EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Unit

37.Define inductance of a line.

It is defined as the loop inductance per unit length of the line .Its unit is henrys per meter.

38.Define capacitance of a line.

It is defined as shunt capacitance between the two wires per unit line length. Its unit is
farads per meter.

39.What is skin effect?

The steady current when flowing through the conductor ,does not distribute uniformly,

n
rather it has the tendency to concentrate near the surface of the conductor. This phenomenon is

g.i
called skin effect.

40.Why skin effect is absent in dc system?

rin
The steady current when flowing through a conductor distributes itself uniformly over the
whole cross section of the conductor .That is why skin effect is absent in dc system.
41.What is the effect of skin effect on the resistance of the line?
ee
Due to skin effect the effective area of cross section of the conductor through which
current flow is reduced. Hence the resistance of the line is increased when ac current is flowing.
gin
42.On what factors the skin effect depend?
Nature of the material, Diameter of the wire , Frequency and shape of the wire.
En

43.Define symmetrical spacing.

In 3 phase system when the line conductors are equidistant from each other then it is
called symmetrical spacing.
arn

44.What is the necessity for a double circuit line?

To reduce the inductance per phase and to increase the efficiency.
Le

45.Mention the factors governing the inductance of a line.

Radius of the conductor and the spacing between the conductors.
w.

46.Define a neutral plane.

It is a plane where electric field intensity and potential is zero.
ww

47.Define proximity effect.

The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current flowing in a
neighbouring conductor gives rise to a circulating current which cause an apparent increase in
the resistance of the conductor .This phenomenon is called as proximity effect.

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

48.What is the effect of proximity effect?

It results in the non uniform distribution of current in the cross section, and the increase
of resistance.

49.What is a composite conductor?

A conductor which operates at high voltages and composed of 2 or more subconductors
and run electrically in parallel are called composite conductors.

n
50.What is a bundle conductor?
It is a conductor made up of 2 or more sub conductors and is used as one phase

g.i
conductors.

51.Mention the advantages of using bundled conductors.

rin
Reduced reactance, reduced voltage gradient , reduced corona loss .reduced interference

52.What is meant by transposition of line conductors?

ee
Transposition means changing the positions of the three phases on the line supports twice
over the total length of the line .the line conductors in practice ,are so transposed that each of the
gin
three possible arrangements of conductors exit for one-third of the total length of the line .

53.Define bundled conductors?

The use of more than one conductor per phase is called bundled conductors.
En

54.What is skin effect?

The phenomenon of concentration of an ac current near the surface of the conductor is
arn

known as skin effect.

55.On what factors does the skin effect depends?

The skin effect depends upon the 1, type of the material 2, frequency of the current 3,
Le

diameter of conductor& shape of conductor. It increases with the increase of cross-section,

permeability and supply frequency.
w.

56.Define voltage regulation.

ww

Voltage regulation is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving (or load) end when
the full-load is thrown off, the sending-end (or supply) voltage and supply frequency remaining
unchanged ..
% voltage regulation= ((Vs-Vr)/Vr)*100
where Vs is the voltage at the sending end
Vr is the receiving end voltage.

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

57.Define proximity effect.

The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current flowing in a
neighbouring conductor gives rise to a circulating current which cause an apparent increase in
the resistance of the conductor .This phenomenon is called as proximity effect.

58.Define transmission efficiency.

Efficiency defined as the ratio of power delivered at the receiving end to the power sent

n
from the sending end .

g.i
59.Define Ferranti effect .
The phenomenon of rise in voltage at the receiving end of the open circuited or lightly

rin
loaded line is called the Ferranti effect .

60.What are the units of ABCD (generalised) constants of a transmission line ?

A and D are dimensionless B is in ohms and C is in Siemens (mhos)
ee
61.Mention the range of surge impedance in underground cables .
gin
40-60 ohms

62.Mention the range of surge impedance in overhead transmission lines .

400-600 ohms
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Unit
63.What is corona?
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an
overhead line is called corona.

