Electrical Engineering Lab Record

CAPE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LEVENGIPURAM

Levengipurm,Rajakrishnapuram(P.O),RadhapuramTaluk,
Tirunelveli District-627 114,Phone:04652-266076

EE8361 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LAB RECORD

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NAME: YEAR/SEM: II/III

REG.NO: DEPT: MECHANICAL

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

CAPE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT CODE: LAB:

Bonafide Certificate
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the work done by
Mr. / Ms.
Roll No. Register No.
of year B.E. / B. Tech., Department of
in the laboratory during semester

Signature of the Staff-in-charge Signature of the H.O.D.

Submitted to the Practical Examination held at CAPE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Levingipurm,on

RegisterNumber:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Staff
Sl.No. Date Name of the Experiment Marks
Signature

1. Load test on DC Shunt Motor

2. Load test on DC Series Motor

3. O.C.C & Load characteristics of DC Shunt generator

4. O.C.C & Load characteristics of DC Series generator

5. Speed control of DC shunt motor (Armature, Field

control)
6. Load test on single phase transformer

7. O.C & S.C Test on a single phase transformer

8. Regulation of an alternator by MMF method.

9. Regulation of an alternator by EMF method.

10. V curves and inverted V curves of synchronous Motor

11. Load test on three phase squirrel cage Induction motor

12. Speed control of three phase slip ring Induction Motor

13. Load test on single phase Induction Motor.

14. Study of DC & AC Starters

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(0-20)A, MC Two Point Starter S1 S2

25A
+ A L A
+ -
F1
F2

A1
+
DPSTS

220 V V (0 - 300) V, AM
DC MC
-
A2

- 25A

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

2. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

DATE:
Aim.
To plot the performance, electrical and mechanical characteristics of a given dc series motor
by conducting load test on it.

Apparatus required.

Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-30)A MC 1

3. Tachometer - Digital 1

4. Connecting wires - - required

Formulae Used.
1. Torque T=(S1-S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
2. Input Power Pi=VL x IL watts
3. Output Power Po = 2  NT / 60
4. Efficiency η= (Output Power/Input power) x 100
R= r + (t/2)
Where
V  Voltmeter reading
R  Effective radius of the brake drum
t  thickness of belt
N  speed of the motor
IL  Ammeter Reading
S1, S2 Spring Balance Reading.

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Performance Characteristics:

ŋ Vs Po
Efficiency in %

Speed in RPM
Torque in NM

IL in Amps

T Vs Po

Ia Vs Po

N Vs Po

Output Power, Po watts

Mechanical Characteristics
Speed in RPM

T Vs N

Torque in NM

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Procedure:
1. Make the panel board connections as per the circuit diagram keeping all the switches
open.
2. Precautions:
a. Avoid more than one connection at a terminal of a meter.
b. The motor is slightly loaded initially.
3. The motor is started using the two point starter.

4. The Voltmeter, Ammeter readings are noted at load condition.

5. The load is increased in steps and the corresponding readings are noted and tabulated.

6. The load is removed gradually and brings the initial position, then opens the DPST
Switch.

7. The corresponding characteristics are drawn using the model graph.

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Tabulation:

Input Line Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Output Efficiency

Voltage Current Readings power Power
η
VL IL Kg N T Pi Po
Sl.
No.

S1 S2 S1~S2
Volts Amps
Kg Kg Kg RPM Nm W W %

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Result:

Thus the load test on DC series motor was conducted and hence mechanical,
electrical, and performance characteristics were drawn.

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Circuit diagram:
(0-20)A, MC Three Point Starter

25A L FA
+
A
+ -

300 Ω S1 S2
2A A1
F1
+
DPSTS

220 V V (0 - 300) V, AM
DC MC
-
F2
+ A2
(0 - 2) A, MC A
-

- 25A

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

1. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Date:
Aim.
To plot the Performance, electrical and mechanical Characteristics of a given dc shunt
motor by conducting load test on it

Apparatus required.
Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1

3. Ammeter (0-30)A MC 1

4. Rheostat 300 Ω, 2 A Wire wound tubular 1

5. Tachometer - Digital 1

6. Connecting wires - - required

Formulae Used.
1. Torque T= (S1-S2) x R x 9.81 N-m
2. Input Power Pi=VL x IL watts
3. Output Power Po = 2  NT / 60
4. Efficiency η= (Output Power/Input power) x 100
R= r + (t/2)
Where
V  Voltmeter reading
R  Effective radius of the brake drum
t  thickness of belt
N  speed of the motor
IL  Ammeter Reading
S1, S2 Spring Balance Reading.

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Performance Characteristics :

ŋ Vs Po N Vs Po
Efficiency in %

Speed in RPM
Torque in NM

IL in Amps
T Vs Po

Ia Vs Po

Output Power, Po watts

Mechanical Characteristics:
Speed in RPM

T Vs N

Torque in NM

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Procedure:
1. Make the panel board connections as per the circuit diagram keeping all the switches open.
2. PRECAUTIONS:
a. Keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position.
b. Avoid more than one connection at a terminal of a meter.
3. The motor is started using the three point starter at no load condition.

