A PROJECT REPORT

ON

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION PANEL

Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for award of the
Degree of

DIPLOMA
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
BHADELIYA MAYUR M. (216190309004)
VANPARIYA KEVIN N. (216190309012)
JAVIYA PRIT G. (216190309014)
VADHER RAJDEEP N. (216190309015)
KORIYA SHIVAM D. (216190309022)
KADACHHA KARAN M. (216190309030)
RATHOD HIREN R. (216190309061)
MAHIDA AMIT G. (226198309006)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. R.R. KORIYA Prof. K.K. MEHTA

SUBMITTED TO

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JUNAGADH

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled “DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION PANEL”

which is being submitted by (1)BHADELIYA MAYUR, (2)VANPARIYA
KEVIN,(3)JAVIYA PRIT,(4)VADHER RAJDEEP, (5)KORIYA SHIVAM, (6)
KADACHHA KARAN, (7) RATHOD HIREN, (8) MAHIDA AMIT fulfillment for the
requirement for the award of the Diploma Electrical Engineering of Gujarat Technological
University. They have worked under the guidance of Prof. RAJESH KORIYA and Prof.
KEYUR MEHTA has fulfilled the requirement for the submission of the project.
The matter presented in this dissertation has not been submitted by me anywhere for
the award of any other institute.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct true to the best
of our knowledge.
Date: -
Prof: R. R. KORIYA: -
Prof: K. K. MEHTA: -

The Diploma Electrical Engineering viva-voice examination of

(………………………………….) has been hold …………………….

Supervisor Co-supervisor Head of department External Examiner

R.R. KORIYA K.K. MEHTA V.C. JAGANI

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 INDEX

TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................05
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................06
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................07

CHAPTER-2
PROJECT COMPONENTS
2.1 Contactor…….………………………………………………………….08
2.2 Ammeter…………………………………..……………………….........08
2.3 Transformer…………………………………………………………..…09
2.4 Current Transformer.……………………………....................................10
2.5 Rheostat………………………………………………………………… 11
2.6 Differential Relay……….……………………………..………….....…..12
2.7 Buzzer…………………………….………………………………..…….12
2.8 Indicator……………………………...…………………………..………13
2.9 Switch……………………………….…………………………………...14
2.10 Component List and Rating……………………………………….........15
CHAPTER-3
3.1 Panel diagram………………………………………………………… ...16
3.2 Circuit diagram…………………………………………………………..17
3.3 Control circuit diagram…………………………………………………..19
3.4 Simulation setup for differential protection of transformer ………….....20

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 CHAPTER-4
4.1 Advantages………………….…………………………………………..21
4.2 Application……………………………………………………………...21
CHAPTER-5
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………22
REFERANCE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• This has been the light of the day due to invaluable contribution of certain individuals
whose constant guidance, support and encouragement resulted in the realization of our
project.
• We are grateful to our guide Lect. R.R. KORIYA and K.K. MEHTA for providing us the
necessary help and encouragement whenever we needed, which has resulted in the
success of our project.
• We take this opportunity to thank Lect. V.C. JAGANI Principal of govt. polytechnic
Junagadh, for providing a healthy environment in the college, which helped us in
concentrating on our task.
• We would also like to thank all the staff members of our department, without whose
constructive suggestions and valuable advice, the simple idea which had borne by us,
would not have been able to blossom forth to give such a beautiful bloom.
• Last but not the least; we are grateful to all over friends and our parents for their direct or
indirect constant moral support throughout the course of this project.

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 ABSTRACT

• In electrical department we are studying in 5th semester. In current semester, we are

studying Switchgear & Protection subject. The SGP lab was developed by our senior
students in project work.
• In this lab, differential protection panel is required to perform experiment.
• As per guidance of our guides, we have selected this project because of its
requirement in SGP lab.

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

• Differential protection schemes are mainly used for protection against phase-to-phase
fault and phase to earth faults. The differential protection used for power transformers is
based on Merz-Prize circulating current principle. Such types of protection are generally
used for transformers of rating exceeding 2 MVA.

• The differential protection scheme is based on Kirchhoff's current law, that is, the sum of
all the incoming and outgoing currents is equal to zero. Since the transformer is a high
efficiency device, a differential scheme can be designed to protect the entire transformer.
• Thus, if the CTs on either side are properly chosen, the difference in current will be
almost zero. The CTs on either side are collected to form a circulating current system.
Figure in next slide shows the basic single line diagram to illustrate the principle of
transformer differential protection.

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 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENTS
2.1 CONTACTOR:-

• We can use contactor as a circuit breaker. A contactor is an electrical device that is

widely used for switching circuits on and off. As such, electrical contactors form a
subcategory of electromagnetic switches known as relays. A relay is an electrically
operated switching device that uses an electromagnetic coil to open and close a set of
contacts.

• In this project at the time of fault of the transformer, the circuit breaker will operate on
receiving the signal through the relay and its contact will be released. In normal
condition, the contact will remain closed.

2.2 AMMETER:-

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 • In this project ammeter is used to measure the current. To measure the current coming
from the supply, an ammeter is placed towards the supply and also towards the load. By
which it will show how much the fault current increases.

• An ammeter is also placed in series with the relay coil which will show how much current
is drawn from the relay coil.

2.3 TRANSFORMER:-

• A transformer works on the principles of "electromagnetic induction" as a mutual

induction. Mutual induction is the process by which a coil of wire magnetically induces a
voltage in another closely located coil.
• For this project we have used 230/230V transformer which is 1-phase. Since this
transformer is available in our laboratory, we have used this transformer.

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2.4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:-

• A current transformer is designed to maintain an accurate ratio between the currents in its
primary and secondary circuits over a defined range. The alternating current in the primary
produces an alternating magnetic field in the core, which then induces an alternating
current in the secondary.
• Here we have kept the transformer 230/230 V so the CT has also kept the same rating. Its
rating is 10/5 A.

• The CT is connected in such a way that it gives the difference of incoming and outgoing
current to the relay coil.

• As shown in the circuit diagram.

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2.5 RHEOSTAT:-

• Rheostat's working principle is based on Ohm's law. From Ohm's law, we can understand
that resistance is inversely proportional to the electric current, which means that if
resistance is increased then the current decreases and vice-versa.
• Here we have used a rheostat to generate a fault.
• The panel is to be used for practical purposes, so if there is a fault in the transformer, the
transformer will be damaged. A rheostat is used here to create such a condition.

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2.6 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:-

• The primary function of a differential relay is to monitor the difference between incoming
and outgoing currents in a protected system or equipment. Under normal operating
conditions, the incoming and outgoing currents are balanced, and the difference is
negligible
• We use differential relay for differential protection.Which will operate due to the
difference from the CT and will send a signal to the circuit breaker.

2.7 BUZZER:-

• By oscillating the signal through the coil, the buzzer produces a fluctuating magnetic field,
which vibrates the disk. This movement makes the buzzer sound.
• Buzzer is used to indicate the fault by its sound when a fault occurs.

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2.8 INDICATOR:-

• The principle behind the function of an indicator is that it reacts with water to form the
hydrogen cation H+ or hydronium ion H3O+. The reaction changes the color of the
indicator molecule. Some indicators change from one color to another, while others
change between colored and colorless states.

• Indicator is used to indicate normal condition and faulty condition.

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2.9 TOGGLE SWITCH:-

• Electrical contacts inside the switch join the two terminals together. The connections link
when you turn on the switch. As the switch is turned off, these contacts break. The current
is controlled by the position in which the switch is located.
• In this project switch is used for faulting.
• When the switch is open then there will be normal condition and when the switch is closed
then there will be faulty condition.

• A show in the fault condition and normal condition circuit diagram.

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2.10 COMPONENT LIST AND RATING:-

SR. COMPONENT TOTAL

RATING NOS. AMOUNT
NO. NAME AMOUNT

Current
1 10/5A 2 500 1000
Transformer

2 Contactor 3 pole, 16A 1 1125 1125

3 Ammeter 0-10A 3 1015 3045

4 Voltmeter 0-230V 1 1050 1050

5 MCB 2 pole, 16A 1 650 650

6 Reset switch 6A 1 40 40
7 Toggle switch 10A 1 100 100

8 Indicator (green) 230V, 15A 1 60 60

Indicator (red)
9 230V, 20A 1 250 250
with Buzzer

10 Table 2×4 feet 1 2000 2000

11 Hylam sheet 2×4 feet 1 1700 1700
12 Acrylic sheet 2×4 feet 1 225 225
13 Nut-bolt - 25 5 125
14 Lug 2.5mm2 45 6 270
15 Radium work - - 1400 1400
16 Extra - - - 1960

TOTAL 15000

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 CHAPTER-3

3.1 PANEL DIAGRAM:-

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4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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 WORKING THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

 Differential protection operates on the principle that the current entering a system should
equal the current leaving it, assuming no loss. In a transformer, this means that the sum of currents
entering and leaving the windings should ideally be zero under normal conditions. CTs are used to
sense the current flowing through the transformer windings. Typically, one CT is installed on each
phase of the primary and secondary windings. The currents measured by the CTs are summed up
(or differenced, depending on the configuration) to determine the differential current. This
differential current should ideally be zero under normal operating conditions (i.e., when there is no
fault). A differential relay receives the differential current signal. Its job is to compare the
measured differential current with a pre-set threshold. If the differential current exceeds this
threshold, the relay will operate to trip the circuit breaker connected to the transformer, indicating
that a fault has occurred. When a fault such as a short circuit occurs within the transformer
windings, the currents on the primary and secondary sides no longer match. This mismatch causes
the differential current to rise above the threshold set on the relay, thereby initiating the protection
action.

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3.3 CONTROL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

 When a fault occurs, the contact No.1 and 2 of the relay which are of NO
type closes and with it the contactor NO also closes. Thus the circuit breaker
or contactor opens so that the supply to the load is stopped.
 Now when the fault is cleared after pressing the Reset (NC) button of the
contactor, the main contact of the contactor is closed and the supply to the
transformer is turned on.
 As long as there is a fault, the relay will send a trip signal and the contactor
will open.

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3.4 SIMULATION SET UP FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF
TRANSFORMER:-

 NORMAL CONDITION

 FAULTY CONDITION

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 CHAPETR-5

5.1 ADVANTAGES:-

• It is fast and selective, since it only responds to faults within the transformer and does not
depend on the fault location, type, or impedance.

5.2 APPLICATION:-

Differential protection system is used in the following applications.

• Protection of the generator.

• Protection of transformer.
• Protection of feeder (transmission line) by pilot wire differential protection.
• Protection of transmission line by phase comparison carrier current protection.
• Protection of large motor.
• Bus-zone protection.

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 CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION:-

 The differential protection for transformers is that it’s a highly effective method for
detecting internal faults quickly and accurately. By comparing the currents entering and
leaving the transformer, any imbalance indicates a fault, allowing for rapid shutdown to
prevent further damage. This method offers superior sensitivity and selectivity, ensuring
the safety and reliability of the transformer and the electrical system it serves.
.

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 REFERENCE

• Protection And Switchgear by Mr. Bhavesh Bhalja & Others

• Power System Protection And Switchgear by Mr. B. A. Oza & Others
• Switchgear And Protection by Mr. R. P. Ajavaliya
• https://youtu.be/dPAlWw4lSww?si=XuktiVhlEX2RNm6r
• https://youtu.be/Emb-E8-LTe0?si=2FwoLA0pu0Q1qOZH

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