MBAL work example

Material Balance
Oil Tank
1- System Option
Here the Reservoir Fluid Type is selected & the method for the Compositional Model.
1- System Option
─ Here the details of the Reservoir Fluid Type

This option uses oil as the primary fluid in the reservoir.

Oil
Any gas cap properties will be treated as dry gas.
Wet gas is handled under the assumption that all liquid
condensation occurs at the separator.
Gas (Dry
The liquid is put back into the gas as an equivalent gas
and Wet
quantity.
Gas)
The pressure drop is therefore calculated based on a
single-phase gas, unless water is present
MBAL uses the retrograde condensate Black Oil model.
Retrograde
Condensate These models consider liquid dropout in the reservoir at
different pressures and temperatures.
1- System Option
─ Here the details of the Reservoir Fluid Type

This option allows a tank to be treated as an oil leg with a gas cap
containing a condensate rather than dry gas. In other words, a tank can
be treated as an oil tank with an initial condensate gas cap or as a
condensate tank with an initial oil leg.

This means that the user can enter a full black oil description of the oil
(as would be done for the old oil case) and a full black oil description for
the gas condensate (as would be done for the old retrograde
condensate case). This allows modelling of solution gas bubbling out of
the oil in the tank, as well as liquid drop out in the tank from the gas.
General
The user may still choose to only enter one model i.e. oil or condensate.
This will give compatibility with old MBAL files.

If we have a full oil and gas model, we can calculate oil properties
above the dew point and gas properties above the bubble point. This
allows modelling of super-critical fluids.

We still need to define a tank to either be predominately oil or

condensate.
1- System Option
In our example here we will use Oil reservoir system case.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ This section to Select & Specify the Input Parameters for the Fluid
Properties from the PVT.
─ In order to accurately predict both pressure & saturation changes
throughout the reservoir, it is important that the properties of the fluid are
accurately described.
─ The ideal situation would be to have data from laboratory studies carried
out on fluid samples.
─ As this is not always possible, MBAL offers several options for calculating
the required fluid properties & to input the PVT data:
1. Correlations (fine-tuning of correlations is recommended even if
only a few data points are available)
2. Matching Correlations (good choice if no PVT data is available)
3. PVT Tables (@ constant temperature)
4. Compositional
─ Details of each options are explained in table in the next slide.
2- PVT fluid properties

• When only basic PVT data is available, the program use traditional
black oil correlations, such as Glaso, Beal, and Petrosky etc to
Correlations
estimate the fluid properties.
• A unique black oil model is available for condensates.

When both basic fluid data & some PVT laboratory measurements
Matching
data are available, the program can modify the black oil correlations to
Correlations
best-fit the measured data using a non-linear regression technique

• When detailed PVT laboratory measurements data is provided,

MBAL uses this data instead of the calculated properties.

• This data is entered in table format (PVT tables) and can be supplied
either manually or imported from an outside source.

• So called black oil tables can be generated from an EOS model and
Tables
then be imported and used in MBAL.

• Note: tables are usually generated using one fluid composition

which implies a single GOR for the fluid. This will therefore not
provide the right fluid description when we have injection of
hydrocarbons in the reservoir or when the reservoir pressure drops
below the bubble/dew point pressures.
2- PVT fluid properties

• When the full Equation of State description of the fluid is

available and all the PVT can be obtained from a Peng-Robinson or
an SRK description of the fluid phase behavior.

• Note:
Compositional
o The basic equations of state are not predictive unless matched
to measured lab data.
o Care must be taken in order to make sure that the EOS has
been matched and is applicable for the range of pressures &
temperatures to be investigated.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ To do this, from the main menu toolbar → PVT → Fluid Properties.
─ This is the screen if a Single Stage separator is selected in the Separator control.

─ NOTE: Formation GOR is the Solution GOR at the bubble point.

2- PVT fluid properties
─ Input Parameters in this case are:

This is the solution GOR at the bubble point and should not
include any free gas production.
Formation GOR
The solution GOR is given by flashing the oil at the bubble point to
standard conditions and determining the ratio of the volume of gas
and volume of oil obtained, both expressed at standard conditions

This is the gravity of the condensate obtained by flashing the total

fluid to standard conditions.
Oil Gravity
The gravity is defined as the ratio of the condensate density to the
water density, both at standard conditions

This is defined as the ratio of the density of the gas to the density
Gas gravity of the air both at standard conditions, equal to the ratio of the gas
molecular weight to the air molecular weight

Water salinity Concentration of salts in water expressed in ppm equivalent

Mole % of CO2, These represent the molar percent of the impurities in the gas
N2 and H2S stream separated at standard conditions
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Use Tables: Check the 'Use Tables' flag if the program is to use the measured PVT
data supplied in the PVT tables. Then click the 'Table' button to enter the table data.
─ In this case when detailed PVT data is provided, MBAL will use these values instead
of the correlations.
─ Disallow (uncheck) this option, if it is decided to use the (matched or un-matched)
black oil correlations instead of the PVT tables.
─ This button will be disabled if no table data has been entered.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Use Matching: Check the 'Use Matching' box if it is desired to use the matched
black oil correlations.
─ Click Match button to enter matching data and calculate matching parameters.
─ Disallow (uncheck) this option, if it is decided to use the original unmatched black oil
correlations.
─ This button will be disabled if no matching data has been calculated.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Controlled Miscibility: This option is used to control how free gas redissolves into
the oil if the pressure of the fluid increases.
─ If this option is selected, then a new box labeled “Gas remixing” will appear in the
Input Parameters section.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Below table summarizes the main function for each tab in the toolbar.

Displays a variable entry dialogue box in which measured PVT laboratory

Match data can be entered to modify the selected correlations so that they fit the
measured data

• Displays a variable entry screen in which the user can enter or import
detailed PVT laboratory data.
• This command works with the 'Use Tables' flag. When the option is
Table
checked, the program uses the measured data provided in the tables.
• If MBAL requires data not provided in the tables, it will calculate the
necessary parameters using the selected correlation.

Displays a dialogue to allow selection of a PROSPER PVT file to import into

Import
MBAL

• Displays a dialogue box where calculations on PVT parameters are

Calc performed using the current PVT model.
• This can be used to verify the consistency of the PVT data entered.
Match
Displays a dialogue to view or edit the current matching parameters
Param
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Note that, MBAL give the option to right click on the selected data entry box or table
to copy, paste, cut, clear.., etc.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ This is the screen if a Two Stage separator is selected in the Separator control.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Basic input data required by the black oil model in form of gas gravity, oil gravity and
GOR (or CGR), which are determined by flashing the fluid down to standard
conditions through separator train.
─ This train defines the "path" to standard conditions used to express the standard
volumes (rates) as is illustrated in the figure below.