4. By adjusting the field rheostat set the rated speed.

5. The Voltmeter, Ammeter readings are noted at no load condition.

6. The load is increased in steps and the corresponding readings are noted and tabulated.

7. The load is removed gradually then opens the DPST Switch.

8. The corresponding characteristics are drawn using the model graph.

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Tabulation:

Input Line Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Output Efficiency

Voltage Current Readings power Power
η
VL IL Kg N T Pi Po
Sl.
No.

S1 S2 S1~S2
Volts Amps
Kg Kg Kg RPM Nm W W %

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 Electrical Engineering Lab Record

Result:
Thus the load test on DC Shunt motor was conducted and hence mechanical,
electrical, and performance characteristics were drawn.

15
Circuit diagram:
3 Point Starter (0 - 15) A, MC
25A L FA
+ + A
+ -

S
300 Ω 1500 Ω
2A A1 A1 1.5 A
F1

LOAD SWITCH
F1
DPSTS

220
AM AG
V DC +
V F2
F2 (0 - 300) - +
A2 A2
V, MC (0 - 1) A,
A
MC
-

- - 3 kW Rheostatic loading bank

25A

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

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 3. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR
DATE:
Aim.
(1) To draw the Open Circuit Characteristics (OCC) of the given dc shunt generator and
to find the critical field resistance.
(2) To draw the load characteristics and to find the terminal voltage with respect to load
current.

Apparatus required.
Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-1)A MC 1

(0-15)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 300 Ω, 2 A Wire wound tubular 1

1500 Ω, 1.5 A ,, 1
4. Loading bank - Rheostatic 1

5. Tachometer - Digital 1
6. Connecting wires - - required

Formulae Used.
(i) Open Circuit Characteristics.
E g
1. Critical field Resistance Rc  ohms.
I f

ZN  P 
2. Generated emf , Eg    volts.
60  A 

 Nx 
E
3. Emf at any speed g x    E g volts
 N 
(ii) Load Characteristics

1. Internal emf E  V  I a Ra volts

2. Armature current I a  I L  I f amps

17
Model graph
Open Circuit Characteristics

Generated EMF, Eg volts

E g

I f
Residual
EMF
Field Current, If amps

Load characteristics.

Internal External
Characteristic Characteristic
Terminal Voltage, V volts

E Ia V IL
Generated EMF, E volts

Vs Vs

Breakdown
Point

Ia , I L amps

18
Where,
E g - Change in internal emf at no load (volts)

I f - Change in field current at no load (amps)

Eg - No load generated emf (volts)

Egx - Emf generated at speed N x (volts)

N - Rated speed (rpm)

E - Emf generated in the armature after allowing for armature reaction (volts)
V - Terminal voltage (volts)

Ia - Armature current (amps)

IL - Load Current (amps)

If - Shunt field Current (amps)

Ra - Armature resistance

Procedure:
(a) To draw OCC at rated speed.
1. Make the panel board connections as per the circuit diagram keeping all the switches open.
2. Precautions:
a. Keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position and the generator field rheostat in maximum resistance position.
b. Avoid more than one connection at a terminal of a meter.

19
 3. Close the DPST switch (1) and start the shunt motor using three point starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor and bring the speed to the rated speed of the generator and read the residual emf.
5. Adjust the field rheostat of the generator, and for the various values of the field current note the corresponding generated emf. The dc generator
should build up the voltage, if not; interchange the direction of the generator field winding.
6. Plot the graph by taking emf generated in y-axis and field current in x-axis.

Tabulations:
(a) Open circuit characteristics.

N = _______ rpm
Sl. No.
I f , amps E g , volts
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

20
(b) Load Characteristics.
Armature Generated
Field Load Terminal
Sl Current Voltage
Current Current Voltage
No. I f , amps Ia = I L + I f Eg=V+IaRa
I L , amps V , volts volts
amps
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

21
(b) To draw OCC at other speeds and to find the critical resistance.

N 
1. Use the formula Egx   x  E g and find E g x for different values of E g and tabulate the results.
 N 
2. By usual methods, draw the OCC between E g x and I f .
3. To find the critical resistance at rated speed, draw a tangent to the OCC at rated speed and find the slope.

4. To find the critical resistance at speed N x , draw a tangent to the OCC at speed N x and find the slope

(c) To obtain load characteristics.

1. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor and bring the speed to the rated speed of the generator.
2. Again adjust the generator field rheostat so that the emf generated is equal to the rated voltage.
3. Close the switch S and slowly increase the load and note the ammeter and voltmeter readings. Make sure that when each reading is taken, the
speed is maintained constant. Tabulate all the readings.
4. Adjust the field rheostat to their respective initial positions and switch off the loading bank, DPST switch 2 and then DPST switch 1
Draw the load characteristics as per the model graph.

