A

Micro-Project Report on

Microprocessor Based Transformer Protection

Submitted to
MSBTE
In Partial Fulfilment of Requirement of Diploma of
Electrical Engineering
Under I Scheme
Submitted By – Roll No.
Mr. Kamlesh K. Akerkar - 19
Mr. Kunal P. Talkatkar - 20
Mr. Hrishikesh G. Barve - 21

Under the Guidance of –

Prof. H. A. Pawar

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22

YASHWANTRAO BHOSALE POLYTECHNIC, SAWANTADI

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Mr. Kamlesh K. Akerkar - 19

Mr. Kunal P. Talkatkar - 20

Mr. Hrishikesh G. Barve - 21

Of Fifth semester of diploma in Electrical Engineering Of institute Yashwantrao Bhonsale
Polytechnic (1742) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in course of Switchgear and
Protection (22419) For the academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Subject Faculty HOD Principal

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Mr/Ms………………………………………Roll No -…………………
Of Fifth semester of diploma in Electrical Engineering Of institute Yashwantrao Bhosale
Polytechnic (1742) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in course Switchgear and
Protection (22419) For the academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place - Enrolment No. -

Date - Exam seat No. -

Subject faculty HOD Principal

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 Acknowledgement

First I would like to take this opportunity to thank our lecturer H. A. Pawar sir for
guidance and advice on this project. At the same time I also wont forget my group members and
also colleagues to because they quiet good with sharing some of their information to complete
this second year project successfully.
I am very much thankful to principal Mr. G A Bhosale for the support and
encouragement. This work I complete with blessings of all my family members I express my
sincere gratitude towards them for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this project. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all teaching and non-
teaching staff of department of electrical engineering. It was indeed a fabulous experience and
learning for me to work on this project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends and well-wishers who were
involve directly and non-directly in successful competition of the present work.

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 INDEX

SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO .

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

INTRODUCTION , TRANSFORMER FAULTS ,

MICROPROCESSORS BASED TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
2 07 - 14
, BLOCK DIAGRAMS , DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION ,
RELAY LOGIC , FAULT CURRENT WAVEFORMS

3 AIM OF THE PROJECT 12

4 COURSE OUTCOME 16

5 ACTUAL PROCEDURE 17

6 ACTUAL RESOURCES USED 18

7 OUTPUT OF THE PRJECT 19

8 SKILL DEVLPOED 20

9 CONCLUSION 21

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 FIGURE INDEX

SR NO FIGURE NUMBER PAGE NO

1 FIG NO. 1 09

2 FIG NO . 2 09

3 FIG NO. 3 13

4 FIG NO. 4 13

5 FIG NO. 5 14

6 FIG NO. 6 14

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 INTRODUCTION
Transformers are important elements in power systems. They occasionally experience
faults resulting from insulation failures caused by atmospheric disturbances and switching
surges. Relay schemes for protecting transformers must be highly reliable and accurate to avoid
damage The traditional protective relays based on electro-mechanical and solid state devices are
slowly being replaced by microprocessor based relays due to several advantages such as
increased flexibility, improved reliability and fast response

This paper presents a microprocessor based relay scheme for transformer protection.
Several microprocessor-based relay schemes have been proposed in the literature for transformer
protection. Most of these relays work on differential relaying principle to detect internal winding
faults. One of the problems encountered in the differential protection is the magnetizing inrush
current which usually causes malfunction of the relay. A generally used method to avoid this
problem is to check for the second harmonic component in the current during inrush condition
and restrains false tripping of the relay Several algorithms have been proposed to compute
fundamental and harmonic components in differential current Rahman and Jayasurya presented a
review of these algorithms. Improved transformer protection schemes that do not depend on
harmonic restraint have been recently developed More recently, artificial intelligence methods
such as neural networks and fuzzy logic are also being applied to transformer protection.

This paper presents a microprocessor based relay scheme which provides protection
against internal faults on the transformers and restrains the tripping operation during inrush
condition by detecting the second harmonic component in the differential current. The functions
of various blocks of the relay scheme are explained. Following a brief review of different relay
algorithms for computing fundamental and second harmonic components of the differential
current, a recently developed block pulse functions based algorithm is described. Details of
computer simulation of the inrush and internal fault currents using a transformer model is
explained. The relay scheme is off-line tested using the simulated currents. The results of
computer simulated scheme provided an accurate trip decision.

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 TRANSFORMER FAULTS
Power transformers, being totally enclosed, oil immersed and static, develop faults only
rarely. However, the consequence of even a rare fault can be serious unless the transformer is
immediately disconnected from the system.

These transformer faults can be divided into two main classes:

1. Internal faults,

2. Overloads and externally applied conditions.

Internal faults are:

a) faults between adjacent turns or parts of coils,

b) faults to ground on terminals or on parts of windings.

Overloads and externally applied conditions include:

a) over current,

b) over voltage, c) external short circuits,

d) reduced system frequency.

Various relaying principles are used to protect transformers against these faults. They
include, over current, over flux, over heating, gas detection, earth fault and differential relaying
principles. Relays that use over current, over flux and over heating principles protect the
transformers against overloads and externally applied conditions. Differential relays protect the
transformer against internal faults. A brief overview of the differential relay is given in the next
section.

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MICROPROCESSOR BASED TRANSFORMER PROTECTION BLOCK
DIAGRAMS –

Figure 1

Figure 2

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 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
Differential protection is the most important type of protection used for internal faults in
transformers. It shows a basic differential protection for a three-phase star-delta power
transformer. It is well known that in a star-delta transformer the load currents in the primary and
secondary windings are not in direct phase opposition, but are displaced by WO. To allow for
this phase difference, the current transformer (CT) secondaries are connected in delta on the star
side and in star on the delta side.