64.Mention the factors affecting corona.

Atmosphere, conductor size, spacing between conductors and line voltage.

65.Define critical disruptive voltage.

It is defined as the minimum phase voltage at which corona occurs.

n
66.Define visual critical voltage.

g.i
It is the minimum phase voltage at which corona appears all along the line conductors.

67.State any two merits of corona.

rin
Reduces the effects of transients produced by surges .System performance is improved.

68.Give the two demerits of corona.

ee
The transmission efficiency is affected. Corrosion occurs.

69.Mention the methods of reducing corona effect.

gin
By increasing the conductor size and conductor spacing.

70.Why ACSR conductors are used in lines?

En

If the size of the conductor is larger corona effects are reduced and reduces the proximity
effect .Hence they are used in lines.

71.Define medium lines.

arn

Lines having length between 60 and 150 km and line voltages between 20 and 100kv are
called medium lines.
Le

72.Define short lines.

Lines having lengths below 60km and voltages below 20kv are called short lines.
w.

73.Explain the term voltage stability.

The ability of the system to maintain the voltage level within its acceptable limits is
called as voltage stability.
ww

74.Differentiate between voltage stability and rotor angle stability.

Voltage stability: -It means load stability. -It is mainly related to reactive power transfer.
-Here problems arise mainly in the event of faults.
Rotor angle stability: -It means basically generator stability. -It is mainly interlinked to
real power transfer. -Here problems arise during and after faults.

75.What is shunt compensation ?

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Shunt compensation is the use of shunt capacitors and shunt reactors is the line to avoid
voltage instability.

76.Define a synchronous compensator (condenser)?

Synchronous compensator is a synchronous motor with no mechanical output .When it is
under exited it operates at lagging p.f (ie it delivers vars ) .Thus it operates both as a shunt
capacitor and as a shunt reactor .

77.Mention any two advantages of series compensation

improves system stability .
are generally self regulatory and requires little or no control equipment

n
78. State any two comparisons between series compensation and shunt compensation.

g.i
Series compensation is cheaper than SVS .
Losses are lower than in SVS .

rin
79. Why series compensation is used in long series ?
to increase transmission capacity
to improve system stability .
ee
to obtain correct load division between parallel circuits .
gin
80.Mention any two advantages of SVS .(Static Var System )

Provides fast control over temporary over voltages. Provides a better control of voltage
En

profile .

81.Mention the components used in series compensation ?

Series capacitors Spark gap protection Metal oxide resistor (for protection ) Current
arn

limiting reactor Bypass switch Control & protection equipment .

82.Mention the components used in static var compensator .

Saturated reactor Thyristor controlled reactor –fired capacitor (TCR –FC )
Le

Thyristor switched capacitor – thyristor controlled reactor (TSC –TCR )

Harmonic filters.
w.

83.Give any two reasons to minimize the reactive power transfer in lines .
leads to voltage stability.
ww

results in greater real and reactive losses

84.List the four parameters by which the performance of transmission lines are governed.
Series resistance Series inductance Series capacitance Series conductance.

85.Define Ferranti effect .

Under no load or lightly loaded conditions ,the capacitance associated with the line
generates more reactive power than the reactive power which is absorbed & hence thevoltage at
the receiving end is found to be greater than at the sending end . This is called as Ferranti effect
.ie Vr>Vs .

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Unit

129. Define sag of a line.

The difference in level between the points of supports and the lowest point of the
conductor is called as sag.

130.Mention the factors that affect sag in the transmission line.

Weight of the conductor, length of the span , working tensile strength and the
temperature.

n
131. What is the reason for the sag in the transmission line?

g.i
While erecting the line , if the conductors are stretched too much between supports then
there prevails an excessive tension on the line which may break the conductor. In order to have
safe tension in the conductor a sag in the line is allowed.

rin
132. How the capacitance effect is taken into account in a long line?
They have sufficient length and operate at voltage higher than 100 kv the effects of
ee
capacitance cannot be neglected. Therefore in order to obtain reasonable accuracy in long lines ,
the capacitance effects are taken.
gin
137. Mention the limitations of nominal T and pi methods in the line problems.
Generally the capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line. But
for easy calculations the capacitance is concentrated at one or two points .Due to these effects
En

there are error in the calculations.