Result:
Thus the Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of a dc shunt generator was drawn

22
Circuit diagram:

3 Point Starter (0 - 15) A, MC

25A L FA F2 F1
+ + A
+ -

S
300 Ω
2A A1 A1
F1

LOAD SWITCH
DPSTS

220 V
AM AG
DC +
V
F2 (0 - 300) V -
A2 A2
MC

- - 3 kW Rheostatic loading bank

25A

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR

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4. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR
DATE:
Aim.
To determine the internal and external characteristics of DC series generator by
performing a load test

Apparatus required.
Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity
1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-15)A MC 1
3. Rheostat 300 Ω, 2 A Wire wound tubular 1
4. Loading bank - Rheostatic 1
5. Tachometer - Digital 1
6. Connecting wires - - required

Formulae Used.
Generated emf (Eg) =Vt +I(Ra+Rse)
E - Emf generated in the armature after allowing for armature reaction (volts)
V - Terminal voltage (volts)
Ia - Armature current (amps)

IL - Load Current (amps)

If - Series field Current (amps)

Ra - Armature resistance

Procedure:
1. Make the panel board connections as per the circuit diagram keeping all the switches
open.
2. Close the DPST switch and start the shunt motor using three point starter.
3. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor and bring the speed to the rated speed of the
generator
4. Load the generator gradually and tabulate the readings from no load to full load.

24
Model graph
Load characteristics.

Internal External
Characteristic Characteristic
Terminal Voltage, V volts

E Ia V IL
Generated EMF, E volts

Vs Vs

Breakdown
Point

I = Ia = I L
amps

Tabulations:
Load characteristics.
Sl.No I = Ia = I L Vt (Eg) =Vt +I(Ra+Rse)

25
Result:
The internal and external characteristic of the given DC series generator was plotted.

26
Circuit diagram:

+ 25A L FA

500 Ω
1250 Ω 3.5 A
0.8 A A1
F1 +

V (0 - 300) V
DPSTS

220 V AM MC
DC
-

F2
+ A2
(0 - 2) A, MC A
-

- 25A

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

27
 5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:
Aim:
To perform the speed controls of DC shunt motor by field control and armature control
method and to draw the relevant graph.

Apparatus required.
Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1

150 Ω, 2 A Wire wound tubular 1

3. Rheostat
300 Ω, 2 A Wire wound tubular 1

4. Tachometer - Digital 1

5. Connecting wires - - required

PROCEDURE:

Field control method:

1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2) The DPST switch is closed and the motor is started using a three point starter
3) The armature rheostat is adjusted to a particular value and now by varying the field
rheostat the speed is noted for various values of field current
4) The experiment is repeated for different values of armature voltages
5) A graph is drawn between field current and speed for various values of armature
voltages
Armature control method:

1) The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2) The motor is started using the three point starter.
3) The field rheostat is adjusted to a particular value and now by varying the armature
rheostat the speed is noted for various values of armature voltage.
4) The experiment is repeated for various values of I f.
5) A graph is drawn between armature voltage and speed for various values of I f.

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MODEL GRAPH:

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

N (rpm)
Va2

Va1

If (A)

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

If1
N (rpm)
If2

Va (V)

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TABULATION:

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

Va1=-------volts Va2=--------volts

SL.NO If N If N

AMPS RPM AMPS RPM

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

If1=------- amps If2=-------- amps

SL.NO Va N Va N

VOLTS RPM VOLTS RPM

30
RESULT:
Thus the speed control of DC shunt motor by field control and armature control
was performed and the relevant graphs were drawn.

31
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

32
 6. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
DATE:
Aim.
To draw the efficiency and regulation curve of a given single phase transformer by
conducting load test on it

Apparatus required.

Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity

(0-300)V MI 1
1. Voltmeter
(0-150)V MI 1

(0-15)A MI 1
2. Ammeter
(0-30)A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 150V,30 A UPF 1

4. Loading bank - Rheostatic 1

5. Connecting wires - - required

6. Autotransformer 230/(0-270) V - 1

Formulae Used:

1. Percentage Efficiency ( ) = output power 100

Input power

2. a) Percentage Regulation (up) = OV2-V2 100

V2

b) Percentage regulation (down) = OV2-V2 100

OV2

Where:
OV2  No load secondary voltage
V2  Secondary voltage at different load

33
 Performance characteristics:

%efficiency Vs Load current

%Regulation

%Efficiency

%regulation (up) Vs Load Current

%regulation (down) Vs Load Current

Load current in Amps

Tabulation:

Primary Secondary

Primary Primary Input Secondary Secondary Output

Sl.no %Efficiency %Regulation
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps) (Watts)
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

34
Procedure:
1. Make the panel board connections as per the circuit diagram keeping all the switches open.
2. PRECAUTIONS:
a. Keep the autotransformer in minimum output position
b. Avoid more than one connection at a terminal of a meter.
3. DPST switch is closed and the supply is switched on at the no load condition.
4. The autotransformer is adjusted to set the rated primary voltage.
5. The no load condition the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings are taken and
tabulated.
6. Now the load is increased in steps and the corresponding change in voltmeter, ammeter
and wattmeter readings are taken and tabulated up to the rated condition. (Primary voltage
is constant)
7. The load is reduced in steps, set the Auto transformer in the initial position and the supply
is switched OFF.
8. The efficiency and regulation at various loads are calculated and the corresponding graphs
are plotted.

35
Result:
Thus the load test on the single phase transformer was conducted and its efficiency and
regulation curves were drawn.

36
Circuit diagram:

OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

37
 7. OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
DATE:
Aim:
Draw the Equivalent circuit of a given single phase transformer by conducting the Open
Circuit test and Short Circuit test.