GORsep: gas oil ratio = (gas volume/ oil volume) @ separator conditions
gsep: gas specific gravities @ separator conditions
GORST: gas oil ratio = (gas volume/ oil volume) @ standard conditions
gST: gas specific gravities @ standard conditions
QoilST: oil volume @ standard conditions
goilST: tank oil specific gravities @ standard conditions
Total GOR: GORtot = GORsep + GORST
2- PVT fluid properties
─ The average specific gravity is given by:

─ The oil gravity is by definition is the ratio between the density of the oil and the water
both at STD.
─ The impurities correspond to the mole % of CO2, N2 and H2S in the gas liberated in
the process shown above.
─ The formula above can be used to reduce a train of 'n' separators to an equivalent
one stage.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ Input Parameters in this case are:

This is the ratio of the volume of gas liberated at each stage to the
volume of oil at the last stage (both expressed as volumes at
GOR
standard conditions) obtained by flashing the total fluid to standard
conditions through the separator train above
• This is the gravity of the condensate obtained by flashing the total
fluid to standard conditions.
Oil Gravity
• The gravity is defined as ratio of the condensate density to the
water density, both at standard conditions
This is defined as the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of
Gas gravity the air both at standard conditions, equal to the ratio of the gas
molecular weight to the air molecular weight
Water salinity Concentration of salts in water expressed in ppm equivalent
Mole % of
These represent the molar percent of the impurities in the gas
CO2, N2 and
stream separated at standard conditions
H2S

─ All other definitions such as (use Correlations or table & the commands for Match,
Table, Match Param) are the same as explained in case of a single separator stage.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ As we mentioned earlier, MBAL offers several options for calculating the
required fluid properties & to input the PVT data:
1. Correlations (fine-tuning of correlations is recommended even if
only a few data points are available)
2. Matching Correlations (good choice if no PVT data is available)
3. PVT Tables (@ constant temperature)
4. Compositional
─ Let’s explain each option in the next slides.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ This option is used when only basic PVT data is available.
─ Then the program will use traditional black oil correlations, such as Glaso, Beal, and
Petrosky etc to estimate the fluid properties.
─ Then you to select the correlation known to best fit the fluid type.
─ Click Calc. button to use this Correlations option.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ This screen will be displayed if we selected Data Points option to be Automatic.
─ Note that the same screen below is also obtained via main toolbar → PVT →
Calculator (to do the same function) as will explained later.

In this case fluid properties are calculated for a specific range & number of steps
Enter a range of pressures & temperatures, and the number of steps to calculate.
MBAL will calculate the values of pressures & temperatures required for this range.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ This screen will be displayed if we selected Data Points option to be User Selected.

In this case fluid property values are calculated for specific pressure & temperature points
A table will appear that allows for up to 10 specific pressure & temperature points to be
entered directly.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ Let’s select the Data Points option to be Automatic.
─ Once everything is set, click Calc. button.

Select desired correlation for PVT

properties calculations from these
dropdown menus.

Check any of these two boxes will

allow the program to use all the
available correlations in the
enter a range of pressures & temperatures, calculations then the user to select
and the number of steps to calculate so the best fit known correlation for the
MBAL will calculate the values of pressures fluid.
& temperatures required for this range.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ Entering the same temperature value means that the correlation is to be used @ one
single temperature & then the calculation output results are @ this single temperature.
─ If you need to do the calculations @ different temperatures, then enter temperature
range below that contain the desired different temperatures for calculations.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ This screen is displayed then click Calc. button to start calculate the PVT properties @
the given pressures & temperatures and the selected correlation(s).

You can change the selected

correlation from this dropdown menu
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ These are the calculated PVT properties @ the given pressures & temperatures and the
selected correlation(s). Then click Plot button to show these properties graphically.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Correlations
─ This is a plot of oil FVF & gas FVF vs pressures.
─ You can change the Y-axis variables from the list below.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ This option is used when both basic fluid data & some PVT laboratory
measurements data are available, the program can modify the black oil
correlations to best-fit the measured data using a non-linear regression
technique.
─ Where additional PVT laboratory data is available, these can be used to
adjust the PVT correlations following these steps:
o Choose the 'Match' command to enter the PVT laboratory data. The
measured data & fluid data entered in the 'Fluid Properties' screen must
be consistent. Flash data must be used. The bubble point should be
entered in the match table for each temperature as well.
o Choose the 'Match' command to adjust the selected correlation with the
PVT measured data. Check the parameters & match correlations.
o Choose 'Calc' to start the non-linear regression that will modify the
correlations.
o Choose 'Results' to view the matching parameters. Identify the
correlation with the lowest correction (parameter 1) & standard
deviation and use this correlation in all further calculations of fluid
property data.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ Click Match button to use this Matching Correlations option.

Note that, MBAL give the option to right

click on the selected data entry box or
table to copy, paste, cut, clear.., etc.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ Enter the available PVT lab measurements data in this table then click Match button.

Note that, MBAL give the

option to right click on
the selected data entry
box or table to copy,
paste, cut, clear.., etc.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ Click Calc button to match the MBAL correlations with the data entered in the table
(check the standard deviation for each correlation for each parameter, lowest standard
deviation is better).

Select the suitable

correlations from
here that fit the
data the best.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ After the calculation has finished, click Match Param button.
 2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ It will display the statistical output screens that enable us to determine which
correlation best characterizes the data.
• Parameter 1 is a multiplier (ideally between 0.9 & 1.1)
• Parameter 2 is a shifter (the smaller the better)
• Standard deviation is usually a good fit indicator (lowest standard deviation
is better).

This screen is for

bubble point
pressure, solution
GOR & oil FVF
correlations.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ This screen is for oil viscosity, gas FVF & gas viscosity correlations.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ After selected the suitable correlation(s) to match with both basic fluid data & the
available PVT laboratory measurements, then click Plot button to plot the PVT
laboratory measurements data & the selected correlation(s).
─ This plot will allow to compare between the correlations to select the best fit
correlation with the PVT laboratory measurements data.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ This is the actual PVT laboratory measurements match points for Oil FVF & gas
FVF vs pressure plot.

Select plot Y-axis variables from this list

2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ This is the actual PVT laboratory measurements match points for Oil FVF & gas
FVF vs pressure plot with all the selected correlations results.