The relay converts the primary and secondary currents to a common base and compares
them. During normal operating conditions and external faults, the differences between these
currents are small. However, during internal winding faults the differences are large, and the
transformer is switched off. This method is satisfactory in most cases, but is subjected to false
tripping during the transient magnetizing inrush current condition [I51 which occurs when the
transformer is energized. Transformers generally retain some residual flux when they are
switched off They are likely to saturate when re-energized drawing large magnetizing current.
The inrush current flows only in the windings connected to the so.

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 The most common technique used to prevent false trips during inrush condition is the use
of harmonic restraint. The inrush current differs from an internal fault current. The latter contains
a high percentage of harmonics. Of these, the second harmonic has particular prominence under
all switching conditions. This fact is used in the harmonic restraint. If the second harmonic
content of the differential current exceeds a pre-defined percentage of the fundamental, inrush is
assumed and the relay is prevented from tripping.

MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAY

A microprocessor based transformer relay scheme consists of several subsystems, such
as, analog processing, analog to digital (ND) conversion, digital processor, relay output, and
power supply subsystems shows a block diagram representing these subsystems. This scheme
receives low level currents from each of the transformer phases via CTs. The analog pre-
processing uses surge suppression circuits and low pass filters.

The surge suppression circuits protect the relay from voltage surges. Low pass filters are
used to band limit the inputs to avoid aliasing. The cut-off frequency of the low pass filters is
selected considering the sampling frequency and the predominant high frequency components
expected in the inputs. The outputs of the analog preprocessor are digitized using ND converters.
ized values representing currents are processed in a digital processor that performs two main
functions. The first function is to estimate the parameters of the fundamental and second
harmonic frequency current phasors.

The second function of the processor is to use the parameters of the calculated phasors to
compute the required additional parameters and thereby decide if the system is experiencing a
fault. In the present case, the second function involves determining the percentage of the second
harmonic component in relation to the fundamental component. Based on this percentage,
appropriate trip decision is issued to the circuit breakers.v

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 RELAY ALGORITHMS
Several algorithms have been proposed in the literature to calculate the fundamental and
second harmonic component phasors .These algorithms take sample values of CUlrentS as input
and provide the fundamental and second harmonic component phasors as output.

These algorithms can be classified as -

1.Discrete Fourier transform technique

2. Correlation techniques

3. Least error square approach

4. Kalman filtering approach

The correlation techniques include rectangular transform, Walsh functions, Haar

functions, block pulse functions and finite impulse response approach . The block pulse
functions approach is shown to have computational advantages over Walsh and Haar functions
approaches .

RELAY LOGIC
The relay logic part of the scheme accepts the phasor current values of fundamental and
second harmonic components from the relay algorithm. Based on these phasors, a trip decision is
made. As explained before, the trip decision is based on the relative amplitude of the
fundamental component compared to the second harmonic component in the differential current.
This relative amplitude for single-phase case can be calculated using the following ratio index

A trip signal is issued when the computed index is less than a prespecified threshold
value. For three-phase case, the fundamental amplitude of all the three phases should be added
together and second harmonic component amplitude of all the three phases should be added
together, and the ratio of these aggregate amplitudes is used to find the index K.

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 FAULT CURRENT WAVEFORMS

1) Internal fault current Waveform

Figure 3

2) Magnetizing inrush current waveform

Figure 4

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 3) Variation of k for internal fault

Figure 5

4) Variation of k for inrush current.

Figure 6

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 Aim Of The Project
• To make the report on Microprocessor based Transformer Protection
• To know about Microprocessors and Differential Relays
• Know about how to Use Microprocessors For Transformer Protection .
• Uses Proteus Suite For Deigning Microprocessor Based Transformer Protection

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 Course Outcome
• Maintain protection system of Alternators And Transformers
• Maintain Protection Scehemes For Power system against Over Voltages

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 Actual Procedure Followed
• We prepared plan for the making the report file
• Collected all the information about the Microprocessor based Transformer Protection
• Took guidance from our subject teacher about the project
• Prepared the Block Diagram
• Project name and some information labelled on the project
• Prepared the project report

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 Actual Resources Used
• Internet - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp
https://sci-hub.ee/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/

• Reference Books -

1. Switchgear & Protection by Deepak S. Bankar

2. Powerb System Protection Static Relays by T S Madhava Rao

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 Output Of The Project
• In this project we learnt about Microprocessor based Transformer Protection Schemes
• Got a Information about Various Microprocessors
• Got a experience to work in team
• We get a knowledge about how to prepare the Project.

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 Skill Devloped
• Project making skill
• Skills like presentation, Discipline
• Developing idea of the project
• Also skills about co-ordination , teamwork ,time management developed by performing this
project

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 Conclusion
Hereby are the presented our micro – project report on topic of Microprocessor Based
Transformer Protection which inspires us all and gives us a better inspiration . We all
separated the work in various part and distributed the work to all our group members and we
tried to do best for our micro- project of Microprocessor Based Transformer Protection
This project is completed successfully as well even are all learned how important to move
in life with Teamwork it can change the life as miracle .
At the time of completion we have learnt many lessons such as Teamwork, Tolerance,
Consistency, Co- operation , patience and also learnt the importance of micro – project.We
successfully completed this project because we not only gained theoretical knowledge but also
practical knowledge .

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