Apparatus required.
Sl no Item Range Specification Quantity

(0-30)V MI 1
1.
Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 1
(0-5)A MI 1
2.
Ammeter (0-15)A MI 1
150V,10 A LPF 1
3.
Wattmeter 150V,15A UPF 1
4. Connecting wires - - required
5. Autotransformer 230/(0-270) V - 1

Formulae Used.
A. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Input power Wo=V0I0cos0

Cos0= Wo\ V0I0
2. Magnetizing component I=I0sin0
3. Iron loss component Iw=I0cos0
4. Magnetizing Reactance, X0=V0/I
5. Core loss Resistance, R0=V0/Iw

B .SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1.
Equivalent Resistance referred to secondary R02=Wsc/Isc2
2. Equivalent Impedance referred to secondary Z02=Vsc/Isc
3. Equivalent Reactance referred to secondary X02=Z022-R022
4.
Equivalent resistance referred to primary R01= R02\ k2
5. Equivalent reactance referred to primary X01= X02\ k2
6. Voltage Transformation Ratio

38
Procedure:
A .OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Precautions:
i. At time of starting transformer should be at no load condition
ii. Autotransformer should be kept in minimum output position
3. The DPST switch on the primary side was closed.
4. The Autotransformer was adjusted to energize the transformer with rated
Primary Voltage on the LV side
5. The Volt meter, Watt meter and Ammeter Readings were noted at no load
condition.
6. The Auto transformer was brought to its initial position.
7. The Supply was switched off.

B .SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Precautions:
i. At time of starting transformer should be at no load condition
ii. Autotransformer should be kept in minimum output position
3. The DPST switch on the primary side was closed.
4. The Autotransformer was adjusted to Energize the transformer with rated
Primary Current on the HV side
5. The Volt meter, Watt meter and Ammeter Readings were noted at no load
condition.
6. The Auto transformer was brought to its initial position.
7. The Supply was switched off.

39
TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Multiplication Factor=
Sl.No. Open Circuit Open Circuit Open Circuit Power(W0)
Current(I0) Voltage(V0) Watts
Amps Volts Obs Act

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Multiplication Factor=
Sl.No. Short Circuit Short Circuit Short Circuit Power(Wsc)
Current(Isc) Voltage(Vsc) Watts
Amps Volts Obs Act

Equivalent Circuit

R01= X01=
P
I1 I2 ’

Ic Iµ L
O
115V Ro Xo A
50Hz V2’ D

40
CALCULATION:

Result:
Thus the Equivalent circuit of a given single phase transformer was drawn
by conducting open circuit and short circuit test on it.

41
Circuit Diagram:
3 Point Starter (0 - 10) A, MI
+ L FA R A
~
(0 - 600) V,
300 Ω MI V
2A A1 ~
R
F1

TPSTS
DPSTS-1

220 V
AM
DC
B Y Y
F1 F2
F2
A2

B
-
+
A
+ -
1500 Ω
DPSTS-2

(0 - 2) A, MC
1.5 A
220V
DC

-
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD

42
 8. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD

DATE:
AIM:
To predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by EMF method.

MACHINE DETAILS:

DC Motor Three Phase Alternator

KW/HP KVA
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Speed Speed

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

Ammeter (0 – 10A) MI 1
1.
(0 – 2)A MC 1
2. Voltmeter (0 – 600)V MI 1
Rheostat 300Ω, 2A _ 1
3.
1500Ω,1.5A _ 1
4. Tachometer _ Digital 1
5. Connecting Wires _ _ Required

43
TABULAR COLUMN

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

Field Line Phase Field Short Circuit

Sl.No Current Voltage Voltage Current Current
If EL Eph Sl.No
If Isc
(Amps) (Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

Leading Power Factor Lagging Power Factor

Sl.No Cos ф
%Reg (up) %Reg (down) %Reg (up) %Reg (down)

44
FORMULA USED:

open circuit voltage per phase (E)

1. Synchronous impedance, Zs =
short circuit current (I)

2. Synchronous reactance, Xs = Zs2 - Rac2

VL
3. Vph =
3

4. Rac = 1.6 Rdc

Eph  Vph
5. % Regulation (up) = 100
Eph

Eph  Vph
6. % Regulation (down) = 100
Vph

 VPhcos φ + Ia R a  +  VPhsin φ + Ia XS 
2 2
7. for lagging pf, Eph =

 VPhcos φ + Ia R a  +  VPhsin φ - Ia XS 
2 2
8. for leading pf, Eph =

 VPh + Ia R a  +  Ia XS 
2 2
9. for unity pf, Eph =

Where, Eph is the induced voltage in volts

Vph is the terminal voltage in volts

45
MODEL GRAPH

Eph Isc
SCC

OCC
I

Field Current

% Regulation

Leading PF Lagging PF

46
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Fuses are checked out

2. The field Rheostat of the DC motor was kept in minimum position.

3. The field rheostat of the Alternator was kept in maximum position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DC motor is started using three-point starter.

Open Circuit Test:

1. The Alternator was made to run at synchronous speed by adjusting the field rheostat of the dc

motor.

2. The field current of the alternator was varied in steps until the machine attains its maximum

voltage. The corresponding readings were noted down.