138. What are limitations of end condenser method.

arn

There is considerable error in calculations because the distributed capacitance has been
assumed to be lumped or concentrated. This method over estimates the effects of the line
capacitance.
Le

139. What is end condenser method?

It is a method used for obtaining the performance calculations of medium lines. Here the
capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving end.
w.

140. What is power circle diagram?

It is a diagram drawm for the transmission lines network involving the generalized circuit
ww

constants and the sending end and receiving end voltage.

141. What are the voltage regulating equipments used in transmission system?
Synchronous motors, tap changing transformers , series and shunt capacitors booster
transformers , compound generators and induction regulator.

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

142.Mention the methods used for voltage control of lines

Tap changing auto- transformer, booster transformer , excitation control and induction
regulator.

143.What is sending end power circle diagram?

The circle drawn with sending end true and reactive power as the horizontal and vertical
co-ordinates are called sending end power circle diagram.
144.What is receiving end power circle diagram?

n
The circle drawn with receiving end values are called receiving end power circle diagram

g.i
145.Mention 2 significance of neutral grounding
the system voltage during the earth fault depends on neutral earthing.

rin
is provided for the protection against arcing grounds , unbalanced voltages with respect to
earth, protection from lightning.
146. What is neutral grounding.
ee
Connecting the neutral or star point of any electrical equipment(generator ,transformer
etc) to earth.
gin
147. Define resonant frequency
is a reactance earthing with selected value of reactance to match with the line to ground
capacitance.
En

is earthing through a reactance of such a value that power frequency current in neutral to
ground connection is almost opposite to the power frequency capacitive current between
un faulted line to earth.
arn

148. Mention 2 disadvantages of ungrounded neutral occurrence of insulation breakdown

leading to the heavy phase to phase fault condition.
system cannot be protected from earth fault.
voltages due to lightning surges do not find path to earth.
Le

149. Mention two advantages of neutral grounding.

arcing grounds are eliminated.
w.

voltages of healthy phases with respect to earth do not increase to 3^0.5 times with
normal values.
ww

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

150. Name the various types of grounding.

solid grounding
resistance grounding
reactance grounding
resonant grounding

151. Define screening coefficient.

Screening coefficient for ‘n’ electrodes in parallel is = (resistance of one
electrode)/(resistance of n electrodes in parallel * n) substation

n
g.i
152.What is a substation.
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic ( eg: voltage , A.C to D.C
frequency power factor etc) of electric supply is called a substation.

rin
153.Mention any two layouts of laying out a substation.
location should be at the center of the load should provide safe and reliable arrangement .

154.How substations are classified . ee

-according to service requirement constructional feature.
gin
155. State the various types of substation according to its service requirements.
transformer substation
switching substation
En

power factor correction substation

frequency changer substation
converting substation
arn

industrial substation

156.List the types of substations classified according to its construction.

Le

indoor substation
outdoor substation pole mounted substation
w.
ww

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

 EE 6402 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

157.Mention any two comparisons between indoor and outdoor substations.

INDOOR: -space required and clearances between the conductors are less. -time required
for erection and possibility of faults are more.
OUTDOOR: -space required and clearances between conductors are more. -time required
for erection and possibility of faults are less.

158.List the various substation equipments.

Transformer , busbars , insulators , isolators , circuit breaker , relays , lightening arresters.

n
g.i
159.Define step potential.
It is the voltage between the feet of a person standing on the floor of the substation with
0.5m spacing between two feet during the flow of earth fault current through the earthing system.

rin
160.Define touch potential.
It is the voltage between the fingers of raised hand touching the faulted structure and the
feet of the person standing on the substation floor. the person should not get shocked even if the
ee
earth structure is carrying faulted current .i.e touch potential should be very very low.
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in