English for Academic and

Professional Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Identifying and Analyzing
Arguments
English for Academic and Professional Purposes – Senior High School
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Identifying and Analyzing Arguments
First Edition, 2020

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English for Academic
and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Analyzing and Identifying
Arguments
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded
of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,

do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies.
You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn
As human beings, God gave us the gift of reasoning that is why we are
placed in the highest order of the animal kingdom because we know how to
rationalize. Hence, this module will define what an argument is and explain
why you need one in most of your academic essays. You shall also be
analyzing the type of argument used in various manifestos.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

 analyze and identify the types of arguments used in different manifestos

CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIa-d-3;
 justify whether a manifesto has an argument by identifying the premise
and the conclusion; and
 express learning in an essay form based on the rubric given regarding
the argument of Patricia Evangelista on Filipino’s diaspora or migration.

Let Us Try
Activity 1 My Hindsight

Let us recall what you already know about this subject.

Direction: Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your corresponding answer to

a separate sheet.

1. An argument, for the purposes of logic, is made up of a set of

statements that supports another statement.
a. True
b. False
2. An inference is a guess based on the given details.
a. True
b. False
3. The premises in a fallacious argument are related to the conclusion.
a. True
b. False
4. Fighting is one of the components of arguments.
a. True
b. False
5. A good argument is structured with a series of responses of doubts.
a. True
b. False
6. An argument, in logic, is a battle of words.

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 a. True
b. False
7. Deductive argument discusses the actual but not the general truth of
the premises.
a. True
b. False
8. The premises of an argument are supposed to provide evidence for the
conclusion.
a. True
b. False
9. The premises of a valid argument must be true.
a. True
b. False
10. Logic is an empirical science in establishing an argument.
a. True
b. False
11. An argument becomes weak when the premise does not support it
fully.
a. True
b. False
12. Through arguments, we can make people feel or act a certain way.
a. True
b. False
13. All manifestos express an argument.
a. True
b. False
14. A deductive argument is based on a universal premise.
a. True
b. False
15. An inductive argument is based on a most-likely-to-happen premise.
a. True
b. false

Let Us Study
Activity 2: Agree or Disagree

Directions: Ponder on the issues below and say whether you agree or
disagree. Ask one family member to give their reason/s for agreeing or
disagreeing on the topics. Using the Venn Diagram, compare and contrast
your family’s (left) and your reasons (right) for your answer. If you and a

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family member have similar answers place it in the middle. Use a separate
sheet for your answers.

1. Studies first before love life.

2. Social media usage should be controlled.

Venn Diagram

Your Similar Family’s

Opinion Opinion Opinion

Let’s answer
● Where did you base your reason/s?
● Do you need to give strong reasons for those questions? Why?

Let’s review and learn some helpful terms

In order for you to analyze arguments, you need to understand some

helpful terms.

What is a Manifesto?

A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, beliefs,

motives, or views of someone, be it an individual, group, political party, or
government. It is usually political (for election purposes) or artistic in nature.
However, there are also other types of manifestos that may or may not
contain an argument like:

— Creeds (religious beliefs)

— Educational manifestos
— Scientific and technological manifestos
— Professional manifestos (pertaining to an individual or organization)
__ Personal manifestos

Can you tell the type of manifestos used in the samples?

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Sofia Gabriel

I believe that creating a cohesive, vibrant community that unites both

the young and the old is important to nurturing the growth of individuals. I
believe that community artworks are the anchors of this community,
creating and maintaining this sense of community. Therefore, I believe
that works of art, visual and otherwise, should be created and supported
by members of a community as important reminders and symbols of a
cohesive community.

https://www.swarthmore.edu/arts-social-change/sample-manifestos-
swarthmore-students

Yes, it is an artistic manifesto (individual sample). Next,

Katie Sipiora
I believe that every child has potential. Regardless of race,
socioeconomic class, or IQ, every child has the ability to contribute to our
world. It can be intellectual-- the next brilliant math or physics theorem,
the next great poem of our time-- it can be athletic-- representing fair play
and competition-- it can be artistic-- a song, a dance, a play. Every child
has potential. No child is confined by where they live, who their parents are,
what society expects of them. Every child can contribute something
beautiful to our world. It can be a smile, a laugh, one good thought. That is
all it takes to change someone's life. (Sample Manifestos by Swarthmore
Students)
https://www.swarthmore.edu/arts-social-change/sample-manifestos-
swarthmore-students

Yes, it is an educational manifesto with an argument shown in italics.