3. The system is brought back to its initial position by varying the field rheostat of the alternator.

Short Circuit Test:

1. The TPSTS is closed.

2. The field current of the Alternator was adjusted so that the machine armature current reaches its

maximum rated value.

3. Bring the system to its initial position by varying the field rheostat of the alternator.

4. Reduce the field rheostat of the dc motor.

5. Turn off the input supply to the dc motor.

47
MODEL CALCULATION:

48
Result:

Thus the regulation for a three phase alternator for various power factors was obtained by
using EMF method.
49
Circuit Diagram:
3 Point Starter (0 - 10) A, MI
+ L FA R A
~
(0 - 600) V,
300 Ω MI V
2A A1 ~
R
F1

TPSTS
DPSTS-1

220 V
AM
DC
B Y Y
F1 F2
F2
A2

B
-
+
A
+ -
1500 Ω
DPSTS-2

(0 - 2) A, MC
1.5 A
220V
DC

-
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY MMF METHOD

50
 9. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY MMF METHOD
DATE:
AIM:
To predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by MMF method.

MACHINE DETAILS:

DC Motor Three Phase Alternator

KW/HP KVA
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Speed Speed

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

Ammeter (0 – 10A) MI 1
1.
(0 – 2)A MC 1
2. Voltmeter (0 – 600)V MI 1
Rheostat 300Ω, 2A _ 1
3.
1500Ω, 1.5A _ 1
4. Tachometer _ Digital 1
5. Connecting Wires _ _ Required

51
TABULAR COLUMN

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

Field Line Phase Field Short Circuit

Sl.No Current Voltage Voltage Current Current
If EL Eph Sl.No
If Isc
(Amps) (Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

MODEL GRAPH

% Regulation

Leading PF Lagging PF

52
FORMULA USED:

Eph  Vph
1. % Regulation (up) = 100
Eph
Eph  Vph
2. % Regulation (down) = 100
Vph
Where, Eph is the induced voltage in volts (from graph)
Vph is the terminal voltage in volts (from graph)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Fuses are checked out

2. The field Rheostat of the DC motor was kept in minimum position.
3. The field rheostat of the Alternator was kept in maximum position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DC motor is started using three-point starter.

Open Circuit Test:

1. The Alternator was made to run at synchronous speed by adjusting the rheostat of the dc motor.
2. The field current of the alternator was varied in steps until the machine attains its maximum
voltage. The corresponding readings were noted down.
3. The system is brought back to its initial position by varying the field rheostat of the alternator.

Short Circuit Test:

1. The TPSTS was closed.

2. The field current of the Alternator was adjusted until the machine armature current reaches its
rated value.
3. Bring the system to its initial position by varying the field rheostat of the armature.
4. Turn off the input supply to the dc motor.

53
 For Unity Power Factor

Isc Eph

Eph for Unity PF

OCC
Vph

Isc SCC B

90o Field Current

O A D

For Leading Power Factor

Isc Eph

Vph OCC

Eph Lead PF

Isc SCC

90-ф
Field Current
O D A

54
Steps to find Eph and Vph from the graph (for Unity power factor)

1. Plot the OCC & SCC curve on the graph.

2. Select a point A on the X-axis, such that value of OA = maximum field current.

3. From point A draw a straight line to OCC curve, and note the corresponding voltage(Vph).

4. Now mark the short circuit current on Y-axis and draw a straight line and mark the point B.

5. Connect OB, with OB as radius and O as center draw a circle which cuts the X-axis at point D.

6. From point D draw a straight line to OCC curve, and note the corresponding voltage (Eph).

Steps to find Eph and Vph from the graph (for Leading power factor)

1. Plot the OCC & SCC curve on the graph.

2. Select a point A on the X-axis, such that value of OA = maximum field current.

3. From point A draw a straight line to OCC curve, and note the corresponding voltage(Vph).

4. From point A draw a straight line with a phase angle of (90 – ф) degree and mark the point B,

such that value of AB = Isc.

5. Connect OB, with OB as radius and O as center draw a circle which cuts the X-axis at point D.

6.From point D draw a straight line to OCC curve, and note the corresponding voltage (Eph).

Steps to find Eph and Vph from the graph (for Lagging power factor)

1. Plot the OCC & SCC curve on the graph.

2. Select a point A on the X-axis, such that value of OA = maximum field current.

3. From point A draw a straight line to OCC curve, and note the corresponding voltage(Vph).

4. From point A draw a straight line with a phase angle of (90 + ф) degree and mark the point B,

such that value of AB = Isc.

5. Connect OB, with OB as radius and O as center draw a circle which cuts the X-axis at point D.

6. From point D draw a straight line to OCC curve, and note the corresponding voltage (Eph).

55
For Lagging Power Factor
Isc Eph

Eph Lag PF
OCC
Vph

Isc SCC
B

90-ф Field Current

O D
A

MODEL CALCULATION:

56
RESULT:
Thus the regulation for a three phase alternator for various power factors was obtained by
using MMF method.

57
Circuit Diagram:

A1 (0 - 10) A, S2
S1
B1 MI
R A
~ R
415 V,
50 Hz C1

(0-600)V,
3-φ AC V
supply A2 ~

MI
Y B
B2
Brake drum
F1 F2
Y
S
TPST

C2

A3

B3
B
415/ (0-470) V
3 Φ Auto
C3 Transformer
+ -
A
S

+
DPST

300Ω, 2
220V, DC (0-2) A, MC
Supply A

-
V AND INVERTED V-CURVES OF 3 ф SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

58
 10. V AND INVERTED V-CURVES OF 3 ф SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
DATE:
AIM:
To draw the V and inverted V-curves of three phase Synchronous Motor.