Select any correlation(s) to sgow on the plot for comparison with the actual PVT
laboratory measurements match points from this list
2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ This is the actual PVT laboratory measurements match points for the Oil FVF &
gas FVF vs pressure plot with the Glaso Correlation results. It seemed it is the best
fit correlation with the actual data.
 2- PVT fluid properties ─ Matching Correlations
─ This is the Glaso Correlation comparison with the actual PVT laboratory
measurements match points for the GOR vs pressure plot.

You can repeat this exercise for all correlations to ensure that the best fit is chosen
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ Instead of using the Correlations or the Matched Correlations, enough direct PVT
laboratory measurement data is used to fill this PVT Table.
─ Enter the data manually or choose the Import command to import the PVT data
from an external source.
─ Select the correlation known to best fit the fluid type.
─ Up to 50 input tables for different temperatures are allowed.
─ To determine the quality of the PVT calculations, return to the 'Fluid Properties'
dialogue box. and click 'Calc'. Enter a range of pressures and temperatures for
the calculation. The ranges defined should cover the range of pressures
expected. The calculations performed can be:
o Automatic: where fluid properties are calculated for a specific range and
number of steps, or.
o User defined: where fluid property values are calculated for specific pressure
and temperature points.
─ Choose Calc, to return to the calculations screen. The previous calculation results
are displayed. Choose Calc again to start a new calculation.
─ When the calculations have finished click Plot to view the calculated & measured
results.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ Remember that, entering the same temperature value in the screen below (obtained
via main toolbar → PVT → PVT properties → then click Calc button in the displayed
screen in that window (not Calc in the window below)) means that the measured lab
PVT data & the correlation are to be used @ one single temperature & then the
calculation output results are @ this single temperature.
─ If you need to add measured lab PVT data @ different temperatures and then do the
calculations @ different temperatures, then enter temperature range below that
contain the desired different temperatures for calculations.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ Click Table button to use this Table option.
─ Ensure the 'Use Tables' option is checked in the PVT data input dialogue.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ Enter the measured data in the table below @ this given single Temperature below.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ Use these tow arrows to load the other PVT lab measurements @ different
temperatures.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ This is another Table2 to load the other PVT lab measurements @ different
temperature.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ By the same way, click Plot button to check the consistency of the measured data.
2- PVT fluid properties ─ PVT Tables
─ This is a plot of the PVT lab measured data for the Oil FVF & GOR vs. pressure data
@ constant temperature that loaded to the table.
─ Select plot Y-axis variables from this list.
2- PVT ─ Calculator
─ The quality of the PVT data can be verified by selecting either:
• Calc button in the 'Fluid Properties' screen under PVT from the main tool bar as
explained before.
• Or from main tool bar → PVT → Calculator as shown below.

─ The PVT calculator may be used to generated PVT properties to be used in any other
third-party application, e. g. numerical simulator for instance.
─ Both methods will result in the same dialogue box as displayed in the next two slides.
2- PVT ─ Calculator
─ This screen will be displayed if we selected Data Points option to be Automatic.
─ Note that the same screen below is also obtained via main toolbar → PVT →
Calculator (to do the same function).

In this case, enter a range of pressures & temperatures, and

the number of steps to calculate. MBAL will calculate the
values of pressures & temperatures required for this range.
2- PVT ─ Calculator
─ This screen will be displayed if we selected Data Points option to be User Selected.

In this case, a table will appear that allows for up to 10

specific pressure & temperature points to be entered directly.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ Select Tank Data from the Input drop-down menu.
─ Fill the required data for each tab.
─ On the Tank Parameters tab, for the Original Oil In Place, just enter an approximate
value because it will be refined later in the History Matching section.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Water influx tab, select the appropriate model that is describe the aquifer and
enter the available aquifer data.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Rock Properties tab, If the compressibility measurements vs. pressure table
are available, use it or just input the rock compressibility (usually 3.6e-06).
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Pore volume vs depth tab, enter the fraction of the pore volume vs depth (pore
volume is zero @ the reservoir top & is equal to one @ the original oil water contact).
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents)
2. Lab measurement Tables
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function definition with only 4 coefficients (Smin, Smax, Krmax & nc)
─ 2 end points (Smin,0) & (Smax, Krmax)
nc
─ 1 exponent (nc)  S − S min 
Kr (S ) = Krmax  

Kr(S): relative permeability for the phase (S)  S max − S min 
Krmax: end point for phase (S)
1.0
nc: Corey Exponent
COREY
S: phase saturation 0.8 Krmax
Smin: phase residual saturation
0.6
Smax: phase maximum saturation Kr
nc=1
0.4
The effective permeability K(S) for 2
phase (S) can then be expressed as:

Smax
0.2

Smin
4
K(S) = K * Kr(S)
K: reservoir absolute permeability 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Kr(S): relative permeability for the
S
phase (S)
3- Input – Tank Data
─ This is an example of defining relative permeability for two layers by Corey function.
─ Note that Corey exponent (nc) > 1 for both cases.

Layer#1 Layer#2
3- Input – Tank Data
─ This is an example of defining relative permeability for two layers by Corey function.
─ Note that Corey exponent (nc) > 1 for both cases.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ This is another example of defining relative permeability for two layers by Corey function.
─ Note that Corey exponent (nc) < 1 for both cases.

Layer#1 Layer#2
3- Input – Tank Data
─ This is another example of defining relative permeability for two layers by Corey function.
─ Note that Corey exponent (nc) < 1 for both cases.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents).
o First, we must know the effective phase saturation that is defined by the
following set of relationships:

So∗ , Sw
∗ , S∗
g → effective oil, water, and gas saturation, respectively

So, Sw, Sg → oil, water, and gas saturation, respectively

Swc → connate (irreducible) water saturation

3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents).
o Corey (1954) proposed a simple mathematical expression for generating the
relative permeability data of the gas-oil system.
o The approximation is good for drainage processes, i.e., gas-displacing oil.

o Where the effective gas saturation (Sg∗ ) is defined in the previous slide.

o Corey also proposed that the water-oil relative permeability can be

represented as follows:
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents).
o The water-oil relative permeability can be arranged as follows.

o The last two expressions suggest that a plot of (Kro)0.25 & (Kro)0.25 versus
(Sw) would produce straight lines with the following end values:
kro = 1 @ Swc
krw = 1 @ Sw = 1
kro = 0 @ Sw = 1
krw = 0 @ Swc
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents).
o It should be pointed out that Corey’s equations apply only to well-sorted
homogeneous rocks.
o To account for the degree of consolidation, the exponent (4) of the
relationships can be expressed in a more generalized way as follow:

o Taking the logarithm of both sides of the previous two expressions gives:

The exponents (n) & (m) represent slopes of the two straight lines resulting
from plotting (kro) & (krw) vs the term in parentheses on a log-log scale.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents).
o Example: Use Corey’s approximation to generate the gas-oil relative
permeability for a formation with a connate-water saturation of (0.25).
o Solution;

𝐒𝐠 𝐒𝐠∗ Kro = (1 - 𝐒𝐠∗ )4 Krg = (𝐒𝐠∗ )3 (2 - 𝐒𝐠∗ )

0.05 0.0667 0.759 0.001

0.10 0.1333 0.564 0.004
0.20 0.2667 0.289 0.033
0.30 0.4000 0.130 0.102
0.40 0.5333 0.047 0.222
0.50 0.6667 0.012 0.395
0.60 0.8000 0.002 0.614
0.70 0.9333 0.000 0.867
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
1. Corey function (define residual saturations, end points & exponents)

Swc
Srow
Sgr
3- Relative Permeability
─ If Corey function is selected for the relative permeability, then the following input
should be entered.

Defines respectively:
1- The connate saturation for the water phase.
For Water-
2- The residual saturation of the oil phase.
oil relative
Residual permeability
These saturations are used to calculate the amount of oil
Saturations ‘by-passed’ during a water flooding

For Gas-oil Defines respectively:

relative 1- The residual saturation for the oil phase.
permeability 2- The critical saturation for the gas phase.

Defines the relative permeability at its maximum saturation for each

phase.
End Points
For example, for the oil, it corresponds to its relative permeability at oil
saturation So = (1 - Swc)

Exponent /
Defines the shape of relative permeability curve between the residual
Corey
saturation and maximum saturation for each phase.
Exponents
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
2. Lab measurement tables
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Relative Permeability tab, input the data either using:
2. Lab measurement tables Sw krw So kro
0.071 0 0.929 1
This is an example for the data in table
0.1 0 0.9 0.83
0.125 0.01 0.875 0.7
0.15 0.02 0.85 0.59
0.2 0.04 0.8 0.4
0.25 0.07 0.75 0.27
0.3 0.1 0.7 0.18
0.35 0.14 0.65 0.11
0.4 0.19 0.6 0.06
0.45 0.23 0.55 0.04
0.5 0.29 0.5 0.02
0.55 0.34 0.45 0.01
0.6 0.41 0.4 0
0.65 0.47 0.35 0
0.7 0.54 0.3 0
0.75 0.61 0.25 0
0.8 0.69 0.2 0
0.85 0.77 0.15 0
 3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Production History tab, input the production data as shown below.

Similarly, as
before for the
PVT input
section, any if the
loaded production
data cab be
plotted vs time to
check the data
consistency.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ On the Production History tab, click PLOT and select the production parameter to
show on the plot. This is a plot of the reservoir pressure vs cum. production with
time.
By this, all the input data had been loaded.

Now we will go to the analysis section to

calculate the correct OOIP based on the
input data.

This calculated correct OOIP will be

different than the one entered earlier in the
data input section.
4- History Matching
─ History Matching is a means of improving the estimate of original oil in
place by fine-tuning the model to match production data.
─ Two techniques are used for the History Matching, Graphical Method and
Analytical Method.
1. Graphical method: is to plot the calculated Flowing term (F) that
describes the underground withdrawal vs. the Expansion term (E)
that describes the reduction in the pore volume due to formation rock
& fluids expansion or vs. the aquifer water encroachment term (W)
that describes aquifer water encroachment into the reservoir.
2. Analytical method: is to plot the historical reservoir pressures
data with the historical cumulative production data that loaded in
the data input section to predict the cum. Production when the
reservoir pressure falls to the abandonment pressure.
─ The various graphical methods and the analytical method oftentimes
yield somewhat different estimates of original oil in place.
4- History Matching
1. Graphical method:
─ The most famous models used for the graphical methods are:
1) Dake and Campbell Diagnostics Plots:

This is a summary of the Campbell This is a summary of the Dake

Diagnostics Plot for various reservoir Diagnostics Plot for various
drive mechanisms reservoir drive mechanisms
4- History Matching
1. Graphical method:
─ The most famous models used for the graphical methods are:
2) Havlena - Odeh Plot.

This is a summary of the Havlena - Odeh Diagnostics Plot

for various reservoir drive mechanisms
4- History Matching
1. Graphical method:
─ Select Graphical Method from the History Matching drop-down
menu.
─ Then in the appeared windows, within this plot toolbar, select a
graphical technique from the Method drop-down menu.
─ In this example, the Campbell technique is recommended as the
initial attempt.
4- History Matching
1. Graphical method:
─ A plot of (F - We)/Et vs. (F) should ideally give a horizontal line if the water
influx is turned off and the reservoir has no water influx.

Moving the straight-line

from this center box will
updates the original oil in
place value in the box
below and on the Tank
Parameters tab in the tank
data in the input section.
4- History Matching
1. Graphical method:
─ To estimate the original oil in place, the straight-line tool can be manually
moved by clicking on the center box.
─ This method sometimes exhibits scatter in the early-time data so try to
match @ the late time to a most correct OOIP value.
─ This OOIP value to be compared later with that obtained from the
Analytical method.
─ If the Campbell plot signifies water influx (upward trend in late-time data),
go back to the Water Influx tab (under input → tank data) and then select
a water influx appropriate model (Carter-Tracy is the most famous
model).
─ If the model line (with aquifer or without aquifer) matched the data, so the
calculation is ok now.
─ If not, then try to move the straight line to fit & match the data as possible.
─ You can use the Best Fit option (beside the Method in the main tab) to do
an automatic regression for the data to set the best fit line between the
plot points BUT take care since this is affecting the OOIP value if the data
showing more scattered points.
4- History Matching
1. Graphical method:
─ From the Method drop-down menu, select a plot of (F - We) vs. (Et)
where the slope of the straight line determine the value of the OOIP.

Moving the straight-line from this center box

will change the slope and will updates the
original oil in place value in the box below and
on the Tank Parameters tab in the tank data in
the input section.
4- History Matching
2. Analytical method:
─ It is a plot of tanks pressure vs oil production.
─ Select Analytical Method from the History Matching drop-down menu.