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 Lona Williams
My goal is to restore full services at our local hospital and create
free parking for visitors. I will make sure to provide better care for the
elderly and the most vulnerable in our town. I shall strive to create jobs
in Westwend by lowering taxes and red tape. Together we will help
families overcome the high cost of living by tackling job insecurity and
extending free childcare for working parents.
I will fight for our services and to keep our streets safe. I will
support our rural communities and local businesses. My priority is you.

Yes, it is a political manifesto but with no argument.

Key Points

What is an argument?

You may wonder why you need to know about the word “argument”
much more you do not have to write it in your assignment for it to be an
important part of your task. The kind of argument we are talking about here
is not what we often used in everyday language which refers to a heated
dispute, a quarrel, a shouting match to see who wins or not in making a
point.
In academic writing, you can never establish a point without an
argument. In fact, making an argument—expressing a point of view on a
subject and supporting it with evidence—is the aim of academic writing. It is
a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of letting others believe with
you that an action or an idea is right or wrong backed up with evidence to
support it. It has premises and a conclusion (claim).

Example:

1) “The internet is a good invention because 2) it is a source of endless

information and 3) a hub of entertainment.”
Conclusion: 1
Premise: 2, 3

2) Research has shown that people who do at least 30 minutes a day of

vigorous exercise reduce their risk of heart disease and some forms of
cancer.

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3) It would be wise for you to begin a daily program of exercise.
Conclusion: 2
Premise: 1

What is a premise then? It is a proposition statement in an argument that

rationalizes or supports the conclusion by providing some evidence.

Example: “All mammals are warm-blooded [major premise]; whales are

mammals [minor premise]; therefore, whales are warm-blooded
[conclusion]."

Example: Nonrenewable resources do not exist in infinite supply. [premise 1]

Coal is a nonrenewable resource. [premise 2] Coal does not exist in infinite
supply. [conclusion]

Let’s look into the terms as a whole

Say for example a cover letter. A cover letter is your chance to

persuade someone that they should hire you — it’s a kind of argument that
people in almost all lines of work have to master.

Thesis: You should hire me. (Claim or conclusion)

Expected doubt: We need someone with graphic arts skills, which most
people don’t have (inference)
Premise: I studied graphic arts in college. (proof for claim)
Expected doubt: OK, but studying something in college doesn’t mean you
can apply it.
Premise: I also did an illustrator internship during the summer. (proof for
claim)
In the cover letter, each paragraph covers out one of the supporting
claims, providing further support and detail. In the end, if you have
correctly anticipated your reader’s doubts, you will persuade them that
you are the best person for the job.

Types of Arguments

Deductive

For a deductive argument, you start with a premise that is assumed to

be true or correct and there is no more logical reason than a true premise.

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 For example, you assume that God exists, and He is kind, and then
determine what would logically follow from such an assumption. You can
begin by assuming that if you think of it, then it must exist.

With deduction, you can provide absolute proof of your conclusions,

given that your premises are correct. However, remember that the premises
themselves remain unproven and disprovable.

Examples:

 All men are mortal. Ronald is a man. Therefore, Ronald is mortal.

*The first two statements are true and the conclusion must be true.
 Bachelors are unmarried men. Billy is not married. Therefore, Billy is a
bachelor.
 To hold a Bachelor’s degree at Mindanao State University, a student
must earn 120 credits. Lily has more than 130 credits. Therefore, Lily
has a bachelor’s degree.