MACHINE DETAILS:

Three Phase Synchronous Motor

KVA
Voltage
Current
Speed
Hertz
Excitation voltage
Excitation current

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0 – 10)A MI 1

(0 – 2)A MC 1

2. Voltmeter (0 – 600)V MI 1

3. Rheostat 300Ω ,2A _ 1

4. 3ф - Autotransformer (0 - 470)V _ 1

5. Connecting Wires _ _ Required

59
TABULAR COLUMN:

No Load Condition

Line Voltage Line Current Field Current

Sl.No
VL Ia If Power Factor
(Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

Load Condition

Line Voltage Armature Current Field Current

Sl.No
VL Ia If Power Factor
(Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

60
FORMULA USED:

Imin
Power Factor, Cos =
Ia

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Fuses are checked out

2. The field rheostat of the Synchronous motor was kept in maximum position.

PROCEDURE:

No Load Condition:

1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the TPST switch, DOL starter and vary the Auto transformer to start the motor.

3. Apply 50% of the rated voltage to the motor, now close the DPST switch and give DC supply to

the field windings.

4. Apply the rated voltage to the motor and the motor runs at synchronous speed now by varying the

field rheostat change the field current to the motor.

5. Note down the corresponding Voltmeter and Ammeter readings for various field current.

6. Reduce the voltage up to 50% of rated voltage and switch off the DPST switch.

7. Keep the autotransformer in minimum position and switch off the TPST switch.

61
MODELGRAPH

62
Load Condition:

1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the TPST switch ,DOL starter and vary the Auto transformer to start the motor.

3. Apply 50% of the rated voltage to the motor, now close the DPST switch and give DC supply to

the field windings.

4. Apply the rated voltage to the motor and the motor runs at synchronous speed now apply load to

the motor, vary the field rheostat and change the field current to the motor.

5. Note down the corresponding Voltmeter and Ammeter readings for various field current.

6. Release the load gradually then reduce the voltage up to 50% of rated voltage and switch off the

DPST switch.

7. Keep the autotransformer in minimum position and switch off the TPST switch.

RESULT:
Thus the V and inverted V curves of a three phase synchronous motor were drawn.

63
Circuit Diagram:

A1 S S
M L L1 1 2
R

(0-600)V, MI
C V A1 C2
415 V,
50 Hz V
3-φ AC 600 V, 10A, UPF
~
supply A2 C1
Brake Drum
Y A A2
TPSTS

~ L2
(0 - 10) A, MI
B1 B1 B2

B2
C V
C1
B
M L
L3
600 V, 10A, UPF
C2
Load test on Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Fuse Calculation:

64
 11. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the load test on three phase induction motor to draw its performance and
mechanical characteristics.

MACHINE DETAILS:

Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

HP/KW

Voltage

Current

Speed

Hertz

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 (0 – 10)A MI 1
Ammeter

2 Voltmeter (0 – 600)V MI 1

3 Wattmeter 600V, 10A UPF 2

4 Tachometer _ Digital 1

5 3 ф - Autotransformer _ _ 1

6 Connecting Wires _ _ Required

65
TABULAR COLUMN:

M.F = M.F =

W1 W2 W=W1 Spring balance Efficien

VL IL +W2 Speed Torque Input Output Slip Power
Sl.No OR AR OR AR S1 S2 S1S2 cy
Factor
Volt Amps Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts Watts % %

Radius of the brake drum:

66
FORMULA USED:

1. Torque,T = 9.81S1~S2  r Where, r is the radius of the brake drum.

2NT
2. Output Power, Pout =
60
3. Input Power, Pin = W1 + W2
Ns - N
4. % Slip, S = 100
Ns
120 f
5. Synchronous Speed, Ns =
P
Pin
6. Power factor, Cos  =
3VL IL
Pout
7. Efficiency,  = 100
Pin
8. Radius of the brake drum r =( Circumference of brake drum)/ 2π in meters
9. R =(r+t/2)
Where,
S1, S2 - Spring balance readings in Kg
R - Effective Radius of brake drum in meters
N - Speed of motor in Rpm.
f - Frequency in Hz.
P - Number of poles.
t - thickness of belt in meters

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Fuses are checked out

2. Initially the motor should be in no load condition

3. Provide water for cooling the brake drum

67
MODEL GRAPH:

Performance Characteristics

Efficiency
Load Current

Power Factor

Efficiency

Speed

Slip
Speed

Power Factor

Slip

Load Current

Output

Mechanical Characteristics
Torque

Slip

68
PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the connections switch ON the supply by closing the TPST switch and

start the motor using star-delta starter.(As the starter is semi-automatic, keep on pressing

the switch till the motor attains at least 75% of full speed).