These are the prod. data

input @ different pressures
4- History Matching
2. Analytical method:
─ Once the original oil in place has been estimated, this step can be
used to fine-tune the match.
─ If the model line (with aquifer or without aquifer) matched the data,
so the calculation is ok now.
─ If not, then select regression and choose the parameters to be
regressed (let MBAL to estimate the parameter value & ignore its
entered value) to have the best fit match & get the exact OOIP.
─ You can run again with different regressions till have the match.
─ You can use one or many or all the parameters for regressions to
have the exact best fit match but take care that the parameter that
you select for regression mean that you are not trust the entered
value and allow the MBAL to estimate it to have the best fit match
with the measured history data.
─ NOTE: using regressing in this analytical method will updates
the original oil in place value on the Tank Parameters tab in the
tank data in the input section.
 4- History Matching
2. Analytical method:
─ Within the analytical plot, the user can click on Regression.
─ Select any required parameters for the regression process, then input an
initial value, and select Calc.

Just check the box

beside the required
parameters for the
regression.
 4- History Matching
2. Analytical method:
─ After the calculation is finished, click the small black arrow beside each
parameter that you feel that the regression is ok with you to update to
the calculated value.

If the
regression
results are
OK for all
parameters
for you then
you can
press this
black arrow
to update all
4- History Matching
2. Analytical method:
─ When finish and regression is completed then, to compare the OOIP
calculated using the graphical & analytical methods.

OOIP from the Graphical method:

OOIP from the Analytical method:

4- History Matching
Energy Plot:
It is used for oil reservoirs to determine the contribution of each drive
mechanism & to indicate the relative magnitude of the various energy
sources acting in the reservoir (Drive Indices).
─ These drive mechanism such as the:
─ Depletion Drive Index (DDI).
─ Segregation (Gas Cap) Drive Index (SDI).
─ Water Drive Index (WDI) that describes the aquifer water
encroachment into the reservoir.
─ Formation & Connate Water Compressibility Index (CDI) that
describes the reduction in the pore volume due to formation rock &
fluids expansion.
─ These drive indices are cumulative and will change as the
reservoir is produced.
─ A simple description of a drive index is the ratio of a particular
expansion term to the net withdrawal (hydrocarbon voidage).
4- History Matching
Energy Plot:
─ This is a summary of the different Drive Indices.
4- History Matching
Energy Plot:
─ Select Energy Plot from the History Matching drop-down
menu.
4- History Matching
WD function plot:
─ it is used to define if the present aquifer is finite or infinite.
─ This WD function plot will be activated under the History
Matching drop-down menu ONLY if the Water influx model
was defined in the Tank data under Input.
─ If the points are located on the straight line (between 0.0001 &
1 on (td) scale so this is an INFINITE aquifer.
─ If the points are located @ a position on the plot more than (1)
on (td) scale on any one of the curvatures, so this is a FINITE
aquifer with the corresponding outer to inner radius of the
aquifer of this curve.
4- History Matching
WD function plot:
─ Points are located @ a position on the plot more than (1) on (td)
scale on the curvatures, so this is a FINITE aquifer with the
corresponding outer to inner radius of the aquifer of (4).
4- History Matching
Run Simulation:
─ After the history matching is completed, a simulation can be run to
study how various quantities change over time and to examine the
agreement between the historical value and the simulation value.
─ A well-tuned model is necessary for successful production prediction.
─ Select Run Simulation from the History Matching drop-down
menu.
─ Select Calc.
─ After the calculation has finished, select Plot.
─ Within the plot, select the required Variables to be shown on the
comparison plot by highlighting both History and Simulation so
that both values will be present for comparison purposes.
─ We can select up to two y-axis variables to plot against an x-axis
variable.
─ Let's see how this is done step by step.
4- History Matching
Run Simulation:
─ Select Run Simulation from the History Matching drop-down menu.
─ Select Calc.
4- History Matching
Run Simulation:
─ After the calculation has finished, select Plot.
─ Within the plot, select the required Variables to be shown on the comparison
plot by highlighting both History and Simulation so that both values will be
present for comparison purposes.
4- History Matching
Run Simulation:
─ This is the History tank pressure & History cum. oil production vs time plot.
4- History Matching
Run Simulation:
─ This is the Simulation tank pressure & Simulation (same as History) cum. oil
production vs time plot.
4- History Matching
Run Simulation:
─ This is a combined History & simulated tank pressure and History &
simulated cum oil production vs time plot.
4- History Matching
Fractional Flow Matching:
─ After running the simulation, we can do the history match on
fractional flow data by adjusting relative permeability
parameters.
─ The types of fractional flow matching that can be performed (water,
gas, oil) depend on the type of hydrocarbons in the reservoir.
─ In this example, gas fractional flow matching (Fg) will be
discussed & the other types of matching are analogous.
4- History Matching
Fractional Flow Matching:
─ Select (Fg) matching from the History Matching drop-down menu.
─ To fine tune the match, select Parameters from the toolbar.
4- History Matching
Fractional Flow Matching:
─ Adjust the gas and oil exponents to match the production data. Matching should
be performed with an emphasis on later-time data.
─ Note that, the relative permeability endpoints should always equal the lab
data endpoints. The final values will not necessarily equal the values from lab
rel perm data because pseudo relative permeability curves are used to
incorporate effects of heterogeneities.
4- History Matching
Fractional Flow Matching:
─ This is the adjusted (Fg) Fractional Flow model that matches the production
data after adjusting the relative permeability parameters.

Never use regression (Regress on toolbar)

for fractional flow matching because it will
change the endpoints and yield physically
unrealistic pseudo relative perm. curves.
4- History Matching
Fractional Flow Matching:
─ When closing the fractional flow matching plot, the program should prompt the
user to save the parameters.
─ Select Yes.
─ Always check that the relative permeability parameters have been updated on
the Relative Permeability tab of Tank Input Data.
5- Production Prediction
Prediction Setup: Objectives:
─ Forecast the Reservoir performance
➢ After history process to confirm remaining reserves
➢ For pre-project field development studies
➢ To test others reservoir production/injection strategies:
o Start/stop gas re-injection
o Increase/decrease water/gas injection
o Start/stop existing/new wells
5- Production Prediction
Prediction Setup:
─ Select Prediction setup from Production Prediction in the main menu.
─ This is the first prediction dialogue box. It defines the type of prediction to be
performed, the start and end of prediction and the reporting frequency.
─ For this example, from this drop menu beside Predict, select (production
profile using well model) from the drop menu.