Inductive
This type of inferences doesn’t have to be true but probably are. This
is most likely the useful and practical argument we can use.

Examples:

● It usually takes me an hour to get to work, so if I leave at 8:00 I’ll

probably get there by 9.
● My best friend advised me not to skip class, and her advice is usually
good, so I’ll follow it.
● True education makes us behave in the most acceptable manner. If
your ways are objectible, you’re not truly educated.

Let us Practice

Activity 3 To Argue or Not To Argue

Directions: Identify the type of manifesto, the type of argument and check if
they pose an argument or not. Write YES if it has an argument and NO if it
has not. If you answer YES, identify the conclusion and premise/s? A
sample is done for you.

Sample answer:

(1) We must resist all efforts to allow the government to censor

entertainment. (2) Freedom of speech and expressions are essential to a

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democratic form of government. (3) As soon as we allow some censorship, it
won't be long before censorship will be used to silence the opinions critical
of the government. (4) The next thing we know, we will have no more
freedom than the Germans did under Hitler.

Answer: YES
Type of manifesto: Professional manifesto
Type of argument: Deductive argument
Conclusion: (2)
Premises: (1), (3), (4)

Start here:

1. Michael Schechter

(1) “Reflective writing may help students become better thinkers. (2) It
helps students realize that ideas are meant to be shared, tackled and
debated. (3) Bob and Jay found that students who did weekly reflective
journal writing about their course content for a semester could already
analyze course concepts at a deeper level than those who didn’t.
Stepcase Lifehack’s newest contributor

2. Chel Diokno

(1) “If given a chance to make it to the senate, I will make laws that
will improve and speed up the justice system of our country. For me, (2)
lack of transparency is one of the reasons why justice is delayed and
denied. (3) Under the current system, it is very hard to secure SALNs to
investigate justices.”

3. BDO

(1) We find ways.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 4 More is exciting!

Directions: Read President Rodrigo Duterte’s manifesto. What is the

argument posed and on what premise is it based? Is it an inductive or a
deductive argument?

"Life in the universe won't really last that long. But the universe itself
is forever. And we are always a part of that universe. You know,
recycled tayong lahat e. When you die, and you become an atom particle,
then you are thrown away back to the wind."

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 Let Us Remember
Put in mind that when analyzing an argument, you need to check the
premise. If it assumes a true or correct claim, it uses a deductive
argument where the premise can be supported with a logical reason or
concrete evidence.
On the other hand, if a premise can somehow be true to you at times
but not all the times, then an inductive argument is used. This is mostly
true to our experience but not generally assumed by the world.

Let Us Assess

Activity 5 Check Your Understanding

Directions: Read the following manifestos. Decide if each of the following

passages is an argument or not. If the passage is not an argument, explain
why, and go to the next item. If it is an argument, indicate the conclusion,
premise(s), and its type. Simply cite the number to indicate conclusion and
premise/s.

Sample answer:

The Philippines should be given priority for the Corona Virus Disease
(COVID) vaccine due to the increasing number of cases each day.

Answer: Inductive Argument

Conclusion: The Philippines should be given priority for the Corona Virus
Disease (COVID) vaccine
Premise: Due to the increasing number of cases each day

1. Standing up for Education.

(1) This manifesto is an attempt to indicate what it means to speak
educationally for education. (2) We need to stand up for education. We need
to protect it [3) in order to respond to attacks and challenges that aim to tie
education either to ‘what is’ or to ‘what is not’, either to a present that is
already fully known or to a future that is already fully determined but
always deferred.

2. My Creed.
(1)“I must take my journey with its highs and lows, joys and sorrows,
love and hate, little procrastination and more hardwork, and faith and
distrust (2)because it is then that when I face my maker I went through it all
and I conquer the evil with good and be confident that He shall say, job well
done!”

