

Where
Eb = Back EMF of the motor
= V- Ia Ra
The torque of the machine is given by
Where,
Ia is armature current
Flux of the machine
The flux Ф of the machine is directly proportional to field current which also depends on the load.
From the above discussion, Speed of the DC shunt motor is given by

For DC shunt motor, the flux Ф is proportional to field current which is almost constant. When motor
is loaded, armature current increases with increase in load. This causing an increase in armature drop IaRa.
Generally, armature resistance Ra is quite small. So IaRa is quite small compared to applied voltage V. But,
this causes small drop in the speed on loading. So, it is a constant speed motor which is used for constant
speed applications such as lathes, belts drive.
The torque of the DC Shunt motor is given by

For DC Shunt motor, Flux Ф is constant. So, torque is proportional to the armature current and we will
get a straight line for torque-armature current characteristic passing through origin.

FORMULA:

1. Power Input

2. Torque
Where,
R = Radius of the Brake Drum in metre (m).

3. Power Output

4. Efficiency

Where, N = Speed of the motor in rpm

T= Torque in Nm

Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
1. On no load keeping the resistance in field rheostat of motor at minimum position, DC supply is given
to the motor.
2. The DC shunt motor is started with help of the 3-point starter and it is adjusted from OFF to ON
position slowly and steadily.
3. On no load, line voltage, line current, spring balance readings and speed are noted down.
4. The motor is loaded directly with the help of brake drum loading arrangement.
5. For each load, observe and tabulate the following
a. Line current
b. Supply voltage
c. Speed
d. Spring balance readings.
The procedure is repeated until the line current is 110% of the rated value.

Graphs:

Performance Characteristics

Speed –Torque Characteristics

RESULT:
The load test on DC shunt motor is conducted and its efficiency is determined.
MACHINE BASED EXPERIMENTS LAB REPORT- 2
NAME: KARTHICKEIEN E
BY: CH.EN.U4CCE21024
GROUP: A
TOPIC: SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

REPORT FOR EXERCISE:

Problem Statement:
✓ A single-phase transformer is a type of transformer which operates on single-
phase power.
✓ The operation principle of the single-phase transformer is: the AC voltage
source injects the AC current through the transformer primary winding.
✓ The AC current generates the alternating electromagnetic field.
Objective:
✓ To determine the transformation ratio of the given single-phase transformer
for different input voltages.
✓ To conduct the load test on the given single-phase transformer and to
determine its performance characteristics.

Apparatus Required:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Watt meter
4. Variable Resistive Load
5. Single phase variac

Formulas:
Power input, Pin =V1I1
Power output, Pout = V2 I2
% Efficiency = (Pout/Pin) x 100%
% Voltage regulation = [(V2 (NL) – V2 (L)) / V2 (NL)] x 100
Theory:
Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current levels of
their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical power being
transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic medium. A single phase voltage
transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one called the “Primary Winding”
and another called the “Secondary Winding”. The “primary” side of the transformer as the side
that usually takes power and the “secondary” as the side that usually delivers power. These
two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead wrapped together around
a common closed magnetic iron circuit called the “core”. This soft iron core is not solid but
made up of individual laminations connected together to help reduce the core losses.
The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are magnetically linked
through the common core allowing electrical power to be transferred from one coil to the other.
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two circuits
which is linked by a common magnetic flux. When an electric current passed through the
primary winding, a magnetic field is developed which induces a voltage into the secondary
winding. If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flow in it and thus electrical energy is
transferred magnetically from the first to the second coil.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Basic construction of a Transformer

Circuit diagram of a transformer.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The single-phase AC supply is switched ON, keeping no load on the secondary
side of the transformer and single phase variac at zero voltage position.
3. By adjusting the variac, the voltage is applied to the primary side of the
transformer in steps. At each step, the voltmeter readings on primary and
secondary are noted. This is done up to its rated primary voltage of transformer.
4. The DPST on the load side is closed and the transformer is loaded in steps up to
110% of the rated secondary current.
5. At each load, corresponding input current, load current, primary voltage,
secondary voltage and input power are noted down. The primary voltage should
be kept constant throughout the experiment.

Graph:

1.Output power vs Efficiency

2.Output power vs Regulation

Inference:
The load test is performed on a single-phase transformer, and its efficiency and
regulation are determined.
MACHINE BASED EXPERIMENTS LAB REPORT- 3(a)
NAME: KARTHICKEIEN E
BY: CH.EN.U4CCE21024
GROUP: A
TOPIC: SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

REPORT FOR EXERCISE:

Problem Statement:
✓ An alternating-current motor in which torque is produced by the reaction
between a varying magnetic field generated in the stator and the current
induced in the coils of the rotor.
Objective:
✓ To conduct load test on single phase Induction motor and plot the performance
characteristics.
Apparatus Required:

S.No] Apparatus Specifications

1 Voltmeter (0-300V) MI
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI
3 Wattmeter 300V,10A, UPF
4 Tachometer
Formulas:

Theory:
A Single-Phase Induction Motor consists of a single-phase winding which is mounted on the stator of the
motor and a cage winding placed on the rotor. A pulsating magnetic field is produced, when the stator winding
of the single-phase induction motor shown below is energised by a single-phase supply.

The word Pulsating means that the field builds up in one direction falls to zero and then builds up in the
opposite direction. Under these conditions, the rotor of an induction motor does not rotate. Hence, a single-
phase induction motor is not self-starting. It requires some special starting means. If the 1 phase stator winding
is excited and the rotor of the motor is rotated by an auxiliary means and the starting device is then removed,
the motor continues to rotate in the direction in which it is started. The performance of the single-phase
induction motor is analysed by the two theories. One is known as the Double Revolving Field Theory, and
the other is Cross Field Theory. Both the theories are similar and explain the reason for the production of
torque when the rotor is rotating.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. The DPST switch is closed and the single-phase supply is given to the motor.
3. By adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load values of speed,
spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the wattmeter readings show negative deflection on no
load, switch of the supply & interchange the terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again
start the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor is reached.
5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage position, and the DPST
switch is opened.
6. The radius of the brake drum is measured.

Graph:
Inference:
The load Test on single phase induction motor was conducted and the characteristic graphs were plotted.
MACHINE BASED EXPERIMENTS LAB REPORT- 3(b)
NAME: KARTHICKEIEN E
BY: CH.EN.U4CCE21024
GROUP: A
TOPIC: THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

REPORT FOR EXERCISE:

Problem Statement:
✓ A 3-phase induction motor is an electromechanical energy conversion device
which converts 3-phase input electrical power into output mechanical power.
✓ The stator carries a 3-phase stator winding while the rotor carries a short-
circuited winding called rotor winding.
✓ The stator winding is supplied from a 3-phase supply.

Objective:
✓ To conduct load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor and to plot
the performance characteristics curves.
Apparatus Required:
S.No Apparatus Specifications
1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI
3 Double (600V,10A, UPF)
element
Wattmeter
4 Tachometer
5 Three phase Auto transformer 415V, 10A
Formulas:
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐟
1. 𝐍𝐬 = r.p.m
𝐏
𝐍𝐬 − 𝐍𝐫
2. Slip, 𝐒 = 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬
3. Output = Torque x Speed
𝟐∏𝐍𝐓
4. Output power, 𝐏𝐨 = W
𝟔𝟎
5. Input power, Pi = (W1 + W2) W
𝐏𝐢
6. Power factor, 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛟 =
(√𝟑)𝐕𝐈
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
7. 𝜼= 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫

Theory:
The three-phase induction motor carries a three-phase winding on its stator. The rotor is either a wound type
or consists of copper bars short-circuited at each end, in which case it is known as squirrel-cage rotor. The
three-phase current drawn by the stator from a three-phase supply produces a magnetic field rotating at
synchronous speed in the air-gap. The magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors inducing electromotive forces
which circulate currents in them. According to Lenz's Law, the EMFs must oppose the cause which produces
them; this implies that the rotor must rotate in the direction of the magnetic field set up by the stator. If the
rotor could attain synchronous speed, there would be no induced EMF in it. But on account of losses, the
speed is always less than the synchronous speed.
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its complete performance i.e. torque, slip, efficiency,
power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and frequency and normally loaded
mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement from the observed data, the performance can be calculated,
following the steps given below.
SLIP: The speed of rotor, Nr droops slightly as the load on the motor is increased. The synchronous speed,
Ns of the rotating magnetic field is calculated, based on the number of poles, P and the supply frequency, f
i.e.
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐟
Synchronous speed, 𝐍𝐬 = r.p.m
𝐏
𝐍𝐬 − 𝐍𝐫
Then, slip, 𝐒 = 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎 Percent
𝐍𝐬
Normally, the range of slip at full load is from 2 to 5 percent.
TORQUE: Mechanical loading is the most common type of method employed in laboratories, A brake drum
is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is applied by tightening the belt, provided on the brake drum.
The net force exerted at the brake drum in kg is obtained from the readings S1 and S2 of the spring balances
i.e.
Output = Torque x Speed
Thus as the speed of motor does not vary appreciably with load torque will increase with increasing load.
Net force exerted, W = (S1 – S2) kg
Then, load torque, T = W x d/2 kgm
= W x d/2 x 9.8 Nm
where, d – effective diameter of the brake drum in meters.
OUTPUT POWER, Po : The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by,
𝟐∏𝐍𝐓
Output power, 𝐏𝐨 = W
𝟔𝟎
where, N is the speed of the motor in r. p. m.
INPUT POWER, Pi: Input power is measured by the two watt meters connected in the circuit. i.e.,
 Input power, Pi = (W1 + W2) W
Where, W1 and W2 are the readings of the two watt meters.
POWER FACTOR: Power factor of induction motor on NO-LOAD is very low because of the high value of
magnetising current. With the increase in load the power factor increases because the power component of the
current is increased. Low power factor operation is one of the disadvantages of induction motor. An induction
motor draws heavy amount of magnetising current due to presence of air gap between the stator and rotor.
Thus to reduce the magnetising current in induction motor the air-gap is kept as small is possible.
Input power factor can also be calculated from the readings of two watt meters. If ϕ is the power factor angle,
then
𝐏𝐢
Power factor, 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛟 =
(√𝟑)𝐕𝐈
EFFICIENCY:
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
Percentage efficiency of the motor, 𝜼= 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the three phase Auto-transformer in zero output voltage position and the machine should be on
no-load at starting.
3. Check and note all meters and spring balances for zero corrections
4. Supply is switched on and the three phase Auto-transformer is adjusted to get rated voltage in the
voltmeter.
5. Note down the no-load readings of wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer and spring balance.
6. The load is gradually applied with the help of spring balance and brake drum arrangement.
7. Increase the load in steps until the rated current of Induction motor is reached and at each step, note
down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer and spring balance.
8. Release the load and bring the Auto-transformer to zero output voltage position and switch off supply.
9. Tabulate the readings
GRAPH:

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

INFERENCE:

Load test on the three-phase induction motor was carried out and the electrical
and mechanical characteristics were plotted.