Select any of this

‘Development’
options if any
applicable in the field
5- Production Prediction
Prediction Setup:
─ In the case of an Oil System, following prediction options available.
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:
─ This dialogue box describes the production & injection constraints for the tank.
─ This table allows entering the different column parameters versus time.
─ The number & content of the columns will vary depending on the prediction
mode and injection options selected in the Prediction Set-up dialogue box.
─ Each column has a combo-box at the top of the column, use this to switch the
interpolation mode (Step or Slope) for the column.
o When Step is displayed, the parameter will remain constant until redefined.
o When Slope is, displayed the program performs a linear interpolation
between 2 consecutive values of in the column.
─ The following rules apply:
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:
─ Different constraints can be put on each tank which the program will consider
during the forecast.
─ Following table summarizes the definitions of each column in the Production &
Constrains table.

Man Pres Defines the production manifold pressure for predictions with wells

Oil/Gas/Water Defines the production rates if using prediction type 'Reservoir Pressure
Rate only from Production Schedule’.

If the relative permeabilities are to be used during the prediction run, only
the fluid rate for the principal fluid (e.g. oil rate for oil tank) is required

Maximum Defines the maximum production rate constraint. When one of these
Oil/Gas/Liquid constraints is triggered, the program raises the production manifold
Rate pressure in order to satisfy the constraint

Minimum Defines the minimum production rate constraint. When one of these
Oil/Gas/Liquid constraints is triggered, the program shuts down all of the production
Rate wells (apart from gas cap and aquifer producers).

This means it is effectively an abandonment constraint

5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:
Voidage Defines the fraction of the reservoir pore volume to be replaced with the
Replacement injection fluid and could be larger than 100% if repressurisation of the
reservoir is modelled. When injection wells have been defined in the Well
Definitions screen and are included in the Drilling Schedule the prediction
will calculate the rates required from these wells to achieve the Voidage
Replacement target.The option can be started or altered at any time during
the production of the reservoir and to stop the replacement a value of 0%
needs to be input.
Voidage Replacement is independent of the Water/Gas Recycling and
Water/Gas Recycling Cut-off constraints.
Please see Voidage Replacement and Injection for details of using these
two options together
Gas Injection Defines the gas injection manifold pressure. This parameter may be
Manifold overridden by the minimum / maximum gas injection rate parameter
Pressure
Gas Injection Defines the production rate of the main phase. This parameter may be
Rate overridden by the minimum / maximum Manifold Pressure
Minimum/ Defines the pressure constraints on the gas injection manifold. When one
Maximum Gas of these constraints is triggered, the program changes the gas injection
Injection rate in order to satisfy the constraint
Manifold
Pressure
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:

Maximum Gas Defines the maximum gas injection rate constraint. When one of these
Injection Rate constraints is triggered, the program reduces the gas injection manifold
pressure in order to satisfy the constraint
Minimum Gas Defines the gas injection rate constraints. When one of these constraints is
Injection Rate triggered, the program shuts down all of the gas injection wells
Injection Gas This value is used to calculate the average gas gravity of the gas cap (if
Gravity any) and affects the gas cap PVT properties. Leave blank if the injected
gas gravity is the same as the gravity of the gas produced. The original
gravity of the gas in place will already have been defined in the PVT
Gas The Recycling input field signals the program to automatically re-inject this
Recycling fraction amount of the gas production. The gas is re-injected without using
Tubing Performance Curve and these injection wells do not need to be
included in the Well Schedule. On the other hand, this re-injection is taken
into account in the calculation of the maximum gas injection rate above
Gas Recycling Defines the cut-off GOR for the Gas Recycling. The program stopped the
Cut-off gas recycling if the producing GOR exceeds this value
CO2, H2S, Defines the mole percent of impurity in the gas injected. These
N2 Mole % percentages are used to calculate the reservoir average gas content in
H2S, CO2, and N2. The original constraints of the gas in place are defined
in the PVT section. If these fields are left blank, the program assumes that
the content in CO2, H2S, and N2 is the same as the gas produced
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:

Water Injection Defines the water injection manifold pressure. This parameter may be
Manifold overridden by the minimum / maximum water injection rate parameter
Pressure
Minimum/ Defines the pressure constraints on the water injection manifold. When one
Maximum of these constraints is triggered, the program changes the water injection
Water Injection rate in order to satisfy the constraint
Manifold
Pressure
Maximum Defines the maximum water injection rate constraint. When one of these
Water constraints is triggered, the program reduces the water injection manifold
Injection Rate pressure in order to satisfy the constraint
Minimum Defines the minimum water injection rate constraints. When one of these
Water constraints is triggered, the program shuts down all of the water injection
Injection Rate wells
Water This value is used to calculate the average water salinity of the water in the
Injection - pore volume and affects the water compressibility calculation. Leave blank
Water Salinity if the salinity of the injected water is the same than the salinity of the water
produced. The original water salinity is defined in the PVT
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:

Water The 'Recycling' input field signals the program to automatically re-inject this
Recycling fraction amount of the water production. The water is re-injected without using
'Tubing Performance Curve' and these injection wells do not need to be included
in the 'Well Schedule'. On the other hand, this re-injection is taken into account in
the calculation of the maximum water injection rate above

Water Defines the cut-off WC for the Water Recycling so water recycling will be stopped
Recycling if the producing WC exceeds this value
Cut-off

Maximum Defines the maximum gas cap manifold rate constraint. When one of these
Gas Cap constraints is triggered, the program reduces the gas cap manifold pressure in
Manifold order to satisfy the constraint.
Rate
There are special rules applied to the maximum gas cap rate constraint if a
maximum gas rate has also been entered. The maximum gas rate constraint is
treated as the maximum gas rate from the oil wells plus the gas from the gas cap
producers. The process is as follows:
• Calculate the oil wells and modify the oil well manifold pressure to obey the
gas rate constraint if necessary.
• Calculate the difference between the gas rate from the oil wells and the
maximum gas rate constraint. If this is less than the gas cap maximum rate,
then reset the gas cap maximum rate to the difference. This means that if the
oil wells reach the maximum gas rate, gas cap production will be stopped.
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:
Minimum Defines the minimum gas cap manifold rate constraint. When one of these
Gas Cap constraints is triggered, the program shuts down all of the gas cap
Manifold producer wells
Rate
DCQ Max (For Reservoir Pressure and Production from manifold Pressure Schedule
prediction type)
Defines the maximum gas DCQ. At each time step, MBAL will calculate the
maximum gas constraint from the maximum DCQ and the swing factors. It
will then raise the manifold pressure in order to satisfy the calculated
maximum gas constraint. The program checks this constraint against the
average rate
DCQ Min (For Reservoir Pressure and Production from manifold Pressure Schedule
prediction type)
Defines the minimum gas DCQ. At each time step, MBAL will calculate the
minimum gas constraint from the maximum DCQ and the swing factors.
When one of these constraints is triggered, the program shuts down all the
production wells (apart from the aquifer producers). This means it is
effectively an abandonment constraint
DCQ Max (For DCQ from Manifold Pressure Schedule and Swing Factor prediction
type)
Defines the maximum gas DCQ that MBAL should calculate. MBAL will
raise the manifold pressure in order to satisfy this constraint
5- Production Prediction
Production & Constrains:
─ Select Production & Constrains from Production Prediction in the main
menu.
─ In this example, I only define the Man Pres (production manifold pressure for
predictions with wells) but of course any other constrains can be added.
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
─ Select Well Type Definitions (to define constraint) from Production Prediction
in the main menu.
─ This dialogue is used to define the properties and constraints of a well or
group of wells.
─ Once the well type definitions are established, these definitions are used through
the well schedule to drive the production prediction calculations.
─ The dialogue is split into four data pages

Setup The well type can be defined in this screen

Inflow The parameters for the IPR (including Gravel Pack) and layer constraints
Performance can be entered

More Inflow Information on abandonment and breakthrough constraints can be

entered here

Outflow The parameters for the tubing performance and the well constraints are
Performance defined in this page
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
─ Well dialogue Setup tab is used to defines the flow type a well or group of wells.
─ In the open window, add well and select well type.

Add or remove
wells from here

Select well
type from here
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
─ Well dialogue Inflow Performance tab is used to enter the IPR data, relative
permeabilities and the layer constraints (see next 2 slides for more details).

1
2
3
4
5
6
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
1. Inflow Performance: Defines the well IPR type. The data to be entered for the IPR
type selected will be displayed in the panel below the selection box (e.g. Productivity
Index). For more information on the different models and the associated data see
Inflow Performance (IPR) Models below.
2. Frac Flow Model: Used to select which set of relative permeabilities should be used
for fractional flow calculations for this layer. If Use Tank is selected, then the relative
permeabilities are taken from the tank for the layer.
o There are also two other sets of relative permeabilities stored in the layer. It may be
desired to use one of these sets for fractional flow calculations instead of the tank
relative permeabilities.
o If Use Rel Perm 1 or Use Rel Perm 2 is selected, then the user may click the Edit
button to view/edit the selected set of relative permeabilities.
o Selecting Table 1 for fractional flow then pressing (Edit / Copy) allows the
production history to be directly imported and used for predictions rather than using
a Corey function based upon regression from history matching.
3. Gravel pack: Select this option to model a gravel pack.
4. Maximum Drawdown: Enter a value in this field if the maximum delta P of the
formation is to be enforced. If the delta P of the formation rises above this value, the
program will calculate the dP choke necessary to give the delta P of the formation
equal to the entered maximum value (and thus reduce the layer rate). Leave blank if a
maximum drawdown is not to be applied.
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
5. IPR dP Shift: is used when the datum for the reservoir pressure in the well model is
significantly different to the datum used in the reservoir model.
o The IPR dP shift can be used to correct the reservoir pressure coming from the
tank model to the well model datum.
o With the variable PVT option enabled, a Calculate button is shown next to this
field. If this button is selected MBAL will calculate the IPR dP shift required to shift
the tank pressure datum to be consistent with the BHP datum depth entered in
the 'Outflow Performance' tab.
6. Permeability Correction: This factor can be used to correct the inflow performance for
changing permeability in the tank as the pressure decreases.

o The permeability decrease is proportional to the ratio of the current pore volume
to the initial pore volume raised to a power.
o To apply the model, we calculate the correction term to the initial permeability for
the current reservoir pressure then:
I. For Straight line and Vogel model we multiply the productivity index by the
permeability correction.
II. For Forchheimer and Forchheimer Pseudo model we divide the Darcy term
by the permeability correction.
III. For C&N model we multiply the C term by the permeability correction.
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
─ Well dialogue More Inflow tab is used to define the properties and constraints of
a well or group of wells, including the layer breakthrough and abandonment data.

2
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
1. Abandonment Constraints: The layer will be automatically shut-in if one of these
values is exceeded. Leave blank if not applicable.
o Abandonment constraints can be specified in different ways e.g. water cut, water-
oil contact, WOR.
o Select the appropriate expression from the combo-box.
o When the Allow Recovery after Abandonment flag is checked, the layer will
resume production if the abandonment constraint is no longer satisfied.
o These constraints will be checked independently and in addition to any well
abandonment constraints.
2. Breakthrough Constraints: are used to prevent the production of a particular phase
until it reaches a particular saturation in the reservoir.
o When a saturation is below the breakthrough constraint, the layer will not produce
the fluid in question. When the saturation rises above the breakthrough constraint
it will start to flow and the relative permeability will then be viewable as usual.
o This is a control over and above the relative permeabilities which have already
been defined as residual saturations.
o Breakthrough constraints can be specified in different ways e.g. water cut, water-
oil contact, WOR.
o Select the appropriate expression from the combo-box. If these are not in use for
the model in question, they should be left blank.
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
─ Well dialogue Outflow Performance tab is used to define the properties and
constraints of the outflow performance of a well or group of wells.

3
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
1. Outflow Performance: Defines the well FBHP (flowing bottom hole)
constraints.
─ Select the appropriate option from the list of constraints currently
supported and click Edit to obtain access to the FBHP constraints
dialogue box.
─ The types available are:
o Constant FBHP (this option should ONLY be used with extreme
caution as it is a non-realistic representation of how the well will
flow).
o Tubing performance curves (TPCs)
o Cullender - Smith (gas and condensate only)
o Witley (gas and condensate only)
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
2. Well constrains: → Leave blank if not applicable.
o Minimum FWHP: The well is automatically shut-in if the FWHP falls
below this value. The well can be re-started if the FWHP later exceeds
this value.
o Maximum FWHP: The flow rate will be reduced to satisfy this constraint.
o Minimum BHFP: The well is automatically shut-in if the FBHP falls
below this value. The well can be re-started if the FBHP later exceeds
this value, due to the start of water injection for example.
o Maximum BHFP: The flow rate for injectors will be reduced to satisfy
this constraint. This value is ignored for producing wells as there is no
way to increase the rate. It is only respected for injectors where the well
can be choked back to decrease the FBHP.
o Minimum Liquid Rate: The well is automatically shut-in if the calculated
instantaneous rate falls below this value. The well may be re-started
after a change in reservoir pressure due to, for example the start of
water injection.
o Maximum Liquid Rate: If the calculated flow rate exceeds this value,
the instantaneous rate will be reduced to satisfy this constant.
5- Production Prediction
Well Type Definition:
3. Well Abandonment Constraints: The well will automatically be shut-in
if one of these values is exceeded. Leave blank if not applicable.
o Abandonment constraints can be specified different ways e.g. water
cut, water-oil contact, WOR.
o Click on the drop menu to select the appropriate expression.
o When the Allow Recovery after Abandonment flag is checked, the well
will resume production if the abandonment constraint is no longer
satisfied.
o For a well with more than one layer these constraints will be checked
independently and in addition to any layer abandonment constraints.
5- Production Prediction
Well Schedule:
─ Select Well Schedule from Production Prediction in the main menu.
─ This particular screen will only become active once the "Calculate
Number of Wells to achieve target schedule" option is selected from
the 'Options' menu.
─ The purpose is to define the available well types for the program to
choose from when calculating how many wells are needed to achieve
the targets.
─ The 'Start Time' refers to the time from which the particular well type is
available for the program to begin using.
─ The maximum number of wells will be the maximum that the program
will be allowed to choose in meeting the target.
─ If all wells have been used and the target is not met, then normal
decline will occur.
─ The drill time will reflect on how soon the well will be brought on-line to
meet the target.
5- Production Prediction
Well Schedule:
─ The entry fields are shown in the screenshot below.
5- Production Prediction
Separator Schedule:
─ Select Separator Schedule from Production Prediction in the
main menu.
─ This dialogue can be used to change the separator train during the
production prediction.
─ At the start of the prediction, the program will use the separators
entered in the Options-EOS Model Setup dialogue.
─ If data is not entered in this dialogue, the production prediction will
use the separators entered in the Options-EOS Model Setup
dialogue for all the prediction.
─ If a row of separators has been defined, then these separators will
be used from the specified date onwards.
─ Any number of changes of separators can be entered in the
dialogue.
─ Note that the separator schedule will only affect the prediction - it will
not affect any initial history simulation.
5- Production Prediction
Separator Schedule:
─ The entry fields are shown in the screenshot below.
5- Production Prediction
Run Prediction:
─ Select Run Prediction from Production Prediction in the main menu then click
the Calc button in the menu bar of the windows opened
─ These are the prediction results.
5- Production Prediction
Run Prediction:
─ Click the Plot button in the menu bar to plot any required variables (History,
simulated or predicted) vs. time
5- Production Prediction
Run Prediction:
─ This is the predicted oil rate & predicted tank pressure vs. time
MBAL work example – Gas tank
1- System Option
To specify the overall Gas reservoir system
2- PVT fluid properties
─ This section to Select & Specify the Input Parameters for the Fluid Properties from the
PVT.
─ To match any measured point, select Match.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ @ least one data point must be entered in this table to match with the correlation
─ Then click Match

Then click Match to check the match

between the data entered in this table
with the correlations to select the best
correlation for PVT.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ This window will appear, then click Calc to calculate the math statistics for the
correlations to select the best correlation for PVT.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ This window will appear, then click Calc to calculate the math statistics for the
correlations to select the best correlation for PVT.

Then click Mach Param to study the Then click Plot to check the match
statistical output to determine which between the data entered in this
correlation best characterizes the data. table with the selected correlation.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ This plot shows the match between the measured data point and the used Lee et al
correlation for Z-factor & Gas FVF.
2- PVT fluid properties
─ PVT Tables: same as for oil, instead of using correlations, you can use the direct
measured enough PVT data in the lab to fill this table.
─ It can be loaded manually or by importing from an external data file
2- PVT fluid properties
─ PVT Tables:
─ By the same way, click PLOT to see the consistency of the entered measured data if
you used this option and fill the table.
3- Input – Tank Data
─ Select Tank Data from the Input drop-down menu.
─ Fill the required data for each tab as explained in the Oil tank.
─ On the Tank Parameters tab, for the Original Gas In Place, just enter an
approximate value because it will be refined later in the History Matching section.
4- History Matching
Graphical method
─ This is the Graphical method plot of (P/z) vs Gp.
4- History Matching
Graphical method
─ This is the Graphical method plot – Roach method.
4- History Matching
Graphical method
─ This is the Graphical method plot – Cole method (No aquifer) F/Et
vs Gp.
4- History Matching
Analytical method
─ This is the Analytical method plot of tanks pressure vs gas
production.
4- History Matching
Energy Plot
─ This is the Energy Plot sowing that the main drive mechanisms are
fluid expansion & pore volume compressibility.
MBAL work example
Reservoir Allocation
Introduction.
─ Often wells can be completed in multiple layers, and production from
several producing intervals can be achieved in the field.
─ In this context it is customary to measure the production rates at the
surface rather than on a layer-by-layer basis, and the classical method of
allocating production was on the basis of permeability and pay height.
─ The Reservoir Allocation tool is a novel modification to this allocation
method and uses IPRs to perform this back allocation.
─ Once allocated the rates can then be brought from the Reservoir
allocation tool, to the Material Balance tool, and a history match
performed as usual.
─ This can be performed iteratively until a history match is achieved.
Background
─ One of the major challenges faced during any study that involves wells
producing from many layers is the production allocation; that is how much
each layer is contributing to the total cumulative observed at the surface.
─ The allocation over time depends on the properties of each layer (inflows)
and the pressure depletion of each layer.
─ This could be assumed constant over time, provided that the layers
include fluid and rock of the same properties, as well as being of the
same size.
─ Neither of these assumptions are in multi-layer systems. Most wells
produce from layers which are not of the same size and do not have fluid
and rock of the same physical behavior.
─ The traditional approach in tackling the allocation problem involves doing
the allocation based on a constant (Kh) for the layers and is used widely
in the industry in the absence of any other allocation method.
─ Petex was not satisfied with this approach and a new allocation technique
was developed to account for the actual representation of the inflows as
well as the rate of depletion of each layer.
Background
─ The new technique involves the following steps:
o Defining the inflow for each layer on a timestep basis
o Setting up a material balance model that accounts for the rate of
depletion which will correct the inflows at each timestep.
o The method can be best explained by using the following diagram.
Background
─ Using the reservoir properties, the inflows of the layers producing into the
same well can be calculated.
─ In the diagram above and for simplicity, the presence of only two layers
was assumed.
─ It is important to note that the IPRs for the layers will be referred to the
same datum depth - in most cases the solution node/topmost perforation
of top layer.
─ This allows a total/global IPR to be constructed for the multilayered
system from which the total rates measured from the well can be
associated.