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3. A Manifesto for Slow Science
In this bold new book, (1) distinguished philosopher Isabelle Stengers
shows that research is deeply interconnected with broader social interests,
which means that (2) science cannot speedily race in isolation but must
learn instead to slow down. (3) Stengers offers a path to an alternative
science, arguing that researchers should stop seeing themselves as the
'thinking, rational brain of humanity' and refuse to allow their expertise to
be used to shut down the concerns of the public, or to spread the belief that
scientific progress is inevitable and will resolve all of society's problems. (4)
Rather, science must engage openly and honestly with an intelligent
public and be clear about the kind of knowledge it is capable of producing.

4. Spiderman
“With great power comes great responsibility.”

5. Manifesto for the future of work and organizational psychology.

“We have responsibilities towards individuals: As work and
organizational psychologists, we must keep the wellbeing of individuals at
heart when doing our research and place it central in our research
questions, above and beyond business interests.”

Let Us Enhance
Activity 6 Coming Home

Directions: Read the speech of Patricia Evangelista on “Blonde & Blue-

Eyed.” After you have skimmed through the essay once, reread it more
closely highlighting the following elements:

a. Yellow: Claims (general)

b. Green: Evidence/Subclaims
c. Red: Arguments or counterclaims

A Borderless World

WHEN I was little, I wanted what many Filipino children all over the
country wanted. I wanted to be blond, blue-eyed and white.

I thought — if I just wished hard enough and was good enough, I’d
wake up on Christmas morning with snow outside my window and freckles
across my nose!

There are those who disapprove of Filipinos who choose to leave. I

used to. Maybe this is a natural reaction of someone who was left behind,

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smiling for family pictures that get emptier with each succeeding year.
Desertion, I called it. My country is a land that has perpetually fought for
the freedom to be itself. Our heroes offered their lives in the struggle against
the Spanish, the Japanese, and the Americans. To pack up and deny that
identity is tantamount to spitting on that sacrifice.

Or is it? I don’t think so. Not anymore.

True, there is no denying this phenomenon, aided by the fact that

what was once the other side of the world is now a 12-hour plane ride away.
But this is a borderless world, where no individual can claim to be purely
from where he is now. My mother is of Chinese descent, my father is a
quarter Spanish, and I call myself a pure Filipino — a hybrid of sorts
resulting from a combination of cultures.

A borderless world presents a bigger opportunity, yet one that is not

so much abandonment but an extension of identity. Even as we take, we
give back. We are the 40,000 skilled nurses who support the United
Kingdom’s National Health Service. We are the quarter-of-a-million seafarers
manning most of the world’s commercial ships. We are your software
engineers in Ireland, your construction workers in the Middle East, your
doctors and caregivers in North America, and, your musical artists in
London’s West End.

Nationalism isn’t bound by time or place. People from other nations

migrate to create new nations, yet still remain essentially who they are.
British society is itself an example of a multi-cultural nation, a melting pot
of races, religions, arts and cultures. We are, indeed, in a borderless world!

Leaving sometimes isn’t a matter of choice. It’s coming back that is.
The Hobbits of the shire traveled all over Middle-Earth, but they chose to
come home, richer in every sense of the word.

In a few years, I may take advantage of whatever opportunities that

come my way. But I will come home. A borderless world doesn’t preclude the
idea of a home. I’m a Filipino, and I’ll always be one. It isn’t about
geography; it isn’t about boundaries. It’s about giving back to the country
that shaped me.

And that’s going to be more important to me than seeing snow outside

my window on a bright Christmas morning.

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 Let Us Reflect

Activity 6: What Have I become?

In a sentence or a paragraph, reflect on the learning that you have
gained after taking up this lesson by completing the given chart. Use either
type of argument learned in stating your answer.

1. Analyzing Types of Argument

2. “A Borderless World” by Patricia Evangelista (Refer to the text above.)

What were your misconceptions about What new additional

this topic before taking up this information have you gained in
lesson? terms of skills, content, and
attitude?

1. Ex. I thought an argument is to fight 1. Ex. I learned that to establish an

because most people when they argue they argument I need a premise that
exchange harsh words but no, argument is holds some truth. I must not simply
proving a point with evidence. pose a baseless argument.