3. Take no load readings of line current, line voltage, power, speed and spring balance. *If

the wattmeter shows negative readings then interchange the current coil (M-L) terminals.

4. Apply the Load gradually and take the readings up to the rated current of the induction

motor.

5. Calculate the torque, output power, and efficiency, slip and power factor using the

formulas.

6. Release the load and switch off the TPST switch.

CALCULATION

69
RESULT:

Thus the load test on a three phase Squirrel Cage Induction motor was conducted and the
characteristics curve was drawn.

70
Circuit Diagram:
Centrifugal
Switch
A (0 - 15) A, MI
P Fus B M L
e A
~ Cs1 Cs2 SC1
C v Capacitor
SC2
300 V, 15A, UPF M1 S1 S2
S1

(0-300)V, MI
DPSTS

230 V, V
50 Hz ~
AC
Brake drum
E

S2
C M2
N NL

230/ (0-270) V
Autotransformer

Load test on Single Phase Induction Motor

71
 12. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the load test on single phase induction motor to draw its performance and
mechanical characteristics.

MACHINE DETAILS:

Single Phase Induction Motor

HP/KW

Voltage

Current

Speed

Hertz

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0 – 15)A MI 1

2 Voltmeter (0 – 300)V MI 1

3 Wattmeter 300V, 15A UPF 1

4 Autotransformer (0 -270)V _ 1

5 Tachometer _ Digital 1

6 Connecting Wires _ _ Required

72
TABULAR COLUMN:

M.F =
Input (W1) Speed Spring balance reading
VL IL Torque Output Efficiency Slip Power
Sl.No OR AR N S1 S2 S1S2
Factor
Volts Amps Watts Watts Rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts % %

Radius of the brake drum:

73
FORMULAS USED:

1. Torque,T = 9.81S1~S2  r (Nm) where, r is the radius of the brake drum.

2NT
2. Output Power, Pout = (Watts)
60
3. Input Power, Pin = W1 (Watts)
Ns - N
4. % Slip, S = 100
Ns
120 f
5. Synchronous Speed, Ns = (Rpm)
P
Pin
6. Power factor, Cos  =
VL IL
Pout
7. Efficiency,  = 100
Pin
8. Effective radius ‘r’= R + t / 2

Where,
S1, S2 - spring balance readings in Kg
R - Radius of brake drum.
N - Speed of motor in Rpm.
F - Frequency in Hz.
P - Number of poles.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Fuses are checked out.

2. Initially the motor should be in no load condition.

3. Autotransformer should be of minimum position while switch on & off.

4. Provide water for brake drum cooling.

74
MODEL GRAPHS:

Performance Characteristics

Efficiency
Load Current

Power Factor

Efficiency

Speed

Slip
Speed

Power Factor

Slip

Load Current

Output

Mechanical Characteristics
Torque

Slip

75
PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the connections switch ON the supply by closing the DPST switch and

DOL starter.

3. Vary the Autotransformer to provide the rated voltage.

4. Take no load readings of line current, line voltage, power, speed and spring balance.

5. Apply the Load gradually and take the readings up to the rated current of the induction

motor.

6. Gradually reduce the load and keep the autotransformer in minimum position then switch

of the machine.

7. Calculate the torque, output power, and efficiency, slip and power factor using the

formulas.

76
CALCULATION:

77
RESULT:
Thus the load test on a single phase Induction motor was conducted and the
characteristics curve was drawn.

78
79
 13. SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the speed control test on three phase slip ring induction motor.

MACHINE DETAILS:

Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor

HP/KW

Voltage

Current

Speed

Rotor current

Hertz

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0 – 10)A MI 1

2 Voltmeter (0 – 600)V MI 1

3 Wattmeter 600V, 10A UPF 2

4 Tachometer _ Digital 1

5 External resistance starter _ _ 1

6 Connecting Wires _ _ Required

80
TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl.No Speed Resistance Slip

(rpm) (Ohms)

MODEL GRAPH

Speed

Resistance Vs Speed

Resistance

81
 FORMULA

%Slip = ((Ns-N)/Ns)*100

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Note down the resistance in each phase using Multimeter.
3. Switch ON the A.C power supply.
4. Then the speed of the motor is taken for each resistance per phase.
5. The graph was drawn between resistance and speed

RESULT
Thus the speed control of three phase slip ring induction motor was performed
and the characteristics curves were drawn.

82
83
 14. STUDY OF D.C & A.C MOTOR STARTERS
DATE:

AIM:
To study the different kinds of D.C &A.C motor starters

THEORY :
The value of the armature current in a D.C shunt motor is given by
Ia = ( V – Eb )/ Ra
Where V = applied voltage.
Ra = armature resistance.
E b = Back .e.m.f .
In practice the value of the armature resistance is of the order of 1 ohms and at the instant of starting the
value of the back e.m.f is zero volts. Therefore under starting conditions the value of the armature
current is very high. This high inrush current at the time of starting may damage the motor. To protect
the motor from such dangerous current the D.C motors are always started using starters.

The types of D.C motor starters are

i) Two point starters

ii) Three point starters

iii) Four point starters.

The functions of the starters are

It protects the from dangerous high speed.

It protects the motor from overloads.

i) TWO POINT STARTERS:

It is used for starting D.C. series motors which has the problem of over speeding due to the loss of
load from its shaft. Here for starting the motor the control arm is moved in clock-wise direction from its
OFF position to the ON position against the spring tension. The control arm is held in the ON position by
the electromagnet E. The exciting coil of the hold-on electromagnet E is connected in series with the
armature circuit. If the motor loses its load, current decreases and hence the strength of the electromagnet
also decreases. The control arm returns to the OFF position due to the spring tension,. Thus preventing the
motor from over speeding. The starter also returns to the OFF position when the supply voltage decreases
appreciably. L and F are the two points of the starter which are connected with the motor terminals.

84
85
ii) THREE POINT STARTER:
It is used for starting the shunt or compound motor. The coil of the hold on electromagnet E is
connected in series with the shunt field coil. In the case of disconnection in the field circuit the control
arm will return to its OFF position due to spring tension. This is necessary because the shunt motor will
over speed if it loses excitation. The starter also returns to the OFF position in case of low voltage supply
or complete failure of the supply. This protection is therefore is called No Volt Release (NVR).

Over load protection:

When the motor is over loaded it draws a heavy current. This heavy current also flows through the
exciting coil of the over load electromagnet (OLR). The electromagnet then pulls an iron piece upwar6.ds
which short circuits the coils of the NVR coil. The hold on magnet gets de-energized and therefore the
starter arm returns to the OFF position, thus protecting the motor against overload. L, A and F are the
three terminals of the three point starter.

iii) FOUR POINT STARTER:

The connection diagram of the four point starter is shown in fig 3. In a four point starter arm touches the
starting resistance, the current from the supply is divided into three paths. One through the starting
resistance and the armature, one through the field circuit, and one through the NVR coil. A protective
resistance is connected in series with the NVR coil. Since in a four point starter the NVR coil is
independent of the of the field circuitt connection , the d.c motor may over speed if there is a break in the
field circuit. A D.C motor can be stopped by opening the main switch. The steps of the starting resistance
are so designed that the armature current will remain within the certain limits and will not change the
torque developed by the motor to a great extent.

86
87
 STUDY OF AC STARTERS
AUTO –TRANSFORMER STARTING

An auto transformer starter consists of an auto transformer and a switch as shown in the fig. When
the switch S is put on START position, a reduced voltage is applied across the motor terminals. When the
motor picks up speed, say to 80 per cent of its rated speed, the switch is put to RUN position. Then the
auto-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full rated voltage gets applied across the motor terminals.
The circuit diagram in the fig is for a manual auto-transformer starter. This can be made push
button operated automatic controlled starter so that the contacts switch over from start to run position as
the motor speed picks up to 80% of its speed. Over-load protection relay has not been shown in the figure.
The switch S is air-break type for small motors and oil break type for large motors. Auto transformer may
have more than one tapping to enable the user select any suitable starting voltage depending upon the
conditions.
Series resistors or reactors can be used to cause voltage drop in them and thereby allow low
voltage to be applied across the motor terminals at starting. These are cut out of the circuit as the motor
picks up speed.

STAR- DELTA METHOD OF STARTING:

The startor phase windings are first connected in star and full voltage is connected across its free
terminals. As the motor picks up speed, the windings are disconnected through a switch and they are
reconnected in delta across the supply terminals. The current drawn by the motor from the lines is reduced
to as compared to the current it would have drawn if connected in delta.The motor windings, first in star
and then in delta the line current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to one third as compared to
starting current with the windings delta-connected.

In making connections for star-delta starting, care should be taken such that sequence of supply
connections to the winding terminals does not change while changing from star connection to delta
connection. Otherwise the motor will start rotating in the opposite direction, when connections are
changed from star to delta. Star-delta starters are available for manual operation using push button control.
An automatic star – delta starter used time delay relays(T.D.R) through which star to delta connections
take place automatically with some pre-fixed time delay. The delay time of the T.D.R is fixed keeping in
view the starting time of the motor.

88
89
FULL VOLTAGE OR DIRECT –ON-LINE STARTING

When full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an induction motor, large current is
drawn by the windings. This is because, at starting the induction motor behaves as a short circuited
transformer with its secondary, i.e. the rotor separated from the primary, i.e. the stator by a small air-gap.

At starting when the rotor is at standstill, emf is induced in the rotor circuit exactly similar to the
emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. This induced emf of the rotor will circulate a very
large current through its windings. The primary will draw very large current from the supply mains to
balance the rotor ampere-turns. To limit the stator and rotor currents at starting to a safe value, it may be
necessary to reduce the stator supply voltage to a low value. If induction motors are started direct-on-line
such a heavy starting current of short duration may not cause harm to the motor since the construction of
induction motors are rugged. Other motors and equipment connected to the supply lines will receive
reduced voltage. In industrial installations, however, if a number of large motors are started by this
method, the voltage drop will be very high and may be really objectionable for the other types of loads
connected to the system. The amount of voltage drop will not only be dependent on the size of the motor
but also on factors like the capacity of the power supply system, the size and length of the line leading to
the motors etc. Indian Electricity Rule restricts direct on line starting of 3 phase induction motors above 5
hp.

RESULT:

Thus the construction and working of different starters are studied.

90