Rubric for Reflective Essay

5 4 3 2 Weight Total
Argument The The The There is no
argument argument argument argument
is strong is good is vague
Organization The The output The output The output
output is is lacks has no
organized organized uniformity uniformity
with clear with and and
supportin comprehen supporting unclear
g details. sible details supporting
supporting details
details
Mechanics The The output The output The output
output is has some has several needs
spotless grammatic grammatic serious
clean of al/ al/ revision.
grammati typographi typographi Proper
cal and cal errors. cal errors. output
typograph Proper Proper format is
ical output output barely
format is format is observed.
somehow somehow
observed. observed.

12
 13
Let Us Practice More Activity 4
Deductive Argument: When you die, and you become an atom
particle thrown away back to the wind
Premise: Life in the universe won't really last that long. And we are
always a part of that universe. You know, recycled tayong lahat e."
Let us Practice
Let us enhance - Activity 5
Activity 3
*Students must figure the
1. YES
answer out themselves guided
Conclusion: 1
by the teacher.
Premise: 2,3
Suggested answer: Claim:
2. YES
This is a borderless world
Conclusion: 1
Premise: My mother is of
Premise: 2,3
Chinese descent, my father is
3. NO
a quarter Spanish and I call
myself a pure hybrid-Filipino.
Let us Assess
Activity 4
1. Inductive Argument
Conclusion: 2 Premise: 3
2. Inductive Argument
Conclusion: 1 Premise: 2 Let us Try Activity 1
3. Inductive Argument
Conclusion/s: 1, 3 Premise: 2, 4 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A
4. Not an argument because there is no 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A
premise
5. Not an argument because there is no 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. A
premise 15.
Answers Key
 References

Barcelo, Vito & Araneta, Macon R. Protest Against Manila Bay Whitening.”
manilastandard.net https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/333559
(accessed September 28, 2020)

Buan, Lian. “Otso Diretso Slate Offers 8-Point Platform. Rappler.

https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/otso-diretso-slate-8-point-
platform (accessed November 4, 2020)

Dictionary of Love-to-know Media. “Short Manifesto Examples.”

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/short-manifesto-examples.html
(accessed September 27, 2020)

Evangelista, Patricia. “Blonde and Blue-Eyed.” YouTube.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjwYW2ZdY04 (accessed September 28,
2020)

First Post Research. “Explainer: What is a manifesto? How many types are
there apart from the ones containing poll promises.” Pollpedia.
https://www.firstpost.com/politics/explainer-what-is- a-manifesto-
how-many-types-of-manifestos-are-there-apart-from-the-ones-
containing-poll- promises-of-political-parties-6379431.html (accessed
November 02, 2020)
Philosophy Terms. “Argument.” https://philosophyterms.com/argument/
lifehack.org. “Twenty-one (21) Ways to Live in the Moment.”
https://www.lifehack.org/articles/communication/21-instant-ways-to-live-
in-the-moment.html21(accessed September 28, 2020)

Nordquist, Richard. “Premise Definition and Examples in Argument.” ThoughtCo.

https://www.thoughtco.com/premise-argument-
1691662#:~:text=A%20premise%20is%20a%20proposition,which%20a%20c
onclusion%20is%20drawn.&text=Merriam%2DWebster%20gives%20this%20
example,are%20warmblooded%20%5Bconclusion%5D.%22 (October 20,
2020)

Stengers, Isabelle. “Another Science is Possible: A manifesto for Slow Science.”

Wiley.
https://www.wiley.com/enus/Another+Science+is+Possible%3A+A+Manifest
o+for+Slow+Science+-p-9781509521814 (accessed November 4, 2020)

Swarthmore College. “Sample Manifestos by Swarthmore Students.” Arts and Social

Change: Swarthmore College https://www.swarthmore.edu/arts-social-
change/sample-manifestos-swarthmore-students (accessed September 27,
2020)

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665, (082) 221-6147

Email Address: lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph